The Spartacus War

A

Abella (Avella)

Achaicus, Lucius Mummius

Aciris (Agri) River valley

Aetna (Etna), Mount

Agri Picentini

Agri (Aciris) River valley

Alburni Mountains

Alexander Jannaeus, king of Judaea

Alexander the Great

Allia, Battle of the (390 BC)

Alps

Amarantus

Anatolia

Antonius

Antony, Mark aunt of

Apennine Mountains

battle in

community of maroons (runaways)

Apollo

Apollonia (San Fratello)

Apollonius

Appian Way

Apulia (Puglia)

Aquilius, Manius

Arausio, Battle of (105 BC)

aristeia (story of warrior’s heroic deeds)

Arminius, Hermann

armour

Arrius, Quintus

Asia Minor

Asicius, Lucius

Aspromonte, Plains of

Aspromonte Mountains see also Melìa Ridge

Crassus’s fortifications in

Roman army meets rebels in (71 BC)

Atena Lucana (Atena Petilia), hills around

Aufidus (Ofanto) River

Augustus, Emperor (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus)

Auriolus

Avella (Abella)

B

Bacchae, The

Bacchantessee also Dionysus, worshippers of

Bacchussee also Dionysus

bailiffs, plantation (vilici)

Balkans

bandits

Basilicata see Lucania

Batiatus, Lentulus (see Vatia)

battle, prayer before

battle, wine consumed before

battle tactics

Beneventum (Benevento)

Bessi tribe

Bible, Second Book of Maccabees

Bibracte, Battle of (58 BC)

Boudicca

Brindisi (Brundisium)

Bruttium (Calabria)

road in centre of

Buccino (Volcei)

Bulgaria

C

Caepio, Quintus Servilius

Caesar, Julius adopts Octavian (Augustus) celebration of triumph civil war with Pompey and Gallic people’s religion and Gaul and gladiators’ revolt kidnapped by pirates marches on Rome murder of qualities

Caggiano

Calabria see Bruttium

Callinicus, skirmish at (171 BC)

Camalatrum, Mount

Campania

Campania Felix

Campanian plain

Campus Atinas (ValloDiano)

Cannae, Battle of (216 BC)

Cannicus (Gannicus)

Cantenna, Battle of (71 BC)

Cantenna, Mount

Capaccio

Cape Caenys (Punta Pezzo)

Cape Pelorus (Peloro)

Caposele

Capua

amphitheatre

city market

crucifixion of slaves after revolt

as gladiatorial games center

gladiators in, after the war

gladiators’ revolt

highways from

Novius’s house

police force

Sabbio’s townhouse

slave revolt (104 BC)

slaves in

Thracian lady in

Vatia, house of see Vatia, Cnaeus Cornelius Lentulus

Capuans

Carrhae, Battle of (53 BC)

Case Romano

Cassius

Cassius Longinus, Gaius

Castelcivita‘

Castus

Catiline

Cato ‘the Censor’ (Marcus Porcius Cato)

Cato the Elder

Cato the Younger (Marcus Porcius Cato)

Catona (Statio ad Statuam)

Caudine Forks, Battle of the (321 BC)

Celadus

celebration, Saturnalia

Celtic armies before battle

Celtic refugees

Celtic women

Celts

Balkan

in battle

battle as religious act

at feasts

as gladiators

height of

horse sacred to

ideal of hero’s death on battlefield

migrating

rebel army breakaway contingent

reputation as herdsmen

rituals

sacrifice prisoners of war

as slaves

and suicide in defeat

warlike nature

as warriors

centurions

Charybdis and Scylla, myth of

Chiusa Grande

Cicero, Marcus Tullius

and Verres

Cilento Hills

Cilicia

Cilicians

Cimbri tribe, women of

Cisalpine Gaul

clairvoyants

Clanis (Clanio) River

Claudian

Cleopatra

Colliano

Colline Gate, Battle of the (82 BC)

Columella

Compsa (Conza)

Consentia (Cosenza)

consuls

Contrada Romano

Contursi Terme hot springs

Conza (Compsa)

Copia see Thurii

Corbulo

Coscile River see Sybaris River

Cosenza (Consentia)

Cossinius, Lucius

country estates, managers of

country estates, slaves on

Crassus, Marcus Licinius

Aspromonte Mountains, clash with rebels in

Aspromonte Mountains, fortifications in

attack on breakaway rebel army

Battle of Cantenna

pursuit of rebels after

Battle of the Silarus after battle preparations for

bust of

career

character

Cicero praises

death of

defeat of breakaway rebel army

forces Spartacus to retreat

grandfather ‘Agelastus’

and his legions

marches south

and Mummius’s defeat

officers

ovation celebration

and prolonged struggle with Spartacus

punishment for slaves after revolt

and the rebels’ crossing to Sicily

recruiting

return of

revives decimation discipline practice

rivalry with Pompey

Spartacus offers peace treaty

and split in rebel army

strategy against Spartacus

wages war against Marians

wants confrontation with Spartacus

and war in Spain

wealth

Crassus, Publius

Crathis (Crati) River

valley

Crete

Crixus

army crushed

compromise with Spartacus

defeated

funeral games

leads rebel group in the south

crucifixions

meaning

procedure

relics saved from

Cumae

Curio, Gaius Scribonius

D

Danube River

Darius, king of Persia

Diana Tifata temple

Didius, Titus

Dionysus (god of Thrace)

worshippers of

Dositheus

Dossone della Melìa (Melìa Ridge)

Drusus, Marcus Livius

E

Eboli (Eburum)

Eburian (Eboli) Hills

elephants

emergency (tumultus)

Ephesus, Turkey, gladiators’ cemetery

estates, country (latifundia)

Etna, Mount

Etruria (Tuscany)

F

Familia Gladiatoria Lentuli Vatiae (Lentulus Vatia’s Family of Gladiators) see Vatia, Cnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: gladiatorial barracks

farm workers

farmer-soldiers

farmers, Italian subsistence

fides relationship (‘protection’; ‘faith’; ‘trust’)

Flaccus

Floralia

Florus (gladiator)

Florus (writer)

foraging

Forum Annii

free men

Furius, Lucius

G

Gallic warriors’ grave

Gannicus (Cannicus)

Garganus (Gargano), Mount

Gaul

Gauls

Gavius, Publius

Gellius, Lucius

GenzanoLucania

German battle cry

German refugees

German women

Germans

in battle

contempt for death

height of

and hero’s death

horse sacred to

migrating

in rebel army

rebel army breakaway contingent

sacrifice prisoners of war

as slaves

and women’s religious authority

Germany

Getae tribe

Gióia Tauro (Plain of Metauros)

Giungano

Glaber, Caius Claudius

gladiatorial enterprise (ludus - ‘school’)

gladiatorial entrepreneurs (lanistae)

gladiatorial games, Spartacus gives

gladiatorial games run by private enterprise

gladiatorial matches

death blow

gladiators’ cry

prizes

producer (editor)

referee and assistant (summa rudis and seconda rudis)

thumbs gesture

gladiators

Celtic

diet

escape from Vatia’s barracks

family relationship

‘fight to the death’ (sine missione)

heavyweight (murmillones)

heavyweight (thraex)

Italian citizen volunteers as

life expectancy

life of

moved out of Rome

oath of

origins

in Pompeii

rewards for

Roman attitude towards

Thraciansee also Spartacus

training

gladiators’ revolt see rebel army

Gorgias

Gracchi brothers

grape crops

grape-vine, wild (vitis vinifera sylvestris)

Gratidanus, Marius

Greece

Greek kings

Greeks

Grumentum

guerrillas

Gulf of Tarentum (Taranto)

H

Hannibal

Herachthinus

Heraclea

vase and contents

Heracleo

Herculaneum

herdsmen

Hermann (Arminius)

Highway:

Highway:

Hindu Kush Mountains

Hispania Citerior

Hispania Ulterior

Hollywood

Homer

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus)

Horatius

horses

Hortensius

I

Illyrians

Imachara

imperator as title of honour

Ionian coast

Ionian Sea

Irpinia

Italian citizens as volunteer gladiators

Italian nationalists

Italian subsistence farmers

Italians in rebel army

Italy, snakes in

Italy, winter in

J

Jerusalem, siege of (AD)

Jesus (gladiator)

Judaea

Jugurtha, King of Numidia

K

kitchens, Roman

knights, mounted

L

Lactarii (Lattari) Mountains

lanistae (gladiatorial entrepreneurs)

latifundia (‘wide fields’ - country estates)

latro (‘thief’, ‘bandit’, ‘highwayman’, guerrilla soldier’, ‘insurgent’)

Lattari (Lactarii) Mountains

Lentula

Lentulus Clodianus, Gnaeus Cornelius

Licinii family

lictors (Roman officials’ attendants)

Lilybaeum (Marsala)

Livy

Locris

loot, acquisition of

Lucania (Basilicata)

lake in

north-western

northern hills

Lucanian horses

Lucanians

Lucullus, Lucius Licinius

Lucullus, Marcus

Lucullus, Marcus Terentius Varro

ludus (gladiatorial enterprise - ‘school’)

Lusitania

Lusitanians

M

Macedonia

Machiavelli

Maedi tribe

Magdalene Mountains (Monti della Maddalena)

Magna Graecia (‘Greater Greece’)

managers of country estates

Manlius, Cnaeus

Marcellus, Marcus Claudius

Marcius Rufus, Quintus

Marco, Plains of

Marians

Marius

wife of

Marius (inhabitant of Vibo Valentia)

maroon communities

Marsala (Lilybaeum)

Marseilles (Massilia)

Martha (Syrian prophetess)

Marzano, Mount

Massilia (Marseille)

Melìa Ridge (Dossone della Melìa)

Messana (Messina)

Messina, Strait of

Metapontum (Metaponto)

temple of Apollo

Metauros, Plain of (Gióia Tauro)

Metellus, Lucius Caecilius

Metellus Pius, Quintus Caecilius

Milo

Mithridates, King of Pontus

Mithridatic Wars

Modena (Mutina)

Moesian tribe

Monastir (Ruspina), Tunisia

Monte del Papa (Pope’s Mountain)

Monti della Maddalena (Magdalene Mountains)

Mount Aetna (Etna)

Mount Camalatrum

Mount Cantenna

Mount Garganus (Gargano)

Mount Marzano

Mount Ogna

Mount Soprano

Mount Vesuvius

Grand Cone

Monte Somma

slave-run estates around

Mount Vultur (Vulture)

Mummius

musical instrument, tibia

Mutina (Modena)

N

Napoleon Bonaparte

Nares Lucanae

nationalists, Italian

Nocera (Nuceria)

Nola

Novius family

Nuceria (Nocera)

Numantia

Numidian cavalry

O

Octavius, Gaius

Odrysian people

Oenomaus

Ofanto (Aufidus) River

Ogna massif

Oliveto Citra

Olympias

opportunists

Orange, France

Orchomenus, Battle of (85 BC)

Orpheus and Orphic religion

Oscan language

ovation celebration

P

Padus River see Po River

Paestum

Palermo (Panormus)

Partenio Mountains

Parthians

pathfinders

peltasts (lightly armed Thracian infantrymen)

Perperna, Marcus

Petelia

Peteline Mountains

Pharsalus, Battle of (48 BC)

Philippus

Picenti, Agri

Picentia

Picentine guide

Picentini Mountains

Picenum, Battle of (72 BC)

pirates

Plain of Metauros (Gióia Tauro)

Plain of Sybaris

Plains of Aspromonte

Plains of Marco

Plutarch

Po (Padus) River

plain

Polla

Pollino Mountains

Pompeians

Pompeii

fresco at

gladiatorial ludus

small farms around

Spartacus painting in

veteran soldiers in

Pompey, Sextus

Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus)

Pomptinus, Caius

Pope’s Mountain (Monte del Papa)

Portugal

Poseidonia

praetors

prayer before battle

prisoners of war

prophetesses

‘proscription’

Ptolemy31

Publipor

Puglia (Apulia)

Punic War, Second (218-201 BC)

Punta Pezzo (Cape Caenys)

Puteoli (Pozzuoli)

Pydna, Battle of (168 BC)

Pythagoras

Q

quaestors (financial officials)

Quinctius, Lucius

R

rebel army

achievements

after final battle

Apennine Mountains battle

on the Appian Way

Aspromonte Mountains, wins clash in

attack on Roman camp at Vesuvius

attack on Varinius’s force

battle with joint consular army

battles against army

beginnings of

breakaway contingent defeat at Battle of Cantenna

breakout from Aspromonte Mountains

in Bruttium

camp left deserted

Campus Atinas, raping and pillaging in

Capuans driven off

cavalry

Celts in

cohesion

commanders, choosing

Crassus’s force encounters

Crixus’s army crushed by

crucifixions after defeat

defeated at Battle of the Silarus

desire to fight Roman army

equipment captured

fugitives join

Germans in

Glaber sent to put down

heads for Samnium

heads south

heads south again

internal divisions

leadership

marches northwards

marches to the sea

new recruits

‘nobles’ in

numbers, estimated

pathfinders

plans to cross to Sicily

possible mutiny in

pre-battle rituals

pursued after Cantenna battle

rafts, men build and try to cross to Sicily on

raids

raids on Roman camps

reaches the Ionian coast

respect for Spartacus’s authority

retreat into Aspromonte Mountains

retreat to Peteline Mountains

Roman attitude towards

Rome’s response to

splits into two groups

survivors at large

Thracians in

Thurii conquered

training newcomers

unit insignia designations

at Vesuvius

on Via Annia

weapons, improvised

Regium (ReggioCalabria)

religions and lunar cycles

Roccadaspide

Roman army

against guerrilla warfare

and Apennine Mountains battle

Aspromonte Mountains, clash with rebels in

auxilia units

battle formation see Roman army: tactics

Battle of Arausio (105 BC)

Battle of Cantenna

Battle of the Silarus preparations for

battles against rebels

camp attacked by rebels

camps and defences

and Capuan slave revolt (104 BC)

centurions

chickens considered sacred to

cohorts

commanders, new, chosen

commanders enabled to reward bravery with citizenship

Crassus’s force encounters rebels

cremation of dead after battle

decimation discipline practice revived

discipline in

eagles

failures

farmers in

fasces (bundle of rods)

fighting wars (73 BC)

joint consular army battle

legionaries

legions

losses

marches south under Crassus

in northern Lucanian hills

Numidian cavalry

pursuit of rebel army

recruiting officers (conquisitores)

refuses to accept defeat

sent to put down gladiators’ revolt

size of

slave legions

standard-bearers

standards

tactics

under Varinius sent after rebels

veteran soldiers

Roman attitude

towards gladiators

towards slave revolt

towards slaves

towards Spartacus

Roman fleet

Roman Games (Great Games)

Rome see also Senate

Campus Martius (Field of Mars)

Capitoline Hill

Colline Gate

defences

Forum

funeral games

gladiatorial games

optimates (conservative politicians)

Pompey’s and Crassus’s armies reach

response to gladiator’s revolt

and Sicilian slave uprisings

Spartacus sold into slavery in

terror in

triumph celebration

Rufus, Quintus Marcius

runaways’ (maroons’) communities

Rupilius, Publius

Ruspina, Battle of (46 BC)

S

Sabbio, Publius Confuleius

Saguntum

St Augustine

Salernum (Salerno)

Sallust

Samnium

Samus

San Fratello (Apollonia)

Sarnus (Sarno) River

Saturnalia (annual celebration)

Scipio Aemilianus

Scordisci people

Scrofa, Gnaeus Tremelius

Scrofario

Scylla and Charybdis, myth of

seers

Sele (Silarus) River

marshes

Upper, valley ofsee also Silarus, Battle of the

Seleucia

Senate

afraid of gladiators’ revolt

appoints Crassus to command legions

and Capuan slave revolt

and consuls’ lack of success against Spartacus

and Crassus’s ovation

and Dionysus worship

gladiators moved out of Rome by

and pirates

praetors

reacts to news of defeat of Glaber’s army

and return of Pompey

sets public policy

and Sicily

senators

Seneca

Sertorius, Quintus

Shakespeare, William

shepherds

shields

large oblong (scuta)

rebels’ woven

small (parmulae)

Sicels

Sicilian Slave War, First (135-132 BC)

Sicilian Slave War, Second (104-100 BC)

Sicilian slaves

Sicily

Sila Greca

Sila Mountains

Silarus River see Sele River

Silarus, Battle of the (71 BC)

after the battle

slave legions

slave revolt see rebel army

slave shepherds of Apulia

slave stewards

slave uprisingssee also rebel army

Anatolian

Slave War, First Sicilian (135-132 BC)

Slave War, Second Sicilian (104-100 BC)

slaves

Celtic

cost of

on country estates

freedom earned

German

in Italy

minor humiliations for

Roman view of

runawaysee also rebel army

sales of

and seers

Sicilian

Thracian

Thurii

urban

in vineyards

worshipping the genius of master

smallholders, Italian

snakes, symbolism of

snakes in Italy

Social War (91-88 BC)

Soprano, Mount

Spain

Spartacus

Alps, wants to avoid battle and head for

on the Appian Way

Aspromonte Mountains, wins clash in

attack on Roman camp

authority respected by rebels

battle in Apennines

Battle at Cantenna

Battle of Picenum

Battle of the Silarus

death at

kills his horse before

born as aristocrat theory

breakout from Aspromonte Mountains

brought up as a warrior

builds his army

captured and enslaved

challenges Roman army

Claudian’s statement on

compromise with Crixus

Crassus’s strategy against

crucifies Roman prisoner

death before disgrace philosophy

description

deserts army and becomes a latro

early life as an auxiliary

encourages gladiators to revolt

escape from Vatia’s barracks

fate of a revolutionary

feelings towards Rome

fighting methods

gives gladiatorial games for slaves

as a gladiatorsee also gladiatorial matches

in gladiatorial barracks

and gladiators’ revolt

heads for Samnium

as a leader

legend of

lover see Thracian lady

Lucanian travels in folklore

march to the sea

marches northwards

and new recruits

in Nola

origins

peace treaty offered to Crassus

and pirates

plans to cross to Sicily

plans to move north

and Pompey

prolongs the struggle

pursued after Cantenna battle

rafts, orders men to build and cross to Sicily on

and raiding

raids on Roman camps

retreat into Aspromonte Mountains

retreat to Peteline Mountains

retreats south through Lucania

Roman attitude towards

snake said to have wrapped itself around his face

sold into slavery

and support for Mithridates

symbolic power

at Thurii

triumph against Varinius

turns south again

Venusia, approach to

and Vesuvius

‘victory disease’

Spartacus’s rebellion see rebel army

Sparticus

spolia opima (‘splendid spoils’)

Statio ad Statuam (Catona)

Strabo

Strait of Messina

Strongoli

Sulla

civil wars

Sulla’s army

Sulla’s veterans

Sybaris

Sybaris, Plain of

Sybaris (Coscile) River

valley

Sybarites

Syracuse

Great Harbour

Temple of Athena

T

Tacitus

Tanager (Tanagro) River

Tarentum (Taranto), Gulf of

Tempsa, ‘troubles’ at

tenant-farmers

Terence

Teutoburg Forest massacre (AD)

Thrace

Dionysus worship in

slave trade

Sulla invades

and women’s religious authority

Thracian art and culture

Thracian lady (Spartacus’s lover)

in Capua

escapes from Vatia’s barracks

origins

prophecy after snake wraps itself around Spartacus’s face

in Thrace

and Thurii

as worshipper of Dionysus

Thracian nomads

Thracian peltasts (lightly armed infantrymen)

Thracian revolt (15 BC)

Thracian war cry

Thracian women

Thracians

in battle

battle preparations

contempt for death

as gladiatorssee also Spartacus

height of

and hero’s death

horse sacred to

as horsemen

as men of honour

in Mithridates’ war

and mountainous terrain

passion for war

in rebel army

as slaves

specialize in night attacks

tattoos

and Vesuvius

victories over

as warriors

Thucydides

Thurii

plain of

Todi

Tonnara

Toranius, Gaius

Torre lo schiavo

Tremellius Scrofa, Cnaeus

Triballi people

triumph, celebrating a

Triumvirate, First

tumultus (emergency)

Tuscany (Etruria)

Tyre, rebels from

Tyrrhenian Sea

finds in olive grove near

U

urban slaves

V

ValloDiano (Campus Atinas)

Varinius, Publius

Varro

Varus, Quintilius

Vatia, Cnaeus Cornelius Lentulus

gladiatorial barracks (ludus)

gladiators escape from

Venosa (Venusia)

Venus

Venusia (Venosa)

Venusians

Verres, Gaius

Vestal virgin

Vesuvinum wine

veteran soldiers

Vettius, T. Minucius

Via Annia

Via Grande (‘Great Way’)

Via Latina

Vibo Valentia

vilicae (female officials)

vilici (plantation bailiffs)

Villa San Giovanni

villas, ‘rustic’

vineyards, slaves in

Viriathus

Volcei (Buccino)

Vologaesus

Volturnus (Volturno) River valley

Vultur (Vulture), Mount

W

weapons

catapults, mobile (‘scorpions’)

javelins (pila)

javelins, little (iacula or tela)

missiles, ‘acorn’

projectiles, Roman army

rebels’ improvised

swords, broad straight (gladii)

swords, curved (sicae)

wine, amphorae of

wine consumed before battle

wine production

winter in Italy

women

at battles

Celtic

Cimbri

German

plantation officials (vilicae)

as prophetesses

Thracian

Y

Yehohanan