The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic

INDEX

Page numbers in boldface refer to maps and tables

Abacha, Sani, 274

ABC news, 153, 304

ABC-TV network, 113

Abernethy, David, 29, 30, 192

Aboimov, I. P., 69

Abraham, Spencer, 175

Abrams, Elliott, 228

Abu Dhabi (UAE), 222, 250

Abu Sayyaf (“terrorist gang”), 213

Adams, Brooks, 192

Adams, John Quincy, 190–91

Afghanistan, 251

anti-Soviet war in, 11, 17, 18, 33, 139, 174, 178, 222, 253

military bases in, 168, 172–73, 181–83, 189, 214, 215, 242

military personnel in, 155, 288

military recruitment ads and, 113–14

oil and, 170, 172–73, 176–80, 226–27

private military training and, 140–41

Taliban takeover of, 177–80

war of 2001, 11, 13, 26–27, 62, 67–68, 70, 72, 79, 80, 88, 108–9, 115, 118, 146, 176, 179–82, 185, 214, 221, 226–29, 233, 236, 241, 247–48, 280, 286, 310

war of 2001, Guantanámo prisoners and, 42, 77

Africa, 81, 140, 266, 311

African Americans, in military, 103–6, 110

Agency for International Development, 64

Agent Orange, 100, 300

“Agreed Framework” (North Korea), 89

agriculture, 258, 267, 269–72

Aguinaldo, Emilio, 43

Ahmed al Jaber Air Base (Kuwait), 243–44

Air America (CIA airline), 134

Airbus, 166, 277

air force, 7, 62, 63, 78, 104, 105, 201. See also Special Forces

black budget, 118, 119

Air Force Academy rape scandal, 105–6

Air Force Communications Agency, 241

Air Force Reserve, 102

Air Force Space Command, 79, 81, 121, 311

Air Mobility Command, 189

Air National Guard, 102

Akayev, Askar, 170, 172, 183–84

Albania, 300

Albright, Madeleine, 90

al-Dhafra Air Base (UAE), 249–50

Alexander’s Gas & Oil Connections, 180

Algeria, 30

Ali al Salem Air Base (Kuwait), 244

al-Jazeera (cable-news network), 246–47

Allende, Salvador, 9, 267

al-Masirah Air Base (Oman), 4, 252

al-Musnana Air Base (Oman), 251–52

al-Qaeda, 4, 27, 88, 129, 130, 175, 178, 189, 236

Iraq ties claimed, 126–27, 231–32, 305–6

9/11 attacks and, 227, 291

U.S. bases in Saudi Arabia and, 241

war on Afghanistan and, 181–82, 289

Altair Voyager (oil tanker), 173

al-Udeid air base (Qatar), 4, 241, 247–48

Amboinese, 131

American Enterprise Institute, 235, 275

American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 105

American Revolution, 120, 190

America’s Army (computer game), 97–98

Amnesty International, 167

Amoco (British Petroleum-Amoco), 172, 177, 178

Amritsar Massacre (1919), 70

Andaman Islands, 70

Andrews, Evander, 248

Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 220

Angola, 135, 311

Annapolis, 104

Ansar al Islam, 232

anthrax, 224, 291

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), 73, 83, 256

Apocalypse Now (film), 112

Appy, Christian, 60

Aquino, Benigno “Ninoy,” 210, 211

Aquino, Corazon Cojuangco, 211, 212

Arabian-American Oil Company (Aramco), 218–19

Arab-Israeli War of 1967, 224

Arbenz, Jacobo, 34

Area 51 (Nevada), 118, 119

Area Support Groups (ASGs), 196–97

Arendt, Hannah, 257, 261, 283

Argentina, 75, 255, 267, 274, 276–77

Arizona National Guard, 175

Arkin, William M., 153, 288, 299

armed forces, 32, 97–113, 134. See also standing army in peacetime

active reserves, 102–4

all-volunteer, 54, 60, 97–99

behavior of, abroad, 5–8, 18–24, 36–37, 92–93

crime and racism in, 5–8, 55, 92, 107–10

currently deployed, 196, 198, 202, 288

demographics and, 99, 102–7

draft and, end of, 54, 59–60

DU ammunition and, 100–102

Iraq war of 2003, 283

recruitment of, 97–99, 102–3, 107, 110–14

Armed Forces Recreational Center for Europe, 197

Armenia, 172, 174

Armitage, Richard, 62, 174, 213, 228

Armor Holdings, 140

arms industry, 57, 61–64, 277–81. See also weapons sales

army, 44–45, 62, 63, 105. See also Special Forces

black programs, 118

demographics, 60, 78, 104

Army Appropriations Bill (1901), 41

Army Corps of Engineers, 144, 145, 219, 243, 250

Army Forces Central Command—Kuwait (ARCENT-KU), 147

Army Forces Central Command—Saudi Arabia (ARCENT-SA), 238

Army National Guard, 102

Army Rangers, 69, 109, 115, 124, 129

Army Reserve, 102

Army War College, 46, 289

Art of War, The (Sun Tzu), 255

Ashcroft, John, 294, 295, 297–98

Asiatic Squadron, 41

assassinations, 68, 133, 136, 291

Atlacatl Battalion, 126

Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 236

Atlantic Charter (1941), 200

atomic bombs.See also nuclear weapons

secrecy and, 12

used on Japan, 35, 52, 198–99, 290

Atsugi Naval Air Station (Japan), 201

Augustus, emperor of Rome (Octavian), 16

Austin Chronicle, 144

Austo-Hungarian empire, 310

Australia, 30, 31, 162–63, 165, 283

Australia Defense Signals Directorate, 165

Austria, 19

Austro-Hungarian empire, 50

Avant, Deborah, 141

Aviano Air Force Base (Italy), 239

“axis of evil,” 4, 20, 77, 245

Ayios Nikolaos (Cyprus), 162

Azerbaijan, 137, 168, 169, 172, 174, 175, 184

Baccus, Rick, 42

Bacevich, Andrew, 67

Bad Aibling Air Force Base (Germany), 162

Bagram Air Base (Afghanistan), 115, 182

Bahrain, 24, 215, 221–22, 233, 242, 244–46, 248

Baker, James A., III, 174

Baker Botts firm, 174

Baku-Ceyhan oil pipeline project, 174–76

Balkans, 8, 15, 143–46, 189, 190, 198, 236

ballistic missile defense (BMD), 34, 83–86, 94, 162, 309

banks, 166, 224, 226, 267, 272

Barabee, Robert, 109

Base Status Report (BSR), 153–55, 198, 202

Bay of Pigs invasion, 11, 34, 301

BBC, 115, 247

BDM International, 140

Bechtel, 166, 308

Beckwith, Charlie A., 123

Belgium, 43, 263

Bell Act (1946), 207–8

Bello, Walden, 268, 269

Bemis, Samuel Flagg, 191

Bengzon, Alfredo, 213

Bennett, William J., 228

Berlin Wall, fall of, 7, 18–20, 34, 69

Berlusconi, Silvio, 275

Beveridge, Albert, 43, 192

Bhutto, Benazir, 176

bin Laden, Osama, 178–81, 227, 229, 231, 232, 236, 305

biological weapons, 77, 129–30

biopiracy, 271–72

Bitburg airfield (Germany), 194

black budget, 56, 117–19

Blair, Dennis, 125

Blair, Tony, 275, 283

Blair House Agreement (1992–93), 270

Blake, George, 10

Blix, Hans, 302

Blowback, 8–9, 11

blowback, 8–9, 121, 227, 288, 300

Board of National Estimates, 218

Boeing, 57, 118, 119, 277–79, 309

Boer War, 82, 307

Bolivia, 75

Bolton, John R., 77, 86, 228, 234

Bondsteel, James L., 143

Bonner, Yelena, 17–18

Bonn International Center for Conversion, 195

Bookman, Jay, 236

Boot, Max, 70

Bosnia, 3, 62, 72, 140, 155

Boston Globe, 78

Bourgeois, Roy, 136–37

Bowen, Alva, 210

Boxer, Barbara, 292

Brazil, 75, 267, 268, 275, 279–80

“Brezhnev Doctrine,” 69

Bridas company, 176–77, 179, 180

Bridges at Toko-Ri, The (Michener), 58

Brinkley, David, 113

British East India Company, 31

British Empire, 2, 5, 24, 30, 31, 43, 50, 191, 257. See also Great Britain

Boer War and, 82

decline, 219, 310

economy and, 261, 307

logic of, 81

as model, 25, 67, 68, 70

Persian Gulf and, 217–18

sepoys used by, 131, 134, 135, 138–39

British First Armored Division, 242

British fleet, 40

British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), 165

British Ministry of Defense, 164

British Petroleum (BP-Amoco), 167, 177, 220

Brokaw, Tom, 113, 231

Brooks, Vincent, 249

Brown, Ron, 268

Brown & Root.See Kellogg Brown & Root company

Bryan, William Jennings, 49

Bryce, Robert, 144

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 178

Bulgaria, 146, 300

Bulgheroni, Carlos, 176

Bundy, McGeorge, 97

Bunning, Jim, 292

Bunting, Madeleine, 284

Burgas International Airport, 146

Burma, 131, 176

Bush, George H. W. (Bush I), 17, 20, 60, 82, 69, 126, 127, 173, 174, 178, 233

Iraq and, 217, 225–28, 230, 232

Bush, George W. (Bush II), 1, 4, 33–34,75, 133, 141, 213, 275

Afghanistan and, 42, 176, 178, 179, 181

appointments by, 62–64, 79–83

“axis of evil” and, 64, 245

Central Asia and, 172–75, 184

China and, 87, 88

defense spending and, 56, 118, 281

democracy threatened by, 291–97

German bases and, 198

Iraq war, 10–11, 73, 217, 224, 227–36, 302, 304–6, 308

Latin America and, 261

military growth under, 122–23

military imperialism of, vs. Clinton’s economic, 255–57

North Korea and, 88–95

nuclear weapons and, 290–91

oil imports and, 307–8

Pakistan and, 182

“preventive war” and, 5–6, 284–87

Saudi Arabia and, 241–42

Serbia and, 145

South Korea and, 93–95

State of Union address of 2002, 88

State of Union address of 2003, 304

treaties undermined by, 73–78, 83–84

U.S. as “force for good” and, 103

war on terrorism and, 169, 291–92

Butler, Smedley, 169

Caesar, Julius, 16, 37

“Cairo West” air base (Egypt), 253

Cambodia, 203

Cambone, Stephen, 127, 228

Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, 161

Campaign for the Accountability of American Bases, 164

Camp Andy (Qatar), 248

Camp Arifjan (Kuwait), 243

Camp as-Sayliyah (Qatar), 248–49

Campbell, Kurt M., 62

Camp Bondsteel (Kosovo), 143, 145–46, 152, 155, 183, 184

Camp Casey (South Korea), 92–93, 107

Camp Doha (Kuwait), 146–49, 242–43

Camp Eagel (Bosnia), 155

Camp Hansen (Okinawa), 6, 7

Camp Monteith (Kosovo), 143, 152, 155

Camp Peary (Virginia), 9

Camp Pendleton (California), 7, 24, 123, 242

Camp Sarafovo (Bulgaria), 146

Camp Snoopy (Qatar), 248, 249

Canada, 31, 121, 165

Cantwell, Maria, 57

capital movement, 263, 267, 272–73

Caraway, David, 148

Card, Andrew H., Jr., 217, 236

Caribbean, 2, 41, 190, 192

carrier battle groups, 242, 250

Carroll, James, 78

Carter, Jimmy, 86, 94, 222–23, 296

Caspian Basin oil, 145, 168–70, 172–74

Castro, Fidel, 20

casualties, 54–55, 59

Afghan war and, 79

attempt to avoid U.S., 28, 133, 288–91

classes of, in Gulf War I, 100–101

Cato, 285

Caucasus, 32

CENTCOM (U.S. Central Command), 223, 224, 237, 241

Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 118

Center for Strategic and International Studies, 127

Central America, 2, 22, 32, 169, 192

Central Asia, 32, 155, 226

military bases in, 24, 168, 175, 183–85, 189–90, 198, 215

oil in, 145, 168, 170–83, 185, 234

Central Asia Gas and Pipeline Consortum (CentGas), 179–80

Central Intelligence Act (1949), 117

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 3, 8, 10, 12, 36, 42n, 64, 68, 128, 162, 163, 203, 267, 295–96, 308

Afghanistan and, 11, 139, 181, 182, 222

assassinations and, 136

commercial espionage by, 166

Greece and, 205–6

Indonesia and, 209

information on citizens collected by, 122–23

Iran and, 220

Iraq and, 11, 126–27, 223–24, 232, 302, 303, 305, 306

Laos and, 134

Latin America and, 34

Panama and, 69

Pentagon vs., 123, 126–29

Philippines and, 209, 213

Saudi Arabia and, 218

secret budget of, 117

Soviet Union and, 18

Special Activities Division, 11

Yemen strike by, 27

Chechnya, 72, 172, 173, 175

chemical weapons, 101, 129–30, 225

Cheney, Dick, 6, 20, 82, 130, 174, 248, 286

Afghanistan and, 179

Halliburton and, 144–46, 184

Iraq war and, 126, 227–28, 233, 302–3, 308

Chevron (ChevronTexaco,formerly SoCal), 172–74, 218

Chiang Kai-shek, 36, 86

Chicago Tribune, 113

Chief Peter J. Ganci Jr. Air Base (Kyrgyzstan), 183–84

Chile, 9, 75, 193, 224, 267

China, 9, 20, 29–31, 34, 35, 43, 50, 54, 58, 61, 71, 86, 94, 188, 189, 193, 222, 272, 290

Bush II and, 83–88

empire of, 310

Japan and, 48, 50, 131

oil and, 169, 170, 234

Chirac, Jacques, 300

Christianity, 43, 47, 138, 285, 287

Christopher, Warren, 163

Chun Doo-hwan, 89

Churchill, Winston, 91

Cicero, 285

CINCs (commanders in chief), 121–22, 124–26

Citibank (later Citicorp), 266, 274

citizens

loss of rights, 78–79, 285, 293–98

spying on, 122–23, 151, 161–62, 165, 295–98

Citizen Works, 145

Civil War, 52, 54–55, 78

Clark, Wesley, 75

Clark Air Base (Philippines), 193, 208, 209, 211–13

client states, 31, 68

Clinton, Bill, 22, 71, 73, 75, 117, 268

Afghanistan and, 178, 180

defense spending and, 56, 278

East Asian collapse and, 272

East Timor and, 138

globalization and, 255–56, 260–61

Iraq and, 226, 228, 229, 232

military and, 53, 111

North Korea and, 89, 94

oil and, 174–75, 178

Pakistan and, 125

Serbia and, 145

Somalia and, 133

“Coalition Media Center” (Qatar), 249

Cold War, 2, 3, 6, 32–35, 117, 118, 151, 223, 258–59

defense spending and, 54–56, 55

end of, 16–22, 68, 91, 189, 309–10

military bases and, 193–204

Cole, USS, bombing of, 125, 139, 252

Colombia, 3, 42n, 136, 137, 140, 192, 279–80, 288, 311

colonialism, 24, 29–30, 35, 39, 43–44, 50–51, 64–65, 263

Combat Support Associates, 147–48

Combined Air Operations Center (Qatar), 247

Combined Air Operations Center (Saudi Arabia), 240–41

Commerce, Department of, 268

Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization, 82

Committee for the Liberation of Iraq, 300

Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, 122

Commodity Credit Corporation, 224

Communism, 34, 50–52, 64, 170, 188, 193–94, 199, 261

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 73

Comstock, Barbara, 298

Congressional Government (Wilson), 46

conservatives, 259–60

Constitution, U.S., 12, 44–46, 120, 285, 292–98

containment policy, 6, 23, 188, 193

Contras, 17, 130

Control Supply Company, 2

Cornwell, Rachel, 36

corporations, 13, 145, 207, 267, 271.See also arms industry; multinational corporations; private military companies

Costa-Gavras, Constantin, 205

Costa Rica, 137

Council on Foreign Relations, 68, 130

coup d’etats, 33, 34, 42n, 68, 125, 205–6, 267

covert actions, 42n, 128–30, 224

Cox, Harvey, 261

Cox Report, 86–87

Coyle, Philip E., 84

Cramer, Ben, 33

Crescent Group, 179

Croatia, 140, 300

crony capitalism, 262, 273, 277, 308

Cuba, 40–43, 45, 53, 121, 169, 192–93, 301

missile crisis, 33–34, 302

Cubic Applications, Inc., 140, 141

Cunningham, Keith B., 195

currency, exchange rates, 264–267

Cyprus, 205, 206

Czechoslovakia, 19, 69

Dalbandin military base (Pakistan), 182

Dassault company, 279

D’Aubuisson, Roberto, 136

Dean, John, 284

death squads, 72, 126, 136

deception operations, 299–300

Declaration of Independence, 12, 45

decontamination techniques, 300

Defense, Department of (DOD, Pentagon), 2, 3, 6, 36, 105, 122

Afghan war of 2001, 13

budgets, 55, 58, 117–20

Bush II and, 62–63

contracts, 57, 119, 142–43

disinformation and, 298–99

domestic policing and, 119–23

evasion of Congress by, 138

foreign armies and, 8, 124, 132–33, 137–38, 140–49

foreign policy and, 5–6

forerunner of, created, 45–46

intelligence agencies, 42n, 126–30

Iraq and, 61, 226–28, 305

media and, 4, 52, 112–15

military base information and, 4, 153–55

recruitment and, 110–12

regaining control over, 12, 312

Defense Appropriations Act (2001), 138

Defense Authorization Bill (1998), 12

Defense Export Loan Guarantee Fund, 279

“defense intellectuals,” 70–71, 80, 81, 84

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 9, 36, 117, 118, 127, 130, 141, 305

Defense Policy Board, 234

Defense Science Board, 129–30, 228

Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 140

defense spending, 20, 55, 56–58, 62, 78–79, 128–30, 132, 137, 189

as “industrial policy, 277–78

secret, 117–20

2003 and 2004, 306–9

U.S. portion of global, in 2000, 63

Defense Week, 117

de Gaulle, Charles, 194

Deller, Nicole, 73

Delta Force, 11, 119, 123–24, 128, 129, 130

Delta Oil company, 179

democracy, 70, 89, 200, 203–8, 210–11

Iraq and, 71, 233, 308

Roman empire and, 15–16

threat to, in U.S., 12, 13, 33, 44–46, 285, 291–98, 312

Wilson and, 47–49, 51–52

WTO and, 274

Democratic Party, 46

Denmark, 34

depleted uranium (DU) ammunition, 100–102, 147

Depression, 259, 265

Dewey, George, 41, 43

DFI International (Defense Forecasts, Inc.), 140

Diego Garcia, 163, 221–22, 250, 252

Dili massacre, 137

“disarmament wars,” 290

disinformation, 119, 285, 298–303

Disney Studio, 112–13

Djibouti, 242, 252

Dobrynin, Anatoly, 17

Doha International Airport (Qatar), 248

dollar, exchange rate and, 264–66

“dollar diplomacy,” 192

Domenici, Pete, 292

Dominican Republic, 192

“domino theory,” 82, 188

Donovan, James, 52, 53, 187

Donovan, William J., 10

Dragon Hill Recreation Center (South Korea), 92

drug trafficking, 20, 21, 69, 120, 129, 134, 172, 177, 211

Dubai, 222

Dubcek, Alexander, 19

Dulles, Allen, 9, 10, 223

DuPont company, 168, 224, 271

DynCorp, 140–41, 147, 248

East Asia, 3, 8, 11, 20, 31, 33, 34, 43, 50, 199

economic development in, 263, 264

financial collapse of 1997, 272–76

North Korea and, 88–95

Eastern Europe, 19–20, 31, 69, 140, 198, 214, 215, 263

Eastman Kodak, 224

East Timor, 72, 75–76, 125, 137–38

Eberhart, Ralph E., “Ed,” 79–80, 121–22

Echelon, 165–67

Ecuador, U.S. sponsored military dictatorships in, 75

Edwards Air Force Base (California), 118

Egypt, 81, 219, 223, 242, 253

Ehime Maru (Japanese ship), 116

Eighth Army, 203

Eighty-second Airborne Division, 69, 108–9, 115, 120, 175

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 39, 53, 59, 97, 117, 220

Eisenhower, USS, 153

Ekeus, Rolf, 303

ElBaradei, Mohamed, 304–5

elections, 312

of 1876, 120

of 1968, 205–6

of 1992, 144

of 2000, 120, 174, 291, 294

of 2002, 236

of 2004, 236

Eleventh Armored Cavalry Regiment, 147

Ellsberg, Daniel, 10, 97

Ellsworth Air Force Base (South Dakota), 252

Elmendorf Air Force Base (Alaska), 162

El Salvador, 125–26, 128, 136

Embraer company, 279

Endangered Species Act (1973), 123

Enduring Freedom (Pentagon film), 113

“enemy or illegal combatant,” 4, 42, 78–79, 293–95

Energy, Department of, 169, 175, 306

Energy Information Administration, 169

England, Gordon R., 63, 122

Enrile, Juan Ponce, 210

Enron Corporation, 63, 166, 169, 236, 277

environmental pollution, 8, 33, 123, 198, 213, 268

Equatorial Guinea, 311

Eskan Village (Saudi Arabia), 238–39

Estonia, 300

“ethnic cleansing,” 25, 72, 138, 188

EUCOM, 124

Europe, 29–30, 33, 35–36, 71, 215, 234

European Commission on Human Rights, 206

European Parliament, 166

European Union, 269, 270, 277, 283, 300

Ex Parte Milligan (1866), 294

Expeditionary Village (Qatar), 248

“extraterritoriality,” 8, 35–36

Exxon (ExxonMobil), 172, 218, 311

Fahd, king of Saudi Arabia, 179

Faisal, king of Saudi Arabia, 219

Fargo, Thomas B., 93, 116

Farrar, Jay, 127

fascists, 203, 206

federal budget deficit (debt), 45, 236, 288, 307

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 87, 121–23, 295–98

federal government, power of, 44–45, 47, 78–79

Federalist, The, No. 41, 120

Federalist Party, 191

Feith, Douglas J., 126–27, 234, 235

Feminist Majority Foundation of California, 180

Ferguson, Niall, 242

Ferguson, Thomas, 264

Fifth Fleet, 244

Fighting Seabees (film), 59

Financial Times, 122, 233

First Continental Congress, 45

First Marine Division, 24

First Marine Expeditionary Force, 242

First Special Forces Detachment-Delta, 128

FISA Court of Review, 298

Fish and Wildlife Service, 123

Fisher, George, 112

Fisk, Robert, 15

Fleming, Ian, 11, 67

Florida, 42, 120

Foch, Ferdinand, 51

Ford, Gerald R., 75, 82, 210–11, 224

Ford-Marcos agreement (1975), 211

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 295–98

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), 295–98

“foreign internal defense” (FID), 124

Foreign Legion, French, 131

foreign military

training of, by U.S., 124–26, 132–40, 175–76, 206, 226

use of, by U.S., 131, 140–49

Foreign Military Financing (FMF), 137, 140

Fort Benning (Georgia), 68, 136, 137

Fort Bragg (North Carolina), 108, 120, 129, 136

Fort Campbell (Kentucky), 24, 107, 119

Fort George Meade (Maryland), 161

Fort Hood (Texas), 24, 195

Fort Huachuca (Arizona), 136

Fort Monroe (Virginia), 120

Fort Riley (Kansas) 107–8

Fort Stewart (Georgia), 24, 242

4477th Test and Evaluation Squadron, 119

Fourth Amendment, 296, 297, 298

Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, 293

Fourth Infantry Division, 24

France, 19, 75, 85, 166, 184, 194, 221, 263

empire, 43, 50, 257, 310

Iraq and, 232, 233, 238, 287, 300

Franco, Franciso, 203–4, 299

Franks, Tommy, 80, 172, 182, 226, 248–49

Fraser, Malcolm, 163

Freedom of Information Act, 300

free enterprise, 308–9.See also markets; trade

French East India Company, 31

Friedman, Thomas, 273–74, 275

From Russia with Love (Fleming), 11

Fulda, Germany, 195

Galbraith, James K., 146

Galston, William A., 22

Gardner, Richard, 63

Garmisch armed forces vacation center (Germany), 5, 197

Garten, Jeffrey, 268

Gary, Romain, 295

Gates, Robert, 17, 18

Gaudette, Kurt, 83

Gaul, 15

Gazprom, 179

General Accounting Office (GAO), 118, 143

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 259, 264, 269, 278

General Dynamics, 63, 119, 122, 243

General Electric, 166

General Motors, 167

Geneva Conventions, 42, 75, 133

Gentry, John A., 288, 289

George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, 197

Georgia (Central Asia), 174–76

German Democratic Republic (East Germany), 19

German Federal Republic (West Germany), 18–19, 34

German Socialist Unity Party (Communist), 19

Germany, 263

Echelon and, 166

economic development in, 262, 263

imperial, 19th century, 35–36, 40, 42, 45

Iraq and, 198, 307

reunification of, 195

U.S. bases in, 8, 24, 56, 154, 190, 130, 195–98, 215

WW I and, 48–49, 51

WW II and, 85, 193–94, 203, 257, 300, 301, 310

Gibben, Dave, 144

G. I. Jane (film), 112

Gingrich, Newt, 228

Glass, Charles, 153

Glennon, Michael, 77

globalization (globalism), 21, 26, 81, 255–57, 260–77, 284, 310

protests vs., 262, 272, 274–75

Global Security Organization, 243, 244

Goldfarb, Michael, 196

gold standard, 264–66

Good Neighbor Policy, 192

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 17–20, 69, 258

Gordon, Michael, 20

Grant, Bruce, 142

Great Britain, 221, 259, 263, 265, 279.See also British Empire

Cold War and, 34

Egypt and, 223, 242

Gulf War I and, 225, 238

intelligence, 165–66, 251, 303–4

Iran and, 220

Iraq war and, 232, 233, 283, 304

Persian Gulf and, 217–22, 244

U.S. bases in, 8, 56, 164–65

WW I and, 48–50

WW II and, 37, 194

Greatest Generation (Brokaw), 113

Greece, 15, 204–7, 211

military bases in, 152, 189, 204–5

Green Berets, 11, 128, 129, 131, 134, 141

Greeneville, USS (submarine), 116–17

Greenland, 34

Greider, William, 214, 281

Grenada invasion, 114–15

Griffith, Ron, 141

Group of Eight (G8), 181, 275

Group of Seven (G7), 276

Guam, 2, 42, 189, 192

Guantanámo Bay (Cuba), 13, 41–42, 77, 189, 193, 293, 295, 310

Guatemala, 34, 128, 192, 193

Guernica, 222, 299–300

Guevara, Che, 30

Gulf of Oman, 250

Gulf of Tonkin, 301

Gulf War Syndrome, 100–102, 300

“gunboat diplomacy,” 40

Gurkhas, 131, 134

Hahn airfield (Germany), 194

Haig, Alexander, 53, 178

Hainan Island spy plane incident, 87–88, 252

Haiti, 3, 62, 72, 141, 144, 169, 192

Halabja gas attacks of 1988, 225

Haldeman, H. R., 284

Halibut, USS (submarine), 163

Halliburton, 140, 144–45, 152, 233, 308

Hamad bin Issa al-Khalifa, king of Bahrain, 245

Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, Sheikh, emir of Qatar, 246–47

Hamas, 298

Hamdi, Yasir Esam, 293, 294

Harding, Warren G., 51

Harris, Jeff, 80

Harvard Law School, 111–12

Hasan al-Bakr, Ahmad, 224

Hastert, Dennis, 57

Hatcher, Patrick Lloyd, 35

Hawaii, 2, 42, 192–93.See also Pearl Harbor

Hay, John, 192

Hayden, Michael V., 161

Hayes, Rutherford B., 120

Hearst, William Randolph, 40

hegemony, defined, 29

Hejl, Thomas, 109

Heldman, Kevin, 107

Hellenikon Air Base (Greece), 205

Helms, Richard, 9

Henry VIII, king of England, 295

Hersh, Seymour, 305

Hertle, Hans-Hermann, 19

Herzog, Jésus Silva, 266

Hewlett-Packard, 224

Higgs, Robert, 308–9

Hill, James T., 279–80

Hill&Knowlton, 230–31

Hindus, 70, 138

Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 28, 290

Hispanics, 103, 104, 110

Hitler, Adolf, 168, 206, 222, 299

Hmong tribesmen, 134

Hobson, John, 28

Hoffmann, Stanley, 287

Holbrooke, Richard, 74

Hollywood films, 112–14

Holy Loch (Scotland), 163

Homeland Security, Department of, 122

Honduras, 128, 192

Honeywell, 224

Hong Kong, 41

Honolulu Advertiser, 116

Howard, John, 283

Hudson’s Bay Company, 31

Hull, Cordell, 52

“humanitarian” aid, 172, 183

humanitarian interventions, 3, 21–22, 71–72, 124, 167, 214, 284

human rights, 72, 170–72, 176, 180, 203, 225

U.S. and foreign military and, 125–26, 132, 133, 136, 137

Hungary, 19

Hussein, Kamel, 302–3

Hussein, Saddam, 11, 101, 126–27, 144, 183, 217, 223–36, 237, 253, 283, 300, 302

Hyundai Engineering and Construction Company, 179

Iberia, 15

Ibn Saud, king of Saudi Arabia, 218

idealism, 47, 51

ideology, 61, 261

“illegal combatants.” See “enemy or illegal combatant”

Illueca, Jorge, 136

impeachment, 306

imperialism (empire)

central political idea of, 257

CIA and, 9–10

civilian casualties and, 28

Cold War and, 32–34

colonization and, 29–30

containment rationale for, 193

continental vs. maritime, 191

decline as result of, 310–12

defined, 28–29

democracy threatened by, 13

disinformation and, 298–303

economic, 5–6, 28, 255–58, 277

extent and roots of American, 1–5

euphemisms, for, 13, 29, 71, 191, 192, 283–84

failed states and, 71

fall of Soviet empire and U.S., 21, 310

fight against communism and, 2–3, 64–65

globalism and, 255–56, 262–77

“humanitarian,” 67, 71–72

idealistic vs. military, 70–72

Iraq war and, 236–37

logic of, and space, 81–83

militarism inseparable from, 30

military bases and, 7–8, 23–27, 37, 151, 152, 187–88, 237–53

Monroe doctrine and, 191

multinational corporations and, 30–31

nineteenth-century, 35–36, 42–43

post-9/11, 3–4, 67–68, 215

recent endorsement of, 67–68

reluctance theme in, 191

sorrows of, post-Iraq war, 284–85

Spanish-American War and, 39–44

superpowers and, during Cold War, 32–35

surrogate soldiers and, 131–49

Theodore Roosevelt and, 51

unconstrained, 67–68

wars tied with, 187–88, 214–15

Wilsonian foundations for, 47–52

imperial overstretch, 13, 310

Incirlik Air Base (Turkey), 240, 252

Independent Institute, 308

India, 181

British Empire and, 50, 70, 81, 82, 134, 138–39, 217

military training programs, 137

nuclear weapons and, 163–64

rice patents and, 271–72

Indian emigrants, 29–30

Indonesia, 65, 131, 137–38, 203, 209

East Timor and, 75–76, 125

economic crisis, 255, 267, 273

Indonesia Petroleum, 179

industrialization, 208, 261, 269

“industrial policy,” 277–78

information warfare, 299–306

Insight, 58

Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, 73

intellectual property, 256, 259, 269–71

intelligence, 1, 124

analysis, as cover, 10

fabrication of, to justify war, 127, 301–6

listening posts and sharing, 161–67

U.S. citizens and, 296–98

intelligence agencies, 3, 12, 18, 32.See also specific agencies

Defense Department, vs. CIA, 126–28

secret budgets, 12, 78–80, 117–20, 312

intelligence estimates, 9–10

intelligence SAP (IN-SAP), 118

Intelligence Support Activity (ISA), 128–29

intercontinental ballistic missile, 290

international agreements, 73–78

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 89, 90, 304–5

International Charter, Inc., 140

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, 72

International Court of Justice, 291

International Criminal Court (ICC), 4, 73–75, 256

International Financial Institutions Advisory Commission, 275–76

international law, 22, 24–25, 214, 233, 272, 281, 283, 310

International Military Education and Training Program (IMET), 132, 135–37, 140

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 68, 71, 256–57, 264–69, 273–78

international order

destabilization of, 284, 286–88

trade and, 257

International Peace Operations Association, 141

international security organization, proposed, 71

International Telecommunications Satellite organization (Intelsat), 161

Internet, 297

investment banks, 26

Iraklion base (Greece), 205

Iran, 211, 217, 235, 244, 245, 251, 252

Afghan refugees and, 177

“axis of evil” and, 20, 64, 77

coup of 1953, 167–68, 220

Israel and, 235

oil and, 168, 170, 172–74, 218

as obstacle to U.S. domination, 189, 215

potential war on, 235, 310

revolution of 1979, 222–23, 224

Iran-Contra scandal, 130, 228, 234

Iranian hostage crisis, 123, 128, 222–23

Iran-Iraq war, 224–25

Iraq, 217–53, 290.See also Iraq War of 2003; Persian Gulf War (Gulf War I)

“axis of evil” and, 20, 77

bombing, 280

British and, 70

Bush II and, 88

coup of 1958 in, 223

Israeli raid on, 70

no-fly zones, 232, 233, 240

post-war U.S. bases in, 198, 214, 215, 226, 242

private military companies and, 141

reconstruction contracts, 308–9

Shi’ites and, 224

strategic position of, 217

U.S. bases in Gulf and, 244

U.S. support for, in 1980s, 144, 223–25

U.S. troops currently in, 288

Iraqi exiles, 305

Iraq War of 2003, 62, 145, 183

as achievement of neocons, 71

al-Qaeda link as pretext for, 126–27, 305–6

Bulgaria and, 146

Bush II decision to go alone, 73

Coalition Media Center and, 249

congressional vote on, 292

cost of, 306–7

democracy as pretext for, 233

domestic politics as motive for, 236

DU ammunition in, 101–2

economic impact of, on U.S., 306–7

“embedded” reporters and, 115–16

fall of Baghdad and, 283

fragging and, 104

Germany and, 198

Guantanámo prisoners and, 42

imperialism and militarism as motive for, 61, 236–37, 310

information warfare to justify, 299–306

international impact of, 95, 283–84

Israel and, 234–35

Kuwait bases and, 242–43

lack of exit strategy for, 236–37

lack of intelligence estimate before, 10–11

lack of legitimacy of, 215, 256

looting and, 234

military base acquisition and, 24, 189, 190, 214–15

military bases in Persian Gulf and, 222, 226–28, 253

military purchases for, 2

military recruitment and, 99 9/11 as pretext for, 229–32

North Korea and, 88, 90–91

number of troops, 283

plan to remake, as client state, 283

push for, prior to 9/11, 227–29, 233–35, 308

Qatar and, 246, 248–49

refusal of other nations to pay for, 307

Saudi bases and, 240

Turkey and, 252

“un-American” to question, 4

UN and, 232–33, 301–5

Wilson foreign policy as precursor of, 47

WMDs and, 94, 229–30, 304–6

Islamic militants, 139, 172, 177, 237–38, 288

isolationism, 3, 44

Israel, 31, 70, 102, 137, 139, 153, 215, 242, 281, 291

Iraq and, 70, 234–35

UN and, 76, 133

Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 235, 244, 246

Italy, 8, 34, 43, 56

Itochu Oil Exploration company, 179

ITT corporation, 147

Iwakuni Air Station (Japan), 201

Jackson, Bruce, 300

Jacobadad military base (Pakistan), 182

“Jam Echelon Day,” 166

Jane’s Intelligence Review, 304

Japan, 31, 34, 68, 215

constitution of, 199

economy of, 259, 263, 264

Gulf War I and, 25, 307

imperialism of, 43–44, 48, 50, 71, 131, 310

military bases in, 7, 8, 56, 108, 109, 190, 198–203, 202

North Korea and, 91, 92, 94

nuclear weapons and, 12, 201–2

oil and, 179

Pearl Harbor attack by, 286, 300

remilitarization of, 87

trade and, 16, 26, 96

Jebel Ali port (UAE), 250

Jefferson, Thomas, 191, 298

Jennings, Peter, 304

Jerusalem Post, 235

Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, 234

Jimmy Carter, USS (submarine), 163

jingoism, 39–40, 67

John C. Stennis, USS (aircraft carrier), 112

Johnson, Lyndon B., 59, 61, 97, 140, 205, 208, 223, 236, 301

Johnson, U. Alexis, 201

Johnstone, Diana, 33

Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 52–53, 61, 62, 79, 226, 249

creation of, 45–46

intelligence agency of, 117

terrorism proposals of, to JFK, 53, 301

Joint Combined Exchange Training (JCET), 137–38, 140

Joint Committee to Conduct the War, 52

Joint Direct Attack munitions (smart bomb), 280

Joint Intelligence Center (Saudi Arabia), 240–241

“Joint Task Force-Civil Support,” 120

Joint U.S. Military Advisory Group (Philippines), 209

Jones, Elizabeth, 185

Jones, James L., 198

Jordan, 137, 253

Judge Advocate General Corps, 111–12

Justice, Department of, 87, 293, 298

Kadena Air Force Base (Okinawa), 8, 154, 252

Kagan, Robert, 228

Kandahar International Airport base (Afghanistan), 182

Kaplan, Fred, 309

Kaplan, Lawrence F, 85

Kaplan, Robert D., 68

Karamanlis, Constantine, 206

Karamursel, Turkey (listening post), 162

Karimov, Islam, 172, 184

Karzai, Hamid, 140, 178, 179, 182

Kashmir, 70, 72

Kassem, Abdel-Karim, 223

Kazakhstan, 169, 170–75, 184, 185

Kazakhstan Oil Advisory Board, 174

Keller, Bill, 85

Kellogg-Briand pact (1928), 78

Kellogg Brown & Root company, 140, 143–46, 184, 308

Kennedy, John F, 6, 11, 97, 117, 236, 286

Kennedy, Paul, 71

Kenya, embassy attack (1998), 139, 178, 180

Kerr, John, 163

Keynes, John Maynard, 265, 266

Khalilzad, Zalmay, 178–79, 181, 228

Khanabad base (Uzbekistan), 144, 184

Khobar Towers (Saudi Arabia) bombing (1996), 238, 240, 243

Khomeini, Ayatollah, 222

Kiesling, John, 287

Kiknadze, Mirian, 175

Killingray, David, 131

Kim Dae-jung, 90, 93, 94

Kim Il-sung, 94

Kim Jong-il, 90, 91, 172

King Abdul Aziz Air Base (Saudi Arabia), 219, 238

Kissinger, Henry, 75–76, 178, 206

Kitty Hawk, USS, 109–10

Klemmer, Andreas, 195

Korb, Lawrence J., 130

Korean Demilitarized Zone, 92

Korean War, 53, 56, 58, 59, 86, 91, 102, 110, 142, 209

military bases and, 35, 189, 190, 202

Kosovo, 62, 72, 79, 101, 144

military bases in, 5, 143, 145, 155, 215

Krauthammer, Charles, 67–68

Kristol, William, 228

Kuhn, James, 113

Kunkle, Steven, 109

Kunsan Air Base (South Korea), 92

Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalists), 36, 86

Kurds, 172, 223, 225, 228, 232–33

Kuwait, 217, 222, 230–33, 244

Gulf War I and, 21, 62, 100–101, 219, 225–26, 230–31, 307

military bases in, 144, 146–49, 226, 237, 241, 242–44

Kyoto Protocol on global warming, 76, 256

KYP (Greek intelligence), 205

Kyrgyzstan, 175

military bases in, 5, 170, 172–73, 183–84, 203, 214, 226, 242

labor laws, 259

La Maddalena Island (Italy), 163

“land for peace,” 235

Lansing, Robert, 49, 50, 51

Laos, 134

Latin America, 2, 20, 21, 32, 34, 215.See also SOUTHCOM

globalization and, 261, 264, 266

interventions in, 69, 193

military bases in, 8, 168, 190–93

military training in, 132, 136, 194

oil and, 168, 311

state terrorism in, 68

weapons sales to, 279–80

Latvia, 300

League of Nations, 50, 51

Leahy, Patrick J., 125

Lebanon, 235

Ledeen, Michael, 234

Lee, Wen-ho, 87

Lee Ki Sun, 92

Lemnitzer, Lyman, 301

Leninism, 50

Leno, Jay, 180

Leno, Mavis, 180

Lewis, Flora, 77

Lexus and the Olive Tree, The (Friedman), 273

Libby, I. Lewis, 228

liberalism, classical, 261

Libya, 290

Lili’oukalani, queen of Hawaii, 42

Lincoln, Abraham, 52

Lindquist, Sven, 28

Link, Arthur S., 47

List, Friedrich, 262

listening posts, overseas, 155, 161–65

Lithuania, 300

Lockheed Martin, 57, 62–63, 79, 80, 119, 161, 278, 280, 309

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 51, 80, 192

“lone superpower,” 4, 44, 67, 72, 274, 284, 307

Los Alamos Nuclear Weapons laboratory, 87

Lott, Trent, 228

Louisiana, election of 1876 and, 120

Louisiana National Guard, 175

LST-883, USS, 142

L3 Communications, 140, 141

Lula da Silva, Luiz, 280

Lumpe, Lora, 132

Lusitania, sinking of, 48–49

Lutzenburger, Jose, 268

Lynch, Jessica, 99