Управляющий мозг. Лобные доли, лидерство и цивилизация

Глава 1. Введение

1. Damasio A. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1994.

2. Barkley R. A. ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.

3. Goldberg E. Tribute to Alexandr Romanovich Luria // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1990. P. 1-9.

4. Sontag S. Illness As Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors. New York: Doubleday Books, 1990.

Глава 2. Конец и начало: посвящёние

1. После распада Советского Союза улицы и общественные места, названные в честь советских полубогов и юбилеев, были переименованы — в большинстве случаев им были возвращены предреволюционные названия.

Глава 3. Главный управляющий мозга: лобные доли с первого взгляда

1. Описание трансформации военного лидерства в течение истории см. в: Keegan J. The Mask of Command. New York: Penguin, 1989.

2. Хроническая болезнь Наполеона не имела прямого отношения к мозгу. Как раз наоборот — он страдал геморроидом. Для дальнейшего чтения на тему см.: Neumayr A. Dictators in the Mirror of Medicine: Napoleon, Hitler, Stalin / Trans. D.J. Parent. Bloomington, Ill.: Medi-Ed Press, 1995.

3. Tilney F. The brain: from ape to man. New York: Hoeber, 1928.

4. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

5. Из Wallace W. E. Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture, Painting, Architecture. Southport, Conn.: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 1998.

6. Pinker S. The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial Library, 1995.

Глава 4. Архитектура мозга: начальные сведения

1. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent А. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

2. Magoun H. W. The ascending reticular activating system // Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis. 1952. № 30.

3. Подробнее см. обзор: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

4. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent A. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

5. Ibidem.

6. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

7. Grafman J. et al. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy//Neurology. 1992. Vol. 42, № 8. P. 1493-1496; Lelner H. C, Lelner A. L., Dow R. S. Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? // Behav. Neurosci. 1989. Vol. 103, № 5. P. 998-1008.

8. См.: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

9. McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. 10. P. 408-415; McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202-204.

10. Milner В. Cues to the cerebral organization of memory // Cerebral correlates of conscious experience / Ed. by P. Buser, A. Rougeul-Buser. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978. P. 139-153.

11. См.: Limbic system mechanisms and autonomic function / Ed. by С. H. Hockman. Springfield, Ill.: Charles С. Thomas, 1972.

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13. См. Oakley D., Plotkin H. (Eds.). Brain, behavior and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

14. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

15. Roberts G.W., Leigh P.N., Weinberger D. R. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1993.

16. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

17. Campbell A. W. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

18. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

19. Laria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

20. Damasio A. The Frontal Lobes // Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. P. 360-412.

21. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

22. Goldman-Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain. Part 1. / Ed. by F. Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373-417.

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25. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

Глава 5. Первый ряд оркестра: кора головного мозга

1. Gall F.J. Sur le functions du cerveau. Vol. 1-6. Paris, 1822-1823.

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4. Wernicke С. Der aphasische Symptomencomplex. Breslau, 1874.

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7. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349-366.

8. Diamond M. С. Rat forebrain morphology: Right-left; male-female; young-old; enriched-impoverished // Cerebral laterality in nonhuman species / Ed. by S. D. Glick. New York: Academic Press, 1985; Diamond M. C., Dowling G. A, Johnson R. E. Morphologic cerebral cortical asymmetry in male and female rats // Exp. Neurol. 1981. Vol. 71, № 2. P. 261-268.

9. Geschwind N., Levitsky W. Human brain: left-right asymmetries in temporal speech region // Science. 1968. Vol. 161, № 837. P. 186-187.

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11. Gannon P. J. et al. Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog // Science. 1998. Vol. 279, № 5348. P. 220-222.

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13. Sandu S., Cook P., Diamond M. C. Rat cortical estrogen receptors: Male-female, right-left // Experimental Neurology. 1985. Vol.92, № l. P. 186-196.

14. Glick S. D. et al. Multiple and interrelated functional asymmetries in rat brain // Life Sci. 1979. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 395-400.

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21. Обзор см. в: Springer S., Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain: Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1997.

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26. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. Vol. 10. 1996. P. 3-10.

27. Shadmehr R., Holcomb H. H. Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation // Science. 1997. Vol. 277, № 5327. P. 821-825.

28. Hater R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1-2. P. 134-143.

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30. Raichle M. E. et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 26.

31. Tulving E. et al. Novelty and familiarity activations in PET studies of memory encoding and retrieval // Cereb. Cortex. 1996. Vol. 6, № 1. P. 71-79.

32. Vygotsky L. Thought and Language / Ed. by A. Kozulin. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.

33. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

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38. Sacks 0. W. Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science // Hidden histories of Science / Ed. by R. B. Silver. New York: New York Review, 1996. P. 141-187.

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40. Goldberg E. Associative agnosias and the functions of the left hemisphere // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1990. Vol. 12, № 4. P. 467-484.

41. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517.

42. Martin A., Ungerleider L. G., Haxby J. V. Category Specificity and the Brain: The Sensory/Motor Model of Semantic Representation of Objects // The New Cognitive Neuroscience / Ed. by M. S. Gazzaniga. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.

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Глава 6. Дирижёр : более детальный взгляд на лобные доли

1. Raichle M. E. et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 8-26.

2. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. 1996. Vol. 10. P. 3-10.

3. Jacobsen C. F. Functions of the frontal association area in primates // Archives of Neurological Psychaitry. 1935. Vol. 33. P. 558-569; Jacobsen C. F., Nissen H. W. Studies of cerebral function in primates. IV. The effects of frontal lobe lesion on the delayed alternation habit in monkeys // Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology. 1937. Vol. 23. P. 101-112.

4. Luria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

5. Goldman-Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain, part 1. / Ed. by F Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373-417.

6. Fuster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

7. Fuster J. M. Temporal organization of behavior (Introduction) // Human Neurobiology. 1985. Vol. 4. P. 57-60.

8. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

9. Funahashi S., Bruce С. J., Goldman-Rakic P. S. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex // J. Neurophysiol. 1989. Vol. 61, № 2. P. 331-349.

10. Courtney S. M. et al. Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex // Cereb. Cortex. 1996. Vol. 6, № 1. P. 39-49.

11. Funahashi S., Bruce С. J., Goldman-Rakic P. S. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex // J. Neurophysiol. 1989. Vol. 61, № 2. P. 331-349.

12. Goldberg E. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296.

13. Goldberg E. et al. Early diagnosis of frontal-lobe dementias. Presented at the Eighth Congress of International Psychogeriatric Association, Jerusalem, Israel, 1997.

14. См. обзор: Alzheimer's Disease / Ed. by B. Reisberg. New York: The Free Press, 1983.

Глава 7. У каждой доли свой удел: стили принятия решений и лобные доли

1. Talairach J., Tournoux P. Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. New York: Thieme, 1988.

2. Ebstein R. P. et al. Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of novelty seeking // Nat. Genet. 1996. Vol. 12, № 1. P. 78-80.

3. Goldberg E. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296.

4. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349-366.

5. Diamond M. С Rat forebrain morphology: Right-left; male-female; young-old; enriched-impoverished // Cerebral laterality in nonhuman species / Ed. by S. D. Glick. New York: Academic Press, 1985; Diamond M. C, Dowling G. A., Johnson R. E. Morphologic cerebral cortical asymmetry in male and female rats // Exp. Neurol. 1981. Vol. 71, № 2. P. 261-268; Glick S. D. et al. Multiple and interrelated functional asymmetries in rat brain // Life Sci. 1979. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 395-400; Glick S. D., Ross D. A, Hough L. B. Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain // Brain Res. 1982. Vol. 234, № 1. P. 53-63

6. Glick S. D., Ross D. A, Hough L B. Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain // Brain Res. 1982. Vol. 234, № 1. P. 53-63; Sandu S. Cook P., Diamond M. C. Rat cortical estrogen receptors: Male-female, right-left // Experimental Neurology. 1985. Vol. 92, № 1. P. 186-196.

7. Glick S. D., Ross D. A, Hough L. B. Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain // Brain Res. 1982. Vol. 234, № 1. P. 53-63.

8. См. обзор: Goldberg E. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296; Springer S., Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain: Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1997; Lewis D. W., Diamond M. C. The Influence of the Gonadal Steroids on the Assymetry of the Cerebral Cortex // Brain Assymetry / Ed. by R. J. Davidson, K. Hugdahl. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995. P. 31-50.

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10. Shapiro E., Shapiro A. K., Clarkin J. Clinical psychological testing in Tourette's syndrome // J. Pers. Assess. 1974. Vol. 38, № 5. P. 464-478.

11. Andersen S. L., Teicher M. H. Sex differences in dopamine receptors and their relevance to ADHD // Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2000. Vol. 24, № l. P. 137-141.

12. Min 5. К et al. Positive and negative symptoms and regional cerebral perfusion in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenic patients: a high-resolution SPECT study // Psychiatry Res. 1999. Vol. 90, № 3. P. 159-168; Gur R. E., Resnick S. M., Gur R. С Laterality and frontality of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in schizophrenia: relationship to symptom specificity // Psychiatry Res. 1989. Vol. 27, № 3. P. 325-334.

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15. Goldberg E. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296.

16. Kimura D. Sex differences in cerebral organization for speech and praxic functions // Can. J. Psychol. 1983. Vol. 37, № 1. P. 19-35.

17. Wood F. В., Flowers D. L., Naylor С. Е. Cerebral laterality in functional neuroimaging // Cerebtal laterality: Theory and research. The Toledo Symposium / Ed. by F. L. Kittle. Hillside, HJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991. P. 103-115.

18. Shaywltz В. А. et al. Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language // Nature. 1995. Vol. 373, № 6515. P. 607-609.

19. Witelson S. F. The brain connection: The corpus callosum is larger in left-handers // Science. 1985. Vol. 229. P. 665-668; Habib M. et al. Effects of handedness and sex on the morphology of the corpus callosum: a study with brain magnetic resonance imaging // Brain Cogn. 1991. Vol. 16, № 1. P. 41-61.

20. Harasty J. et al. Language-associated cortical regions are proportionally larger in the female brain // Arch. Neurol. 1997. Vol. 54, № 2. P. 171-176; Harasty J. Language processing in both sexes: evidence from brain studies // Brain. 2000. Vol. 123, № Pt 2. P. 404-406.

21. Mishkin M., Pribram К. Н. Analysis of the effects of frontal lesions in monkeys: I. Variations of delayed alterations // Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology. 1955.Vol. 48. P. 492-495; Mishkin AL, Pribram К. Н. Analysis of the effects of frontal lesions in the monkey: II. Variations of delayed response // Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology. 1956. Vol. 49. P. 36—40.

22. Goldberg E. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296.

23. Bradshaw J., Rogers L. The Evolution of Lateral Assymetries, Language, Tool Use, and Intellect. San Diego: Academic Press, 1993.

24. Springer S., Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain: Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1997.

25. Ibidem.

26. Из разговора с Мортимером Мишкиным.

27. Goldberg Е. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296.

28. Ebsteln R. P. et al. Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of novelty seeking // Nat. Genet. 1996. Vol. 12, № 1. P. 78-80; Benjamin J. et al. Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of Novelty Seeking // Nat. Genet. 1996. Vol. 12, № 1. P. 81-84.

29. Orsini D. L, Satz P. A syndrome of pathological left-handedness. Correlates of early left hemisphere injury // Arch. Neurol. 1986. Vol. 43, № 4. P. 333-337; Satz P. et al. The pathological left-handedness syndrome // Brain Cogn. 1985. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 27-46.

30. Rajkowska G., Goldman-Rakic P. S. Cytoarchitectonic definition of prefrontal areas in the normal human cortex: II. Variability in locations of areas 9 and 46 and relationship to the Talairach Coordinate System // Cereb. Cortex. 1995. Vol. 5, № 4. P. 323-337; Rajkowska G., Goldman-Rakic P. S. Cytoarchitectonic definition of prefrontal areas in the normal human cortex: I. Remapping of areas 9 and 46 using quantitative criteria // Cereb. Cortex. 1995. Vol. 5, № 4. P. 307-322.

31. Gardner H. E. Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice. New York: Basic Books, 1993.

32. Goleman D. Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books, 1997.

33. Gould S. J. The mismeasure of man. New York: W.W. Norton, 1981.

34. Witelson S. F., Kigar D. L., Harvey T. The exceptional brain of Albert Einstein // Lancet. 1999. Vol. 353, № 9170. P. 2149-2153.

35. Frith C. D., Frith U. Interacting minds — a biological basis // Science. 1999. Vol. 286, № 5445. P. 1692-1695.

36. Ibidem.

37. Gallup G. G. Jr., Absence of self-recognition in a monkey (Macaca fascicularis) following prolonged exposure to a mirror // Dev. Psychobiol. 1977. Vol. 10, № 3. P. 281-284; Hauser M. D. et al. Self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. Vol. 92, № 23. P. 10811-10814.

38. Hauser M. D. et al. Self-recognition in primates: phyiogeny and the salience of species-typical features // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. Vol. 92, № 23. P. 10811-10814.

39. Frith C. D., Frith U. Interacting minds — a biological basis // Science. 1999. Vol. 286, № 5445. P. 1692-1695.

40. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

41. Ibidem.

Глава 8. Когда лидер ранен

1. Damasio A. Descartes' Error; Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1994.

2. Goldberg E. Introduction: The Frontal Lobes in Neurological and Psychiatric Conditions // Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 1992. Vol. 5, № 4. P. 231-232.

3. Ibidem.

4. Lilja A. et al. Frontal lobe dynamics in brain tumor patients: a study of regional cerebral blood flow and affective changes before and after surgery // Journal of Nervous and Mental Dis. 1992.

5. Nobler M. S. et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disorders, III. Treatment and clinical response // Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994. Vol. 51, № 11. P. 884-897.

6. Risberg J. Regional cerebral blood flow measurements by 133Xe-inhalation: methodology and applications in neuropsychology and psychiatry // Brain Lang. 1980. Vol. 9, № 1. P. 9-34.

7. Honer W, G. et al. Scopolamine reduces frontal cortex perfusion // J. Cereb. Blood. Flow. Metab. 1988. Vol. 8, № 5. P. 635-641.

8. Goldberg E. et al. Early diagnosis of frontal-lobe dementias. Presented at the Eighth Congress of International Psychogeriatric Association, Jerusalem, Israel, 1997.

9. Goldberg E. Introduction: The Frontal Lobes in Neurological and Psychiatric Condotions // Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 1992. Vol. 5, № 4. P. 231-232.

10. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

11. Luria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

12. Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Qualitative indices in neuropsychological assessment: An extension of Luria's approach to executive deficit following prefrontal lesion // Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatry disorders / Ed. by I. Grant, К. М. Adams. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. P. 48-64.

13. См.: Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

14. Moniz E. Essai d'un traitement chirurgical de certaines psychoses // Bulletin de l'Academie de Medicine. 1936. Vol. 115. P. 385-392.

15. См.: Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

16. Доктор Роберт Яконо, личное сообщение.

17. Ploghaus A. et al. Dissociating pain from its anticipation in the human brain // Science. 1999. Vol. 284, № 5422. P. 1979-1981.

18. Inguar D. H. Memory of the future: an essay on the temporal organization of conscious awareness // Hum. Neurobiol. 1985. Vol. 4, № 3. P. 127-136

19. Из: Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Qualitative indices in neuropsychological assessment: an extension of Luria's approach to executive deficit following prefrontal lesion // Neurpsychological Assessment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders / Ed. by I. Grant, К. М. Adams. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. P. 55.

20. Lhermitte F. Utilization behavior and its relationship to lesions of the frontal lobes // Brain. 1983. Vol. 106. P. 237-255.

21. Для более глубокого обзора см.: Lezak M. D. Neuropsychological assessment. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

22. П. С. Голдман-Ракич (из беседы).

23. Brodmann К. Neue Ergebnisse uber die vergleichende histologische Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Stirnhirns // Anat Anz. 1912. Vol. 41. Suppl. P. 157—216. Цит. по: Fuster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

24. Barkley R. A. ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.

25. Rauch S. L. et al. Regional cerebral blood flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder using oxygen 15-labeled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomography // Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994. Vol. 51, № 1. P. 62-70.

26. Luria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

27. Goldberg E., Tucker D. Motor Perseverations and Long-Term Memory for Visual Forms // Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology. 1979. Vol. 1, № 4. P. 273-288.

28. Grant D. A., Berg E. A. A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem // Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1948. Vol. 38. P. 404-411.

29. См. обзор: Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

30. Goldberg E., Barr W. B. Three Possible Mechanisms of Unawareness Deficit // Awareness of Deficit After Brain Injury / Ed. by G.Prigatano, D. Schacter. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. P. 152-175.

31. Ibidem.

Глава 9. Социальная зрелость, моральность, право и лобные доли

1. Oppenhelm H. Zur Pathologie der Grosshirngeschwulste // Archives of Psychiatry. 1889. Vol. 21. P. 560.

2. Schore A. Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc, 1999.

3. Anderson S. W. et al. Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex // Nat. Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 2, № 11. P. 1032-1037.

4. Posner M. I., Rothbart M. К. Attention, self-regulation and consciousness // Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 1998. Vol. 353, № 1377. P. 1915-1927.

5. Yakovlev P. I., Lecours A. R. The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain // Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life / Ed. by A. Minkowski. Oxford: Blackwell, 1967. P. 3-70.

6. Golding W. Lord of the Flies. Reprint edition. Mattituck, NY: Amereon Ltd, 1999.

7. Volavka J. Neurobiology of Violence. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1995; Raine A. The Psychopathology of Crime: Criminal Behavior as a Clinical Disorder. San Diego: Academic Press, 1993.

8. Goldberg Е. et al. A reticulo-frontal disconnection syndrome // Cortex. 1989. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 687-695.

9. Raine A., Buchsbaum M., LaCasse L. Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography // Biol. Psychiatry. 1997. Vol. 42, № 6. P. 495-508.

10. Raine A et al. Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder // Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2000. Vol. 57, № 2. P. 119-127; discussion P. 128-129.

11. Luria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

12. Goldberg E. et al. The executive control battery // Psych. Press. Australia, 2000; Goldberg E. et al. Test for bedomning av exekutive dysfunktion // Psykologiforlaget AB. Sweden, 1997.

13. Для описания см.: Lezak M. D. Neuropsychological assessment. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

14. Sacks O. W. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat: And Other Clinical Tales. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

Глава 10. Роковые разъединения

1. Geshwind N. Disconnection syndromes in animals and man // Brain. 1965. Vol. 88. P. 237-294.

2. Goldberg E. et al. A reticulo-frontal disconnection syndrome // Cortex. 1989. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 687-695.

3. Goldberg E. et al. Retrograde amnesia: possible role of mesencephalic reticular activation in long-term memory // Science. 1981. Vol. 213, № 4514. P. 1392-1394.

4. См. обзор: Hanbook of Schizophrenia // Ed. by H. S. Nasrallah. New York; Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991.

5. Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Edinburgh: E. S. Livingstone, 1919/1971.

6. Berman К F., Zee R. F., Weinberger D. R. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. II. Role of neuroleptic treatment, attention, and mental effort // Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1986. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 126-135; Weinberger D. R., Berman К F., Zee R. F., Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence // Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1986. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 114-124.

7. Milner B. Effects of different brain lesions in card sorting: The role of the frontal lobes // Archives of Neurology. 1963. Vol. 9. P. 100-110; Weinberger D. R., Berman К F., Zee R. F. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence // Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1986. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 114-124.

8. Franzen G., Ingvar D. H. Absence of activation in frontal structures during psychological testing of chronic schizophrenics // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1975. Vol. 38, № 10. P. 1027-1032; Buchsbaum M. S. et al. Anteroposterior gradients in cerebral glucose use in schizophrenia and affective disorders // Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1984. Vol. 41, № 12. P. 1159-1166.

9. Weinberger D. R., Berman К. F. Speculation on the meaning of cerebral metabolic hypofrontality in schizophrenia // Schizophr. Bull. 1988. Vol. 14, № 2. P. 157-168.

10. Valenstein E. The Great and Desperate Cures. New York: Basic Books, 1986.

11. Stevens J. R. An anatomy of schizophrenia? // Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1973. Vol. 29, № 2. P. 177-189; Matthysse 5. Dopamine and the pharmacology of schizophrenia: the state of the evidence // J. Psychiatr. Res. 1974. Vol. 11. P. 107-113.

12. См. обзор: Cooper J. R., Bloom F. E., Roth R. H. The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

13. Carlsson M., Carlsson A. Schizophrenia: a subcortical neurotransmitter imbalance syndrome? // Schizophr. Bull. 1990. Vol. 16, № 3. P. 425-432.

14. См. обзор: Cooper J. R., Bloom F. E., Roth R. H. The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

15. Gershon E. S., Rieder R. O. Major disorders of mind and brain // Sci. Am. 1992. Vol. 267, № 3. P. 126-133.

16. Kolb В., Whishaw I. Q. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. 4th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman Company, 1995.

17. Interagency Head Injury Task Force Report: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health, 1989.

18. Masdeu J. С., Abdel-Dayem H., Van R. Heertum L. Head trauma: use of SPECT // J. Neuroimaging. 1995. Vol. 5 Suppl 1. S. 53-57.

19. Goldberg E., Bougakov D. Novel Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction // International Handbook of Neuropsychological Rehabilitation // Ed. by A.-L. Christensen, B. P. Uzzel. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, 2000. P. 93-112.

20. Ibidem.

21. Barkley R. A. ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.

22. Из Possible Poetry, неопубликованной коллекции стихов, написанной Тоби, когда он был подростком на улицах Сиднея. Печатается с разрешения автора.

23. Tourette G. G. Etude sur une affection nerveuse caracterisee par de l'incoordination motrice accompagnee d'echolalie et de copralalie // Arch. Neur. 1885. Vol. 9.

24. Bazil С. W. Seizures in the life and works of Edgar Allan Рое // Arch. Neurol. 1999. Vol. 56, № 6. P. 740-743; Рое А. Е. The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Рое. New York: Barnes & Nobles Books, 1989.

25. Shapiro E. Shapiro A. K., Clarkin J. Clinical psychological testing in Tourette's syndrome // J. Pers. Assess. 1974. Vol. 38, № 5. P. 464-478.

26. Sheppard D. M. et al. Tourette's and comorbid syndromes: obsessive compulsive and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A common etiology? // Clin. Psychol. Rev. 1999. Vol. 19, № 5. P. 531-552.

27. Sacks O. W. Tourette's syndrome and creativity // British Medical Journal. 1992. Vol. 305. P. 1515-1516.

28. Handler L. Twitch and Shout: A Touretter's Tale. New York: Plume, 1999.

Глава 11. «Как вы можете мне помочь?»

1. Goldberg E. et al. Selective effects of cholinergic treatment on verbal memory in posttraumatic amnesia // J. Clin. Neuropsychol. 1982. Vol. 4, № 3. P. 219-234.

2. Polyakov V. М., Moskovichyute L. I., Simernitskaya Е. G. Neuropsychological Analysis of the Role in Brain Functional Organization in Man // Modern Problems in Neurobiology. Tbilisi, 1986. P. 329-330; Krotkova O. A., Karaseva T. A., Moskovichiute L. I. Lateralization features of the dynamics of higher mental functions following endonasal glutamic acid electrophoresis // Zh. Vopr. Neirokhir. im. N. N. Burdenko. 1982. № 3. P. 48-52; Korsakova N. K., Moskovichyute L. I. Subcortical Structures and Psychological Processes. Moscow: Moscow University Press, 1985; Moskovichyute L. I., Mimura M., Albert M. Selective Effect of Dopamine on Apraxia. Paper presented at the AAN Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 1994.

3. Dobkin B. H., Hanlon R. Dopamine agonist treatment of antegrade amnesia from a mediobasal forebrain injury // Ann. Neurol. 1993. Vol. 33, № 3. P. 313-316.

4. Hobson D. E. Pourcher E., Martin W. R. Ropinirole and pramipexole, the new agonists // Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1999. Vol. 26 Suppl 2. S. 27-33.

5. Ross E. D., Stewart R. M. Akinetic mutism from hypothalamic damage: Successful treatment with dopamine agonists // Neurology. 1981. Vol. 31. P. 1435-1439; Dobkin B. H., Hanlon R. Dopamine agonist treatment of antegrade amnesia from a mediobasal forebrain injury // Ann. Neurol. 1993. Vol. 33, № 3. P. 313-316.

6. Kraus M. F., Maki P. The combined use of amantadine and l-dopa/carbidopa in the treatment of chronic brain injury // Brain Inj. 1997. Vol. 11, № 6. P. 455-460; Kraus M. F., Maki P. M. Effect of amantadine hydrochloride on symptoms of frontal lobe dysfunction in brain injury: case studies and review // J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1997. Vol. 9, № 2. P. 222-230.

7. Golden D. Building a Better Brain // Life. 1994. July. P. 62-70.

8. Damasio A. Descartes' Error, Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1994; Damasio A. The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999.

9. Rowe J. W., Kahn R. L. Successful Aging. New York: Pantheon, 1998.

10. Katzman R. The prevalence and malignancy of Alzheimer's disease: a major killer // Arch. Neurol. 1976. Vol. 33. P. 217.

11. Newell A., Simon H. A. Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972; Simon H. A. et al. Scientific discovery: Exploration of the creative process. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.

12. Hamm R. J. et al. Exposure to environmental complexity promotes recovery of cognitive function after traumatic brain injury // J. Neurotrauma. 1996. Vol. 13, № 1. P. 41-47.

13. Kolb B. Brain Plasticity and Behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995.

14. Heiss W. D. et al. Long-term effects of phosphatidylserine, pyritinol, and cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease. A neuropsychological, EEG, and PET investigation // Dementia. 1994. Vol. 5, № 2. P. 88-98.

15. Gould E. et al. Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998. Vol. 95, № 6. P. 3168-3171.

16. Gould E. et al. Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates // Science. 1999. Vol. 286, № 5439. P. 548-552.

17. Kempermann G., Kuhn H. G., Gage F. H. More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment // Nature. 1997. Vol. 386, № 6624. P. 493-495.

18. Ibidem.

19. Ibidem.

20. Albert M. S. et al. Predictors of cognitive change in older persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging // Psychol Aging. 1995. Vol. 10, № 4. P. 578-589.

21. Snowdon D. A. et al. Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life. Findings from the Nun Study [see comments], Jama. 1996. Vol. 275, № 7. P. 528-532.

22. Ibidem.

23. Dellu F. et al. Facilitation of cognitive performance in aged rats by past experience depends on the type of information processing involved: a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study // Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 1997. Vol. 67, № 2. P. 121-128.

24. Schaie К. W., Willis S. L. Can decline in adult intellectual functioning be reversed? // Developmental Psychology. 1986. Vol. 22, № 2. P. 223.

25. Heiss W. D. et al. Long-term effects of phosphatidylserine, pyritinol, and cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease. A neuropsychological, EEG, and PET investigation // Dementia. 1994. Vol. 5, № 2. P. 88-98.

26. Mirmiran M., van Someren E. J., Swaab D. F. Is brain plasticity preserved during aging and in Alzheimer's disease? // Behav. Brain Res. 1996. Vol. 78, № 1. P. 43-48.

27. Maguire E. A. et al. Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2000. Vol. 97, № 8. P. 4398-4403.

28. McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain. Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202-204; McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. Vol. 10. P. 408-415.

Глава 12. Лобные доли и парадокс лидерства

1. Fodor J. A. Precis of the Modularuty of Mind // The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1985. Vol. 8. P. 1-42.

2. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517; Goldberg E. Higher Cortical Functions in Humans: The Gradiental Approach // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990. P. 229-276; Goldberg E. Rise and fall of modular orthodoxy // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1995. Vol. 17, № 2. P. 193-208.

3. McCulloch W. S., Pitts W. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. 1943 classical article // Bull. Math. Biol. 1990. Vol. 52, № 1-2. P. 99-115.

4. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517.

5. Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

6. Nunn S., Stulberg A. N. The Many Faces of Modern Russia // Foreign Affairs. 2000. Vol. 79, № 2. P. 45-62.

7. Simons M. In New Europe, a Lingual Hodgepodge // The New York Times. 1999. October 17. A4.

8. Ohmae К. The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies. New York: Free Press, 1995.

9. Lewis P. As Nations Shed Roals, Is Medieval the Future? // The New York Times, 1999, January 2. B7, B9.

10. Kaplan R. D. Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. New York: Random House, 2000.

11. Kobrin S. J. Back to the future: neo-medievalism and postmodern digital world // The Journal of International Affairs. 1998. Vol. 51, № 2. P. 361-386.

12. McCulloch W. S., Pitts W. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. 1943 classical article // Bull. Math. Biol. 1990. Vol. 52, № P. 1-2. P. 99-115.

13. Kaplan R. D. Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. New York: Random House, 2000.

14. The Marx-Engels Reader/ Ed. by E. D. Tucker. 2nd ed. New York: W.WNorton, 1978. Эта фраза в качестве лозунга в былые советские времена приобрела определённо садистский оттенок, отдаленно напоминая Arbeit Macht Frei («Труд освобождает» — надпись над воротами Аушвица). В 1968 году — году подавления «Пражской весны», — мрачная шутка ходила по Москве, что тогдашний президент Чехословакии, генерал Свобода, был переименован в генерала Осознанная Необходимость.

Эпилог

1. Spinoza В. Ethics / Trans. A. Boyle. London: Everyman, 1997.

2. Ibidem.

3. McCulloch W. S., Pitts W. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. 1943 classical article // Bull. Math. Biol. 1990. Vol. 52, № 1-2. P. 99-115.

4. Pitts W., McCulloch W. S. How We Know Universals: The perception of Auditory and Visual Forms // Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics. 1947. Vol. 9. P. 127-147.