Tolstoy

Tolstoy had clcarly stated his will and desires in his private diary, on January- 22, 1909: "1 could no more return to the Church and take communion on my deathbed than I could use profanity or look at obscene pictures on my deathbed."

But he had also written in the same diary on November 29, 1901, when he was critically ill at Gaspra:

"When I am dying I should like to be asked whether I still sec life as l>efore, as a progression toward God, an increase of love. If I should not have the strength to speak, and the answer is yes, I shall close my eyes; if it is no, I shall look up."

Although everyone present had read and reread his diary, no one thought of asking him the question. For the Tolstoyans, it was essential that Leo Tolstoy should not deny his creation in a moment of weakness. The monk sent a letter to Sasha in reply to her note, in which he cunningly alluded to a vow which the dying man had allegedly⁷ made but was virtually unverifiable:

"You know that the count had told his own sister, your aunt, who is a nun, that he wished to see us and talk to us for the peace of his soul, and that he deeply regretted that his wish could not be satisfied. I therefore respectfully beg you, countess, not to refuse to inform the count of my presence in Astapovo; if he wishes to see me, if only for two or three minutes, I shall hasten to his side. If the count's answer should be negative I shall return to Optina-Pustyn and allow God's will to be done."

Sasha did not think of answering. Her father was dying. The old man's bony hands were crawling across the blanket, climbing up to his chest, parting invisible veils. The blue spots had come back to his ears, lips and nails. At ten in the evening he began to choke: "I can hardly breathe," he said.

The doctors gave him more oxygen and dccidcd to inject camphor oil to reactivate his heart. He muttered:

"This is all foolishness! . . . What's the point of taking medicine? . . ."

But he felt better after the injection, and called for Sergey. When his son was by his side, he opened his eyes wide and, his facc contorted by the importance of what he was about to say, he feebly uttered: "The truth ... I care a great deal . . . How they . . ." Those were his last words. He dozed off, relaxed, relieved. It looked like a turn for the better. The room was plunged in darkness. A single candle burned 011 the night table. An occasional murmur of voices, a sigh, a creaking of springs camc from the next room, which was full of people. The glass door opened, a doctor entered on tiptoe, approached

the patient, listened to his labored breathing and went out again shaking his head. The minutes dragged on, weighted down with silence and the night. Sasha was exhausted, she undressed and went to lie down on a couch, while Sergey and Chertkov took turns sitting up.

They woke her a little after midnight. The end was coming. He was thrashing about and mouthing noises, unable to articulate. At two in the morning his pulse grew still feebler, he began to rasp and pant. Lying on his back, with his eyes closed, he seemed to be wrestling with some knotty problem. After consulting the other doctors, Dr. Usov suggested that Sasha might call in her mother. This time neither the girl nor Chertkov had any objections to make: they did not think he would recognize his wife.

Leaning on her sons, Sonya left her railroad air and hurried through the darkness toward the red cottage with the dim light shining in its windows. She stopped short, swaying, in the doorway of the room, not daring to go near her husband in front of all these people who hated her. From the doonvay she looked at the skeletal little old man with the cavernous checks and white beard, who was all the love of her life. At last she made up her mind and walked straight up to the l)ed, kissed her Lyovochka on the forehead, kneeled and said, "Forgive me, forgive me." But he did not hear. He was suffocating. She went 011 talking to him in a low voice, incoherently, mixing together her vows and words of tenderness and reproof. She was beginning to lose control of herself and the doctors asked her to go into the next room.

Despite renewed injections of camphor oil, 'lolstoy did not regain consciousness. But when a lighted candle was held up to his face, he frowned. Dr. Makovitsky called out in a loud voice:

"Leo Nikolayevich!"

His eyes opened onto a glassy stare. The doctor held out a glass of water tinged with red wine. He docilely swallowed a mouthful. It was five in the morning. Shortly afterward, he stopped breathing. A long silence.

"First stop," said Dr. Usov.

The breathing began again, whistling, irregular. There was a death rattle. Everyone in the house was there, around the bed. Sonya knelt down in front of her husband and began reciting prayers. How he battled against death! After every breath she waited in agony for the next one. Suddenly a great calm spread through the room. Dr. Makovitsky leaned over and gently closed Leo Tolstoy's eyes. It was five minutes past six in the morning.

Sergey and Dr. Makovitsky undressed the dead man, washed him and put on the coarse white linen blouse he always wore, gray trousers,

woolen stockings and slippers. Another telegram, among the hundreds, went out from the Astapovo station: "Order coffin polished oak 2 arshins and 9 vershoks,* with zinc casing." Sonya, meanwhile, back in her railroad car, wrote in her diary.

"November 7. Astapovo. Leo Nikolaycvich died at six this morning. 1 was not allowed in until his last breath. I was not allowed to say good-bye to my husband. Cruel people."

She returned to his side, sat down by the bed and did not leave him again all day. At eight thirty the doors of the stationmaster's house were opened to the crowd. Friends, acquaintances, railroad employees, journalists, peasants and factory workers filed past the body with its folded hands. Not one icon in the room, not one crucifix. A kerosene lamp cast a dim light on the peaceful features of Tolstoy and 011 Sonya's face, red-eyed, her chin quivering, her lips distorted by a tic.

Parfcny, the bishop of Tula, who had taken the train the night before, reached Astapovo at eight thirty that morning and was exceed ingly vexed to learn that the author was already dead. Losing no time, he convened the members of the family one by one to ask them if there had been anything in the attitude of the deceased to indicate that he- might have wished for a religious burial. All answered no. Andrey Tol stoy even told the bishop:

"Monsignor, I am a practicing Orthodox and I would have liked to sec my father reconciled with the Church, but I cannot lie."

Thereupon the deputy director of the police sent a coded telegram to the undersecretary of state of the interior: "The mission of His Excellency Parfcny was not succcssful; no member of the family was able to affirm that the dying man expressed a desire to return to the Church."

Father Varsonofy, fearing criticism from his superiors, had a certificate signed for him by the governor of Ryazan:

"In spite of his pressing requests to the members of the family of Count Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy and the physicians attending him, Father Varsonofy was not allowed to sec Count Tolstoy and the deceased was not even informed of his presence during the two days he- was in Astapovo."

After this, the frustrated clerics withdrew, but not before reminding Father Nicholas Gratsyansky, the local priest, that it was forbidden to say a mass for Tolstoy's soul. There remained the police. They observed the reactions of the crowd filing past the body of the enemy of autocracy, whose numbers increased as the news spread through the

⁰ About 5'

countryside. The railway employees decorated the bed with juniper boughs and placed the first funeral wreath, bearing the inscription: "To the apostle of love." The second, made of paper flowers cut out by children, was laid at the foot of the deathbed by the granddaughter of the poet Delvig: "To our glorious grandfather, from his young admirers," read the band. Muzhiks from neighboring villages pushed forward, mingling with schoolchildren. A peasant woman said to her son: "Remember him, he lived for us."

Women sobbed, prostrating and crossing themselves, strangers kissed the hands of the champion of the underdog, the hands that would never move again. It was as though the dead man's family had grown to embrace all the humble of Russia. Toward noon, they spontaneously began to sing the funeral chant, "Eternal Memory." If the Church refused to say a mass for the dead man, then the people would say one for him in their own way. Beneath the low ceiling of the little room, their rough, untaught voices rang out, commending unto God the soul of his servant Leo. The police 011 duty in the next room, who had been instructed to see that the decree of the Holy Synod was obeyed, could not tolerate such a manifestation of piety, and rushed in with their swords at their sides, shouting: "Enough of that singing!"

Everyone fell silent, but soon a few voices timidly resumed the chant, and continued until the police returned a second time.¹⁵

On the whole, however, the authorities were not displeased. At one o'clock in the afternoon the captain of the police telegraphed—in code —to his headquarters:

"By authorization of the governor of the province of Ryazan the placing of wTeaths has been permitted, but without provocative inscriptions that might incite demonstrations. There arc no signs of an attempt to make use of the event for reprehensible purposes. The strength of the detachment has been increased. Order has been established outside. All measures have been taken to ensure the rapid transfer of the body in order to avoid too great an influx of spectators."

A medical student injected formaldehyde into the dead man's veins, the sculptor Merkurov modeled his death mask, and a painter, Pasternak, who had conic from Moscow with his son Boris,™ set up his easel near the bed, but the crowd was continually in his way. Impossible to paint under such conditions; he simply made a sketch. Then a railroad worker drew a circle on the wall around the shadow of Tolstoy's profile, and journalists and onlookers photographed him from every angle and in every light, and he was laid on the bier. All day and all night the telegraph rattled non-stop, bringing expres-

sions of sympathy for the Tolstoy family from all over the world. In twenty-four hours the weary operators recorded eight thousand words.

On November 8, four of Tolstoy's sons—Sergey, Ilya, Andrey and Michael—carried the plain dark-vcllow coffin, bearing no cross or ornamentation, out of the house and placed it in a freight car on a pedestal covered with black cloth. Photographers pushed and shoved to get as many shots as they could, and cameramen cranked away feverishly. The interior of the car was decorated with shocks of straw and pine boughs. It was hooked onto the first-class car in which Sonya and her family- had been living. Another car containing twenty-five press correspondents wound up the convoy. At one fifteen in the afternoon, the funeral train pulled out of Astapovo and headed for Kozlov-Zasycka. Tolstoy himself had said where he wanted to be buried: at Yasnaya Polyana, on the edge of the ravine in Zakaz forest where his brother Nikolenka used to say the secret of universal love lay buried, engraved on a little green stick.

At the last moment, the ministry of the interior forbade the departure of special trains for Yasnaya Polyana, the Holy Synod refused to allow the celebration of religious services in memory of the infidel, the police were given orders to keep an eye on flower shops selling funeral wreaths* to prevent the inscription of any revolutionary sentiments on the bands, the troops quartered in the major cities were told to stand by, newspaper censorship doubled overnight; and nevertheless, all Russia communed in mourning. Edged in black, the writer's portrait spread across the front page of every newspaper; a few theaters closcd. St. Petersburg University declared a holiday and the tsar in person, the Duma and the Imperial Council sent telegrams of sympathy to the family. There were strikes, too, and student demonstrations, quelled by the army—a whole sea of agitation surging about a withered old man nailed inside a box, rolling along behind a freight car.

At six thirty in the morning of November 9, 1910, the train steamed slowly into the station at Zasyeka. There was a large crowd on the platform and around the station: peasants from Yasnaya Polyana and the neighborhood of Tula, students who had made a special trip from Moscow, delegations of all sorts, intimate friends and unknown followers. When the car doors opened, every head was bared ancl the crowd broke into "Eternal Memory." Oncc again the four sons lifted the oak coffin. The procession set out down the main road Tolstoy had so often traveled with his rapid stride. It was gray and cold, patches of snow lay here and there on the brown earth.

Two muzhiks walked at the head of the procession, waving a banner:

"Dear Leo Nikolayevich, the memory of your goodness will not die among us, the orphaned peasants of Yasnaya Polyana." Behind them came the coffin, the bearers taking turns carrying it, then wagons heaped high with wreaths, then a murmuring cohort of three or four thousand people, teams of horses, police in plain clothes, 'l hey passed between the two entrance towers. Police were patrolling the grounds. The number of photographers increased as they nearcd the house.

On Sergey's orders, the coffin was placed on a table between the doors of the study, one of which led to the entryway and the other onto a terrace. The lid was raised, revealing the dead man. His family stayed alone with him a few minutes. At eleven the crowd began to file past, and went on until a quarter to three. Occasionally, a voice grumbled somewhere:

"Move along, move along, don't hold up the line."

Ilie floor groaned as though it would give way beneath the weight of so many people. The visitors' dark clothes made the face of the man lying there between the bare sides of his varnished wooden shell seem even whiter by contrast. Bending over him in the crush, people leaned into the table, sometimes jarring the dead man's head, which shifted imperceptibly to one side or the other. He had grown even thinner in the past two days, his nose was longer, his skin diaphanous. Lying there with his hands crossed, at rest after all their labors, he was nothing more than a bit of wax, with tufts of white silk on the brow and under the chin, a construction of mist and snow, a phantom that would dissolve at a puff of wind, someone out of a book, the Platon Karatayev of War and Peace.

At two forty-five, the funeral began. A host of people had assembled outside on the steps. The cameras began to roll while other photographers stood on tiptoe to shoot the scene. The dead man's sons and friends took turns carrying the coffin. The crowd, larger now, followed them, singing "Eternal Memory." They stumbled along the path full of deep, frost-hardened ruts. A chilling wind streamed through the bare branches. The grave had been dug at the edge of the wood in accordant with Tolstoy's wish. Peasants lowered the coffin on ropes. Swelling out of a thousand throats, the hymn of farewell rose and swept through the forest. Between the tree trunks, as far as the eye could see, men and women kneeled in prayer. In such a large gathering of people, the eyes involuntarily sought the embroider}' of some ecclesiastical vestment or the glitter of a cross; this was the first public burial in Russia that was not attended by any priest. But the fervor of the people could not have been greater if the metropolitan of St. Petersburg had come in person to bless the author's remains.

The family requested that no speeches be made at the grave. 'Ihere was only some unknown old man, who said a few words about "the great Leo"; and Sulerzhitsky, a Tolstoyan of long standing, explained why the dead man had wished to be buried in that spot. Suddenly a few policemen appeared to see what was going on. Someone shouted:

"On your knees! Take off your hats!"

After a moment's hesitation, they kneeled down too, and removed their caps. The sky was beginning to darken when the first clods of frozen earth thudded dully onto the coffin. Dazed by grief, Sonya was no longer even crying now. When it was all over, the crowd dispersed in silence. The police climljed onto their horses and trotted away, their mission accomplished. The family turned back to the house.

At the end of the drive the old white house rose up, surrounded by the shivering trees. A few close friends stayed 011 after the burial. So many people in the big room. And yet, it was so empty. All that was left of Leo Tolstoy was a name on the cover of a long row of lwoks.

Post Mortem

The day after the funeral Sonya, who had caught cold, fell ill: temperature 104. She was bedridden for two weeks. As soon as she was strong enough to walk, she went back to her husband's grave. She was shattered by her sudden solitude and her guilt over Lyovochka's flight and death. On November 29, 1910 she wrote in her diary: "Unbearable depression, remorse, weakness, aching regret for my husband. How he suffered, these last months! I cannot go on living." And on December 13, "I did not close my eyes all night. Oh, these awful nights of insomnia, with my thoughts, the tormenting of my conscience. Darkness of the winter night and darkness of my heart." To sleep, she took massive doses of veronal that left her drugged during the day. Even religion, 011 which she had been relying, could not pull her out of her depression. What was to become of Yasnaya Polyana? The government had been approached as a possible buyer, but had declined, not wishing to honor the memory of a writer who had been an enemy of State and Church. However, two years later Sasha, the sole heir, received one hundred and twenty thousand rubles for the publication of her father's posthumous works and was able to buy back the estate from her mother and brothers. Then, according to Tolstoy's wishes, she gave the land to the peasants. Sonya kept the house and orchard. The Moscow house was bought by the city, but did not bccomc a museum until long afterward.⁰

As for the manuscripts, the struggle for their possession and use continued, with Sonya and her sons on one side and Sasha and Chertkov on the other. Not one line of Leo Tolstoy's writing appeared without the approval of his youngest daughter and favorite disciple.

⁰ In 1920.

They regarded themselves as the continuators of his work. In their pious aim of remaining loyal to his memory, they refused all collal>ora- tion from the other members of the family, who were judged to be impure. Some even suspected the Chertkov-Sasha tandem of "correcting" the texts before delivering them to the printer. Sergeycnko, a confirmed Tolstoyan, accused Chertkov of deleting all the passages in Tolstoy's letters that were favorable to his wife. Tanya herself, who had succeeded in preserving a judicious neutrality in the fight between her parents, now became incensed at the lengths to which Chertkov was going. "If my father could put a stop to the activities of Sasha and Chertkov, lie would surely do so,"¹ she wrote. And she added, speaking of a Tolstoyan society founded by her sister, "Nothing good can come of it. . . . Everything said and done there is far removed from the spirit of my father's ideas."²

Sonya undertook to write an autobiography, to counter the malevolent insinuations of the Tolstoyans. It took her back to a time of agitation and violence which she had formerly cursed and now regretted. It made her happy to write about her life as the wife of an exceptional man, whose fame was growing steadily after his death. But now her role was limited to poring over her memories. She lived on a pension, paid by Tsar Nicholas II. Every day she went to pray at Lyovochka's grave. Many pilgrims came, some reverent, others indifferent or derisive. Greasy papers littered the mound, stupid inscriptions were carved 011 tree trunks. ... "I see clearlv that Yasnaya Polvana will never be our home again/' Tanya wrote. "Our house lias become public property of its own accord/'

In 1914 Sonya was dismayed to see her husband's pacifist dreams shattered by the first cannonball. She said to her daughter Sasha, who wanted to enlist as a nurse on the Turkish front, "Why arc you going to the war? Your father would not have approved." She was even more distressed by the revolution of 1917. She remembered Lyovochka preaching "non-violence" to the revolutionaries, and was glad he had died before this fratricidal fury was unleashed.

From one end of the country to the other, peasants were pillaging and setting fire to the estates of the nobility. Warned that the men from the neighboring villages were marching 011 the house behind the red flag, Sonya, her daughter Tanya and granddaughter Tanichka made preparations for flight; but at the entrance to the estate the "expropriators" were met and repelled by the muzhiks of Yasnaya Polyana. armed with axes, pitchforks and scythes, and so Yasnaya Polyana was one of the few homes to be spared. Transformed into a State farm, it

was placed under the administration of Sonya's son-in-law Obolensky,⁸ and this enabled the great man's widow to stay on in the family home, in which a few rooms were set aside for her use.

In 1918 Sasha went to Yasnaya Polyana and found, in the place of her enemy, a bent little old woman with a quavering chin, lifeless eyes and a broken voice. Falling into each other's arms, mother and daughter were reconciled. It was the beginning of the great famine. A decrepit servant officiated, in patched white gloves. As before, silver and crystal glasses gleamed on the damask tablecloth. But in the center of the platter were nothing but boiled beets and chunks of black bread mixed with chopped straw.⁴ The following year the situation l>ccame so acute that in order to support her mother, aunt⁵ and daughter, all of whom were living at Yasnaya Polyana, Tanya was reduced to knitting scarves and selling them at the Tula market. The civil war was approaching. Bolshevik soldiers were quartered in the house. At the beginning of October 1919, a red flag was hoisted on the rooftop. As guardian of the premises, Tanya protested: "To what extent can the presence of soldiers be tolerated in the home of Tolstoy?"'⁵ The red flag came down again.

A few days after this incident Sonya caught cold and fell ill. Pneumonia. Like Lyovochka. Tanya, who was nursing her, asked: "Do you often think about Papa?"

"I never do anything else," she answered mildly. "1 have never stopped living by his side and I torment myself because I was not good. However, I was always faithful to him, body and soul. I was only eighteen years old when I married him and I never loved anyone else."⁷ Tier condition grew worse; the doctors held out little hope. Tanya wrote to Sergey, who was living in Moscow. Yasnaya Polyana was in a military zone, so he had to apply to the Kremlin for a pass. The paper was signed by V. Ulyanov (Lenin), head of the Soviet of People's Commissars. Sergey arrived in time to witness his mother's last minutes. She recognized him, blessed him and told him she wanted to be buried in the Church. Then, turning to Sasha, she murmured:

"Sasha, my darling, forgive me. I don't know what was going on inside me in those days."

"Forgive me, too," Sasha replied through her tears. "I have greatly wronged you."⁸

Sonva died, clear-headed and calm, after receiving extreme unction, 011 November 4, 1919, nine years after Leo Tolstoy. She was buried in the little Kochaky cemetery beside her daughter Masha. In digging the grave, the men unearthed some bones and the copper buttons of a uniform which, judging by the engraving on them, must have belonged to an officer in the days of Alexander I—one of those whose memory Lyovochka had immortalized in Weir and Peace.f

t After Countess Tolstoy's death, her sons and daughters soon scattered. Tanya, director of the Tolstoy Museum in Moscow from 1923 to 1925, emigrated to France and finally settled in Italy, where she died in 1050. Ilya emigrated to the United States, where he had a difficult life, worked in tne cinema (chiefly on the film of Resurrection) and died in 19^3. Leo, the tormented intellectual, traveled widely, lived in the United States, Italy and France and suffered until the end of his days (1945) from being the son of the great Tolstoy who could not write or accomplish anything that did not appear trifling in comparison with the work of his father. Michael lived in France until 193$, then .settled in Morocco, where he died in 1944. Andrey died in 1916 during the first World War. Sasha, Tolstoy's sole surviving child, made an unsuccessful attempt to carry on her father s teachings in the Yasnaya Polyana school. She came under suspicion by the Soviet regime and left Russia late in 1920, first emigrating to Japan and then settling in the United States. She is president of the Tolstoy Foundation, which cares for displaced persons; its funds are used to maintain a home for the aged, a church, school, library, etc. Sergey remained in the USSR, had one leg amputated after an accident and died in 1948. Together with Tanya, he contributed greatly to research into and publication of his father's work. Twenty-one grandchildren of Leo Tolstoy are now living in Europe and America, all of whom have children of their own.

Chertkov remained in the USSR, was associated with the publication of the Soviet Government edition of the Complete Works of Leo Tolstoy in ninety volumes, and died in 1956 at the age of seventy-six.

Appendices

Biographical Notes

Brief biographical notes on some of the people mentioned in this book are given below.

Aksakov, Ivan Sergeyevich (1823-86).

Slavophil publicist. Aksakov, Konstantin Sergeyevich (1817-60).

Slavophil publicist, brother of the above. Alexeyev, Vasily Ivanovich (1848-1919). Tutor of Leo Tolstoy's children from 1877 to 1881. Before that, he spent two years on a farming community in the United States. Alyokhin, Arkady Vasilyevich (1854-1918).

Disciple of Tolstoy; member of several Tolstoy colonies. Andreyev, Leonid Nikolayevich (1871-1919).

Author of tormented and morbid imagination, noted chiefly for The Abyss (1902), In the Fog (1902), The Red Laugh (1904), The Governor (1906), Darkness (1907), The Seven That Were Hanged (1908) and He Who Gets Slapped (1914). Andreyev-Burlak, Vasily Nikola yevich (1843-88). An actor.

Annenkov, Paul Vasilyevich (1812-87).

Literary and art critic; published the important Pushkin in the Reign of Alexander I in 1875, and some interesting literary reminiscences. Bartenyev, Peter Ivanovich (1829-1912).

Bibliographer, editor-in-chief of Russian Archives. Bibikov, Alexander Nikola yevich (1822-86).

Landowner in the government of Tula; Tolstoy's neighbor. Biryukov, Paul Ivanovich (1860-1931). Tolstoy's friend, secretary' and biographer; nicknamed "Posha" by the author's family. Botkin, Vasily Petrovich (1811-69).

Publicist and literary critic, partisan of "Art for art's sake" movement. Boulangfr, Pact. Alexandrovich (1865-1925). Tolstoy's friend and admirer; worked for the Moscow-Kursk Railroad Company.

Bulgakov, Valentin Fyodorovicu (1886 ). Employed as Tolstoy's secretary in 1910 (he was then 24). Wrote one book: Leo Tolstoy in the Last Year of I lis Life.

Bunin, Ivan Alex eye vicn (1870-1953). Author, fled to France in 1918; chiefly noted for The Village (1910), The Cup of Life (1914), Brothers (1914) and The Gentlemen from San Francisco (1915). Bunin won the Nobel Prize in 1933, the only Russian author to do so before Pasternak and Sholokhov.

Buturlin, Ai.bxander Sergeyevich (1845-1916). Revolutionary, knew Tolstoy from 1879 on.

Chaliapin, Fyodor IvANovicn (1873-1938).

Famous basso; his best-known roles were Boris Godunov, Mefistofele and Basilio.

Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich (1860-1904). Bom at Taganrog; his childhood was spent in poverty and misery. He grew up in tenor of a fanatical and brutal father, and followed his family when they moved to Moscow to escape their creditors. There, living in a slum, he somehow managed to continue his studies and entered the School of Medicine. To earn money, he began writing magazine stories, for which he was very badly paid. Received his medical degree in 1884, but his health was too poor to allow him to practice and he had to abandon all professional activity. However, thanks to Grigorovich and Suvorin, who had singled him out, his literary career looked promising. In 1888 he published his first important story, The Steppe, which was a success. It was followed by a series of charming, poignant stories of matchless sincerity: A Dreary Story (1889), The Duel (1891), Ward No. 6 (1892), An Anonymous Sfory (1893) fhe Black Monk (1894). His plays, The Sea Gull_r Three Sisters and Uncle Vanya consolidated his reputation. But his increasingly poor health-he had tuberculosis-prevented him from fully enjoying his good fortune. In 1898 he fell in love with a young actress from the Moscow Art Theater, Olga Knipper, who had acted in The Sea Gull. They were married in 1901, and this marked the beginning of a difficult time for the couple—the wife bursting with vitality and ambition, the husband dying by inches. Olga Knipper continued to act in Moscow and Petersburg, while her husband, who had taken refuge in the Crimea, coughed blood; it was in this lonely and forsaken condition that he wrote The Cherry Orchard. The play was completed in October 1903 and the Moscow Art Theater production opened on January 17, 1904; it was a triumph, to the profound joy of the author. Six months later he died at Badenweiler, a little German spa where he had gone to rest.

CnERTKOv, Vladimir Grigoryevicd (1853-1936).

Tolstoy's secretary and disciple, and executor of his will.

Danjlevsky, Nicholas Yakovlevich (1822-85). Publicist of the Slavophil school.

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Mikhait.ovich (1821-81).

Deeply marked in early childhood by the violent death of his father, who was murdered by his peasants; muddled through a course at the St. Petersburg School of Engineering and obtained immediate fame in 1845 with his first novel, Poor Folk. About the same time, he joined a group of young liberals led by Petrashevsky, who were opposed to the tsarist regime and favored the abolition of serfdom. Denounced by a spy and arrested with his companions in 1849, he was imprisoned, sentenced to death and led before the firing squad. Just as he was being bound to the stake, he was informed that his sentence had been commuted to four years' hard labor in Siberia; but he was not allowed to return to Russia until 1859. His health had been destroyed, but he was endowed with superhuman willpower, and published, in rapid succession, The Insulted and Injured, The House of the Dead—a realistic account of his sufferings as a convict— Notes from Underground, Crime and Punishment and The Gambler, based on his unlucky experience at cards and roulette. Over his head in debt, he fled abroad with his second wife to escape from his creditors; and there, notwithstanding privation, fatigue and anxiety, he wrote his most powerful masterpieces: The Idiot, The Eternal Husband and The Possessed. lie returned to Russia at the age of fifty, wrote and published his Diary of a Writer, in which he adopted a nationalist and fervently orthodox attitude toward the major issues of the day. This herculean labor did not prevent him from producing two more major works: A Raw Youth and The Brothers Karamazov. I lis status was confirmed in the eyes of literate Russia by his speech at the unveiling of the monument to Pushkin in 1880. He died shortly afterward, without having met his great contemporary, Leo Tolstoy.

Druzhnin, Alexander Vasilyevich (1824-64). Publicist, literary critic, novelist and translator. One of the first people Tolstoy met when he arrived in St. Petersburg in November 1855.

Dudyshkin, Stbpan Stepanovich.

Literary- critic, one of the first to praise Tolstoy's novel Childhood, in Fatherland Notes.

Dyakov, Dmitry Ai.Exr.Yr.vicn (1823-91). Boyhood friend of Leo Tolstoy.

Feinermann, Isaac Borisovicfi (1863-1925). Schoolmaster, disciple of Tolstoy; began writing late in life under the pseudonym of Teneromo.

Feokritova, Varvara Mikiiailovna (1875-1950).

Friend of Sasha (Alexandra Lvovna) Tolstoy, worked as secretary in the Tolstoy home.

Fet, Afanasy Afanasyevich (1820-92); real name Shcnshin. Poet of the "Art for art s sake" school. Lived a quiet and retired life and was a friend of both Tolstoy and Turgenev. A poet of love and the night (or so he has been called), he was known chiefly for a series of slight

volumes of lyrical poetry published in the 1880s under the collective title Evening Lights, and two volumes of memoirs. In later years Tolstoy cooled toward Fet, in spite of his great fondness for him, because of the poet's unwaveringly human lyricism and reactionary political views.

Gastev, Peter Nikolayevich (1866- ). Disciple of Tolstoy.

Gay, Nicholas Nikoi.ayevicii (1831-94). Well-known painter and friend of the Tolstoy family.

Goldenweiser, Alexander Borisovich (1875-1960).

Gifted pianist and close friend of Tolstoy; professor at the Moscow Conservatory of Music, author of a book of recollcctions: Talks with Tolstoy.

Goncilarov, Ivan Alexandrovich (1812-91). Author, a realist, with an exceptionally polished style. His chief works are Oblomov (1859), an admirable portrait of a dilettante, and The Precipice (1869).

Gorky, Maxim; pseudonym of Alexis Maximovich Peshkov (1868-1936). Born at Astrakhan; his father died when Gorky was an infant. He was brought up by grandparents in Nizhny-Novgorod, which was renamed Gorky after the Bolshevik Revolution (in Russian, gorky means bitter). To escape his grandfathers brutality, Gorky went to work as cook's helper on a Volga steamboat when little more than a child. Worked at various trades, lived as a vagabond and tramp, and educated himself as he went along. The direct and colorful style of his first works attracted critical and public notice. He quickly became famous; was elected to the Russian Acadcmy in 1902, but his revolutionary views were frowned upon in high quarters and his election was vetoed by a government order, whereupon Chekhov and Korolcnko resigned in protest. Gorky then entered the political scene, took part in the Moscow uprisings of December 1905, was arrested and then released, left the country and settled in Capri, where he established a colony for revolutionary writers. Returned to Russia in 1914, was a pacifist during the war; joined forces with the Bolsheviks and supported them during the 1917 revolution, although he condemned their violent tactics. Founded his own review and fought for the preservation of historical buildings and sites, but after a falling-out with the Soviet authorities he emigrated to Germany in 1921 and then to Italy again. Already suffering from tuberculosis, he returned to Russia in 1928, recanted and ended his days crowned with honors. His most noteworthy works are autobiographical: Childhood (1913-14), In the World (1915-16), My Universities (1923) and Reminiscences of My Literary Life (1924-31). Other works worth mentioning are Foma Gordeyev (1899), Twenty-six Men and a Girl (1899), Mother (1907), and his plays, which include The Lower Depths (1902),

Gricorovich, Dmitry Vasilyevich (1822-99).

Author; Tolstoy first met him in 1856. His short stories and novels denouncing the poverty of the Russian peasants paved the way for the

emancipation of the serfs. Tolstoy was particularly impressed by his short story Anton Goremyka (1847). For a time both men were contributors to The Contemporary. Grigorovich was the first to call attention to Dostoyevsky, by recommending the manuscript of Poor Folk to Nckrasov and Belinsky. Grot, Nicholas Yakovlevich (1852-99). Idealistic philosopher, professor at the University of Moscow and good friend of Tolstoy. Gusev, Nicholas Nikola yevich (1882- ). Tolstoy's secretary from 1907 to 1909. Author of numerous biographical studies of the author. Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-70).

Author and revolutionary, exiled to Siberia for his subversive ideas, then permitted to leave Russia in 1846; lived in Paris and Nice and finally settled in London. There he published his periodical The Bell (Kolokol) denouncing the abuses of the Russian government. Liter, moved to Geneva and published the same review in French. hlpplus, zlnaida nlkolayevna (1869-1945).

Novelist and poetess, wife of Dmitry Merezhkovsky; emigrated to France. Katkov, Michael Nikiforovich (1818-87).

Publicist and publisher of reactionary tendency. knilkov, Dmitry Alexandrovich (1858-1914).

Prince, and at one point officer in the Guards, who resigned from the army in obedience to Tolstoy's ideals. Khomyakov, x\lexis Stepanovioi (1804 60).

Author and poet of Slavophil persuasion; however, welcomed technical progress and the emancipation of the serfs. With Kireyevskv, Samarin and Aksakov, founded the small clique whose aims were to defend Russia, Russian religious tradition and Russian history. Kireyevsky, Ivan Vasilyevich (1806-56).

Philosopher and co-founder, with Khomyakov, of the Slavophil movement.

Kireyevsky, Peter Vasilyevich (1808-56).

Brother of the above. Slavophil publicist, collected and did research on Russian folk songs. Koni, Anatot. Fyodorovich (1844-1927).

Reputed jurist and judge, wrote memoirs; friend of Tolstoy, to whom he furnished the story for Resurrection. Korolenko, Vladimir Galaktyonovtch (1853-1921).

Author of Ukrainian origin. Arrested for associating with revolutionaries, exiled to Siberia, then allowed to return to Russia: published a number of works defending the downtrodden, such as Makar's Dream, The Blind Musician and The Murmuring Forest. Korsh. Exjcf.ne Fyodorovich

Publisher of the periodical Athenaeum. Kramskoy, Ivan Nikola ye vicn (1837 '87). Artist and friend of Tolstoy; was the first to paint a portrait of him.

Krayevsky, Andrey Alexandrovich (1810-89). Publicist, publisher of the journal Fatherland Notes.

Kuprin, Alexander Ivanovich (1870-1938).

Author; wrote a large number of realistic novels and short stories, the most famous of which are l'lie Duel (1905), Captain Rybnikov (1906), Sulamith (1908), The Garnet Bracelet (1911) and Yama (1915)- After the Russian Revolution, settled in France, but became homesick and returned to his country, where he died.

Lfontyev, Konstanttn NiKor.AYEvicn (1831-91).

Author, essayist and critic, ended his life as a monk at Trinity Monaster)' near Moscow. Especially noted for a remarkable study: Analysis, Style and Atmosphere in the Novels of Count L. N. Tolstoy (1890).

Leskov, Nicholas Semyonovich (1831-95).

Author; a realist, excelling in the portrayal of ecclesiastical circles and common people, as in Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (1865), The Amazon (1866), Cathedral Folk (1872), The Sealed Angel (1873) and The Enchanted Wanderer (1873).

Loewenfeld, Raphael (1854-1910).

German author, pro-Slav, literary critic; wrote several books about Tolstoy, whom he visited in 1890 to obtain material for a biography he had begun.

Maklakov, Vasily Alexeyevicii (1870-1957). Lawyer, member of the imperial Duma and friend of Tolstoy; at the time of the Kerensky government in 1917 he was ambassador to France, and remained there after the Revolution.

Makovitsky, Dushan Petrovich (1866-1921). Tolstoy^fs personal physician from 1904 to 1910.

Maykov, Apollon Nikolayevich (1821-97).

Son of a painter; at first, wanted to paint himself, but showed such striking talent for poetry at twenty that he decided to shift to literature. A trip to Italy produced Roman Sketches (1847). Later, classical Rome inspired him to write tragedies in verse, such as Two Worlds (1882). He also published The Princess (1877), another long narrative poem. After a period in Paris, where he attended the Sorbonne and defended a thesis on ancient Slavic law, returned to St. Petersburg, was appointed librarian of the Rumyantsev Museum and became Chairman of the Foreign Works Censorship Committee. His idyls on nature show a delicate touch; he was an "imagist" poet and an avowed partisan of "art for art's sake."

Mechnikov, Ilya iLicn (1845-1916).

Russian zoologist and biologist; lived in Paris, where he was appointed assistant director of the Institut Pasteur. Visited Yasnaya Polyana with his wife on May 30, 1909. Nobel Prize 1908.

Merezhkovsky, Dmitry Sergeyevich (1865-1941). Author; deeply concerned with religious and historical questions, he wrote Julian the Apostate (or The Death of the Gods) (1896), Leonardo da Vinci (or The Forerunner) (1901), Peter and Alexis (1905), and several critical studies, among them Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky (1901-2). After the Revolution, fled to France with his wife, Zinaida Hippius.

Naztttvin, Ivan Fyodorovich (1874-1940). Writer, friend of Tolstoy. Emigrated after the Russian Revolution.

Nekrasov, NicnoTAs Aiexeyevich (1821-78).

Great poet and courageous publicist; in 1846, purchased The Contemporary, the review founded by Pushkin and Pletnyov in 1836. Assisted by Ivan Panayev, he soon transformed it into Russia's foremost literary review of progressive and liberal tendency. Its publication was banned by the authorities in 1866. Affirmative and atheistic, his best-known works (Who Can Be Happy in Russia, Frost the Red-Nosed and Vfas) described the miseries of the common people and their aspirations, and helped to prepare public opinion for the abolition of serfdom.

Ogaryov, Nicholas Platonovich (1813-77).

Liberal-minded poet; banished from the capital in 1834 by administrative order. After traveling about Europe, left Russia for good in 1856 and settled in London, where he collaborated with Her/en. Wrote a collection of poems of intense sincerity.

Ostrovsky, Alexander Nikolayevich (1823-86).

Dramatist, excelling in the portrayal of the lower middle-class and tradespeople. Wrote some forty plays, including The Bankrupt (1849), The Poor Bride (1853), Poverty Is No Crime (1854),T he Ward (1859 )>The Thunderstorm (i860) and The Forest (1871).

Ozmidov, Nicholas Lukich (1844-1908). Good friend of Tolstoy; shared his ideas.

Panayev, Ivan Ivanovich (1812-62).

Author and co-publisher, with Nekrasov, of The Contemporary.

Pisemsky, Alexis Theofilaktovich (1820-81).

Novelist and dramatist. His first novel, The Boyars—a plea for free love - was banned by the censor, circulated in manuscript form and was published in 1858. In 1852 he had already obtained a resounding success with The Hypochondriac and in 1858 with a novel, A Thousand Souls, depicting Russian society before the abolition of serfdom. Also worth mentioning are Troubled Sea (1863), and a few realistic dramas such as Bitter Fate (1859). Pisemsky was a first-rate observer of provincial life.

Pobyedonostsev, Konstantin Petrovich (1827-1907). Tutor of Tsarevich Alexander, who reigned as Alexander 111, he gained considerable ascendancy over him and led him toward absolute autocracy, lie became the tsar's representative to the Iloly Synod and held this position for nearly fifty years under Alexander III and Nicholas 11; to die last, he remained a sworn enemy of liberal ideas.

polonsky, yakov Petroyich (l819-98). Poet of pleasing and elegant manner.

Rayevsky, Ivan IvANdvicn (1835 9¹)-

Landowner in the government of Ryazan; friend of Tolstoy, who lived on his estate in 1891 while organizing relief during the great famine.

Repin, Ilya Efimovich (1844 1930).

Famous painter, known for his colorful renditions of historical events and

famous persons and his genre paintings. Major works include "The Volga Boatmen/' "The Procession," "The Nihilist," "Back from Siberia," "The Cossacks," "The Death of Tsarcvich Ivan" and a few portraits and sketches of Tolstoy, whom he often visited in his home in Moscow and at Yasnaya Polyana.

Rusanov, Gabriel Andreyevict (1846-1907). Friend of Tolstoy, member of the Kharkov district court.

SALTYKOV'SnCHEDRIN, MlCHAEL EVGRAFOVICH (1826 89).

Author, impassioned liberal. Exiled in 1848 for his first novel, A Mixed-Up Affair; returned to St. Petersburg in 1856 and joined the civil service. Became vice-governor of Ryazan and then of Tver, while continuing to publish savagely satirical stories, entitled Provincial Sketches (1856) in the Russian Herald. In 1868 he resigned from the civil service to devote all his time to writing, and published a series of mordant books whose sharp wit left no class of Russian society unscathed: Pompadours and Pompadouresses (1867-73), The History) of a Town (1869-70), Innocent Tales (1869-86) and, most important of all, The Golovlyov Family (1876-80), an admirable, somber novel with a haunting tragic quality.

Samarin, Peter Fyodorovich (1830-1901). Landowner, Marshal of Nobility of the Tula district, friend of Tolstoy.

Sergeyenko, Alexis Petrovich (1886- ). Man of letters; Chertkov's secretary from 1906 to 1920. Wrote a book of recollections.

Sergeyenko, Peter Alexeyevich (1854-1930).

No relation to the preceding. Man of letters, admirer of Tolstoy, whom he first met in 1892. Published a large number of articles about him, and a book entitled How Leo Tolstoy Lives and Works.

snkarvan, Albert (1870-1926).

Initially, a military doctor of Slovak origin; disciple of Tolstoy.

Sollocub, Count Vladimir Alexandrovicii (1814-82).

Abandoned a diplomatic career for literature, joined the staff of The Contemporary. Wrote Tarantas (1845), The Pain of a Heart and Two Minutes.

Sologub, Fyodor KuzMicn. Pseudonym of Tyetyernikov (1863-1927). Poet and novelist; with Bryusov, Blok, Balmont and others, an outstanding exponent of the Russian symbolist school. In addition to his poems, written in a language of great beauty, he produced an important autobiographical novel, The Little Demon (1907).

Solovyov, Vladimir Sergkyevich (1853-1900). Theologian and philosopher; taught at Universities of Moscow and Petersburg, provoking violent reactions in rationalist circles. Preached the reconversion to Christianity of the lower classes; forced to resign after the assassination of Alexander II, for giving a lecture on the necessity of abolishing the death penalty. Barred from the classroom, he returned to

his cause via the pen. At first, disgusted by the money-corrupted West, he joined the Slavophils. But he soon discovered that the government identified absolute power with Orthodox Christianity, and he did not agree that Russia should become a "third Rome/' as Dostoievsky advocated. Toward the end of his life his sole preoccupation was the achievement of Christian union through the reconciliation of the Roman and Eastern Churches. His writings include The Justification of Good (1898). Russia and the Universal Church (1889), originally written and published in French, and his most important literary works, Three Conversations and The History of Anti-Christ (1900).

Stakiiovich, Michael Alexandrovich (1861-1923). Landowner, member of the imperial Duma and Council of 1907, close friend of Leo Tolstoy.

Stasov, Vladimir Vasilyevich (1824-1906).

Art and literary critic, Librarian of the St. Petersburg Public Library, where he met Tolstoy. Grew to be an admirer, more exactly a worshiper, of the man he called "Leo the Great."

Stasulevich, Michael Matveyevich (1826-1911). Liberal publicist, publisher of the F.uropean Herald.

Stolypin, Peter Arkadyevich (1862-1911).

As minister of the interior in 1904, he dealt energetically with the uprisings; but in 1906 he attempted to reconcile the peasants to the tsarist regime by enacting agricultural reforms. A sworn enemy of the revolutionaries, he was murdered by one at the Kiev Theater.

Strakhov, Fyodor Alexeyevich (1861-1925).

Author of a few philosophical essays inspired by Tolstoy, whose intimate friend he was.

Strakhov, Nicholas Nikolayevich (1828-96). Literary critic and idealistic philosopher. A close associate of Dostoyevsky on the staff of the periodicals The Time$_f The Age and The Citizen, and author of the first biography on Dostoyevsky, published in 1883. A great admirer of Tolstoy, he labored devotedly on his behalf and, in particular, helped with the proofreading of War and Peace, Anna Karenind and the Readers. His correspondence with Tolstoy is fascinating.

Sui.erzhitsky, Leopold Antonovich (1872-1916).

Director of the Moscow Art Theater; Tolstoy's friend and admirer.

Suvorin, Alexis Sergeyevich (1834-1912).

Grandson of a serf. First schoolmaster, then journalist; became the director of the largest Russian daily newspaper, the reactionary New Times. An autodidact, he had a keen sense of business, built up a great publishing house and obtained a concession to operate newspaper stands in even railway station in Russia. Author and playwright, with a passion for literature.

Sytin, Ivan Dmitryevich (1851-1934). Famous publisher.

Tanayev, Sergey Ivanovich (1856-1915). Composer, professor at the Moscow Conservatory of Music, close friend of the Tolstoys. Sonya was very partial to him and Tolstoy took offense at this.

TcnAiKOVSKY, Peter Ilich (1840 93).

Famous composer. Met Tolstoy in December 1876.

Tretyakov, Paul Mikhailovich (1832-98). Founder of the Tretyakov Galleries in Moscow.

Trubetskoy, Paul Petrovicii (Paolo) (1867-1938).

Russian sculptor, bom and died in Italy; a portrait-artist of considerable talent, also sculpted family groups. His works include the statue of General Cadorna and the monument to Alexander III.

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeyevich (1818-83).

Studied in Moscow and St. Petersburg, later in Berlin; his first prose composition, A Sportsman's Sketches (1847-52), strongly criticized serfdom. Confined to his estate because of an obituary notice he had written after Gogol's death; pardoned in 1854. lie spent most of the remainder of his life abroad, in France, where lie was more or less adopted into the family of Pauline Viardot-Garcia, the sister of Malibran and herself a well- known singer. Turgenev's talent, wit and culture won him the friendship of George Sand, M6rimЈc, Flaubert and others. He became a sort of ambassador of Russian literature in France, and of French literature in Russia. Translated Flaubert's Saint fulien VHospitalier and Herodias into Russian; M6rimee translated his Smoke into French. Although an expatriate, Turgenev invariably dealt with Russia in his novels of great psychological subtlety and highly polished style: Rudin (1856), A Nest of Gentlefolk (1859), Fathers and Sons (1862), Smoke (1867) and Virgin Soil (1877).

Tyutchev, Fyodor Ivanovich (1803-73).

After thirty-two years in the imperial diplomatic service and chancellery, he published a single volume of poetry. Influenced by the eighteenth- century poets Lomonosov and Dcrzhavin, he was first published in Pushkin's journal, The Contemporary (1836 37). He was noted in polities for his pan-Slavic views and in literature for an extremely pure style, a constant concern for the melody of words and a pronounced penchant for romanticism. At the end of the century, his poetry influenced the Russian symbolists.

Urusov, Alexander Ivanovich (1848-1900).

I.awyer and author; specialized in aesthetic questions.

ZuEMcmrznNiKOv, Alexis Mikhailovich (1821-1908).

Poet, of whom Tolstoy said that he "had no spark" and "drank out of other people's cups." (Diary, 1857.)

Ziiukovsky, Vasit.y Andreyevich (1783 1852).

Russian poet of romantic and mystical temperament; encouraged Tsar Alexander II, whose tutor he had been, to emancipate the serfs.

Notes to the Text

Part I, Chapter i

Leo Tolstoy used this incident in War and Peace: Marya Bolkonsky begs her brother, who is going off to war, to wear a little icon to protect him from the shells. The exploits of the Volfconsky family, moreover, do not stop there: one of the prince's relatives (Nicholas Grigoryevich Volkon- sky) covered himself in glory during the Napoleonic wars, while another (Sergey Grigoryevich) was sent to Siberia in 1826 for his part in the Decembrist plot, and spent thirty years in exile.

Letter (in French) to T. A. Ergolskava.

Tolstoy used this episode in Resurrection. He also noted, in his Renii niscences_y that "Mishenka often came to beg help of us, his brothers, when we had grown up. I remember the feeling of helplessness and dismay that would overcome me when this brother, who had become a beggar, and who resembled my father more closely than any of the rest of us, would ask for help and be thankful for the ten or fifteen rubles we gave him."

In War and Peace the servants carry a black sofa to Princess Marya when she is about to give birth; the same black leather divan appears in the Levin home in one version of Anna Karenina.

Vlasov: Reminiscences of Tolstoy, a manuscript quoted by Gusev.

Part I, Chapter 2

Diary, January 10, 1908.

Written on a loose sheet of paper, dated March 10, 1906.

Reminiscences of Leo Tolstoy.

Ibid.

Ibid.

From a rough draft of Childhood.

The Old IIorse_f an autobiographical story for children (1872).

From an unfinished autobiographical sketch, Notes of a Madman.

Ibid.

Childhood, Chapter VII.

Part I, Cuaptf.r 3

Written in French.

Childhood, Chapter XXVIII.

Scene reported in a sketch for Childhood.

Boyhood, Chapter XV.

Ibid.

Childhood, Chapter XXIV. And on November 27, 1903, when Tolstoy was seventy-five, he wrote to Biryukov: "My greatest love was a childhood love—for little Sonya Koloshin." And as early as 1890 (June 24), he wrote in his diary, "Thought of writing a book about love, like for Sonya Koloshin- a love that would preclude the transition to sensuality, that would be the best possible protection against sensuality."

The Cossacks, Chapter XXII.

War and Peace, Volume II, Book IX, Chapter XII.

Childhood, Chapter XIX.

Told by Leo Tolstoy to Biryukov, his biographer.

Boyhood, Chapter XXIII.

Unfinished autobiographical story: What I Am.

Boyhood, Chapter I.

Ibid.

Ibid., Chapter XIX.

Letter written (in French) in February 1840; preserved in the Manuscripts Department of the Tolstoy Museum.

Fart I, Chapter 4

Tumelli, assistant at the University of Kazan.

Youth, Chapter I.

Ibid., Chapter XXXI.

Ibid., Chapter II.

Ibid., Chapter V.

Ibid., Chapter XIII.

Letter from Mrs. Zamitsin to Mrs. Molostvov, dated January 13, 1906.

The Kazan Government Neivs, 1845, No. 11.

Boyhood, Chapter XXVI.

Ibid., Chapter XXVII.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid., Chapter VI.

Ibid.

N. N. Gusev: Tolstoy in His Youth.

Youth, Chapter XLV.

Ibid., Chapter XXVIII.

I bid.. Chapter XXXII.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Complete Worts, Volume 1, p. 233.

Youth.

Complete Works, Volume 46, pp. 262-72.

Remark by Tolstoy on Biryukov's book. Complete Works, Volume 3, p. 398.

Note, January 4, 1857, in a notebook. Complete Works, Volume 47, p. 201.

Diary, April 17, 1847.

Fart I, Chapter 5

A Landlord's Morning, Chapter XIX.

Ibid.

Letter from Tolstoy to Grigorovieh, October 27, 1893.

Draft of the article "The Slavery of Our Times."

Written (in French) in late February-early March 1849.

Letter to Sergey, May 11, 1849.

Letter of June 1846.

Draft of a letter, quoted by Gusev.

Dunyasha died in 1879. Entrv in Tolstoy's diary dated October 14,

1897.

Diary, August 10, 1851.

Reminiscences of Leo Tolstoy.

Diary, January 17, 1851.

Letter from Tolstoy to his sister, March 3, 1851.

Letter, December 24, 1850.

Cf. Biryukov.

Diary, January 1, 1851.

Leo Tolstoy: The Four Readers.

Letter (in French), May 8, 1851.

The Cossacks, Chapter II.

Letter (in French), May 8, 1851.

PART II, Chapter 1

Diary, May 30, 1851.

Letter (in French), June 22, 1851.

Diary, August 10, 1851.

Ibid., Stary Yurt, June 11, 1851.

Letter to Aunt Toinette, June 22, 1851. Tolstoy described Captain Khilkovsky, under the name of Khlopov, in The Raid.

Diary, July 4, 1851.

The Raid, Chapter IV.

Ibid._f Chapter IX.

Ibid., Chapter IX. This very early work (The Raid was written in1852), contains the seed of Tolstoy's bitter animosity toward the French army.

First draft of The Raid.

Diary, July 3, 1851.

Ibid., June 8, 1851.

Childhood.

Diary, August 22, 1851.

The Cossacks_y Chapter IV.

Ibid., Chapter VI.

Ibid._y Chapter XI.

Rough draft of The Cossacks (Variant 12).

The Cossacks, Chapter XIV.

Ibid., Chapter XII.

Diary, August 25, 1851.

Ibid._f August 26, 1851.

Ibid., May 4, 1853.

Ibid., June 25, 1853.

Ibid., March 20, 1852.

The Cossacks, Chapter XXV.

Ibid., Chapter XXXIII.

Letter (in French), January 6, 1852.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Diary, March 28, 1852.

The district was inhabited by descendants of German colonists who had emigrated from Wiirttcmbcrg to Russia in 1818.

Letter of December 10, 1851. (Original in French.)

Letter (in French) to Aunt Toinette, December 15, 1851.

Letter (in French), November 12,1851.

Which furnished him with the material for his short story, Memoirs of a Billiard-Marker (1853).

Hadji Murad, chief of the Avar tribe, became the hero of I-eo Tolstoy's famous novel Hadji Murad.

letter (in French) to Sergey Tolstoy, December 23, 1851.

Letter (in French), January 12, 1852.

Ibid.

The Cossack^ Chapter II.

Scrgcyenko: How L. N. Tolstoy Lives and Works; and Goldenweiser, Talks with Tolstoy.

Letter (in French), June 26, 1852.

Letter (in French) to Aunt Toinette, October 2, 1852.

Letter (in French), May 30, 1852.

Letter to his brother Sergey, June 24, 1852.

Diary, May 31, 1852.Ibid., April 18, 1852: "Horribly lazy and apathetic. Do not feel well. Have Alyoshka beaten."

Ibid., June 2, 1852.

Ibid., July 13, 1852. 5?. Ibid., August 3, 1852.

Ibid., August 17, 1852.

Ibid., August 29, 1852.

Letter, November 27, 1852.

Reminiscences of Leo Tolstoy.

Childhood, Chapter XXIII.

Ibid., Chapter XXVII.

Boyhood, Chapter V.

N. N. Gusev: Material for a Biography of Leo Tolstoy, p. 396.

Letter by Dostoyevsky, January 19, 1856.

Diary, January 6, 1853.

Ibid., January 7, 1853.

Draft for an unpublished letter (in French). Quoted by Gusev in Material for a Biography of Leo Tolstoy, p. 431.

Diary, May 8-15, 1853.

Ibid., April 30, 1853.

Ibid., June 23, 1853.

Ibid., June 25, 1853.

Tolstoys servant. This was not the first time his master had had him punished, cf. note 48 above.

Letter (in French), December 27, 1853.

This work was not completed; a fragment of it was published under the title A Landlord's Morning.

Diary, January 19, 1854.

Fart II, chapter 2

This short story, The Snowstorm, was published in 1856.

Makovitsky: Notes from Yasnaya Polyana (1922), quoted by N. N. Gusev.

Letter, February 6, 1854.

Letter (in French) to Aunt Toinette, March 13, 1854.

Letter (in French) to Aunt Toinette, March 17, 1854.

Letter (in French) to Aunt Toinette, May 24, 1854.

Diary, June 15, 1854.

Letter (in French), May 24, 1854.

Letter (in French) to Aunt Toinette, July 1854.

Ibid. n. Ibid.

Ibid. Tolstoy was thinking of Gorchakov when he painted the portrait of Kutuzov in War and Peace.

I bid.Ibid.

Letter, November 29, 1854.

Unpublished letter, quoted by N. N. Gusev in Material for a Biography of Leo Tolstoy.

Letter (in French), October 17, 1854.

Diary, October 4-5, 1854.

Letter, July 3, 1855.

Diary, November 2, 1854.

Sevastopol Sketches: Sevastopol in December.

Letter, November 20, 1854.

Letter to Nicholas Tolstoy, February 3, 1855.

Diary, November 26, 1854.

Letter to Sergey Tolstoy, November 20, 1854.

Recollections of Tolstoy, compiled by Zhirkevich.

Told by Krylov.

Letter to Valerian Tolstoy, February 24, 1855.

Diary, April 21, 1855.

Ibid.₉ May 8, 1855.

Reminiscences of Colonel Odakhovsky, approved by Tolstoy.

Diary, May 19, 1855.

Letter, May 31, 1855.

Letter, July 10, 1855.

Letter, August 28, 1855.

Letter, August 4, 1855.

Letter (in French), September 4, 1855.

Sevastopol in August. These are the final sentences of the third and last part of Tolstoy's account of the Crimean War.

Some Words About "War and Peace

Part II, Cijapter 3

Diary, July 27, 1853.

Letter to his sister Mam, November 20, 1855.

Letter, December 9, 1855.

Letter, November 24, 1855.

Letter, November 27, 1855.

Fet: Reminiscences of Tolstoy.

Reported by Fet, as told to him by Grigorovich, in his Reminiscences of Tolstoy.

Letter, February 8, 1856.

Diary, May 8, 1856.

"Literary intriguing revolts me like nothing else has ever done." (Diary, November 22, 1856.)

Memoirs of Mmc. Golovachov-Panayev.

Turgenev's expression, according to Eugene Garshin (Memoirs).

Letter, May 10, 1856.Reminiscences of Leo Tolstoy.

Ibid.

Reminiscences of Countess A. A. Tolstoy (correspondence of L. N. Tolstoy and A. A. Tolstoy). Quoted by Gusev.

Reminiscences of Leo Tolstoy.

Anna Karenina, Part V, Chapter XVII ff.

Diary, May 15, 1856.

Ibid., May 25, 1856.

Ibid., May 11, 1856.

I bid., June 9, 1856.

Ibid., June 10, 1856.

Letter, June 9, 1856.

Diary, May 28, 1856.

Ibid., June 6, 1856.

Ibid., May 30, 1856.

Ibid., May 31, 1856.

Letter of September 13-25, 1856.

October 14, 1856.

This letter of Tolstoy's has never been found.

Letter from Turgenev to Tolstoy, November 16-28, 1856.

Letter from Turgenev to Tolstoy, January 3—15, 1857.

Diary, June 1 5, 1856.

Ibid., June 18, 1856.

Ibid., June 26, 1856.

Ibid., June 28, 1856.

Ibid., July 1, 1856.

Ibid., July 2, 1856.

Ibid., July 12, 1856.

Ibid., July 25, 1856.

Ibid., July 25, 1856.

Ibid., September 24, 1856.

Ibid., September 29, 1856.

Ibid., October 28, 1856.

Letter, November 2, 1856.

Diary, November 16, 1856.

Ibid., November 19, 1856.

Ibid., November 22, 1856.

Letter, December 1, 1856.

Letter (in French), December 5. 18=56.

Letter, December 12, 1856.

Diary, February 3, 1857.

Complete Works, Volume 47. Notebooks, entries of May and June 1856.

Youth_f Chapter XIV.

Ibid., Chapter XXIII.

Diary, February 3, 1857.

Hart III, Chapter i

Cf. Lucerne, by Leo Tolstoy.

Letter, March 24 (April 5), 1857.

Ibid.

Diary, March 23 (April 4), 1857.

Ibid., March 6 (18), 1857.

Cf. the reminiscences of Tolstoy's son Sergey, and I.eo Tolstoy's letter to Valcrya Arscnycv, March 4, 1857.

Diary, March 4 (16), 1857.

Ibid.

Notebooks of Leo Tolstoy, February 13 (25), 1857.

Diary, February 11 (23), February 23 (March 7), March 2 (14), March 20 (April 1), 1857.

Letter, February 20 (March 4), 1857.

Letter (in French), February 10 (22), 1857.

Diary, February 18 (March 2), 1857.

Letter (in French), March 30 (April 11), 1857.

Letter to Botkin, quoted earlier, of March 24/25 (April 5/6), 1857.

Cf. diary, March 19 (31), 1857.

Ibid., March 27 (April 8), 1857.

Letter, April 15, 1857.

Letter, April 18, 1857.

Reminiscences of Alexandra Andreyevna Tolstoy.

Diary, October 22, 1857.

Reminiscences of Alexandra Andreyevna Tolstoy.

Diary, April 29 (May 11), 1857.

Ibid., May 21 (June 2), 1857.

Travel Notes, 1857.

Diary, June 22 (July 4). 1857.

Letter, June 26 (July 8), 1857.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Diary, June 25 (July 7), 1857.

Letter to Botkin, June 27 (July 9), 1857.

Diminutive of Ivan. Diary, July 20 (August 1), 1857.

Letter. August 18, 1857.

Part III, Chapter 2

Letter, August 18, 1857.

Cf. Diary, November 27, 1858 and October 9-10. 1859.

Ibid., October 19, 20 and 21, 1857.

Letter, November 22 (December 4), 1857.

Letter, January 4. 1858.

Diary, March 21, 1858.

Letter, December 16, 1857.

Cf. in particular, reviews by Almazov in Morning and by an anonymous critic in Northern Flowers.

Diary, August 17, 1857.

Ibid., September 15, 1858.

Ibid., January 30, 1858.

Ibid., January 14, 1858.

Letter to Alexandra Tolstoy, May 1, 1858.

Notebooks of Leo Tolstoy, April 20, 1858.

Diary, February 1, i860.

Letter, May 1, 1858.

Letter, May 3, 1859.

Letter, May 1, 1858.

Ibid.

Letter, April 14, 1858.

Fet: Reminiscences of Tolstoy.

Ibid.

Makovitsky: Anecdotes of M. N. Tolstoy, quoted by Gusev.

Fet: Reminiscences of Tolstoy.

Diaiy, June 16-19, 1858.

Ibid.

Ibid., entries of May 1858.

Ibid., September 4, 1858.

Letter, April 12, 1859.

letter, early October 1859.

Letter, October 9, 1859.

Article by Leo Tolstoy: The Yasnaya Polyana School in November and December.

Letter, January 30, i860.

Letter, February 15, i860.

Letter, February 22, i860.

Diary, May 25 26, i860.

Part III, Chaptf.r 3

Diary, July 16, i860.

Cf. Aucrbach: A New Life.

Peter Vasilyevich Morozov.

Diary, August 11 (23), i860.

Ibid., August 12 (24), i860.

Letter, September 24 (October 6), i860.

Letter (in French), January 6, 1852.

Letter, September 24 (October 6), 1S60.

Diary, October 13 (25), i860.

Letter to Fet, October 17 (29), i860.

21. Diary, October 29 (November 10), i860.

letter from Marya Tolstoy to Delvig, November 9, i860.

Letter, November 24 (December 6), i860.

S. Plaxin: Count L. N. Tolstoy and Children.

Article by Tolstoy: On Popular Education.

Article by Loewenfeld 011 Tolstoy, quoted by Gusev.

Letter, April 9, 1861.

Related by Tolstoy in his article On the Meaning of Popular Education.

Proudhon: Correspondance, Volume 10. Letter, April 7, 1861.

Diary, April 2 (14), 1861.

Ibid., April 5 (17), 1861.

Ibid., April 9 (21) and April 10 (22), 1861.

Part III, Chapter 4

Letter to Alexandra Tolstoy, May 14, 1861.

Diary, May 6, 1861.

In Russian, samo = self, and son = sleep, dream.

Sergeyenko: Contemporary Views of Tolstoy.

The scene is recounted in A. Fet's Reminiscences of Tolstoy and repeated by Biryukov in his Biography of L. N. Tolstoy.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy.

Ibid.

Letter from Ttirgenev to Tolstoy, late September 1861.

Letter from Ttirgenev, November 8, 1861.

Told by Loewenfeld.

Letter, January 26, 1862.

From an article by Leo Tolstoy: Who Should Teach Writing and to Whom?

First article on The Yasnaya Polyana School in November and December.

Poem by Pushkin (1825).

Third article on The Yasnaya Polyana School in November and December.

Ibid.

Peterson: Notes of a Former Schoolmaster.

Reminiscences of Leo Tolstoy, by a pupil at the Yasnaya Polyana school.

Letter to Alexandra Tolstoy, August 7, 1862.

Peterson: Notes of a Former Schoolmaster.

Markov: The Living Mind at School.

Letter, August 7, 1862.

Letter (in French), August 18, 1862.

Letter to Alexandra Tolstoy, September 7, 1862.

Part IV, Chapter i

In Childhood, Sofya Alexandrovna Zhdanov is "la belle Flamande."

Tatyana Andreyevna Kuzminskaya (nee Tatyana Belirs): My Life at Home and at Yasnaya Polyana.

In her Memoirs, published as the first part of Countess Tolstoy's diary.

Memoirs (Diary of Countess Tolstoy).

Ibid.

All these incidents have been related by Sofya Andreyevna Tolstoy in her memoirs, and by her sister Tatyana Andreyevna Kuzminskaya in her book, My Life at Home and at Yasnaya Polyana. Leo Tolstoy also used the lovers' conversation-by-initials in Chapter XIII, Part IV of Anna Karenina (conversation between Kith*and Levin).

Diary, September 20, 1862.

Memoirs of Countess Tolstoy.

Ibid.

Part IV, Chapter 2

Diary, December 19, 1862.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, October 1862-March 1863.

Diary, June 2, 1863.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, April 24, 1863.

Ibid., November 23, 1862.

Diary, February 8, 1863.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, October 17, 1863.

Ibid., April 10, 1863.

Diary, May 1858 and May i860.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, December i6_t 1862.

Lyovochka or Lyova, diminutives of Leo.

Diary of Countess Tolstov, January 14, 1863.

Ibid.

Ibid., May 22, 1863.

Presumably The Cossacks.

The editors of the diary have prudishly censored what follows. (Entry of January 5, 1863.)

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, December 24, 1863.

Ibid., October 11, 1862.

Ibid., November 23, 1862.

Ibid., January 11, 1863.

I bid.

Ibid., January 15, 1863.

Diary, January 8, 1863.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, January 17, 1863.

I bid., January 29, 1863.Kholstomer was finished in 1SS5 and published in 1888.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, April 29 and May 8, 1863.

Ibid., May 22, 1863.

T. A. Kuzminskaya: My Life at Home and at Yasnaya Polyana.

Diary, August 5, 1863.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, August 3, 1863.

I-etter, May 1, 1863.

War and Peace, Book I, Chapter VI.

Ibid., Chapter VIII.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, September 22, 1863.

Part IV, Chapter 3

Diary, September 16, 1864.

Ibid., September 26, 1865.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, July 31, 1868.

Ibid., November 12, 1866.

Tatyana, bom October 4, 1864.

T. A. Kuzminskaya: My Life at Home and at Yasnaya Polyana.

Letter, January 23, 1865.

Letter from Turgenev to Botkin, February 4 (16), 1865.

S. L. Tolstoy: Sketches of the Past.

Diary, September 30, 1865.

Ibid., September 23, 1865.

Letter, May 16, 1865.

Letter from Dr. Behrs to Tolstoy, May 31, 1865.

Letter, February 4, 1866.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, March 12, 1866.

Letter to Biryukov, June 24, 1908.

Letter, April 4, 1866.

Letter, December 8, 1866.

War and Peace, Volume II, Book VII, Chapter VII.

Letter, November 14, 3 866.

Letter, November 15, 1866.

letter, March 31, 1867.

Letter from Bartenvev to Tolstoy, August 12, 1867.

Letter from Tolstoy, written in the second half of August 1867.

Letter to Bartcnycv, December 8, 1867.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, July 31, 1868.

One of Tolstoy's notebooks. Complete Works, Volume 48, p. 116.

Tetter, May 10, 1869.

Letter, October 21, 1869.

Part IV, Chapter 4

Letter from Botkin to Fet, June 9, 1869.

Letter from Concharov to Turgenev, February 10, 1868.Letter from Dostoyevsky to Strakhov, March 24 (April 5), 1870.

Letter, April 13 (25), 1868.

Vyazcmsky: "Recollections of 1812," Russian Archives, 1869.

Norov: "On War and Peace," The Military Review, 1868.

MinayeVs Poetry, quoted by Gusev.

Countess Tolstoy: Miscellaneous notes for documentation.

Diary, March 19, 1865. He also wrote, in a letter to Ertel dated January 1899, "No matter what they do [the French] to swell his glory, this obtuse and wretched individual with his fat stomach and his hat, marching around his island and feeding on memories of his former quasi-greatness, is a pitiable and ignoble figure/'

Ibid.

"For a Bust of the Conqueror," poem by Pushkin (1829).

Cf. Tofcfol sans tolstolsme, by Nina Gourfinkel.

War and Peace, Volume I, Book III, Chapter XIV.

Part IV, Chapter 5

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, Febniary 14, 1870.

Notebooks of Leo Tolstoy, December 4, 1865.

PART V, Chapter 1

Letter to A. A. Fet, February 16, 1870.

Letter, November 17, 1870.

Letter, December 1870.

Letter, November 25, 1870.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, March 27, 1871.

Ibid.

Letter, June 9, 1871.

Letter, end of May 1871.

Letter, June 18, 1871. xo. Letter, June 28, 1871.

Letters from Strakhov, December 4, 1872, March 15, 1873, May 17,

1873-

Letter to Strakhov, April 7, 1872.

Letter, March 3, 1872.

Letter, January 12, 1872.

Letter, October 1, 1872.

Letter, June 14, 1872.

Letter, September 15, 1872.

Letter, September 19, 1872.

Letter, November 20, 1872.

Letter, December 10, 1874.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, February 13, 1873.

Ilya Tolstoy: Reminiscences of Tolstoy, by His Son.

Letter, October 26, 1872.

Ilya Tolstoy: Reminiscences of Tolstoy, by His Son.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, January 16, 1873.

Letter, March 1, 1873.

Letter, November 10, 1873.

Letter, November 18, 1873.

Letter, December 1874.

Letter, May 10, 1874.

Tolstoy's Reminiscences ancl Sketches of the Past by Sergey Tolstoy.

Letter, June 23, 1874.

Letter, August 15, 1874.

Letter from Strakhov, February 13, 1875.

Letter, February 16, 1875.

Letter, February 22, 1875.

Letter, November 9, 1875.

Sergey Tolstoy: Sketches of the Past.

Letter, March 1876.

Letter, February 21, 1876.

Letter to Golokhvastov, March 1876.

Letter, April 9, 1876.

Letter, November 8-9, 1875. Twenty-seven years later, however, he looked back on this period of his life with envy, as shown by his conversation with Elpatvevsky on the deck of a ship in 1902. "'How old are you?' he suddenly asked," wrote Elpatycvsky in his Literary Reminiscences. "I replied that I was forty-eight. To my great surprise his expression became serious, almost forbidding, he looked up at mc with envy and, turning aside, muttered sadly, Tortv-cight. I was doing my best work. I never worked as well as then.' lie remained silent for a long time; then he said, less to mc than to himself, T was writing Anna Karenina

Letter to Strakhov, June 8, 1876.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, March 3, 1877.

S. A. Bchrs: Reminiscences of Tolstoy.

Letter, April 5, 1877.

Letter, April 21, 1877.

Anna Karenina, Part VIII, Chapters XV, XVI and variants.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, September 12, 1877.

Ilya Tolstoy: Reminiscences of Tolstoy, by His Son.

Part V, Chapter 2

Obolensky: Two Meetings with L. Tolstoy.

Letter to Strakhov, April 26, 1876.

Literary Heritage, Nos. 37-38, p. 426. Meetings between Zhirkevich and Tolstoy.

Letter, June 13, 1877.

Letter, April 1877.

Letter, January 25, 1876.

Article in Russian World for 1877 (No. 28). To this clay it has been impossible to discover who wrote these lines.

Pari V, Chapter 3

Confession.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Notebooks of Leo Tolstoy, entry of March 12, 1S70.

Confession.

Letter, March 1876.

Starets Ambrose was Dostoyevsky's model for starets Zossima in The Brothers Karamazov.

Tolstoy was bom three years after the Decembrist uprising, which took place on December 14, 1825.

Letter, January 27, 1878.

Diary, November 1, 1878.

As told by Stepan Behrs in his reminiscences an unpublished passage quoted by Gusev in Volume III of his Material for a Biography of l.eo Tolstoy.

Loose note, December 6, 1881.

P. Sergeyenko: Contemporary Views of Tolstoy.

Letter, October 27, 1878.

Letter, November 15 (27), 1878.

Letter, November 22, 1878.

I.a Guerre et la Paix, roman historique. Traduit par une Russe. Paris, 1879, 3 volumes.

Letter, December 28, 1879 (January 9, 1880).

Notebook No. 10 (1880).

Ibid.

Letter, October 4, 1879.

Notebook No. 7.

Letter, January 23, 1880.

Letter, February 2, 1880.

Reminiscences of Ivakin, in Literary Heritage, Volume 69.

Letter, January 8, 1880.

Letter, February 14, 1880.

Sergey Tolstoy: Sketches of the Past.

Letter, May 28, 1880.

Letter, early February 1881.

Rusanov: Visit to Yasnaya Polyana.

Said by Tolstoy, as quoted by Maxim Gorky.

Letter from Dostoyevsky to his wife, February 7. 1875.

Letter to Tolstoy, November 28, 1883.

Letter, November 30, 1883.

Ilya Tolstoy: Reminiscences of Tolstoy, by His Son.

Letter, June 15, 1881.

Sergey Lvovich, Tolstoy's eldest son.

Letter, April 22, 1881.

Diary, May 15, 1881.

Letter, June 11, 1881.

Reminiscences by Arbuzov.

Polonsky: Reminiscences.

Letter from Turgenev to Urusov, December 1, 1880.

Letter, July 24, 1881.

Letter, July 30, 1881, quoted by Biryukov.

Sergey Tolstoy: Sketches of the Past.

Pari V, Chapter 4

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, October 27, 1878.

Ibid., November 5, 1878.

Ibid.₉ October-November 1878.

lbid._y October 16, 1878.

Ibid., October 25, 1878.

Ibid., November 19, 1878.

Letter, November 15, 1881.

Sergey Tolstoy: Sketches of the Past.

Quoted by Biryukov.

letter, January 30, 1882.

Letter, March 3, 1882.

Stasov: The Life and Work of N. N. Cdy.

Quoted by Sergey Tolstoy in Sketches of the Past.

According to the Remimscefices of Sergey and Ilya Tolstoy.

Letter to Alexeyev, November 7, 1882.

Letter, January 15, 1883.

Diary, December 22, 1882.

Letter, May 1, 1882.

Letter, Oetober 31-Novcmber 12, 1882.

Letter, May 25, 1883.

Sergey Tolstoy: Sketches of the Past.

Letters to Sergey Tolstoy, September 29, 186s, and to Fet, October 7, 1865, on Enongh!

letter, October 9, 1883.

Part VI, Chapter 1

Diary, March 16 and 23, 1884.

Ilya Tolstoy: Reminisce/ices of Tolstoy, by His Son.

Diary, March 31, 1884.

Told by Alexandra Tolstoy's nanny, and retold in Alexandra's book: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.Diary, April 6, 1884.

Ibid., July 12, 1884.

Ibid., July 14, 1884.

Utter, October 23, 1884.

Letter, October 26, 1884.

Letter, October 27, 1884.

Letter, October 28, 1884.

Letter, February 24, 1885.

Letter, February 21, 1885.

Letter, February 22, 1885. 35. Note of April 5, 1885.

Letter, December 9, 1884.

Letter, mid-December 1885.

Sergey must not have been in the house. Masha—diminutive of Marya.

Recollections of the Death of My Father, Europe, 19-8.

Letter, December 22, 1885.

Letter, January 18, 1886.

Letter, January 23, 1S86.

Letter, September 2, 1886.

Letter, also written on September 2, 1886.

Stakhovich: Fragments of Reminiscences.

Letter, April 28, 1886.

The Power of Darkness had just come out in the inexpensive Intermediary series.

Part VI, Chapter 2

Letter to Countess Tolstoy, April 13, 1887.

Sergey Tolstoy: Sketches of the Past.

Diary of Tatyana Tolstoy.

I bid., 1878 to 1891.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, December 10, 1890.

I bid., January 2, 1891.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father (New York).

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, July 19, 1887.

Ibid., August 19, 1887.

Unpublished letter by Countess Tolstoy, April 26, 1888.

Letter, April 28, 1888.

Diary, August 6, 1889.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, December 17, 1890 and March 21, 1891.

Letter from Pobyedonostsev to Feoktistov, February 6, 1890.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, December 14, 1890.

Ibid., January 19, 1891.

Ibid., February 15, 1891.Ibid., March 6, 1S91. The words that follow have been deleted by the editors.

V. Lazursky: Reminiscences of Tolstoy, p. 4 ff.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, February 15, 1891.

Diary, April 18, 1891.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, April 23, 1891.

Ibid., May 15, 1891.

Ibid., June 1, 1891.

Ibid., July 3, 1887.

Part VI, Chapter 3

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, December 16, 1890.

Diary, December 15, 1890.

Ibid., July 14, 1891.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, June 7, 1891.

Ibid., July 21, 1891.

Ibid., September 19, 1891.

Ibid., August 15, 1891.

Letter, July 4, 1891.

Letter, November 23, 1891.

Letter, November 9, 1891.

Diary, December 19, 1891.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, February 16, 1892.

Letter, March 27, 1894.

Letter, May 12, 1894.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, January 8, 1895.

Ibid., August 4, 1894.

Ibid., January 12, 1895.

Ibid., February 7, 1891.

Ibid., January 26, 1895.

Diary, February 26, 1895.

Diary, March 12, 1895.

Letter, March 31, 1895.

Alexandra Tolstoy: The Tragedy of Tolstoy.

Ivan Bunin, Reminiscences.

Part VI, Chapter 4

Letter from Chekhov to Suvorin, September 8, 1891.

Letter from Chekhov to Suvorin, March 27, 1894.

Letter from Tolstoy to his son Leo, September 4, 1895.

Quoted by Sophie Laflilte: I.eon 'Lolstoi et ses contemporains.

Diary, August 5, 1895.

Letter, June 12, 1895.

Told by Dr. Shkarvan, according to an unpublished manuscript, On Tolstoy, first quoted by Shklovskv.

Diary of Lazursky, April 20, 1896.

Strakhov died in January 1896, of cancer of the tongue.

Diary, May 2, 1896.

Diary of Tatyana Tolstoy, May 7, 1896.

Diary, May 23, 1896.

Ibid., May 28, 1896. In 1910 Tolstoy published a story on the Khodanka incident.

Reminiscences of Alexandra Tolstoy.

Diary, January 12, 1897. ifi. Ibid., February 4, 1897.

letter, February 1, 1897.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, July 3, 1897.

Ibid., July 21, 1897.

Ibid., June 10, 1897.

Ibid., August 1, 1897-

Letter, December 1S, 1896.

Letter, December 30, 1896.

Diary of Tatyana Tolstoy, March 7, 1897.

Ibid., March 24, 1897.

Diary, July 19, 1896.

Ibid., November 17, 1896.

Ibid., December 20, 1896.

Part VII, Chaptfr 1

Times, October 11 (23), 1895.

Letter to Khilkov, February 12, 1897.

Letter to Biryukov, February 15. 1897.

Letter, February 26, 1897.

Quoted by Tatyana Tolstoy in her diary, February 1898.

Letters of September 17, 18, 24, 30, October 6 and 12, 1898.

Letter, July 14, 1898.

Letter, November 1, 1898.

Letter, December 12, 1898.

Coldenwciser: Talks with Tolstoy, note of July 31, 1S99.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, January 26, 1899.

Contemporary Views of Tolstoy.

Letter, January 23, 1899.

Letter, July 14, 1899.

Letter, June 8, 1899.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, November 7, 1897.

Lombroso: My Visit to the Tolstoys.

Nikiforov: Reminiscences of L. N. Tolstoy.

Diary, June 12, 1898.

Letter, May 6, 1898.

Diary of Tatyana Tolstoy, November 3, 1900.

Diary, June 26, 1899.

Part VII, Chapter 2

Diary, July 12, 1900.

Ibid., January 16, 1900.

Ibid., January 8, 1900.

Goldenweiser: Talks with Tolstoy, February 21, 1900.

Diary, November 1900.

Ibid., November 9, 1900.

Ibid., April 6, 1900.

Ibid., July 12, 1900.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, March 6, 1901.

Ibid., March 27, 1901.

Diar}^r of Suvorin, May 29, 1901.

Alexandra Tolstoy: The 'iragedy of Tolstoy.

Ibid.

letter, September 24, 1901.

Letter, November 17, 1901.

Letter to Menshikov, January 28, 1900, quoted by Sophie Laffitte in Lion Tolstoi et ses contemporains.

Scrgeyenko: Contemporary^% Views of Tolstoy. Statement made in July 1904 to a correspondent of the newspaper Russw.

Tolstoy's remark reported by Gusev (Two Years with Tolstoy), ef. Ixfon Tolstoi et ses contemporains by Sophie Laffitte.

Sergey Tolstoy: Sketches of the Past.

Quoted by Alexandra Tolstoy in Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Letter from Gorky to Vcngerov, late July 1908.

Sergey Tolstoy: Sketches of the Past.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, February 7, 1902.

Ibid., April 13, 1902.

I bid., December 2, 1901.

Letter, April 4, 1902.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, June 13, 1902.

Part VII, Chapter 3

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, January 18, 1904.

Ibid., July 1, 1903.

Letter to Chertkov, November 26, 1906.

Diary of Makovitsky, August 17, 1905.

I-etter from Tolstoy to Yusliko.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Notebooks of Leo Tolstoy, September 1905.

Diary, July 30, 1905.

Ibid., July 3, 1906.

Letter, November 10, 1905.

Letter to his daughter Masha, July 14, 1906.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Ilya Tolstoy: Reminiscences of Tolstoy, by His Son.

Ibid.

Diary, September 2, 1906.

Letter, November 26, 1906.

Diary, December 28, 1906.

Part VIII, Chapter 1

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Ibid.

Goldcnweiser: Talks with Tolstoy.

Maurice Kues: Tolstoy Living.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My l'ather.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

letter to Popov, January 1908.

Alexandra Tolstoy: The Tragedy of Tolstoy.

Gusev: Two Years with L. N. Tolstoy.

Letter from A. A. Stolypin to Tolstoy, August 24. 1907.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Letter, February 28, 1908.

Diary, August 11, 1908.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, September 7, 1908.

Diary, August 28, 1908.

Part VIII, Ciiapter 2

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Unpublished diary of Biryukov, quoted by Meilakh in Flight and Death of Leo Tolstoy.

Quoted by Daniel Gilles, in Tolstoy.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

N. Obolensky: Life of Tolstoy.

Diary, June 13, 1909. In the original text, Tolstoy wrote, by mistake, "They say Ermil is my son . . Krmil was Axinya's husband.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Alexandra Tolstoy: The Tragedy of Tolstoy.

Diary, July 26, 1909.

Diary of Makovitsky.

Cf. Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father and The Tragedy of Tolstoy; Countess Tolstoy: Memoirs; Sergeycnko: Partings (Contemporary Views of Tolstoy), etc.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Diary, September 20, 1909.

Ibid., April 12, 1910.

Ibid., April 25, 1910.

Bulgakov: L. N. Tolstoy in the Last Year of His Life, entry of April 22, 1910.

Makovitsky: Diary, May 1, 1910.

Bulgakov: L. N. Tolstoy in the Last Year of His Life, entry of May 2, 1910.

Part VIII, Chapter 3

Diary, May 4, 1910.

Letter to Alexandra Tolstoy, May 9, 1910.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, July 1, 1910.

Ibid., July 5, 1910.

Bulgakov: L. N. Tolstoy in the Last Year of His Life, entry of July 14, 1910.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father, and diary of Countess Tolstoy, July 15, 1910.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, July 17, 1910.

Ibid., July 18, 1910.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Ibid.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, August 4, 1910.

Bulgakov: L. N. Tolstoy in the iMst Year of His Life, entry of July 30, 1910.

Diary of Countess Tolstoy, July 6, 1910.

Diary, July 10, 1910.

Tolstoy's remarks recorded by Beselovskv in Conversations with Tolstoy.

Quoted by Sophie Laffitte in her article "Tolstoi ct les 6crivains fran$ais" (in Europy, November-December i960). In 1894, Tolstoy had written a preface to the Russian edition of the Complete Works of Guy de Maupassant.

letter to Chertkov, September 6, 1910.

Letter of Countess Tolstoy, September 11, 1910.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Unpublished reminiscences of Dr. Makovitsky.

Letter, October 23, 1910.

Part VIII, Chapter 4

Diary, October 28, 1910. All the details of the scene were noted by Tolstoy himself, at Optina.

Reminiscences of Dr. Makovitskv.

Ibid.

Alexandra Tolstoy: The Tragedy of Tolstoy.

Letter, Octobcr 29, 1910.

Letter, October 29, 1910.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Reminiscences of Tatyana Sukhotin-Tolstoy.

Sergey Tolstoy: Sketches of the Past.

Ibid.

Sergey Tolstoy: Sketches of the Past.

Alexandra Tolstoy: Tolstoy, A Life of My Father.

Mcylakh: Flight and Death of Leo Tolstoy.

Boris Pasternak, future author of Doctor YJiivago, Nobel Prize 1958.

Post Mortem

Diary of Tatyana Tolstoy, entry of April 2, 1911.

Ibid., entry of May 19, 1911.

Masha's ex-husband.

Alexandra Tolstoy: The Tragedy of Tolstoy.

Tatyana Kuzminskaya, nee Behrs.

Diary of Tatyana Tolstoy, entry of October 7, 1919.

Sergey Tolstoy: Sketches of the Past.

Alexandra Tolstoy: The Tragedy of Tolstoy.