Умная толпа

ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ

Введение

1. Source: CCC, Tsutaya, «http://nooper.co.jp/showcase/gallery.php?s=4 amp;l=en» (24 January 2002).

2. Karlin Lillington, «Mobile but Without Direction», Wired News, 21 September 2000, «http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,38921,00.html» (28 January 2002).

3. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought: The History and Future of Mind-Expanding Technology (New York: Simon amp; Schuster, 1985).

4. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993).

5. Arturo Bariuad, «Text Messaging Becomes a Menace in the Philippines», Straits Times, 3 March 2001.

6. Lisa Takeuchi Cullen, «Dialing for Dollars», Time Magazine 157 (22), 4 June 2001, «http://www.timeinc.net/time/interac-tive/business/money_np.html» (4 February 2002). See also: Kevin Wer-bach, «Location-Based Computing: Wherever You Go, There You Are», Release 1.0 18 (6), June 2000, «http://releasel.edventure.com/ abstracts.cfm?Counter=8096700» (4 February 2002).

7. «Japans Lonely Hearts Find Each Other with 'Lovegety'», CNN.com, 7 June 1998, «http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9806/07/ fringe/japan.lovegety/» (26 January 2002).

8. Howard Rheingold, «You Got the Power», Wired 8.08, August 2000, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/8.08/comcomp.html» (29 March 2002).

9. See.: eBay, «http://www.ebay.com»; Epinions, «http://www.epinions.com»; Slashdot, «http://www.slashdot.org»; и Plastic, http://www.plastic.com.

10. J. Carey, «Space, Time and Communications: A Tribute to Harold Innis», in Communication as Culture (New York: Routledge, 1989), 12.

Глава 1

1. Epigraph: Tom Standage, «The Internet, Untethered», Economist, 11 October 2001, «http://www.economist.com/surveys/ displaystoiy.cfm?story_id=811934». October 2001.

2. Raritan River Akita Club Inc. (RRACI), «Hachiko», «http:// www.nylana.org/RRACI/hachiko.htm» (28 January 2002).

3. Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960).

4. Guy Debord, La Societe du Spectacle (Paris: Buchet-Chastel 1967). «Mad Wing Cyber Girl Gang Arrested», Japan Today, 8 August 2001, «http://www.japantoday.com/e/?content=news amp;id=51700» (22 January 2002).

5. Howard Rheingold, Virtual Reality (New York: Summit, 1991).

6. Mizuko Ito, «Mobile Phones, Japanese Youth, and the Re-placement of Social Contact», Society for the Social Studies of Science Meetings, Boston, 2001, «http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/Ito.4S2001. mobile.pdf» (14 November 2001).

7. Eija-Liisa Kasasniemi and Pirjo Rautianen, «Mobile Culture of Children and Teenagers in Finland», in Perpetual Contact. Mobile Communication, Private Talk and Public Performance, ed. Mark Aakhus and James Katz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

8. Rich Ling and Birgitte Yttri, «Hyper-Coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway», in Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk and Public Performance, ed. Mark Aakhus and James Katz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 143.

9. Connie Garfalk, «Kids on the Move», Telenor Xpress 1, 2001, «http://www.telenor.com/xpress/2001/l/kids_move.shtml» (26 January 2002).

10. Ling and Yttri, «Hyper-Coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway», 153.

11. «Don't Leave Home Without It», J@pan Inc., «http://www.japa-ninc.net/mag/comp/2001/04/apr01_blowfish.html» (4 February 2002).

12. Dmitri Ragano, «Growing Up in the Age of the Keitai», TheFea-ture.com, «http://www.thefeature.com/printable.jsp?pageid=14395».

13. Michael M. Lewis, Next: The Future Just Happened (New York: Norton, 2001)

14. Rob Guth, «Japan's NTT Goes Global with New Company», E-Business World, 29 June 1999, «http://www.e-commerceworld.com/ idgns/1999/06/29/JapansNTTGoesGlobalWithNew.shtml» (24 February 2002). See also: Forbes International 500, «http://www.forbes.com/inter-national/» (24 February 2002).

15. Mari Matsunaga, The Birth of i-mode (Singapore: Chuang Yi Publishing Pte Ltd., 2001).

16. «Secrets of DoCoMo's Success», Wireless World Forum, 25 July 2001, «http://www.wirelessworldforum.eom/printout2.php/10235/0» (4 February 2002).

17. Matsunaga, The Birth of i-mode, 151.

18. Michele Yamada, «NTT DoCoMo to Launch Global Positioning Svc on Nov. 27», Dow Jones, 20 November 2001, «http://sg.biz.yahoo.com/011120/15/Iuh7d.html» (28 January 2002).

19. Steve Silberman, «Just Say Nokia», Wired 7. 09, September 1999, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/7.09/nokia.html» (28 January 2002).

20. Kenneth Klee and Jennifer Bensko, «The Future Is Finnish», Newsweek International, 24 May 1999, «http://discuss.washingtonpost. com/nwsrv/Issue/21_ppa/printed/int/eur/ov3121_l.htm» (28 July 2001).

21. Klee and Bensko, «The Future Is Finnish».

22. Helsinki Arena 2000 Project, http://www.arenanet.fi/english/index.html» (28 January 2002).

23. Geographic Information Systems, http://www.usgs.gov/research/ gis/title.html (29 March 2002).

24. David Gelernter, Mirror Worlds, or: The Day Software Puts the Universe in a Shoebox. How It Will Happen and What It Will Mean (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).

25. William Shaw, «In Helsinki Virtual Village…», Wired 9. 03, March 2001, 157-163, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/9.03/helsinki.html» (29 March 2002).

26. C. Alexander et al., A Pattern Language (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).

27. Silberman, «Just Say Nokia».

28. Richard Quest, «Nokia Keeps Finland Mobile», Time, 157, 4 June 2001, «http://www.time.com/time/interactive/business/nokia_np.html» (12 October 2001).

29. Klee and Bensko, «The Future Is Finnish».

30. Puneet Gupta, «Short Message Service: What, How and Where?», Wireless Developer Network, «http://www.wirelessdevnet.com/channels/ sms/feamres/sms.html» (4 February 2002).

31. Michael Pastore, «SMS Continues to Take Messaging World by Storm», Cyberatlas, 4 April 2001, «http://cyberatlas.internet.com/mar-kets/wireless/article/0,10094_733811,00.html» (28 January 2002).

32. Logica, «SMS to Drive Wireless Internet Forward», 26 June 2000, «http://www.nua.ie/surveys/index.cgi?f=VS amp;artid=905355866 amp;rel=trae» (28 December 2001).

33. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993).

34. Kasasniemi and Rautianen, «Mobile Culture of Children and Teenagers in Finland».

35. Pasi Maenpaa, «Mobile Communication as a Way of Urban Life», in Ordinary Consumption, ed. Jukka Gronow and Allen Warde (London: Routledge, 2001), 107-124.

36. Tuomas Toivonen, unpublished thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, 2001, «http://www.aula.ee/hakuhodo/aula_thesis/» (22 January 2002).

37. Alan Goldstein, «Information-Sawy Sweden Offers a Glimpse into the Future of the Mobile Internet», Dallas Morning News, 29 March 2001, «http:// www.mformobile.com/main.asp?pk=13755 amp;pollid=x» (1 August 2001).

38. Maija Pesola, «Simplicity Seems the Key for Location-Based Mobile Phone Games», Wireless Word, 20 July 2001.

39. Anne Torres, «4 Sme, Txtng is Lyf», The Feature, 18 April 2001, «http://www.thefeature.com/index.jsp?url=article.jsp?pageid=10667» (11 January 2002).

40. Benjamin Pimentel, «Cell Phone Craze May Be Key to Philippines' Future», San Francisco Chronicle, 11 February 2001, «http:// www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/02/ll/ BU166485.DTL» (24 May 2001).

41. Torres, «4 Sme, Txtng is Lyf».

42. Xinhua News Agency, «Thailand: Mobile Phone Network Paralyzed by Flood of Love Messages», 15 February 2001, «http:// www.ayg.com/sms/Article.po?id=339231» (20 January 2002).

43. Orange.com, «The Survey Said: Text Messaging the Ultimate Flirting Tool», 26 March 2001, «http://www.orange.com/english/ press_releases.html» (15 July 2001).

44. Leopoldina Fortunati, «The Ambiguous Image of the Mobile Phone», in Communications on the Move: The Experience of Mobile Telephony in the 1990s, ed. L. Haddon, a report to the COST248 work group, sponsored and published by Telia, AB. «http://members. aol.com/ leshaddon/OINTRO.html»

45. Mark Ashurst, «Africa: Now, a 'Quiet Revolution': Mobile Phones Leapfrog an Obstacle to Development», Newsweek International, 27 August 2001.

46. Sadie Plant, «On the Mobile: The Effects of Mobile Telephones on Social and Individual Life», «http://www.motorola.com/mot/documents/0,1028,297,00.doc» (11 November 2001).

47. Douglas Century, «Motorola Versus Blackberry: Texting Cultures, A World Divided into Two-Way-Pager Camps», 14 January 2001, «http:// www.xent.com/dec00/0761.html» (28 January 2002).

48. Fushi Tarazu, «DoCoMo's i-Mode Abroad?», The Motley Fool, 11 December 2000, http://www.fool.com/community/views/2000/ view001211.htm?ref=yhoomk» (23 February 2001).

49. Tony Emerson, «The Next Big Thing», Newsweek, 6 August 2001, «http://www.msnbc.eom/news/606561.asp#BODY» (12 January 2002).

50. Julian E. Barnes, «For Cellphone Holdouts, Worry Closes the Sale», New York Times, 19 September 2001, C6.

51. Simon Romero, «The Simple BlackBerry Allowed Contact When Phones Failed», New York Times, 20 September 2001, «http:// www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/circuits/20BERR.html» (28 January 2002).

52. Stewart Brand, «Founding Father: Interview with Paul Baran», Wired 9.03, March 2001, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/9.03/ baran.html» (13 May 2001).

53. Ling and Yttri, «Hyper-Coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway».

54. Mark Aakhus and James Katz, eds., Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk and Public Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

55. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N. Y: Doubleday, 1959).

56. Ling and Yttri, «Hyper-Coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway», 159.

57. Garfalk, «Kids on the Move».

58. Alex S. Taylor and Richard Harper, «Talking 'Activity': Young People and Mobile Phones», paper presented at the CHI 2001 (Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems), Seattle, 31 March-5 April 2001, «http://www.es.colorado.edu/~palen/chi_workshop/papers/ TaylorHarper.pdf» (24 February 2002).

59. Ling and Yttri, «Hyper-Coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway».

60. Alexandra Weilenmann and Catrine Larsson, «Local Use and Sharing of Mobile Phones», in Wireless World: Social and Interactional Aspects of the Mobile Age, ed. B. Brown et al. (London: Springer-Verlag, 2001), 95.

61. Marko Ahtisaari, «Social Mobility», Out of the Blue — The J. Walter Thompson Magazine for Europe, Winter 2000/2001, 26.

62. Leslie Haddon, «The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: Framing Questions», in The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony The Proceedings from a Seminar About Society, Mobile Telephony and Children, Telenor R amp;D N 38/2000, eds. Rich Ling and Kristin Trane, 26 June 2000, 2-6, «http://www.telenor.no/fou/prosjekter/Fremtidens_Brukere/ seminarer/mobilpresentasjoner/Proceedings%20_FoU%20notat_.pdf» (31 January 2002).

63. Erving Goffman, «Alienation from Interaction», in Communication and Culture, ed. Alfred G. Smith (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966).

64. Plant, «On the Mobile».

65. Leysia Palen, Marilyn Salzman, and Ed Youngs, «Discovery and Integration of Mobile Communications in Everyday Life», Personal and Ubiquitous Computing Journal, vol. 5 (2001): 109-122, «http://www.cs.colorado.edu/%7Epalen/Papers/cscwPalen.pdf» (5 February 2002).

Глава 2

1. David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. Ernest С Mossner (New York: Viking, 1986).

2. Netscan, «http://netscan.research.microsoft.com» (5 February 2002).

3. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993).

4. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N. Y: Doubleday, 1959).

5. Matt Ridley, The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation (London: Penguin, 1996).

6. Garrett Hardin, «The Tragedy of the Commons», Science 16? (13 December 1968): 1243-1248.

7. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Richard E. Flathman and David Johnston (New York: W. W Norton, 1997) [на рус. яз. Томас Гоббс. Сочинения в 2 т. М.: Мысль, 1991, т. 2].

8. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1952) [на рус. яз.: Два трактата о правлении // Джон Локк. Соч. в 3 т. / Пер. с англ Е. Лагутина и А. Субботина. — М., 1985-1988. — Т. 3].

9. Mancur Olson Jr., The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Group (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965) [на рус. яз.: Манкурю О. Логика коллективных действий: Общественные блага и теория групп / Пер. с англ. Е. Окороченко. — М.: Фонд экономических инициатив (ФЭИ), 1995].

10. Mancur Olson Jr., «The Logic of Collective Action», in Rational Man and Irrational Society, ed. Brian Barry and Russell Hardin (Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage, 1982), 44.

11. Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons. The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

12. Ridley, The Origins of Virtue.

13. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 27.

14. H. Scott Gordon, «The Economic Theory of a Common-Property Resource: The Fishery», Journal of Political Economy 62 (1954): 124-142; Anthony D. Scott, «The Fishery: The Objectives of Sole Ownership», Journal of Political Economy 65 (1955): 116-124.

15. Charlotte Hess, «Is There Anything New Under the Sun? A Discussion and Survey of Studies on New Commons and the Internet», presented at Constituting the Commons: Crafting Sustainable Commons in the New Millennium, the Eighth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Bloomington, Indiana, 31 May-4 June 2000.

16. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 25.

17. Marc A. Smith, «Mapping Social Cyberspaces: Measures and Maps of Usenet, a Computer Mediated Social Space» (Ph. D. diss., UCLA, 2001), 18.

18. Thomas Henry Huxley, «The Struggle for Existence in Human Society», in Evolution and Ethics, and Other Essays (London, 1894), 202-218.

19. Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1989), 78.

20. Stephen J. Gould, Bully for Brontosaurus: Reflections on Natural History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991).

21. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, 171.

22. J. Paradis and G. С Williams, Evolution and Ethics: Т. Н. Huxley's Evolution and Ethics with New Essays on Its Victorian and Sociobi-ological Context (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).

23. W. D. Hamilton, «The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior», Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 (1964): 1-52.

24. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976).

25. Hobbes, Leviathan, 95. Левиафан, часть II «О государстве», глава XVII, «О причинах, возникновении и определении государства» // Т. Гоббс. Соч. в 2 т. / Пер. на рус. яз. А. Гутермана. — М.: Мысль, 1991. — Т. 2. — С. 132.

26. John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944) [рус. пер.: Теория игр и экономическое поведение. М.: Наука, 1970].

27. William Poundstone, Prisoner's Dilemma: John von Neumann, Game Theory, and the Puzzle of the Bomb (New York: Doubleday, 1992).

28. J. Bronowski, The Ascent of Man (Toronto: Little, Brown, 1973).

29. Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960).

30. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse on Inequality (London: Penguin, 1984). [на рус. яз.: Рассуждение о происхождении и основаниях неравенства между людьми // Ж.-Ж. Руссо. Трактаты / Пер. с франц. А. Хаютина. — М.: Наука, 1969. — С. 75).

31. Merrill M. Flood, «Some Experimental Games», Research Memorandum RM-789 (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 1952).

32. A. W Tucker, «On Jargon: The Prisoner's Dilemma», UMAP Journal 1 (1950): 101.

33. Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1985).

34. R. L. Trivers, «The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism», Quarterly Beview of Biology 46 (1971): 35-37.

35. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation.

36. G. S. Wilkinson, «Reciprocal Food Sharing in the Vampire Bat», Nature 308 (March 8, 1984): 181-184.

37. Manfred Milinski, «TIT FOR TAT in Sticklebacks and the Evolution of Cooperation», Nature 325 (29 January 1987): 433-435.

38. P. Farb, Man's Rise to Civilization as Shown by the Indians of North America from Primeval Times to the Coming of the Industrial State (New York: Dutton, 1968).

39. Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1984).

40. J. H. Saltzer, D. P. Reed, and D. D. Clark, «End-to-End Arguments in System Design», ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2 (November 1984): 277-288.

41. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000).

42. Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late-The Origins of the Internet (New York: Touchstone, 1998).

43. Levy, Hackers.

44. Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late.

45. J. С R. Licklider and R. W. Taylor, «The Computer as a Communication Device», Science and Technology (April 1968): 21-31.

46. William Henry Gates III, «An Open Letter to Hobbyists», Altair Users' Newsletter, 3 February 1976.

47. Dennis M. Ritchie, «The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System», AT amp;T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal 63 (October 1984)-1577-1593.

48. Nick Moffit, «Nick Moffit's $7 History of Unix», «http://crackmonkey.org/unix.html» (29 January 2002).

49. Ritchie, «The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System».

50. Moffit, «Nick Moffit's $7 History of Unix».

51. Richard Stallman, «The Free Software Definition». The GNU Project, Free Software Foundation, 2000, «http://www.gnu.org/philoso-phy/free-sw.html» (17 June 2001) [на рус. яз.: Ричард Столлмен. GNU GPL и американский образ жизни / Компьютерра. 2001. № 10 (387). 14 марта].

52. Ibid. See also: Michael Stutz, «Freed Software Winning Support, Making Waves», Wired News, 30 January 1998, «http://www.wired.com/ news/technology/0,1282,9966,00.html» (5 February 2002).

53. Eric Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary (Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly and Associates, 1997). See also: «http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/ writings/homesteading/» (29 January 2002).

54. BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), «http://www.isc.org/ products/BIND/» (16 January 2002).

55. Network Working Group, ed. B. Carpenter, «Architectural Principles of the Internet», June 1996, «http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfcl958.txt» (26 November 2001).

56. Tim Berners-Lee, «Information Management: A Proposal», 1989, «http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html» (29 January 2002).

57. Andy Server, «It Was My Party — and I Can Cry If I Want To», Business 2.0, March 2001, «http://www.business2.com/articles/ mag/0,1640,9662,FF.html» (12 August 2001).

58. Daniel Dern, «A Real Brief History of Usenet», BYTE Magazine, 4 September 1999.

59. Smith, «Mapping Social Cyberspaces», 12.

60. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House, 2001).

61. «FCC Launches Proceeding to Promote Widespread Deployment of High-speed Broadband Internet Access Services», 14 February 2002, «http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Common_Carrier/News_Releases/2002/ nrcc0202.html» (24 February 2002).

62. «Cable TV Lobby, Including Comcast, Tells FCC: Give Us a „Closed“ Broadband Net», Center for Digital Democracy, 15 February 2002, «http://www.democraticmedia.org/news/washingtonwatch/ca-bleletter.html» (25 February 2002). See also: Cable Industry FCC Lobbying Document, Center for Digital Democracy, 8 February 2002, «http:// www.democraticmedia.org/resources/filings/cableFCCLobbyingDocu-ment.pdf» (25 February 2002).

63. «FCC Sides with Cable Net Firms», Associated Press, 14 March 2002, «http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,51061,00.html» (29 March 2002).

64. L. Garton, С Haythornthwaite, and B. Wellman, «Studying Online Social Networks», Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3, 1 (1997): 1.

65. Barry Wellman, «Physical Place and CyberPlace: The Rise of Personalized Networking», International journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, 2 (2001): 227-252, «http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/ publications/individualism/ijurr3al.htm» (29 March 2002).

66. Alun Anderson, «The Mathematics of Mayhem», in The World in 2001, «http://www.theworldin.com/arts/sci/fsl.html» (5 May 2001).

67. Gordon E. Moore, «Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits», Electronics 38, 8 (19 April 1965): 114-117.

68. «Moore's Law», Intel Corporation, «http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm» (21 December 2001).

69. Scott Kirsner, «The Legend of Bob Metcalfe», Wired 6.11, November 1998, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive//6.11/metcalfe.html? person=bob_metcalfe amp;topic_set=wiredpeople» (27 January 2002).

70. David P. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential: Beyond Metcalfe's Law to the Power of Community Building», originally appeared in Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999) «http://www.contextmag.com/archives/199903/ digitalstrategyreedslaw.asp» (25 January 2002).

71. Francis Fukuyama, Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995).

72. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential», 1999.

Глава 3

1. Epigraph: Cory Doctorow, «My Date with the Gnomes of San Jose», Mindjack, 15 October 2000. «http://www.mindjack.com/feature/ p2p.html.» (25 January 2002).

2. Charlene Anderson, «SETI@home and the Planetary Society: A Reminiscence and a Hope for the Future», May 2000, «http:// www.planetary.org/UPDATES/seti/seti@home_and_planetary_society.html» (20 January 2002). See also: Roving Mouse, «SETI@home Stats», «http:// www.roving-mouse.com/setiathome/» (25 January 2002).

3. Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage, 2000).

4. David P. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential: Beyond Metcalfe's Law to the Power of Community Building», Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999) «http:.//www.contextmag.com/archives/199903/digitalstrategyreedslaw.asp» (1 February 2002).

5. John F. Shoch and Jon A. Hupp, «Notes on the 'Worm' Programs — Some Early Experience with a Distributed Computation», Xerox PARC, September 1980.

6. Ibid., 1. See also: John Branner, Shockwave Rider (New York: Del Rey, 1975), 249-252.

7. Miron Livny and Udi Manber, «Distributed Computation Via Active Messages», IEEE Transactions on Computers 34, 12 (1985): 1185-1190.

8. «Deepest Computation in History for a Yes/No Answer», Technical News Release, 29 September 1999, «http://www.perfsci.com/ F24release.html» (1 February 2002).

9. «GIMPS Finds First Million-Digit Prime, Stakes Claim to $50,000 EFF Award», 30 June 1999, «http://www.mersenne.org/6972593.htm» (30 January 2002).

10. «Distributed Computing for Global Climate Research at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory», «http://www.climate-dynamics.rl.ac.uk/ index.html» (25 January 2002).

11. United Devices, «http://www.ud.com/» (1 February 2002).

12. «The United Devices Cancer Research Program», «http://www.intel.com/cure/united.htm» (23 December 2001).

13. Henry Norr, «Idle Computer Time Can Fight Cancer», San Francisco Chronicle, 4 April 2001, Bl.

14. Paul Marks, «Anthrax Screensaver Finds Promising New Drugs», NewScientist.com, 19 February 2002, «http://www.newscientist.com/ news/news.jsp?id=ns99991953» (19 February 2002).

15. Google Compute, «http://toolbar. google.com/dc/faq_dc.html» (6 March 2002).

16. Harry McCracken, «The Digital Century», PC World, December 1999, «http://www.pcworld.com/resource/article.asp?aid=13531» (5 February 2002).

17. Matt Richtel, «With Napster Down, Its Audience Fans Out», New York Times, 20 July 2001, «http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/20/ college/coll20MUSI.html» (2 February 2002); Ron Harris, «Technology: Copyright Laws at Stake in Napster Case», Nando Times, 2 March 2001, «http://archive.nandotimes.eom/technology/story/0,1643,500458967500698582503788773-0,00.html» (5 February 2002).

18. Dan Bricklin, «The Cornucopia of the Commons», in Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001).

19. Ashlee Vance, «Napster Serenades Songwriters, Ready to End Lawsuit», Unlimited Net, 26 September 2001, «http://www.unlimited.net.nz/unlimited/unlimited.nsf/ArchiveByAuthor/3CC3423C3EA87267CC256AD2006D2BA9?OpenDocument» (5 February 2002).

20. «Napster Offers $1 Billion to Settle Suit», CNN.com, 21 February 2001, «http://www.cnn.com/2001/LAW/02/20/napster.settlement.03/» (5 February 2002).

21. Gene Kan [1977-2002], «Gnutella», in Peer-to-Peer Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001); «What Is Gnutella?» Gnutella News, «http://www.gnutellanews.com/information/what_is_gnutella.shtml» (2 February 2002).

22. Nullsoft, Inc., «http://www.nullsoft.com/» (29 January 2002).

23. David E. Weekly, «Client as Server: The New Model», Freshmeat. net, 16 April 2000, «http://freshmeat.net/articles/view/155/» (2 February 2002).

24. Gnutella News.

25. Kelly Truelove, «Gnutella and the Transient Web», OpenP2P.com, 22 March 2001, «http://www.openp2p.eom/pub/a/p2p/2001/03/22/traelove.html» (17 January 2002).

26. Eytan Adar and Bernardo A. Huberman, «Free Riding on Gnutella», First Monday 5, 10 (2000), «http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue5_ 10/adar/index.html» (2 February 2002).

27. Mojo Nation, «http://www.mojonation.net/» (23 January 2002).

28. Steven Johnson, «The Taste Test», Feed, 8 May 2001, «http:// www.feedmag.com/templates/default.php3?a_id=1703» (23 December 2001).

29. Lou Gerstner, addressing the eBusiness Conference Expo in New York City, 12 December 2000, «http://www.ibm.com/lvg/1212.phtml» (2 February 2002).

30. Michelle Delio, «The Grid Draws Its Battle Lines», Wired News, 20 February 2002, «http://www.wired.com/news/technol-ogy/0,1282,50538,00.html» (29 March 2002).

31. Ian Foster, «Internet Computing and the Emerging Grid», Nature, 7 December 2000, «http://www.nature.com/nature/webmatters/grid/ grid.html» (23 November 2001).

32. John Markoff, «The Soul of the Ultimate Machine», New York Times, 12 December 2000, «http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/10/ technology/10SMAR.html» (24 January 2002).

33. Steve Lohr, «IBM Making a Commitment to Next Phase of the Internet», New York Times, 2 August 2001, «http://www.nytimes. com/2001/08/02/technology/02BLUE.html»

34. Ann Harrison, «The Crime of Distributed Computing», Register, 12 December 2001, «http://www.theregister.co.Uk/content/6/23477.html» (1 February 2002).

35. Steven Bonisteel, «Criminal Charges Settled in Distributed-Com-puting Case», Newsbytes, 17 January 2002, «http://www.newsbytes.com/ news/02/173751.html».

36. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House 2001).

Глава 4

1. Epigraph: Mark Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century», Scientific American, September 1991, p. 94-104. «http://www.ubiq.corn/ hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html», 2 February 2002.

2. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (New York: Simon amp; Schuster, 1985).

3. Joel Garreau, «You Are So Here», Washington Post, 19 August 2001: COl, «http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33379-2001Augl9.html» (22 January 2002).

4. «Sensor Networks for Healthcare, the Environment, and Homeland Defense», «http://www.soe.ucsd.edu/Research_Review/agenda.html» (1 January 2002).

5. Saikat Chatterjee, «Netravali Sees a Networked Sphere in Ten Years», Business Times, The Times of India, New Delhi, 9 June 2000.

6. M. Weiser, R. Gold, and J. S. Brown, «The Origins of Ubiquitous Computing Research at PARC in the Late 1980s», IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1999): 693-696, «http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/384/ weiser.html» (2 February 2002).

7. Mark Weiser, «Ubiquitous Computing», «http://www.ubiq.com/ hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html» (29 January 2002).

8. Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century».

9. «The Trojan Room Coffee Machine», «http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ coffee/eoffee.html» (22 January 2002).

10. Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century».

11. Howard Rheingold, Virtual Reality (New York: Summit, 1991).

12. Myron Krueger, Artificial Reality (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1983).

13. Myron Krueger, «Responsive Environments», NCC Proceedings, 1977, 422-433.

14. Warren Robinett, «Electronic Expansion of Human Perception», Whole Earth Review, Fall 1991, 16-21.

15. Alex Pentland, «The Dance of Bits and Atoms», «http://www.white.media.mit.edu/people/sandy/profile.html» (2 February 2002).

16. Ivan E. Sutherland, «The Ultimate Display», Proceedings of 1FIPS Congress, 2 May 1965, 506-508.

17. Alex P. Pentland, «Smart Rooms», Scientific American 274 (April 1996): 68-76, «http://www.sciam.com/0496issue/0496pentland.html» (11 December 2001).

18. Elisa Batista, «Big Blue's Big Brother Lab», Wired News, 24 April 2001, «http://www.wired.eom/news/technology/0,1282,43186,00.htrnl» (24 February 2002).

19. J. C. Spohrer, «Information in Places», IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1996), «http://www.research.ibm.com/jouraal/sj/384/spohrer.html» (24 November 2001).

20. Ivan E. Sutherland, «Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System», Proceedings of the Spring Joint Computer Conference, Detroit, Michigan, May 1963, and MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report #296, January 1963.

21. Ivan E. Sutherland, «A Head-Mounted Three-Dimensional Display», AFIPS Conference Proceedings 33, Part I, 1968, 757-764.

22. S. Feiner, B. Maclntyre, and D. Seligmann, «Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality», Communications of the ACM 36 (July 1993): 52-62.

23. Spohrer, «Information in Places».

24. Per Persson and Fredrik Espinoza, «GeoNotes: Social Enhancement of Physical Space», ERCIM News 47, October 2001, «http://www.ercim.org/ publication/Ercirn_News/enw47/persson.html» (2 February 2002).

25. Jun Rekimoto, Yuji Ayatsuka, and Kazutera Hayashi, «Augment-able Reality: Situated Communication through Physical and Digital Spaces», Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computing, 1998, «http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto/papers/ iswc98.pdf» (22 December 2001).

26. Ismail Haritaoglu, «InfoScope: Link from Real World to Digital Information Space», in Ubicomp 2001: Ubiquitous Computing. Third International Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, September 30-October 2, 2001: Proceedings, ed. Gregory С Abowd, Barry Bromitt, and Steven A. Shafer, 247-255. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2201, Springer 2001, «http:// link.springer.de/link/service/series/0558/papers/2201/22010247.pdf»

27. Salil Pradhan et al, «Websigns: Hyperlinking Physical Locations to the Web», IEEE Computer 34 (August 2001): 42-46.

28. Steven Feiner et al., «A Touring Machine: Prototyping 3D Mobile Augmented Reality Systems for Exploring the Urban Environment», Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Wearable Computers (1997): 74-81, «http://www.computer.org/conferen/proceed/8192/ pdf/81920074.pdf» (5 February 2002).

29. Scott Fisher, «Environmental Media: Linking Virtual Environments to the Physical World», Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Mixed Reality, Yokohama, Japan, March 2001, «http:// www.wem.sfc.keio.ac.jp/wern/RawMedia/Fisher.pdf» (3 February 2002).

30. David S. Bennahum, «Be Here Now», Wired 9.11, November 2001, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/9.11/location.html» (3 February 2002).

31. Garreau, «You Are So Here».

32. «Direction Finding CDMA Handset from KDDI», 27 February 2002, «http://www.cellular-news.com/story/5932.shtml» (6 March 2002).

33. Universal Design of Digital City Project Overview, «http//www.digitalcity.jst.go.jp/about-e.html» (3 February 2002).

34. Risto Linturi, Marja-Riitta Koivunen, and Jari Sulkanen, «Helsinki Arena 2000-Augmenting a Real City to a Virtual One», Digital Cities 2000 83-96, «http://www.linturi.fi/HelsinkiArena2000/» (11 January 2001).

35. The Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS), «http://www.citris.berkeley.edu/about_citris.html» (3 February 2002).

36. Wade Roush, «Networking the Infrastructure», Technology Review, December 2001, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/roushl201.asp» (11 December 2001).

37. Russ Adams, «Bar Code History Page», BarCode 1, 16 (March 2001), «http://www.adamsl.com/pub/rassadam/history.html» (3 February 2002); See also: «The Origins of a Bar Code», Uniform Code Council, 2002, «http://www.uc-council.org/about_ucc/uc_bar_code_origin.html» (11 January 2002).

38. Charlie Schmidt, «Beyond the Bar Code», Technology Review, March 2001, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/schmidt0301. asp» (6 January 2002).

39. Barpoint, «http://www.barpoint.com» (3 February 2002).

40. «Organic Transistors and the Death of the Bar Code», Berkeley Engineering Lab Votes 2 (February — March 2002), «http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes/0202/barcode.html» (29 March 2002).

41. Auto-ID Center, «http://www.autoidcenter.org/main.asp» (29 March 2002).

42. Junko Yoshida, «Euro Bank Notes to Embed RFID Chips by 2005», ЕЕ Times, 19 December 2001, «http://www.eet.com/story/OEG20011219S0016» (29 January 2002).

43. Wes Vernon, «Latest Privacy Nightmare: Money That Tracks You», NewsMax.com, 28 July 2001, «http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles /2001/7/27/212324.shtml» (3 February 2002).

44. Will Knight, «Tiny Radio Chip Gives Paper an ID», New Scientist, 4 July 2001, «http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns9999967» (3 February 2002); «Hitachi Announces Worlds Smallest RFID 1С, the mu-chip», 5 July 2001, «http://www.hitachi.com/products/electronic/ semiconductorcomponent/elecrfid/» (5 February 2002).

45. Kris Pister, Joe Kahn, and Bernhard Boser, «Smart Dust: Autonomous Sensing and Communication in a Cubic Millimeter», Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, «http://www.-bsac.EECS.Berkeley.EDU/~pister/ SmartDust/» (2 February 2002).

46. Duncan Graham-Rowe, «Dust Bugs», New Scientist, 28 August 1999, «http://www.-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/~warneke/research/press/ newscientist.html» (30 January 2002).

47. Jack Smith, «Computer in a Speck of Dust», ABCNEWS.com, 22 November 1999, «http://www.rense.com/politics5/minitech_p.htm» (3 February 2002).

48. Jun Rekimoto, «NaviCam: A Magnifying Glass Approach to Augmented Reality Systems», Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6, 4 (1997): 339-412.

49. Jun Rekimoto, «http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto.html» (3 February 2002).

50. Neil Gershenfeld, When Things Start to Think (New York: Henry Holt, 1999).

51. William Butera, «Programming a Paintable Computer», (Ph. D. diss, MIT, 2002), «http://web.media.mit.edu/~vmb/papers/buteraphd.pdf» (July 2002).

52. Gershenfeld, When Things Start to Think, 10.

53. Steve Mann and Hal Niedzviecki, Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer (Mississauga: Doubleday Canada, 2001), 30.

54. «A Brief History of Wearable Computing», «http://wearables.www.media.mit.edu/projects/wearables/lizzy/timeliiie.html#1989» (3 February 2002).

55. J. Peter Bade, G. Q. Maguire Jr., and David F Bantz, The IBM/ Columbia Student Electronic Notebook Project, 29 June 1990.

56. «A Brief History of Wearable Computing».

57. The Wearable Group at Carnegie Mellon, «http://www.wearablegroup.org/» (6 March 2002). See also: VuMan, «http://www.-2.cs.cmu.edu/~wearable/vuman.html» (6 March 2002).

58. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 42.

59. Cyberman, directed by Peter Lynch, «http://cbc.ca/cyberman/» (29 March 2002).

60. Thad Starrier, «Wearable Computing and Context Awareness» (Ph. D. diss., MIT, 1999), 64.

61. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 71.

62. Steve Mann, «Smart Clothing: The Shift to Wearable Computing», Proceedings of CACM 39 (August 1996): 23-24.

63. «The MIThril Vision», «http://www.media.mit.edu/wearables/ mithril/vision.html» (21 January 2002).

64. Scott Stemberger, «New Body Art: Wearable Wireless Devices», IBM DeveloperWorks, January 2002, «http://www.-106.ibm.com/ developerworks/wireless/library/wi-wear.html?t=gr,p=Wearem-Wireless» (3 February 2002).

65. Wearable Internet Appliance, «http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Prod/ vims/wia/eng/main.html» (3 February 2002).

66. «Timex Watch to Incorporate Speedpass Technology», Associated Press, 28 February 2002, «http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/ review/2002/2/28/timexspeedpass.htm» (6 March 2002).

Глава 5

1. Epigraph: Bruce Sterling, Distraction, A Novel (New York: Bantam, 1998).

2. Upendra Shardanand and Pattie Maes, «Social Information Filtering-Algorithms for Automating Word of Mouth», Proceedings of ACM CHF95 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1995, «http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/Electronic/documnts/papers/us_bdy.htm» (9 February 2002).

3. Cameron Barrett, «Online Community Technologies and Concepts», Camworld.com, December 2001, «http://www.camworld.com/ essays/communities.html» (9 February 2002).

4. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993).

5. Howard Rheingold, «Virtual Communities», Whole Earth Review 61 (Winter 1988): 14.

6. David Goldberg et al., «Using Collaborative Filtering to Weave an Information Tapestry», Communications of the ACM 35 (December 1992): 61-70.

7. Usenet FAQ Archive, «ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierar-chy/» (9 February 2002).

8. Paul Resnick et al., «GroupLens: An Open Architecture for Collaborative Filtering of Netnews», Proceedings of ACM 1994 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 1994, 175-186, «http:// www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/cscw94/» (9 February 2002).

9. The Reputations Research Network, «http://databases.si.umich. edu/reputations/» (14 January 2002).

10. MovieLens, «http://movielens.umn.edu/» (9 February 2002).

11. Hui Guo, Thomas Kreifelts, and Angi Voss, «SOaP: Social Filtering through Social Agents», report of ECRIM Workshop Proceedings, No. 98/W001 of the 5th DELOS Workshop on Filtering and Collaborative Filtering, 291-298, «http://www.ercim.org/publication/ws-proceedings/ DELOS5/guo.pdf» (10 February 2002).

12. Steven Johnson, Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software (New York: Scribner, 2001).

13. Epinions, «http://www.epinions.com» (9 February 2002).

14. Mark Frauenfelder, «Revenge of the Know-It-Ails», Wired 8.07, July 2000, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/8.07/egoboo.html» (31 January 2002).

15. Katie Hafner, «Web Sites Begin to Self Organize», New York Times, 18 January 2001, «http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/18/technol-ogy/18SELF.html» (24 January 2002).

16. Everything2, «http://www.everything2.com/» (9 February 2002).

17. Blogger, «http://www.blogger.com» (5 February 2002).

18. Farhad Manjoo, «Blah, Blah, Blah, and Blog», Wired News, 18 February 2002, «http://www.wired.eom/news/print/0,1294,50443,00. htrnl» (24 February 2002).

19. Henry Jenkins, «Digital Renaissance», Technology Review, March 2002, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/jenkins0302.asp» (24 February 2002).

20. Slashdot FAQ, «http://slashdot.org/faq/» (9 February 2002).

21. eBay «http://pages.ebay.com/community/aboutebay/overview/index.html» (5 February 2002).

22. Peter Kollock, «The Production of Trust in Online Markets», in Advances in Group Processes 16, ed. E. J. Lawler et al. (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1999), «http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/ kollock/papers/online_trust.htm» (9 February 2002).

23. «Crime Low on eBay Site», Marin Independent Journal, 29 December 2000, B4, B6.

24. Judith H. Dobryzynski, «In Online Auctions, Rings of Bidders», New York Times, 2 June 2000, «http://www.nytimes.com/library/ tech/00/06/biztech/articles/02ebay.html» (11 January 2002).

25. Peter Kollock, «The Production of Trust in Online Markets», 99.

26. Paul Resnick and Richard Zeckhauser, «Trust Among Strangers in Internet Transactions: Empirical Analysis of eBay's Reputation System», Working Paper for the NBER Workshop on Empirical Studies of Electronic Commerce, 5 February 2001, «http://www.si. umich.edu/ ~presnick/papers/ebayNBER/index.html» (10 February 2002).

27. Paul Resnick et al., «Reputation Systems», Communications of the ACM, 43 (December 2000), «http://www.si. umich.edu/~presnick/ papers/cacmOO/reputations.pdf» (9 February 2002).

28. «Reputation Bibliography», The Reputations Research Network, «http://databases.si.umich.edu/reputations/bib/bib.html» (23 October 2001).

29. Richard Lethin, «Reputation», в книге Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001).

30. William Stallings, «How to Certify Public Keys Without a Central Authority», Byte, February 1995, «http://www.byte.com/art/9502/secl3/ art4.htm» (9 February 2002).

31. Chrysanthos Dellarocas, «Building Trust On-Line: The Design of Reliable Reputation Reporting Mechanisms for Online Trading Communities», eBusiness@MIT, July 2001, «http://ebusiness.mit.edu/research/ papers/101%20Dellarocas,%20Trust%20Management.pdf» (19 September 2001).

32. Kirsten Hawkes, «Why Hunter-Gatherers Work: An Ancient Version of the Problem of Public Goods», Current Anthropology 34, 4 (1993): 341-361.

33. Josh Whitfield, «Men Fish for Compliments», Nature 9 (April 2001), «http://www.nature.com/nsu/010412/010412-l.html» (9 February 2002).

34. G. Pollock and L. A. Dugatkin, «Reciprocity and the Evolution of Reputation», Journal of Theoretical Biology 159 (1992): 25-37.

35. Robin Dunbar, «Why Gossip Is Good for You», New Scientist 21 November 1992.

36. Karl Sigmund, Ernst Fehr, and Martin A. Nowak, «The Economics of Fair Play», Scientific American, January 2002, 83-87.

37. Ernst Fehr and Simon Gachter, «Altruistic Punishment in Humans», Nature 415 (2002): 137-140.

38. Karl Sigmund, Christoph Hauert, and Martin A. Nowak, «Reward and Punishment in Minigames», paper presented at conference in Steyr, Austria, July 6-7, 2001, «http://www.umass.edu/preferen/mpapers/ Sigmund.pdf» (9 February 2002).

39. Natalie Angier, «The Urge to Punish Cheats: Not Just Human, but Selfless», New York Times, 22 January 2002, «http://www.nytimes. com/2002/01/022/science/social/22CHEA.html» (23 January 2002).

40. Marc A. Smith, «Mapping Social Cyberspaces: Measures and Maps of Usenet, a Computer Mediated Social Space» (Ph. D. diss., UCLA, 2001), 157-158.

Глава 6

1. Ben Charny, «MobileStar Lays Off Staff, Seeks Sale», CNET News.com, 10 October 2001, «http://news.com.com/2100-1033-274214. html?legacy=cnet» (21 February 2002).

2. Mark Ashurst, «Africa: Now, a 'Quiet Revolution': Mobile Phones Leapfrog an Obstacle to Development», Newsweek International, 27 August 2001. See also: Stefan Lehmann, «Wireless Brings the World to Africa», Connect-World Africa 2001, October 2001, «http://www.connect-world.com/docs/articles/cwafricaOl/lehmann_radio_cwafrica01.asp» (22 February 2002).

3. Rob Flickenger, «802. lib Tips, Tricks, and Facts», O'Reilly Network, 2 March 2001, «http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/wire-less/2001/03/02/802. llb_facts.html» (21 Febraary 2002).

4. «Communications Law: An Overview», Legal Information Institute (Cornell Law School), «http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/com-munications.html» (21 February 2002). See also: «Communications Act Of 1934», Federal Communications Commission, «http://www.fcc.gov/ Reports/1934new.pdf» (21 February 2002).

5. Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus Books, 2001).

6. R. H. Coase, «The Federal Communications Commission», Journal of Law and Economics 2 (1959): 10.

7. Lawrence Lessig, «The Internet Under Siege», Foreign Policy, November — December 2001, «http://www.foreignpolicy.com/ issue_novdec_2001/lessig.html» (21 February 2002).

8. Kevin Maney, «Wireless Technology Could Sting Cellular Networks», USA Today, 1 August 2001, «http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/ ccarch/2001-08-01maney.htm» (23 February 2002).

9. Leander Kahney, «Free the Wireless Net!» Wired News, 20 September 2000, «http://www.wired.eom/news/print/0,1294,38803,00.html» (21 February 2002).

10. Kahney, «Free the Wireless Net!»

11. Peter Meyers, «Motley Crew Beams No-Cost Broadband to New York: High Speed, Freed», Village Voice, 15-21 August 2001, «http:// www.villagevoice.com/issues/0133/meyers.php» (22 February 2002).

12. Erika Jonietz, «Unwiring the Web», Technology Review, December 2001, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/innovationll201.asp» (22 February 2002).

13. Jonietz, «Unwiring the Web».

14. Peter Meyers, «In a Pinch, Wi-Fi Fills the Gap», New York Times, 4 October 2001, «http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/04/technology/ circuits/04ACCE.html?ex=100» (23 February 2002).

15. John Markoff, «The Corner Internet Network vs. the Cellular Giants», New York Times, 4 March 2002, «http://www.nytimes. com/2002/03/04/technology/04MESH.html» (6 March 2002).

16. Michael Behar, «The Broadband Militia», Washington Monthly, March 2002, «http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/ 0203.behar.html» (6 March 2002).

17. Rob Flickenger, Building Wireless Community Networks Implementing the Wireless Web (Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly Associates, 2001), «http://www.oreillynet.eom/pub/a/wireless/2001/03/06/recipe.html» (21 February 2002).

18. Ben Charny, «EarthLink Founder Takes to the Air», CNET News.com, 19 December 2001, «http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1004-200-8237110.html» (21 February 2002).

19. «Asia at the Forefront of Wireless LAN Industry», Wireless World Forum, 1 February 2002, «http://www.wirelessworldforum.com/w2fnewsll530.html» (21 February 2002).

20. Ephraim Schwartz, «IBM Hints at Taking Wi-Fi Access National», Infoworld, 10 June 2002, «http://www.idg.net/go. cgi?id=697400»

21. John Edwards, «LANs Without Lines, CIO Magazine, 1 April 2001, «http://www.cio.com/archive/040101/et_content.html» (11 February 2002). See also: «Wireless Bares its Bluetooth at Comdex», USA Today, 15 November 2001, «http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/wireless/2001/ ll/15/comdex-bluetooth.htm» (24 February 2002).

22. Bob Brewin, «UPS to Deploy Bluetooth, Wireless LAN Network», CNN.com, 24 July 2001, «http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/07/24/ups.bluetooth.idg/ » (23 February 2002).

23. Ephraim Schwartz, «Fearless Forecasts», Infoworld.corn 21 December 2001, «http://www.infoworld.com/articles/op/xml/0l/i2/24/011224opwireless.xml» (23 February 2002).

24. Microsoft chairman Bill Gates at the Microsoft Professional Developers Conference, 23 October 2001, reported by David Isenberg in Smart Letter #68, 17 March 2002, «http://isen.com/archives/020317.html» (29 March 2002).

25. Kevin Poulsen, «War Driving by the Bay», The Register, 13 April 2001, «http://www.theregister.co.Uk/content/8/18285.html» (21 February 2002).

26. Meyers, «Motley Crew Beams No-Cost Broadband».

27. Michelle Delio, «Wireless Networks in Big Trouble», Wired News, 20 August 2001. «http://www.wired.com/news/wireless/0,1382,46l87,00.html» (27 December 2001).

28. Paul Festa, «Free Wireless Net Access for the Masses», CNET Netos.com, 26 September 2001, «http://news.cnet.com/news/ 0-1004-200-7301549.html?tag= tp_pr» (11 October 2001).

29. RF Radiation and Electromagnetic Field Safety, «http:// www.arrl.org/news/rfsafety/hbkrf.html» (29 March 2002).

30. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), «http://www.rheingold.com/texts/tft/index.html» (23 February 2002).

31. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993).

32. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House, 2001), 80.

33. Anna Couey, «The Birth of Spread Spectrum: How 'The Bad Boy of Music' and 'The Most Beautiful Girl in the World' Catalyzed a Wireless Revolution — In 1941», MicroTimes 166, 23 June 1997, «http:// www.sirius.be/lamarr.htm» (23 February 2002). See also: Ashley Craddock, «Privacy Implications of Hedy Lamarr's Idea», Wired News, 11 March 1997, «http://www.wired.eom/news/politics/0,1283,2507,00.html» (14 October 2001).

34. Chris Beaumont, «Hedy Lamarr, George Antheil, and the Secret Communications System Patent», «http://www.ncafe.com/chris/pat2/ index.html» (23 February 2002).

35. Peter H. Dana, «Global Positioning System Overview», 1 May 2000, «http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html» (23 February 2002).

36. Brent Hurtig, «Broadband Cowboy», Wired 10.01, January 2002, «http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.01/hendricks_pr.html» (23 February 2002).

37. Nobuo Ikeda, «The Spectrum as Commons: Digital Wireless Technologies and the Radio Policy», RIETI Discussion Paper Series 02-E— 002, March 2002 «http://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/02e002.pdf» (29 March 2002).

38. «AN-MSI Tribal College Wireless Project Overview», «http:// \\ww.anmsi.org/cornmittees/internet_corm/wireless_net.asp» (18 July 2001).

39. «HPWREN Collaborates with Palomar College and SCTCA's Tribal Digital Village: Computer Science Class Includes Multicast Technology Experiments», High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network (HPWREN), 4 January 2002, «http://hpwren.ucsd. edu/news/020104.html» (20 February 2002).

40. Kade L. Twist, «Native Networking Trends: Wireless Broadband Networks», Digital Beat, 20 September 2001, «http://www.benton.org/ DigitalBeat/db092001.html» (23 February 2002).

41. Robert X. Cringely, «The 100 Mile-Per-Gallon Carburetor: How Ultra Wide Band May (or May Not) Change the World», The Pulpit, 24 January 2002, «http://www.pbs.org/cringely/pulpit/pulpit20020124. html» (29 January 2002).

42. Tim Shepard, «Decentralized Channel Management in Scalable Multihop Spread-Spectrum Packet Radio Networks» (Ph. D. diss., MIT, 1995), «ftp://ftp.lcs.mitedu/pub/lcs-pubs/tr.outbox/MIT-LCS-TR-670.ps.qz» (23 February 2002).

43. W. Brian Arthur, Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994).

44. «A Radio on Every Chip in 10 Years», The Register, 4 March 2002, «http://www.theregister.co.Uk/content/3/24267.html» (6 March 2002).

45. Steve Gillmor, «Man in the White Suit», InfoWorld.com, 4 January 2002, «http://www.infoworld.com/articles/op/xml/02/01/07/ 020107opcurve.xml» (24 January 2002).

46. «MeshNetworks Receives Experimental License from FCC Enabling Demonstration of its Mobile Broadband Network Technology», «http://www.meshnetworks.com/pages/newsroom/press_releases/ release_01_09_02.htm» (23 February 2002).

47. «Nokia Introduces First-of-Its-Kind Wireless Broadband Solution at SUPERCOMM 2000», 7 June 2000, «http://press.nokia.com/ PR/200006/782980_ 5.html» (29 January 2002).

48. Sam Joseph, «When Population Density is a Plus», Japan, Inc, June 2001, «http://www.japaninc.com/mag/comp/2001/06/ jun01_filter__pop.html» (23 February 2002).

49. Cybiko, Inc., «http://www.cybiko.com/» (23 January 2002). See also: Cybla.com, «http://www.cybla.com/main.shtml» (23 February 2002).

50. Sam Joseph, «P2P: The Japanese Angle», Japan Inc, April 2001, «http://www.japaninc.net/print.php?articleID=112» (21 December 2001).

51. Jaap Haartsen, «Bluetooth: The Universal Radio Interface for Ad Hoc, Wireless Connectivity», Ericsson Review 3, 1998, «http:// www.ericsson.com/about/publications/review/1998_03/articlel4.shtml» (14 December 2001).

52. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), «http://www.bluetooth.com/sig/about.asp» (23 February 2002).

53. Brewin, «UPS to Deploy Bluetooth».

54. Guy Kewney, «Bluetooth Will Coexist with WLANs, Says Forrester», ZDNET UK News, 22 October 2001, «http://news.zdnet.co.uk/ story/0„t269-s2097796,00.html» (10 November 2001).

55. Hurtig, «Broadband Cowboy».

56. David S. Isenberg, «The Dawn of the Stupid Network», ACM Networker 2.1, February/March 1998, 24-31, «http://www.isen.coni/ papers/Dawnstupid.html» (29 March 2002).

57. GNU Radio, «http://www.gnu.org/software/gnuradio/gnuradio.html» (29 March 2002).

58. Yochai Benkler, «Overcoming Agoraphobia: Building the Commons of the Digitally Networked Environment», Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 287, 1998, «http://www.law.nyu.edu/benklery/ agoraphobia.pdf» (18 November 2001).

59. Kevin Werbach, «Open Spectrum: The Paradise of the Commons», Release 1.0, 19, 10 (November 2001), «http://releasel.edventure.com/ abstracts.cfm?Counter=5423494» (23 February 2002).

60. Quentin Hardy, «The Great Wi-Fi Hope», Forbes, 18 March 2002, «http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2002/0318/056.html» (29 March 2002).

61. Werbach, «Open Spectrum».

62. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (1942; переиздание, New York: Harper, 1975), 82-85. Шумпетер Й. Капитализм, социализм, демократия / Пер. с англ. В. С. Автономова, Л. А. Громова, К. Б. Козлова и др. — М.: Экономика, 1995. — С. 127.

63. Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, 2nd ed. (London and New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 17. [на рус. яз.: Макиавелли. Государь. — Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс, 1998. — С. 68.

64. Lessig, The Future of Ideas, 230.

Глава 7

1. Epigraph: Vincente Rafael, «The Cell Phone and the Crowd: Messianic Politics in Recent Philippine History», 13 June 2001. «http:// communication.ucsd.edu/people/f__rafael.cellphone.html».

2. Michael Bociurkiw, «Revolution by Cell Phone», Forbes, 10 September 2001, «http://www.forbes.com/asap/2001/0910/028.html» (1 March 2002).

3. Paul de Armond, «Black Flag Over Seattle», Albion Monitor 72, March 2000, «http://www.monitor.net/monitor/seattlewto/index.html» (1 March 2002).

4. Alexander MacLeod, «Call to Picket Finds New Ring in Britain's Fuel Crisis», Christian Science Monitor, 19 September 2000. See also: Chris Marsden, «Britain's Labour Government and Trade Union Leaders Unite to Crush Fuel Tax Protest», World Socialist Web Site, 15 September 2000, «http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/sep2000/fuel-sl5.shtml» (1 March 2002).

5. Steve Mann and Hal Niedzviecki, Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer (Mississauga: Dou-bleday Canada, 2001), 177-178.

6. Critical Mass, «http://www.critical-mass.org/» (6 March 2002).

7. Anne Torres, «4 SME, Txtng is Lyf», TheFeature com, 18 April 2001, «http://www.thefeature.com» (1 March 2002).

8. Bociurkiw, «Revolution by Cell Phone».

9. Rafael, «The Cell Phone and the Crowd».

10. Arturo Bariuad, «Text Messaging Becomes a Menace in the Philippines», Straits Times, 3 March 2001.

11. Wayne Arnold, «Manila's Talk of the Town Is Text Messaging», New York Times, 5 July 2000, CI.

12. Bariuad, «Text Messaging Becomes a Menace».

13. Rafael, «The Cell Phone and the Crowd».

14. Richard Lloyd Parry, «The TXT MSG Revolution», Independent Digital, 23 January 2001, «http://www.independent.co.uk/story.jsp?story=51748» (1 March 2002).

15. Rafael, «The Cell Phone and the Crowd».

16. De Armond, «Black Flag Over Seattle».

17. David Ronfeldt and John Arquilla, «Networks, Netware, and the Fight for the Future», First Monday 6, 10 (October 2001), «http:// firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_10/ronfeldt/index.html» (1 March 2002).

18. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, eds., Networks and Net-wars— The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2001).

19. Jim Lai, «The Future of Infantry», Mindjack 28, January 2002, «http://www.mindjack.com/feature/landwarrior.htrnl» (1 March 2002).

20. Ian Sample, «Military Palmtop to Cut Collateral Damage», New Scientist, 9 March 2002, «http://www.newscient.ist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99992005» (29 March 2002).

21. Arquilla and Ronfeldt, eds., Networks and Netware, 310-313.

22. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer and Max Lerner, trans. George Lawrence (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 483-484. [на рус. яз.: Демократия в Америке. / Пер. с фр. В. Олейника. — М.: Прогресс-Литера, 1994. — Кн. 2. — С.377-378.

23. Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

24. Nick Montfort, «My Pager, My Matchmaker», Ziff Davis Smart Business, 7 July 2000, «http://techupdate.zdnet.eom/techupdate/stories/ main/0,14179,2577889,00.html» (1 March 2002).

25. «Bleep at First Sight», Reuters, 15 May 1998, «http://www.wired. com/news/news/culture/story/12342.html » (1 March 2002).

26. Craig Wilson, «'Gaydar' Device Clears Up Mixed Signals», USA Today, 25 February 2000, «http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/ review/crg942.htm» (1 March 2002).

27. Montfort, «My Pager, My Matchmaker»..

28. ImaHima, «http://www.imahima.com/index. jsp» (1 March 2002).

29. Diego Ibarguen, «Tracking Celebrities Via Cell Phones, Web Sites», San Francisco Chronicle, 21 January 2001.

30. Justin Hall, «Mobile Reporting: Peer-to-Peer News», The-Feature.com, 20 February 2002, «http://www.thefeature.com/printable.jsp?pageid=14274» (1 March 2002).

31. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg

32. Gerd Kortuem et al., «Close Encounters: Supporting Mobile Collaboration through Interchange of User Profiles», in Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC99), 1999, Karlsruhe, Germany, «http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/ research/wearables/Papers/HUC99-kortuem.pdf» (6 March 2002).

33. ImaHima Press Releases, shttp://www.imahima.com/en/news3. html» (1 March 2002).

34. Deborah Mendez-Wilson, «Users Turned to Pagers When Phone Lines Went Down in Crisis», Wireless Week, 24 September 2001, «http:// www.wirelessweek.com/index.asp?layout=story amp;articleId=CAl60205» (1 March 2002).

35. John Geirland, «Mobile Community», TheFeature.com, 24 September 2001, «http://thefeature.com/article.jsp?pageid=12836» (1 March 2002).

36. ENGwear: Wearable Wireless Systems for Electronic News Gathering, «http://www.eyetap.org/hi/ENGwear/» (1 March 2002).

37. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 175-176.

38. Hall, «Mobile Reporting».

39. Henry Jenkins, «Digital Renaissance», Technology Review, March 2002, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/jenkins0302.asp» (24 February 2002).

40. Gerd Kortuem et al., «When Peer-to-Peer Comes Face-to-Face: Collaborative Peer-to-Peer Computing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks», 2001 International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P2001), 27-29 August 2001, Linkoping, Sweden, «http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/ research/wearables/Papers/p2p2001.pdf» (6 March 2002).

41. T. G. Zimmerman, «Personal Area Networks: Near-Field In-trabody Communication», IBM Systems Journal 35, 3 amp;4 (1996), «http:// www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/mit/sectione/zimmerman.html» (6 March 2002).

42. Kortuem et al., «When Peer-to-Peer Comes».

43. Paul Rankin, «Context-Aware Mobile Phones: The Difference Between Pull and Push, Restoring the Importance of Place», Philips Research Laboratories, Redhill, Surrey, U. K.

44. Jay Schneider et al., «Auranet: Trust and Face-to-Face Interactions in a Wearable Community», Technical Report WCL-TR15, July 2001, «http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/research/wearables/Papers/ auranet.pdf» (6 March 2002).

45. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N. Y: Doubleday, 1959).

46. Jay Schneider et al., «Disseminating Trust Information in Wearable Communities», 2-nd Internacional Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC2K), 25-27 September 2000, Bristol, England, «http://www.es. uoregon.edu/research/wearables/Papers/HUC2K.pdf» (6 March 2002).

47. Gerd Kortuem et al, «When Cyborgs Meet: Building Communities of Cooperating Wearable Agents», Proceedings Third International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 18-19 October 1999, San Francisco, California,«http://www.computer.org/proceedings/iswc/0428/04280124abs. htm» (6 March 2002).

48. Natalie S. Glance and Bernardo A. Huberman, «The Dynamics of Social Dilemmas», Scientific American, March 1994, 76-81.

49. Mark Granovetter, «Threshold Models of Collective Behavior», American Journal of Sociology 83, 6 (1978): 1420-1443.

50. Michael Suk-Young Chwe, Rational Ritual. Culture, Coordination, and Common Knowledge (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), «http://www.chwe.net/michael/r.pdf» (6 March 2002).

51. Kevin Kelly, Out of Control (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1994), «http://www.kk.org/outofcontrol/index.html» (6 March 2002).

52. William Benzon, Beethoven's Anvil. Music in Mind and Culture (New York: Basic Books, 2001).

53. William Morton Wheeler, Emergent Evolution and the Development of Societies (New York: WW. Norton, 1928).

54. Steven Johnson, Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software (New York: Scribner, 2001).

55. Bernardo A. Huberman, «The Social Mind», in Origins of the Human Brain, ed. Jean-Pierre Changeux and Jean Chavaillon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 250.

56. Kay-Yut Chen, Leslie R. Fine, and Bernardo Huberman, «Forecasting Uncertain Events with Small Groups», HP Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, 3 August 2001, «http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id=278601» (6 March 2002).

57. Norman Johnson et al., «Symbiotic Intelligence: Self-Organizing Knowledge on Distributed Networks, Driven by Human Interaction», в отчете Artificial Life VI: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life (Complex Adaptive Systems, No. 6), ed. С Adami, R. Belew, H. Kitano, and C. Taylor (Cambridge: Bradford Books/MIT Press, 1998).

58. George Dyson, Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997).

59. Johnson et al, «Symbiotic Intelligence».

Глава 8

1. Epigraph: Langdon Winner, «Whatever Happened to the Electronic Cottage?» Tech Knowledge Review 3.23, 27 July 2001. «http:// www.oreilly.com/people/staff/stevet/netfuture/2001/Jul2701_121. html#3», 17 March 2002.

2. Epigraph: Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage, 2000).

3. Rich Ling and Per Helmersen, «It Must Be Necessary, It Has to Cover a Need: The Adoption of Mobile Telephony Among Pre-Adolescents and Adolescents», in The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: The Proceedings from a Seminar About Society, Mobile Telephony, and Children, Telenor R amp;D N 38/2000, ed. Rich Ling and Kristin Trane, 26 June 2000, 19-23, «http://www.telenor.no/fou/prosjekter/Fremtidens_Brukere/ seminarer/mobilpresentasjoner/Proceedmgs%20_FoU%20notat_.pdf» (4 February 2002).

4. Nicola Green, «Outwardly Mobile: Young People and Mobile Technologies», in Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, and Public Performance, ed. by Mark Aakhus and James Katz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

5. Howard Rheingold, «Look Who's Talking», Wired 7.01, January 1999, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/7.01/amish.html» (18 March 2002).

6. Jane Wakefield, «Watching Your Every Move», BBC News Online, 7 February 2002, «http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_ 1789000/1789157. stm» (16 March 2002).

7. Stuart Millar and Paul Kelso, «Liberties Fear Over Mobile Phone Details», The Guardian, 27 October 2001, «http://politics.guardian.co.uk/ attacks/story/0,1320,581861,00.html» (18 March 2002).

8. Declan McCullagh, «Call It Super Bowl Face Scan 1», Wired News, 2 February 2001, «http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,41571,00.html» (18 March 2002).

9. Ryan Naraine, «Face Recognition, Via Cell-Phones», Symobile, 27 March 2002, «http://www.symobile.com/comtex/content.cfm?transmit_id=2002086a9917» (29 March 2002).

10. George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (London: Martin Seeker and Warburg, 1949).

11. David Lyon, The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994).

12. Steve Mann, «Smart Clothing: The Wearable Computer and Wear-Cam», Personal Technologies 1, 1 (March 1997), «http://wearcam.org/ personaltechnologies/» (18 March 2002).

13. Steven K. Feiner, «The Importance of Being Mobile: Some Social Consequences of Wearable Augmented Reality Systems», Proceedings of IWAR 99 (International Workshop on Augmented Reality), San Francisco, California, 20-21 October, 1999, 145-148, «http://www.cs.columbia.edu/graphics/publications/FEINERiwar99.pdf» (18 March 2002).

14. Graeme Wearden, «Can 3G Phones Capture Criminals?» ZDNet News, 22 March 2002, «http://zdnet.com.com/2100-1105-867005.html» (27 March 2002).

15. Gary T. Marx, «The Surveillance Society: The Threat of 1984-Style Techniques», The Futurist, June 1985, 21-26.

16. Gary T Marx, Undercover: Police Surveillance in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).

17. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 39.

18. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish. The Birth of the Prison (London: Tavistock, 1977), 27.

19. Michel Foucault, «Panopticism», in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 195-228.

20. Winner, «Whatever Happened to the Electronic Cottage?»

21. Jan English-Leuck et al, The Silicon Valley Cultures Project, «http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/anthropology/svcp/» (23 March 2002), quoted in Winner.

22. Byron Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places (Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

23. D. C, Dryer, С Eisbach, and W S. Ark, «At What Cost Pervasive? A Social Computing View of Mobile Computing Systems», IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1999), «http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/384/ dryer.html» (29 March 2002).

24. Mark Pesce, The Playful World. How Technology Is Transforming Our Imagination (New York: Ballantine, 2000). See also: The Playful World, «http://www.playfulworld.com/» (23 March 2002).

25. Leslie Haddon, «The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: Framing Questions», в отчете The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: The Proceedings from a Seminar About Society, Mobile Telephony, and Children, Telenor R amp;D N 38/2000, ed. Rich Ling and Kristin Trane, 26 June 2000, 2-6, «http://www.telenor.no/fou/prosjekter/Fremtidens_Brakere/seminarer/mobilpresentasjoner/Proceedings%20_FoU%20notat_.pdf» (31 January 2002).

26. Leopoldina Fortunati, «The Mobile Phone: New Social Categories and Relations», in The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: The Proceedings from a Seminar About Society, Mobile Telephony, and Children, Telenor R amp;D N 38/2000, ed. Rich Ling and Kristin Trane, 26 June 2000, 9-12, «http://www.teIenor.no/fou/prosjekter/Fremtidens_Brukere/seminarer/mobilpresentasjoner/Proceedings%20_FoU%20notat_.pdf» (31 January 2002).

27. Rich Ling and Birgitte Yttri, «Hyper-Coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway», in Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Prj. vate Talk, and Public Performance, ed. Mark Aakhus and James Katz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

28. Pasi Maenpaa, «Mobile Communication as a Way of Urban Life» in Ordinary Consumption, ed. Allen Warde and Jukka Gronow (London' Routledge, 2001), 107.

29. Barry Wellman, «Physical Place and CyberPlace: The Rise of Personalized Networking», International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, 2 (2001): 227-252, «http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/ publications/individualism/ijurr3al.htm» (29 March 2002).

30. Barry Wellman, «Little Boxes, Glocalization, and Networked Individualism», forth coming in Digital Cities II: Computational and Sociological Approaches, ed. Makoto Tanabe, Peter van den Besselaar, and Tom Ishida. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science: The State of the Art Series (Berlin: SpringerVerlag, 2002).

31. Leopoldina Fortunati, «The Ambiguous Image of the Mobile Phone», in Communications on the Move: The Experience of Mobile Telephony in the 1990s, ed. L. Haddon, COST248 Report, Telia, Farsta.

32. Wellman, «Little Boxes, Glocalization, and Networked Individualism».

33. Haddon, «The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony».

34. Fortunati, «The Mobile Phone».

35. T. W Adorno and M. Horkheimer, «The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception», в книге The Dialectic of Enlightenment, trans. John Cumming (New York: Herder and Herder, 1972) [на рус. яз.: Культуриндустрия. Просвещение как обман масс // Макс Хоркхай-мер, Теодор В. Адорно, Диалектика просвещения. Философские фрагменты / Пер. с нем. М. Кузнецова. — М.-СПб.: Медиум, Ювен-та, 1997, с. 149-209].

36. Jean BaudriUard, «Simulacra and Simulations», in Jean Baudril-lard, Selected Writings, ed. Mark Poster (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), 166-184.

37. Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business (New York: Viking, 1985).

38. Robert McChesney, Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1999).

39. John Leyden, «NTT DoCoMo Pays $217m to Put Spam Back in the Can», The Register, 7 апреля 2001, «http://www.theregister.co.uk/ content/5/20182.html» (18 March 2002).

40. Harold Lasswell, in Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, trans. J. Wilkinson (New York: Knopf, 1964).

41. Lewis Mumford, The Myth of the Machine (New York: Harcourt, Brace, amp; World, 1966).

42. Joseph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976).

43. Martin Heidegger, «The Question Concerning Technology», в книге Martin Heidegger Basic Writings, ed. David Krell (New York: Harper amp; Row, 1977). [на рус. яз.: Вопрос о технике // Хайдеггер М. «Время и бытие: статьи и выступления» / Пер. с нем. и комм. В. Бибихина. — М.: Республика, 1993. — С. 221-238. («Мыслители XX века»)].

44. N. Katherine Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).

45. Mark Dery, Escape Velocity Cyberculture at the End of the Century (New York: Grove Press, 1996).

46. Raymond Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence (London: Penguin Viking, 1999).

47. Jeremy Lovell, «Briton Wires Nervous System to a Computer», Reuters, 22 March 2002, «http://story.news.yahoo.com/news7tmpH story amp;cid=581 amp;u=/nm/20020322/tc_nm/britain_cybernetics_dc_2» (27 March 2002).

48. Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York: Penguin Books, 1982).

49. Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (New York: William Morrow, 1980).

50. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (New York: Random House, 2001).

51. С. М. Kornbluth, «The Marching Morons», Galaxy, April 1951.

52. Sean Griffin, «Walt Disney Programs», «http://www.museurn. tv/ archives/etv/W/htmlW/waltdisneyp/waltdisneyp.htm».

53. Jack Valenti, «Home Recording of Copyrighted Works», Hearings Before Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-Seventh Congress, 12, 13, 14 April, 24 June, 22 и 23 September 1982, «http://cryptome.org/hrcwhear.htm».

54. Electronic Frontier Foundation, «Consensus at Lawyerpoint: Being a True Account of the Undertakings of the Broadcast Protection Discussion Group», «http://bpdg. blogs. eff.org».

55. Motion Picture Association of America, «Content Protection Status Report», «http://judiciary.senate.gov/special/content_protection. pdf».

56. Electronic Frontier Foundation, «Hollywood Wants to Plug the Analog Hole», «http://bpdg.blogs.eff.org/archives/000113».

57. Dan Gillmor, «Bleak Future Looms If You Don't Take a Stand», Mercury News, 23 March 2002, «http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/ siliconvalley/2922052.htm» (27 March 2002).

58. Yochai Benkler, «From Consumers to Users: Shifting the Deeper Structures of Regulation Toward Sustainable Commons and User Access», Federal Communications Law Journal 52, 3 (2000): 561, «http:// www.law.indiana.edu/fclj/pubs/v52/no3/benklerl.pdf» (23 March 2002).

59. Steven Johnson, Emergence. The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains Cities, and Software (New York: Scribner, 2001), 100.

60. Anthony M. Townsend, «Life in the Real-Time City: Mobile Telephones and Urban Metabolism», Journal of Urban Technology 7, 2 (August 2000), 87.

61. Jeff Goldman, «The City Transformed», TheFeature com,

22 November 2001, «http://www.thefeature.com/index.jsp?url-article.jsp?pageid=13458» (27 March 2002).

62. Townsend, «Life in the Real-Time City», 104.

63. William J. Mitchell, City of Bits Space, Place, and the Info-bahn (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995). See also: The City of Bits Web Site, «http://mitpress2.mit.edu/e-books/City_of_Bits/index.html» (27 March 2002).

64. William J. Mitchell, «The Revenge of Place», in report Proceedings, Third International Space Syntax Symposium, Atlanta, 2001, «http:// undertow.arch.gatech.edu/homepages/3sss/papers_pdf/01_mitchell.pdf» (29 March 2002).

65. Andy Clark, «Natural-Born Cyborgs?» in Cognitive Technology Instruments of Mind, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Cognitive Technology, ed. M. Benyon, С Nehaniv, and K. Dautenhahn (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2001), 17.

66. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (New York: Simon amp; Schuster, 1985).

67. Vannevar Bush, «As We May Think», Atlantic Monthly, July 1945.

68. Rheingold, Tools for Thought.

69. J. С R. Licklider, «Man-Computer Symbiosis», IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics HFE-1, March 1960, 4. Reprinted in In Memoriam. J. С R. Licklider, 1915-1990 (Palo Alto: Digital Systems Research Center, 1990), 1.

70. M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine: J. С R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal (New York: Viking, 2001).

71. D. С Engelbart, «A Conceptual Framework for the Augmentation of Man's Intellect», in Vistas in Information Handling, vol. 1, ed. D. W. Howerton and D. С Weeks (Washington, D. C: Spartan Books, 1963), 1-29.

72. Wright, Nonzero.