The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic

MacArthur, Douglas, 53

McCoy, Alfred, 134–35

MacDill Air Force Base (Florida), 129, 223, 237, 249

McDonnell Douglas, 119, 278

Macedonia, 300

McGovern, Ray, 305

McKinley, William, 41, 43, 44, 45

McMaster,H.R., 61

McNamara, Robert, 6, 61, 301

McSally, Martha, 241

Madison, James, 44–45, 120, 292

Magsaysay, Ramón, 209

Mahan, Alfred T., 80, 192

Mahathir, Mohamad, 273–74

Maine, USS, sinking of, 40, 192, 301

Makarios III, president of Cyprus, 206

Malaysia, 273–74

Mallaby, Sebastian, 71

Manama naval base (Bahrain), 220–21, 245, 248, 252

Manas International Airport (Kyrgyzstan), 183–84

Manchester, William, 59

Manchuria, 48, 131, 170

Manhattan Project, 12, 117

manifest destiny, 51

Manila Bay, 41, 43

manufacturing, 208, 281

Maoism, 9

Marashi, Ibrahim al-, 304

Marcos, Ferdinand, 89, 207, 210–13, 273

Marcos, Imelda, 210, 212

Marine Corps, 7, 41, 103, 105, 109, 201.See also Special Forces

defense budget and, 62

number of, 78

Marine Corps Reserve, 102

“Market as God, The” (Cox), 261

“market democracy,” 21

markets, “free,” 262, 263, 265, 273, 308–9.See also globalization; neoliberalism

Markle, Kenneth, 92

Marshall, Andrew W., 82–83

Marshall, George C, 53–54

Martin, Patrick, 176

Marxism, 50, 260, 261

Matar, Mohammed, 230

Matlock, Jack F, 69

Mauritius, 221

Maury, John, 205

Mazar-i-Sharif base (Afghanistan), 182

Mead, Walter Russell, 68

media.See news media

Meltzer Report (2000), 275–76

Menem, Carlos, 274

mercantilism, 30–31

mercenaries, 135, 141–42, 148

Metcalf, Joseph W., III, 114

Mexican War of 1846–48, 52, 191

Mexico, 2, 121, 169, 190, 192, 274

debt crises, 266, 267, 273

revolution of 1910, 47–49

Michener, James, 58

Microsoft, 166

Middle East Media Research Institute (Memri), 235

Middle East Review of International Affairs, 304

Middle East.See also CENTCOM; Persian Gulf; and specific countries, military bases, and wars

mercenaries in, 135

NSS of 1990 and, 21

oil and, 145, 168, 218, 234

permanent deployment of soldiers in, 253

plan to remake, 228, 237

Miles, Manuel, 15

militarism, 256, 310

all-volunteer army and, 102

causes of, 64–65

CINCs and foreign policy and, 124–26

“civilian,” 60–62

civilian casualties and, 28

Cold War and, 55–58

defense spending and, 56–58

defined, vs. “military,” 23–24

democracy undermined by, 13

domestic policing and, 119–23

economic effect of, 257

economic globalism vs., 272

growth of, as irreversible, 11–12

Hawaii and, 42n

imperialism inseparable from, 30

indicators of, 58–65, 78–79

institutions of, 97–130

intelligence and, 11, 126–29, 167

Korean War and, 58–59

military as priority of state and, 63–64

military bases and, 152

military evasion of congressional restrictions and, 138

military officers in government positions and, 62–63

Panama and, 42n

professional military class and, 58–62

Reagan and, 61–62

sorrows of, post Iraq, 284–85

space and, 79–83

Spanish-American War and, 39–46

standing army and, 44–45

Vietnam War and, 59–61

Wilson and, 46–52

WW II, 52–55

Militarism, U.S.A. (Donovan), 187

military.See also armed forces; Defense, Department of

defined, vs. militarism, 23–24

displaces resources from free market, 308–9

domestic policing and, 119–23

growth of role of, 3, 22, 123–25

high-ranking, as modern-day proconsuls, 5, 8

overstretched, 256

personnel, deployment of, 154–55, 156–60

political power of, 53–54

presence, number of nations in, 288

Military Assistance Pact (1947), 207, 209

Military Bases Agreement (1957), 207

military bases overseas, 64.See also specific bases and host countries

Afghanistan and, 181–82

CINCs and, 124

Cold War and, 32–33

construction and maintenance of, 26, 142–44

crime and racism in, 6–8, 36–37, 107–8

disguised, 4

empire of, 11, 151–55, 187–89

expulsion of, 213–14

financing of, 24–25

history of acquisition of, 188–214

indigenous people displaced by, 34, 221

Monroe Doctrine and, 2, 189–92

network of, global, 1, 23

number and value of, 4–5, 153–54, 189–90

oil and, 167–80

Persian Gulf, 226–27, 233, 237–53

post-Cold War era acquisition of, 214–15

post-Vietnam reduction in, 203–4

rationale for, 188

recreation spots for, 5

reluctance to give up, 25–26, 34–35, 152, 310

surveillance and, 161–167

after WWII, 193–203

military-industrial complex, 26, 32–33, 39, 57–58, 142–43, 152, 214, 277, 309

military officers

demographics of, 103, 104–5

number of, in foreign countries, 5

as professional military class, 55, 58–63

retired, in arms industry, 61, 135, 141

military participation ratio (MPR), 52, 59

Military Professional Resources, Inc. (MPRI), 140, 141, 142

Miller, Stuart Creighton, 43

Milosevic, Slobodan, 74

Mindanao, Muslim secessionists in, 210

Misawa Air Force Base (Japan), 162, 164

Missile Defense Agency, 309

“mission myopia,” 300

Moberg, David, 74

Mobil Oil, 218

Mongol empire, 257

Monroe, James, 191

Monroe Doctrine, 40, 190–92

Monsanto, 271

Montagnards, 131

Montana National Guard, 175

Monteith, Jimmy W., Jr., 143

Moore, Demi, 112

“moral hazard,” 266

moral truth, Bush II and, 286–87

Moran, Michael, 155

Morón Air Base (Spain), 204

Moro National Liberation Front (Philippines), 210

Morris, Roger, 223

Mossadeq, Mohammad, 220

Mosul, National Museum looted (Iraq), 234

Mount Pinatubo volcano, 209, 213

MSNBC, 113

multilateral development banks, 63

multilateralism, 80

multinational corporations, 26, 30–31, 219, 267, 271, 277

munitions companies, 133, 277

Munnich, Eric, 92

Murray, Patty, 57

Murtopo, Ali, 76

Musharraf, Pervez, 125, 182

mutual defense treaties, 31

Mutual Defense Treaty (U.S. Philippines), 209

“Mutual Logistics Support Agreement” (Philippines), 213–14

Myers, Richard B., 79, 249

Nader, Ralph, 145

Nagorno-Karabakh, 174

Nagy, Imre, 19

Napoleonic Wars, 221, 257

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 219, 223

National Defense University (Washington, DC), 136

national energy policy (Cheney Report, 2001), 169

National Geographic (TV show), 113

National Guard, 46, 107, 175

number of, 102

National Hot Rod Association, 98

National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), 117, 127

National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), 79, 80, 117, 118, 127, 155, 162, 311

National Security Agency (NSA), 36, 117–18, 127, 155, 161–62

computer failure, 288

U.S. citizens and, 165, 166, 296

National Security Council, 20, 173, 179, 181, 223, 228

National Security Decision Directive 114, 224

National Security Strategy (NSS) (1990), 20–21 (2002), 33–34, 90, 151, 286–88

National Space Symposium, 79–80, 311

National System of Political Economy, The (List), 262

Native Americans, 2, 43, 103, 190

NATO, 80, 140, 154, 164, 194, 204

Bush II and, 83

Eastern Europe and, 20, 280

formation of, 222

Greece and, 206, 207

Serbia and, 75

natural gas, 169, 176

Naval Reserve, 102

Naval Special Warfare Center, 136

navy, 7, 63, 103, 105, 112–13, 129

black programs, 118

defense budget and, 62

number in, 78

Navy SeaBees, 245

Navy SEALS, 69, 115, 124, 129

Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 172

Nazis, 203, 300, 310

NBC, 113, 155, 231

Nea Makri Communications Station (Greece), 205

Nellis Air Force Base (Nevada), 119

neoclassical economics, 260

neocolonialism, 30–31, 207–8

neoconservatives, 70–71

neofascists, 204

neoliberalism, 257, 259–61, 267–77

Netanyahu, Benjamin, 235

Netherlands (Dutch), 74, 263

Empire, 24, 43, 50, 131, 310

neutron bombs, 290

Nevatim Airfield (Israel), 153

“new economy,” 260

newly industrialized countries (NICs), 262

New People’s Army (NPA) (Philippines), 210

news media (press)

Afghan war and, 115

antiglobalization protests and, 275

China spy plane collision and, 88

deception operations and, 299

Grenada and, 114–15

Iraq war and, 115–16, 231, 249, 303–4

manipulation of, 13, 80–81, 114–17

military bases and, 8, 153

military recruitment and, 112–15

sanitized expressions used by, 4

on SOA, 136

Spanish-American War and, 39, 40

special forces and, 128

Taliban and, 180

WW II and, 52

Newsweek, 108, 295

New Yorker, 305

New York Journal, 40

New York magazine, 249

New York Times, 20, 85, 127, 184, 217, 242, 273, 275

New York World, 40

New Zealand, 31, 165

Nicaragua, 11, 17, 34, 75, 128, 192, 193

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 309

Nigeria, 274, 311

Niger uranium claim, 304–5

Nixon, Richard M., 59, 205–6, 223, 236, 265, 284, 295

Nixon Doctrine, 135

Niyazov, Saparmurat, 172, 176

Nobel, Alfred, Robert, and Ludwig, 168

No Child Left Behind Act (2001), 111

nonaligned countries, 258

Noriega, Manuel, 69

North, Oliver, 130

North Africa, 15

Northern Alliance (Afghanistan), 177, 180, 181, 182–83, 229

Northern Command, 121–22

North Korea, 20, 31, 58, 64, 77, 88–95, 202, 288, 290, 310

Northrop Grumman, 57, 63, 135, 240

North Vietnam, 134

Novartis, 271

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (1970), 73, 77, 90, 290–91

Nuclear Posture Review (2002), 290

nuclear war, 33–34, 61

nuclear weapons, 64, 77, 94, 97, 124, 163, 291

Bush II and “low yield” or “mini,” 290–91

China and, 83–84, 87, 88

cost of, 56, 265, 306

Japan and, 199, 201

North Korea and, 94

Philippines and, 212–13

special operations and, 129–30

Oakley, Robert, 178

Obrenovic, Dragan, 75

Occidental Petroleum, 311

Office for Global Communications, 299

Office of Defense Trade Controls, 133

Office of National Estimates, 9–10

Office of Strategic Influence, 298–99

Office of Strategic Services, 10, 204, 218

oil, 26, 137

Africa and, 311

Central Asia and Iraq and, 145–46, 215, 226–28, 233–34

imported, 307–8

Iran and, 218, 220, 222–23

military bases and, 151–52, 155, 167–80, 189

Oman and, 250–51

Saudi Arabia and, 218–19, 242

oil crises of 1970s, 259

oil pipelines

Afghanistan and, 176–79

Central Asia and, 167, 170, 172–76, 226

trans-Balkan, 145–46, 155

Okinawa, 6–8, 24, 35, 91, 152, 198–201, 208, 215

North Korea and, 94

rapes by troops in, 6–7, 108

Vietnam War and, 202

Oklahoma City bombing, 121

Oman, 222, 233, 242, 244, 248

military bases in, 24, 215, 250–52

Omar, Mohammed, 231

O’Meara, Kelly, 58

101st Airborne Division, 24

160th Special Operations Air Regiment, 119, 129

1660th Tactical Airlift Wing, 252

Operation Anaconda, 289

Operation Desert Shield, 100

Operation Desert Storm, 80, 100, 147, 198, 225

Operation Enduring Freedom, 113

Operation Just Cause, 69

Operation Northwoods, 301

Operation Urgent Fury, 114

opium trade. See also drug trafficking

Afghanistan and, 177, 180, 181

Indochina and, 134–35

Opium War of 1839–42, 35

Oregon Territory, 191

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 62, 219, 250–51

Origins of Totalitarianism, The (Arendt), 283

Orwell, George, 141

Osan Air Base (South Korea), 91

Osirak reactor raid (Iraq), 70

Oslo Accords, 235

Ota, Masahide, 6

Ottoman empire, 50, 257, 310

Outer Space Treaty (1967), 81

“overloans,” 266

Owen, Glen, 110

Owens, Arne, 136

Pacific Command (PACOM), 93, 124–25

Pacific Fleet, civilian visitors to, 117

Pacific Islanders, 103

Padilla, Jose, 293, 294–95

Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza, shah of Iran, 220

Pakistan, 125, 137, 222, 231

military bases in, 173, 182–83, 214, 215, 242

oil pipeline and, 173, 176–79, 182–83

Paladin artillery pieces, 142, 242–243

Palestinians, 71, 72, 133. See also Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Panama, 3, 62, 69–70, 128, 192

Panama Canal Zone, 42, 69, 136, 192–93

Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), 206–7

Papadopoulos, George, 206

Papandreou, Andreas, 206–7, 211

Papandreou, George, 204, 205

Paraguay, 75

Parameters, 288

Pasni military base (Pakistan), 182

patents, agriculture, 271–72. See also intellectual property rights

Pathet Lao, 134

Patriot Act, USA, (2001), 296–98

Patterns of Global Terrorism (State Department), 227

Patton (film), 112

Pearl Harbor attack, 113, 189, 300

Pearl Harbor (film), 112–13

Pennzoil, 174, 233

“Pentagon Papers, The,” 10

People’s War, 9

Percy, Lindis, 164–65

perestroika, 18

Perle, Richard, 126, 228, 234, 235

Pershing, John J., 47

Persian Gulf, 216, 217–23, 242

Carter Doctrine and, 223

democracy and, 233

Iranian revolution and, 222–23

military bases in, 8, 24, 148, 155, 168, 190, 198, 214, 220–21, 226–27, 233, 237–53, 258

oil and, 253, 307–8

Persian Gulf War (1991, Gulf War I), 3, 21, 100, 141, 144, 219, 221, 225–26, 229. See also Iraq; Iraq war of 2003

cost of, 307

four classes of casualties, 100

MPR, 52

Oman and, 252

payments from foreign governments for, 25

Pentagon desire to finish, 227–28

propaganda and, 230–31

reporters and, 116

Saudi Arabia and, 135, 219, 238–40

troops in, 107

Peru, 263–64

Peterson Air Force Base (Colorado Springs), 121

Pfaff, William, 51

pharmaceutical companies, 256, 271

Philadelphia Inquirer, 128

Philby, H. St. John, 218

Philby, Kim, 218

Philippines, 29, 31, 41–44, 50, 89, 192, 203, 268–69

military bases and, 2, 8, 152, 189, 193, 207–14, 288

Philippines Freedom from Nuclear Weapons Act (1988), 212–13

Picasso, Pablo, 299

Pine Gap (Australia), 162–63

Pinochet, Augusto, 267

“plant replacement value” (PRV), 154, 189–90, 221

Platt Amendment (1901), 41–42

Poland, 280, 301

police

domestic, 107, 119–23

foreign, 204, 133

Polk, James K., 191

Polo, Marco, 168

Pomeroy, William J., 208

Poole, Patrick S., 296–97

“Population Representation in the Military Services” (DOD report, 1999), 102

Portuguese colonies, 190

Posse Comitatus Act (1878), 120–22

Postal Service, U.S., 295

Pouliot, Michael R., 148

poverty, 81, 275

Powell, Colin, 53, 62, 213–14, 227, 228, 236, 247, 289

UN Security Council and, 301–5

Present Dangers (Kagan and Kristol), 228, 235

presidency

expanded power of, 47, 285, 292–96

“illegal belligerents” and, 78–79

“imperial,” 3, 44–45

intelligence budgets and, 117

military vs. authority of, 53, 125

promises to end wars and, 59

Roman emperors and, 15

“preventive war,” 4, 6, 22

Bush II doctrine of, 256, 285–87

cost of, 307

defense intellectuals and, 70–71

Iraq and, 284

North Korea and, 90

Rumsfeld vs. CIA and, 128

Prince Sultan Air Base (Saudi Arabia), 226, 238–42

private military companies, 134, 135, 140–49, 184

privatization, 259

“Proactive Preemptive Operations Group,” 129

professional military class, 55, 58–61

Project for the New American Century (PNAC), 228, 229, 230, 234, 235

propaganda, 114, 285, 298–303

Iraq and, 229–31

protectionism, 263

public health, 122, 260

Puerto Rico, 42, 152, 192

Pulitzer, Joseph, 40

Punjabis, 70

Qatar, 4, 222, 233

military bases in, 24, 215, 241, 242, 244, 246–49

racial minorities, in armed forces, 104–5, 110

racism, 25

armed forces and, 104, 107–10

“extraterritoriality” and, 35

imperialism and, 29, 47, 50, 51

liberalism and, 261

Philippines and, 43–44

Wen-ho Lee case and, 87

RAF Chicksands Priory (Britain), 162, 164

RAF Croughton (Britain), 164

RAF Menwith Hill (Britain), 161, 162, 164, 165

RAF Morwenstow (Britain), 162

Ramstein Air Force Base (Germany), 154, 194

Rand Corporation, 82

Rangwala, Glen, 303, 304

Rapid Deployment Force, 223

“rapid dominance,” 290

Rashid, Ahmed, 179

raw materials, 208, 258

Raytheon, 57, 279, 280

Reagan, Ronald, 16–17, 126, 178, 228, 235, 259, 298

defense spending and, 56

El Salvador and, 126

“evil empire” speech, 17, 67

Grenada and, 114

Iraq and, 224–25, 300

military and, 53, 61–62

neocons and, 70

Persian Gulf and, 223, 224

Philippines and, 212

special forces and, 128

star wars and, 84

Vietnam and, 60

“realists,” 19

Rebuilding America’s Defenses (PNAC report of September 2000), 228, 229, 230

Red Horse squadrons, 239, 252

Red Sea, 242, 252

Regal Entertainment Group, 114

“Regional Counter-Terrorism Defense Fellowship Program,” 138

Rehnquist, William, 298

Reischauer, Edwin O., 201

Remington, Frederic, 40

Republican Party, 46, 51, 80, 88, 191, 192

Clinton defense spending and, 56

convention of 2000, 120

Iraq and, 228–29, 236, 308

Kazakhstan pipeline and, 173–74

Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), 141–42

Junior, 111

Rhineland-Palatinate, 195

Ricardo, David, 260

Rice, Condoleezza, 33–34, 173–74, 179, 227, 229, 233

RiceTec, Inc., 271

Rickover, Hyman, 40

right-wing, 60, 80–83, 86

Ritter, Scott, 230, 303

Rivero, Oswaldo de, 261, 262, 263–64, 274

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

attacks of 1995 in, 237

attacks of 2003 in, 148–49, 241–42

Riyadh Air Force Base, 239

Rocca, Christina, 181

Roche, James G., 63, 105, 311

Rockwell, 118, 224, 278

Rogers, Paul, 162

“rogue states,” 21, 77, 84, 291

Roh Moo-hyun, 93

Rokke, Doug, 100–102

Roman Empire, 3, 5, 257, 284

Bush II and, 256

hate and fear slogan and, 285

Krauthammer on, 68

Legionnaires, troops in Germany as, 196

military bases and, 24, 25, 188

North Korea and, 88

proconsuls, CINCs as, 87, 121, 126

rise and fall of, 15–16

slaughter of civilians by, 28

Roman senate and, 15–16, 37, 312

sorrows of, 285

Romania, 146, 300

Romero, Oscar, 136

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 2, 33, 52, 191, 192, 218, 286

Roosevelt, Theodore, 29, 40, 41, 42n, 45, 46, 48, 51, 70, 80, 192

Root, Elihu, 45–46, 48, 51, 192

Rose, M. Franklin, 27

Rota Naval Base (Spain), 163, 204

Rothschild family, 168

Rough Riders (Rocky Mountain), 41, 45

Rove, Karl, 236

Royal Air Force (RAF) stations, Sigint bases and, 164

Royal Dutch Shell, 168, 220

Rubin, Robert, 256

Ruby Ridge attacks, 121

“Rule of Power or the Rule of Law, The” (IEER and LCNP study), 73

Rumsfeld, Donald, 6, 11, 123, 126–30, 172, 181, 215, 241, 248, 298–300

Iraq and, 224–25, 227, 228, 230–32, 236

space and, 82–85

Russia. See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Russia, post-Cold War, 83, 183, 290

economic crisis in, 263, 267, 275

military expenditures of, 306–7

nuclear weapons and, 291

North Korea and, 94

oil and, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 176, 179

weapons sales by, 133

Russia, pre-Soviet, 42–43, 131

revolution of 1917, 50, 51

Rwanda, 72

Sabana Seca (Puerto Rico), 162

Saint, Crosbie E., 141

Sakharov, Andrei, 17–18

Salinas, Raul, 274

Sampson, Anthony, 234

San Diego Unified School District, 110–11

Sandinistas, 34, 75, 128

San Joaquin County, USS, 201

San Vito dei Normanni (Italy), 162

Sao Tomé, 311

“Sarge, The” (Army dragster), 98

Sasebo naval base (Japan), 201

satellite nations, 31, 35, 41–42

satellites (space), 79, 81, 83

spy, 81, 161–63, 165–66, 224, 311

Saud, Khalid Al, 237

Saudi Arabia, 144, 166, 182, 233

anti-American incidents in, 139, 148–49, 237–38, 241–42

BBC and, 247

Iraq and, 224, 225, 287, 307

Israel and, 235

military bases in, 24, 139, 215, 226, 237–42

9/11 attacks and, 227

oil and, 179, 217–19, 308, 311

U.S. announces withdrawal from, 241–42

Saudi Aramco, 219

Saudi Ministry of Defense and Aviation, 240

Saudi National Guard, 135, 148–49, 242

Schell, Jonathan, 290

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 6, 286

School of the Americas (SOA), 68, 136–37

Schröder, Gerhard, 198

Schwarzkopf, Norman, 80, 100, 113, 226, 237

Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), 140

scientific research institutes, 32

Scott, Bruce R., 260

Scowcroft, Brent, 127, 174

Seattle, USS (cruiser), 109

Seberg, Jean, 295

Second Infantry Division, 92, 93

secrecy, 1, 10–12, 57, 60, 68, 117–20

espionage bases and, 161

FISC and, 295

Japan nuclear agreement and, 201–2

military bases and, 152–53, 155

private military companies and, 135

SOFAs and, 36

Secrets (Ellsberg), 97

secret treaties, China and, 50

Sembach airfield (Germany), 194

Sepoy Mutiny (1857), 134, 138–39

sepoys, 131, 134–40

September 11, 2001 attacks, 310

al-Jazeera on, 247

Central Asian oil and, 175–76, 181–83, 226–27

CIA and, 139

consequences of path taken after, 284–85

“defense intellectuals” and, 81, 84

defense spending and, 56, 64

globalization ended by, 257

globalization protestors compared to, 275

high-tech warfare invites, 291

Indonesian military training after, 138

Iraq war pushed after, 126–27, 229

military imperialism after, 3–4, 11–13, 67–68, 214–15, 277, 280

military in domestic policy after, 120–21

military recruitment and, 113

preventive war and, 285–86

Saudi bases and, 241–42

Schlesinger on aftermath of, 6

special intelligence after, 126–27

threats to constitutional rights after, 297–98

unilateralism after, 72–73, 76–78

weapons sales and profits after, 280

Serbia, 3, 20, 72, 75, 79, 145

military bases and, 155, 189

Seven Sisters, The (Sampson), 234

Seventh Air Force, 91

Seventh Army, 196

Seventh Fleet, 109, 201, 208–9

763rd Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron, 250

sex industry, military bases and, 211

sexual assaults and rapes

military bases and, 6–7, 37, 92–93, 108, 198

private military companies and, 140

U.S.-trained troops and, 136

of women in armed forces, 105–6, 108

Seychelles, 221

shah of Iran. See Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza, shah of Iran

Shaikh Isa Air Base (Bahrain), 245–46

Shakespeare, William, 16

Sharon, Ariel, 234, 235

Shi’ites, Iraqi, 224, 232–33

Shimkus, John, 111

Shining Path, 264

“shock and awe,” 222, 290

Shughart, Randy, 133

Sierra Leone, 135

Sigint (signals intelligence) bases, 164–65

Sikh mercenaries, 131, 134

Sikorsky, 279

Simbulan, Roland G., 213

Sin, Jaime, 212

Singapore, 263

Sino-Soviet split, 9, 31

Sites 51, 53, 54 (Israel), 153

614th Space Intelligence Squadron, 83

Sixteenth Amendment, 46

Sixth Amendment, 293, 298

Slate, 309

Slipchenko, Vladimir, 288

Slovakia, 300

Slovenia, 300

small-arms trade, 26, 77–78

Smith, Adam, 260

SoCal. See Standard Oil Company of California

Socony-Vacuum (Mobil), 218

“Soldiers Should Not Be Spying” (Korb and Tepperman), 130

Somalia, 3, 62, 72, 133, 144

Soros, George, 256, 273

Souda Bay base (Greece), 205

South Africa, 81, 82, 135

South America, 190.See Latin America; and specific countries

South Carolina, elections of 1876, 120

SOUTHCOM, 124

Southeast Asia, 34, 82

Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO), 209

South Korea, 31, 34, 68, 179, 215, 255

democracy in, 89

economy of, 263, 267, 273, 278

Gulf War I and, 307

military bases in, 8, 56, 92–93, 107–8, 202–3

U.S.-North Korea tensions and, 89–95

weapons sales to, 279

South Ossetia (Georgia), 176

South Vietnam, 31, 135, 203

Southwestern Asia, 168

sovereignty, 284

Soviet Union and the Czechoslovak Army,1948–1983 (Rice), 173

Soviet Union.See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Soyster, Harry E., 141

space, 124, 311

intelligence and, 81, 161–63, 165–66, 224

militarization of, 79–86, 311

Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS), 162

Space Command, U.S., 79, 81, 122

Space Systems Company (Lockheed), 80

Spain, 75, 152, 189

Civil War in, 203–4

empire of, 24, 40, 42, 43, 190, 257

Spangdahlem airfield (Germany), 194

Spanish-American War, 2, 39–45, 52, 67

military bases and, 189, 192–93, 207

Spartacist revolt, 139

Special Access Programs (SAPs), 118–19

Special Forces (special operations)

Afghanistan, 11, 182

allies and, 130

Baku-Ceyhan pipeline and, 175–76

CIA displaced by, 126–30

CINCs and, 124

Djibouti and, 252

El Salvador and, 126

Indonesia and, 137–38

Iraq war and, 242

military training and, 132, 135

number of, 129

Philippines and, 213-14

as president’s private army, 12

roots of, 123-24

secret budget for, 118

spouse murders by, 108

SWAT team, proposed, 129–30

“Special Operations and Joint Forces in Countering Terrorism” (Defense Science Board), 129

Special Operations Command, 129

speculators, 26, 273

Sperry, 224

Srebrenica, 75

“stability,” intervention to achieve, 70

stagflation, 259

Stalin, Joseph, 19, 33

Standard Oil, 169

Standard Oil of California (SoCal), 217–18

Standard Oil of New Jersey (Exxon), 218

standing army in peacetime, 24, 44-45, 78, 120, 188-89

Star Chamber, 295

Starr, Kenneth, 75

star wars, 61. See also strategic defense initiative

State, Department of, 4-6, 64, 74, 227

Afghanistan and, 178

declining influence of, 62

foreign military training and, 132, 137, 140

Greece and, 206

intelligence and, 9

military officials in, 53-54, 62

Pentagon usurps functions of, 123-26

state terrorism, 68, 72, 121, 124, 133

status of forces agreements (SOFA), 5, 7, 35-36, 93

Steel, Ronald, 64, 191

Steger, Manfred, 260

Stettinius, Edward, 218

Stevens, Ted, 57

Stevenson, Adlai, 302

Stiglitz, Joseph E., 256, 262, 270

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), 63

Stover, Steve, 149

Strait of Hormuz, 249, 250, 251

Strategic Air Command, 219

Strategic Assessment 1999 (JCOS), 226

strategic defense initiative (SDI), 17, 18, 56, 84

“structural adjustment loans,” 266-69, 275, 278

Subic Bay Naval Base (Philippines), 193, 208-9, 211, 212

submarines, spy, 163

Sudan, 81

Suetonius, 37

Suez Canal crisis of 1956, 219

Suharto, president of Indonesia, 75–76

Suid, Lawrence H., 112

Sultan bin Abdul Aziz, prince of Saudi Arabia, 240, 241

Summers, Lawrence, 256, 268

“Summit Communications” (Taiwan), 162

Sun Fun Products, 2

Sun Tzu, 255

Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), 194

Sweden, 263

Syria, 76, 235, 290

Taft, William Howard, 192

Taiwan, 31, 86–88, 203, 208, 263, 281

military bases and, 152

Tajikistan, 170, 178

military bases in, 181, 183

Talbot, Karen, 281

Taliban, 26–27, 72, 79, 80, 177–83, 189, 229, 233

Iraq and, 231

oil and, 176–80, 226–27

U.S. support for, 226

Tallil Air Base (Iraq), 234

Tammany Hall, 44

Tanzania, embassy attack (1998), 139, 178, 180

Tapestry Solutions Corporation, 148

“targeted killings,” 291

tariffs, 78, 263, 270

Task Force 250, 120

taxes, 44–47, 58, 78

cuts, 236, 278

Halliburton and, 145

technology

Third World and, 263, 270–71

war and, 27–28, 288–91

Teets, Peter B., 62–63, 79–80

telecommunications, interception of, 161–64

Tenet, George, 302, 305, 306

Tengiz oil field, 173

Tenth Mountain Division, 175, 184

Tepperman, Jonathan D., 130

terrorism, 20–21. See also “war on terrorism”

domestic policing and, 120–21

Iraq and, 227, 232

nuclear proliferation and, 291

Saudi Arabia and, 226, 237–38

as sorrow of empire, 285

special operations and, 129–30

U.S. and, in Nicaragua, 75

Tessier, Marie, 105

Texaco, 218

Thailand, 31, 134, 273

Thatcher, Margaret, 165, 225, 259

“theater engagement plans,” 124

think tanks, 26

Third Infantry Division, 24, 242

Third World, 20–21, 71, 132

globalization and, 256, 258, 261–62, 264, 266–76

366th Air Expeditionary Wing, 245

379th Air Expeditionary Wing, 248

Thule Air Force Base (Greenland), 34

Thumrait Air Base (Oman), 252

Tibetans, 72

Tierney, John, 84

Tillman, Benjamin, “Pitchfork Ben,” 43–44

Time, 116

Torrejón Air Base (Spain), 204

Torricelli, Robert, 12

trade, 31, 68, 208, 256, 258–73

commercial espionage and, 166

military and, 25, 281

national security exceptions and, 278

trade deficits, 281, 307

Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, 269, 270–72

trade unions, 274

trans-Afghan pipeline, 175, 176–80, 226

trans-Balkan pipeline, 145–46

Treasury, Department of, 122, 264, 275

Treaty of Paris (1898), 41, 42

Treaty of Rome(1998), 74

Treaty of Versailles (1918), 50–51

trucial states, 217

Truman, Harry S., 53, 117

Truman Doctrine, 204

truth, replaced by propaganda, 285, 298–306

TRW, 57, 309

Tupac Amaru guerrilas, 264

Turkey, 70, 137, 173, 205, 206, 278

Iraq war and, 252

Kurds and, 174, 233

military bases in, 144, 215, 240, 242, 252

Turkmenistan, 169, 170, 172, 176, 178, 179, 185

Turley, Jonathan, 310

Turner, Frederick Jackson, 191

Tuvalu, 133

Twenty-eighth Air Expeditionary Group, 252

Tyranny’s Ally (Feith), 235

Udorn, Thailand (air base), 134, 162

UKUSA signals intelligence alliance, 165

Ullman, Harlan, 289–90

unemployment, 106–7, 259, 261

unilateralism, 4, 73–81, 286

economic effect of, 256, 272, 281, 307

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, Soviet Union), 34

Afghanistan and, 139, 177, 222

atomic bomb and, 222

collapse of, 3, 6, 13, 16–21, 62, 169

combat aircraft, 119

containment of, 2, 6, 193, 194

East Asia and, 50

East Germany and, 7, 8

economy of, 258, 263

empire of, 31–34, 69

end of empire, 19, 20, 22–23, 189, 310

“evil empire” label and, 2–3, 67

oil and, 168–69

U.S. surveillance of, 162, 163

weapons sales, 214

WW II and, 194, 300

Union Oil Company of California (Unocal), 172, 176–80, 228

Unisys, 224

United Arab Emirates, 179, 222, 233, 307

military bases in, 24, 215, 242, 244, 249–50

United Nations (UN), 63, 68, 69, 76–78, 80

Afghanistan and, 180

East Timor and, 125

imperialism and, 283–84

Iraq and, 225, 229–30, 232–33, 236, 302–5

war crimes tribunal, 74

UN Charter, 77–78, 86, 200

UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 290–91

UN General Assembly, 86, 133

UN Security Council, 72, 73, 77–78, 299

Powell presentation to, 301–4

resolution 1441, 224

U.S. Congress, 9, 68, 74, 84, 117, 129, 163, 199, 275, 284, 296, 306

Budget Office, 307

covert operations and, 117–19, 128

defense spending and, 56–58, 248, 306, 309

Gulf War I and, 230–31

Indonesia and, 125

Iraq and, 292

military circumvents, 125, 128, 130, 133, 136–38, 142

need for reform of, 312

powers of 12, 44–45, 292, 294

Roman senate compared with, 16

Spanish-American War and, 40, 41, 43–45

Vietnam and, 61, 301

WW I and, 49, 50

WW II and, 52

U.S. Export Import Bank, 278–79

U.S. House of Representatives, 56, 86–87, 111, 297

United States Information Agency, 64

U.S. News & World Report, 108, 127

U.S. Senate, 51, 111, 127, 205–6

Appropriations Committee, 57

Foreign Relations Committee, 152

Intelligence Committee, 295, 305

Judiciary Committee, 297

U.S. Supreme Court, 120, 174, 294, 296, 298

universities, 26, 32, 111–12, 141–42, 272, 278

University of Michigan Law School, 104

Uruguay, 75

“Uruguay Round,” 269

Uzbekistan, 137, 172, 175, 178

military bases in, 5, 144, 170, 173, 181, 183, 184, 203, 214, 215, 226, 242

Vagts, Alfred, 24, 30, 60

Vang Pao, 134

V Corps, 196, 242

Venezuela, 267

Veracruz occupation, 47

Veterans Administration (VA), 100–101

veterans, 52, 58–59, 100–101

“Victory Changes Everything” (Krauthammer), 67–68

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), 74

Vieques Island base controversy, 152

Vietcong, 131

“Vietnamization,” 135–36

Vietnam War, 3, 6, 9, 10, 31, 33, 34, 82, 112, 239

armed forces demographics, 102, 104

Bush II and, 287

“credibility gap” and, 114

domestic politics and, 236

economic impact of, 56, 259, 265

foreign troops in, 131–32, 134–36, 208, 209

Gulf of Tonkin and, 301

“lessons” of, 60, 81

medical effects of, 100

militarism and, 59–61, 64

military bases and, 35, 189, 200, 202–4, 207, 209–11

racism and, 109

special forces in, 128

Vietnam War Memorial, 59

Villa, Francisco “Pancho,” 47

Vilnius Ten, 300

Vinnell Corporation, 135, 140, 148–49, 237–38, 242

“Vision for 2020” (Space Command policy statement), 81

Vuono, Carl E., 141

VX nerve agent, 302

Waco, Texas, assault of 1993, 121

Waddle, Scott D., 116

Waldron, Michael, 107

Wallerstein, Immanuel, 287

Wall Street Journal, 163

Wal-Mart, 144

Walsh, Jim, 85

war. See also “preventive war”

citizens in armed forces, 64

imperialism and, 187, 214–15

movies about, 112–13

perpetual or permanent, 285, 291, 309

pretexts for, 214, 301–3

profiteering, 277, 279–81

space and, 27–28

technology of, 27–28, 288–91

“total,” 28

war crimes, 4, 74–75

War Department, 45, 117

“war on drugs,” 167, 278–79

“war on terrorism,” 2, 4, 21, 68

assassinations and, 291

Bush II declares, 6, 292, 294

cost of, 306

globalization and, 272

Iraq and, 229, 235

military bases and, 215

oil and, 167, 169, 176, 227

Philippines and, 193, 213–14

preventive war and, 286

training of foreign troops and, 132, 133

unilateralism and, 77

warrior culture, 26–27, 61, 188

Warsaw Pact, 19, 162, 197–98

Washington, George, 39, 44, 46, 48

“Washington Consensus,” 260, 268–69, 276

Washington Post, 67, 172, 201, 292, 304

Watergate, 3, 118, 284, 295

Watson, Roland, 110

Wayne, John, 58–59

“weapons of mass destruction,” 20, 22, 188

Cold War and, 258

Iraq and, 94, 229–31, 302–3

secret funds and, 117

unilateralism and, 77, 285

weapons purchases, 55–56, 55

weapons sales, 124, 132, 135, 137, 251

amount of, 63, 133, 214

to Iraq, 224, 225

subsidized, 278–81

Weaver, Randy, 121

Weber, Max, 12, 13

Weekly Standard, 228

Weinberger, Caspar, 18, 114

Weiner, Tim, 128

Wells, Andrew, 36

Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHISC), 136–37

West Point, 5–6, 104

Wheeler, Winslow T, 292

White, Thomas E., 63

White Beach (Okinawa), 163

“white man’s burden,” 261

whites, racial gangs and, 110

Whitlam, Gough, 162–63

Willard, Robert, 109

Wilson, Woodrow, 46–51, 191

Wilsonian idealism, 70–71, 189

Wings (film), 112

Wolff, Michael, 249

Wolfowitz, Paul, 85–86, 126–27, 178, 183, 228, 234, 279, 295, 305

women, 214

in armed forces, 99, 104–6, 241

Taliban and, 72, 178, 180, 233

Woodward, Bob, 172, 292

World Bank, 71, 256, 262, 264–69, 273–76, 278

World Court, 75

world summit on sustainable development (South Africa), 257

world systems theory, 287

World Trade Center bombing of 1993, 121, 139. See also September 11, 2001 attacks

World Trade Organization (WTO), 256, 259, 261–62, 269–75, 277

World War I, 36, 47–52, 70, 189

World War II, 2, 10, 37, 58–59, 121, 164, 252

defense budget secrecy and, 12, 117

demographics of armed forces, 102, 188

economic imperialism after, 257–58

military bases and, 35, 189, 190, 193–203

militarism unleashed by, 52–55

Philippines and, 43, 207

territory acquired in, 32, 34

Worldwide Manpower Distribution by Geographical Area (Manpower Report), 153–54

Wurmser, David, 234, 235

Wurmser, Meyrav, 235

Yalta agreement, 33

Yemen, 27, 252

Yokosuka naval base (Japan), 201

Yongbyon nuclear plant (North Korea), 94

Yongsan Army Garrison (South Korea), 92

Yoon, Kum E., 92

Youssef, Fayeza, 230

Yugoslavia, 143, 155.See also Balkans; Serbia

Z (film), 205

Zahir Shah, king of Afghanistan, 178

Zaire, 144

Zapata Company, 233

Zinni, Anthony C, 124, 125

Zoellick, Robert, 275

Zubok, Vladislav, 19

Zulus, 82

Zweibrüchen Airfield (Germany), 195