The Story of Kullervo - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора J. R. R. Tolkien (ч. extra)

1

They also raised questions about the role of the collector in selecting, editing, and presenting what is collected, leading to the accusation, specific to Kalevala, of ‘folklore or fakelore’; but that is a subject for a different discussion. When Tolkien was first reading Kalevala he and others took it at face value.

2

See Kris Swank’s article ‘The Irish Otherworld Voyage of Roverandom’ in Tolkien Studies Volume XII, planned for publication in 2015.

3

Written in margin ‘alay his suspicion aroused by his sister’s death’.

4

A circumstance worth noting is that Kemenūme appears in very early notes on Qenya as a name for Russia. See also ‘Ilu’ below.

5

This statement, misleadingly associated in Humphrey Carpenter’s biography with Tolkien’s undergraduate time at Oxford, does not appear in the manuscript draft of 1914–15, written while he was still a student and before he went to war. It thus comes out of a different context from the original talk with which Carpenter conflated it, and is all the more to be associated with Tolkien’s burgeoning idea of a ‘mythology for England’. The remark was Tolkien’s response to the myth-and-nationalism movement that spread through Western Europe and the British Isles in the 19th and early 20th centuries but had been brought to a halt by the 1914 war. Out of that pre-war movement came Wilhelm Grimm’s, Jacob Grimm’s, Jeremiah Curtin’s, Moe and Asbjørnsen’s, Lady Guest’s translation of the Welsh, in addition to Elias Lönnrot’s (1835) and expanded (1849) and a host of other myth and folklore collections.

6

For a general discussion see Randel Helms, Tolkien and the Silmarils. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1981; J.B. Hines, ‘What J.R.R. Tolkien Really Did With the Sampo’ Mythlore 22.4 (# 86) (200): 69–85; B. Knapp, ‘A Jungian Reading of the Kalevala 500–1300: Finnish Shamanism — the Patriarchal Senex Figure’ Part 1. Mythlore 8.3 (# 29) (1981): 25–28; Part 2 ‘The Archetypal Shaman/Hero’ Mythlore 8.4 (# 30) (1982), 33–36; Part 3 ‘The Anima Archetype’ Mythlore 9.1 (#31) (1982): 35–36; Part 4 ‘Conclusion’ Mythlore 9.2 (# 32) (1982): 38–41; Charles E. Noad, ‘On the Construction of “The Silmarillion”’, and Richard C. West, ‘Turin’s Ofermod’, in Tolkien’s Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth, ed. Verlyn Flieger and Carl Hostetter, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000; Tom Shippey, ‘Tolkien and the Appeal of the Pagan: Edda and Kalevala’, David Elton Gay, ‘J.R.R. Tolkien and the Kalevala’ and Richard C. West, ‘Setting the Rocket off in Story’ in Tolkien and the Invention of Myth, ed. Jane Chance. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004; Anne C. Petty, ‘Identifying England’s Lönnrot’ (Tolkien Studies I, 2004, 69–84).