Zhivago Affair: The Kremlin, the CIA, and the Battle over a Forbidden Book

Notes

Prologue

The Italian was in Peredelkino to charm a poet: The description of May 20, 1956, and D’Angelo’s meeting with Pasternak, including direct quotes, comes from D’Angelo’s memoir Delo Pasternaka (The Pasternak Affair); interviews with D’Angelo in Moscow in September 2007 and in Viterbo, Italy, in May 2012; and numerous email exchanges between the authors and D’Angelo. D’Angelo also provided the authors with an unpublished English-language version of Delo Pasternaka. D’Angelo’s book can be read in English at his website: http://www.pasternakbydangelo.com. D’Angelo acknowledges that in his memoirs he got the date wrong of the Radio Moscow broadcast about Doctor Zhivago, placing it in May, not April. He insists that the May 20 date is correct.

the women wore kerchiefs: “Boris Pasternak: The Art of Fiction No. 25,” interview by Olga Carlisle, The Paris Review 24 (1960): 61–66.

village lore: Lobov and Vasilyeva, “Peredelkino: Skazanie o pisatel’skom gorodke.”

“Entrapping writers within a cocoon of comforts”: Carlisle, Under a New Sky, 13.

“The production of souls”: K. Zelinsky, “Odna vstrecha u M. Gor’kogo. Zapis’ iz dnevnika” (A meeting at M. Gorky’s. Entry from the diary), Voprosy literatury 5 (1991), 166; Ruder, Making History for Stalin, 44.

an Arab and his horse: Tsvetaeva, Art in the Light of Conscience, 22.

“half closing his slanted brown eyes”: “Boris Pasternak: The Art of Fiction No. 25,” interview by Olga Carlisle, The Paris Review 24 (1960): 61–66.

“like speaking to the victims of shipwreck”: Berlin, Personal Impressions, 230.

“like a melting glacier it grew up”: Boris Pasternak, Safe Conduct, 71.

“He always spoke with his peculiar brand of vitality”: Berlin, Personal Impressions, 220.

“Publication abroad would expose me”: Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 376.

the side gate between their gardens: Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive, 145.

“To me a finished literary work is like weapon”: Ibid., 141.

Pasternak remembered Pilnyak: Berlin, Personal Impressions, 225.

“Is it really you?”: Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive, 139.

“to have paper”: Ibid., 156.

All of Pilnyak’s works: Ibid., 157.

24,138,799 copies of “politically damaging” works: Westerman, Engineers of the Soul, 188.

“It was awful”: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 293.

“somnambulistic quality”: Chukovsky, Diary, December 10, 1931, 262.

“My final happiness and madness”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Olga Freidenberg, January 24, 1947, in Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, 263.

“zoological apostasy”: Novy Mir (New World) board to Pasternak, September 1956 letter published in Literaturnaya Gazeta (Literary Gazette) October 25, 1958. See Conquest, Courage of Genius, Appendix II, 136–63.

The manuscript “should be given to anyone who asks for it”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 195.

“Don’t yell at me”: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 37–38.

“a vast white expanse” “Boris Pasternak: The Art of Fiction No. 25,” interview by Olga Carlisle, The Paris Review 24 (1960): 61–66.

The manuscript was 433 closely typed pages: The original manuscript obtained by D’Angelo is held at La Biblioteca della Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Milan.

“You are hereby invited to my execution”: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 13.

nearly 1,500 writers in the Soviet Union were executed or died in labor camps: Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive, 6.

“Art belongs to the people”: Garrard and Garrard, Inside the Soviet Writers’ Union, 27.

“irretrievably second-rate”: Caute, Politics and the Novel During the Cold War, 150.

In the Obozerka forced-labor camp: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 172.

“the skies were deeper”: Victor Frank, “The Meddlesome Poet: Boris Pasternak’s Rise to Greatness,” The Dublin Review (Spring 1958): 52.

“fidelity to poetic truth”: Fyodor Dostoevsky, Dnevnik Pisatelya (A Writer’s Diary), quoted in Wachtel, An Obsession with History, 13.

“deadening and merciless”: Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago (2010), 360.

It was said that British intelligence: Felix Morrow letter to Carl R. Proffer, October 20, 1980, in University of Michigan Special Collections Library: Box 7 of the Ardis Collection Records, Folder heading Ardis Author/Name Files—Morrow, Felix.

Some of Pasternak’s French friends believed: Boris Pasternak, Lettres à mes amies françaises (1956–1960), 41.

a theory that has periodically resurfaced: Dutch intelligence officials believed the target of the printing for the CIA was the Nobel Prize. C. C. van den Heuvel, interview by Petra Couvée, February 22, 1999. See also Chris Vos, De Geheime Dienst: verhalen over de BVD (The Secret Service: Stories about the BVD). The Russian author Ivan Tolstoy most recently gave currency to this thesis in Otmytyi roman Pasternaka, “Doctor Zhivago” mezhdu KGB i TsRU (Pasternak’s Laundered Novel: Between the KGB and the CIA). For the Malta story see “A Footnote to the Zhivago Affair, or Ann Arbor’s Strange Connections with Russian Literature,” in Carl R. Proffer, The Widows of Russia.

the printing was the work of Russian émigrés: The Stanford University scholar Lazar Fleishman made this argument in Vstrecha russkoi emigratsii s “Doktorom Zhivago”: Boris Pasternak i “kholodnaya voina.”

Chapter 1

Bullets cracked: Alexander Pasternak, A Vanished Present, 204.

“the scream of wheeling swifts”: Ibid., 205.

“the air drained clear”: Ibid., 206.

kibitka: Boris Pasternak, “Lyudi i polozheniya” (People and Circumstances), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 3, 328.

“Just imagine when an ocean of blood”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 1, 224; Konstantin Loks, “Povest’ ob odnom desyatiletii 1907–1917” (Tale of a Decade 1907–1917) in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 56.

“overwhelmed” and “intoxicated”: Josephine Pasternak, Tightrope Walking, 82.

“I watched a meeting last night”: This quote up to “the roof over the whole of Russia has been torn off” from Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago (2010), 128.

“What magnificent surgery”: Ibid., 173.

“the abolition of all exploitation”: Smith, The Russian Revolution, 40.

“First, the ideas of general improvement”: Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago (2010), 303.

“I grant you’re all bright lights”: Ibid., 304.

“a man of a dreamy, gentle disposition”: Mark, The Family Pasternak, 110.

“one of those he had described”: Boris Pasternak, I Remember, 67.

“I have observed art and important people”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak,vol. 1, 20; Boris Pasternak letter to M. A. Froman, June 17, 1927, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 8, 42.

“Mother was music”: Mark, The Family Pasternak, 111.

“craving for improvisation”: Boris Pasternak, I Remember, 38.

his natural talents: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 1, 82; Alexander Pasternak, Vanished Present, 135.

“I despised everything uncreative”: Boris Pasternak, I Remember, 40.

a “tipsy society”: Boris Pasternak, Safe Conduct, 23.

“They did not suspect”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 1, 94; Konstantin Loks, “Povest’ ob odnom desyatiletii 1907–1917” (Tale of a Decade 1907-1917), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 37.

“spoke in a toneless voice”: Tsvetaeva, Art in the Light of Conscience, 22.

“not of this world”: Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, 3.

“Borya did all the talking as usual”: Ibid., 10.

“Just try to live normally”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 1, 140; Boris Pasternak letter to A. Stikh, July 4/17 and June 29/July 11, 1912, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 7, 125.

“God, how successful my trip”: Boris Pasternak letter to A. Stikh, June 29/July 11, 1912, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 7, 122.

“wrote poetry not as a rare exception”: Boris Pasternak, I Remember, 76.

“a tuning-up”: Andrei Sinyavsky, “Boris Pasternak” (1965) in Davie and Livingstone, Pasternak: Modern Judgments, 157.

“The relationship remained platonic”: Christopher Barnes, “Notes on Pasternak” in Fleishman, Boris Pasternak and His Times, 402.

“no poet since Pushkin”: Fleishman, Boris Pasternak: The Poet and His Politics, 109.

“why listen to such nonsense?”: “O, kak ona byla smela” (Oh, How Bold She Was) in Yevgeni Pasternak, Ponyatoe i obretyonnoe, stat’i i vospominaniya, 517.

“It is like a conversation with you”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 1, 299; Boris Pasternak letter to Yevgenia Lurye, December 22, 1921, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 7, 376–77.

“Zhenya and Borya”: “O, kak ona byla smela” (Oh, How Bold She Was) in Yevgeni Pasternak, Ponyatoe i obretyonnoe, stat’i i vospominaniya, 520.

“Hemmed in on all sides by noise”: Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 12.

“a man with inarguably more talent”: “O, kak ona byla smela” (Oh, How Bold She Was) in Yevgeni Pasternak, Ponyatoe i obretyonnoe, stat’i i vospominaniya, 511.

Zinaida was born in Saint Petersburg: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 237–44.

“I’ve shown myself unworthy”: Boris Pasternak letter to parents and sisters, March 8, 1931, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 195.

Do not fret, do not cry, do not tax: Translated by Raissa Bobrova. In Boris Pasternak, Poems, 167.

“beauty is the mark of true feelings”: Boris Pasternak letter to Jacqueline de Proyart, August 20, 1959, in Boris Pasternak, Lettres à mes amies françaises (1956–1960), 194–95.

“painfully awkward”: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 273–74.

“I begged her to understand”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Josephine Pasternak, February 11, 1932, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 207.

he gave long, tearful accounts: Gerstein, Moscow Memoirs, 32.

“It was around midnight”: Boris Pasternak letter to Josephine Pasternak, February 11, 1932, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 209.

“In this state of bliss”: Ibid.

“Well, are you satisfied?”: Ibid.

“is much cleverer”: Boris Pasternak, letter to parents and sisters, November 24, 1932, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 230.

“continued loving my father”: “O, kak ona byla smela” (Oh, How Bold She Was) in Yevgeni Pasternak, Ponyatoe i obretyonnoe, stat’i i vospominaniya, 511.

Chapter 2

devastating and prolonged civil war: Alexander Pasternak, Vanished Present, 194; Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 1, 244, 274, and 276.

“Pasternak is uneasy in Berlin”: Shklovsky, Zoo, or Letters Not About Love, 63.

“Amidst Moscow streets”: Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, page xviii.

Berlin said Pasternak: Berlin, Personal Impressions, 222.

“Come to your senses”: Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago (2010), 110.

“late accretion”: Isaiah Berlin, letter to Edmund Wilson, December 23, 1958, in Berlin, Enlightening: Letters 1946–1960, 668.

“My family was interested in music and art”: Jhan Robbins, “Boris Pasternak’s Last Message to the World,” This Week, August 7, 1960.

“last gamble of some croaking publisher”: Tsvetaeva, Art in the Light of Conscience, 21.

“To read Pasternak’s verse”: Osip Mandelstam, Critical Prose and Letters, 168.

“in a downpour”: Tsvetaeva, Art in the Light of Conscience, 22.

“What century is it outside?”: Lydia Pasternak Slater, “About These Poems,” in Boris Pasternak, Poems of Boris Pasternak, 35.

“hothouse aristocrat”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 1, 286.

“It is silly, absurd, stupid”: Trotsky, Literature and Revolution, 31.

“Trotsky was no liberal”: Service, Trotsky, 315.

Pasternak was recovering: Accounts of the meeting in Vil’mont, O Borise Pasternake, vospominaniya i mysli, 93–95; and Boris Pasternak, letter to V. F. Bryusov, August 15, 1922, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 7, 398.

“one remarkable feature”: Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, 161.

black funeral carriage: Montefiore, Stalin, 108.

Pasternak was agitated: Yevgeni Pasternak, Sushchestvovan’ya tkan’ skvoznaya, Boris Pasternak. perepiska s Yev. Pasternak, 379.

“suffered from a serious mental illness”: Montefiore, Stalin, 12.

For the evening at Voroshilov’s: Ibid., 3–22; Chuev, Molotov Remembers, 172–75.

“On the evening before”: Boris Pasternak’s message to Stalin in Literaturnaya Gazeta, November 17, 1932.

“From that moment onwards”: Gerstein, Moscow Memoirs, 348.

passionate, opinionated: Akhmatova, My Half-Century, 85.

We live, deaf to the land beneath us: Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, 13.

In the version: Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive, 172.

“I didn’t hear this”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 61.

playing the ukulele: Akhmatova, My Half-Century, 101.

Mandelstam thought he was doomed: Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive, 175.

“ideological food”: Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution, 238.

“Pasternak is completely bewildered by Mandelstam’s arrest”: Bukharin, letter to Stalin, June 1934, in Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History. Col. : 558, I.: 11, F.: 709, S.: 167.

“Isolate but preserve”: Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive, 182.

“If I were a poet and a poet friend of mine were in trouble”: There are at least eleven versions of this conversation, according to Benedikt Sarnov in Stalin and the Writers. We have relied on the account of Nadezhda Mandelstam, Osip’s widow, who spoke directly with Pasternak about it, albeit sometime after the phone call. See Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, 146–48. We however translate the word master, which was used by Nadezhda Mandelstam in the Russian version of her memoir, as “master” rather than “genius.”

“He was quite right to say”: Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, 149.

“Like many other people in our country”: Ibid., 148.

“something to say”: Berlin, Personal Impressions, 223.

“The immense talent of B. L. Pasternak”: De Mallac, Boris Pasternak, 145.

“Your lines about him”: Clark et al., Soviet Power and Culture: A History in Documents, 322–23.

“I am never sure where modesty ends”: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 119.

“a sincere and one of the most intense”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 81.

“Koba, why is my death necessary for you?”: Service, Stalin, 592.

Stalin personally signed: Conquest, Stalin: Breaker of Nations, 203.

Anatoli Tarasenkov, an editor of the journal Znamya: Anatoli Tarasenkov, “Pasternak, Chernovye zapisi [Pasternak, Draft Notes], 1934–1939,” in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 178–79.

“My soul has never recovered from the trauma”: Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, 175.

“Everything snapped inside me”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 81.

“No forces will convince me”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 138.

In the 1937 file: Eduard Shneiderman, “Benedikt Livshits: Arest, sledstvie, rasstrel” (Benedikt Livshits: Arrest, Investigation, Execution), Zvezda (Star) 1, (1996): 115.

“I don’t give them life”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 148.

“In those awful bloody years”: Ibid., 144.

“He seemed afraid”: Berlin, Personal Impressions, 226.

“Why, for example, did Stalin”: Ehrenburg, Post-War Years, 277.

“consumed in their flames”: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 127.

“My health is very poor”: Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive, 192.

“The only person”: Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, 132.

Chapter 3

he hoped his prose would be worthy: Boris Pasternak, letter to Nina Tabidze, January 24, 1946, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 9, 438.

large numbers of receipts: Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 178.

“He was too great”: Boris Pasternak, Letters to Georgian Friends, 151.

he turned to look at Nina Tabidze: Nina Tabidze, “Raduga na rassvete” (Rainbow at Dawn), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 333.

“what it can be, real prose”: Boris Pasternak, letter to E. D. Romanova, December 23, 1959, quoted in Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 186.

“major works of literature exist”: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 87.

“I shall bid goodbye”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 1, 268.

He told Tsvetaeva: Ibid., 269.

“dreamy, boring and tendentiously virtuous”: Ibid.

“Still in his high school years”: Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago (2010), 58.

“his usual sense of acute dissatisfaction”: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 113.

General Alexander Gorbatov invited: Tamara Ivanova, “Boris Leonidovich Pasternak,” in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 281.

“I am reading Simonov”: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 115.

“the constant, nagging sense of being an imposter”: Ibid., 87.

“Shakespeare, the old man of Chistopol”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 213.

Mandelstam, who had once warned: Akhmatova, My Half-Century, 99.

“I want your poetry”: Osip Mandelstam, Critical Prose and Letters, 562.

“burn with shame”: Boris Pasternak, letter to sisters, end of December 1945, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 365.

“profound inner change”: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 124.

The first recorded mention: Boris Pasternak, letter to Nadezhda Mandelstam, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 9, 421.

Pasternak said he was working on a novel: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 125.

“I have started on this”: Boris Pasternak, letter to sisters, end of December 1945, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 370.

“I am in the same high spirits”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Olga Freidenberg, February 24, 1946, in Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, 251.

days and weeks were whistling: Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 162.

“I wrote it with great ease”: De Mallac, Boris Pasternak, 181.

“You see it in the concert halls”: Boris Pasternak, letter to sisters, end of December 1945, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 368.

One acquaintance suggested: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 252.

Pasternak arrived late: Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 163.

“An Evening of Poetry”: Max Hayward, introduction to Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 20–24; De Mallac, Boris Pasternak, 194.

“Who organized that standing ovation?”: Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Abandoned, 375.

Death to Fascism!: Dalos, The Guest from the Future, 54.

One Western reporter in Moscow: Gerd Ruge, “Conversations in Moscow,” Encounter 11, no. 4 (October 1958): 20–31.

“in order to understand a figure”: Dalos, The Guest from the Future, 95.

“a KGB man”: Testimony of Yuri Krotkov, aka George Karlin, before the U.S. Senate subcommittee to investigate the administration of the Internal Security Act. November 13, Committee on the Judiciary, Karlin Testimony, at 171, U.S. Government Printing Office, pt. 3 (1969).

“ ‘They,’ as I noticed”: Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Abandoned, 594–95.

“he worked heart and soul”: Dalos, The Guest from the Future, 95.

“hated him”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 205.

“Yes, really, don’t be surprised”: Valentin Berestov, “Srazu posle voiny” (Right After the War), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 485.

He called it an epic: Boris Pasternak, letter to Olga Freidenberg, October 5, 1946, in Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, 253.

“on a knife-edge”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Lydia Pasternak Slater, June 26, 1946, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 373.

“writes all kind of cock and bull stories”: Transcript of Orgburo meeting in Moscow, August 9, 1946, in Clark et al., Soviet Culture and Power, 412.

“vapid, content-less and vulgar things”: Resolution published in Pravda on August 21, 1946, in Ibid., 421.

a colossal boozer: Service, Stalin, 437–38.

“sycophantic contributions from the floor”: Dalos, The Guest from the Future, 56.

“Anna Akhmatova’s subject-matter”: Ibid., 56–57.

She rued: Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, 252–53.

“Praising American Democracy”: Conquest, Stalin, 277.

“not one of us”: Hingley, Pasternak, 166.

“Yes, yes, [out of touch with] the people”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 233.

“For all the charm of certain passages”: Chukovsky, Diary, September 10, 1946, 359.

“it is a failure of genius”: Mikhail Polivanov, “Tainaya Svoboda” (Silent Freedom), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 471.

slackened: Pasternak used this word in a letter to one reader. See Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 296.

“an effort in the novel”: Boris Pasternak, “Three Letters,” Encounter 15, no. 2 (August 1960): 3–6.

“gobbled down”: Tamara Ivanova, “Boris Leonidovich Pasternak,” in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 285.

“heard Russia”: Emma Gerstein, commentary on Doctor Zhivago, Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 4, 653.

“a spring of pristine”: Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 181.

Pasternak arrived with the pages: Muravina, Vstrechi s Pasternakom, 46–52.

Pasternak told the Gulag survivor: Varlam Shalamov, “Pasternak,” in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 645–46.

the home of the pianist Maria Yudina: For descriptions of this evening see Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 182; Chukovskaya, “Otryvki iz dnevnika” (Diary fragments), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 407–8; and Yelena Berkovskaya, “Mal’chiki i devochki 40-kh godov” (Boys and Girls of the 1940s), in ibid., 540–41.

looking forward to the reading: Maria Yudina, in A. M. Kuznetsova, “ ‘Vysokii stoikii dukh’: Perepiska Borisa Pasternaka i Marii Yudinoi” (“High Resilient Spirit”: Correspondence of Boris Pasternak and Maria Yudina), Novy Mir, no. 2 (1990): 171.

“And he began to recite from memory”: Ehrenburg, Post-War Years, 165.

Fadeyev was well-disposed: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 75.

“Alexander Alexandrovich has rehabilitated himself”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 141.

“Mass Grave”: Nikolai Lyubimov, Boris Pasternak iz knigi “Neuvyadaemyi tsvet” (Boris Pasternak from the book “The Unfading Blossom”), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 620.

below a call for Pasternak’s isolation and ruin: See Max Hayward’s notes in Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 188.

“With all its dishonesty”: Ibid., 132.

“At least they are not going to let me starve”: Ibid.

“Who would bear the phony greatness”: Vladimir Markov, “An Unnoticed Aspect of Pasternak’s Translations,” Slavic Review 20, no. 3 (October 1961): 503–8.

“I started to work again”: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 136–37.

“I write no protests”: Boris Pasternak, lettter to Olga Freidenberg, March 26, 1947, Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, 269.

Chapter 4

“My wife’s passionate love of work”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Renate Schweitzer, quoted in Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 185.

“big hands”: Interview with Lyusya Popova, Komsomol’skaya Pravda, August 19, 1999.

“a divided family”: Quotes up to “Her present condition” from Boris Pasternak, letter to parents, October 1, 1937, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 321–22.

made it hard to carry the pregnancy: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 295.

Zinaida had little interest: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 27.

“a dragon on eight feet”: Feinstein, Anna of All the Russias, 242.

the previously active seventeen-year-old: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 189.

“as a matchbox”: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 330.

“fulfill my duty as a wife”: Ibid., 340.

“Boris Leonidovich, let me introduce”: The descriptions of Ivinskaya’s meeting and subsequent romance with Pasternak in this chapter, and the dialogue between the two, are all from Ivinskaya’s memoir, A Captive of Time, unless another source is cited.

“few women who have had an affair with me”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Nina Tabidze, September 30, 1953, in Boris Pasternak, Letters to Georgian Friends, 154.

Pasternak was known for his flings: Vyacheslav Ivanov, “Perevyornutoe nebo. Zapisi o Pasternake” (The Upturned Sky. Notes on Pasternak), Zvezda 8 (August 2009): 107.

Zinaida said that after the war: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 344.

“Poor Mama mourned”: Yemelyanova, Legendy Potapovskogo pereulka, 16.

treated his birthdays as days of mourning: Voznesensky, An Arrow in the Wall, 270.

“faces could be seen side by side”: Lydia Chukovskaya, “Otryvki iz dnevnika” (Diary fragments), January 6, 1948, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 426.

“pretty but slightly fading blonde”: Emma Gerstein, “O Pasternake i ob Anne Akhmatovoi” (About Pasternak and Anna Akhmatova), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 392.

“a beauty”: Yevgeni Yevtushenko, “Bog stanovitsya chelovekom” (God Becomes Man), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 721.

Zinaida found out about the affair: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 340–42.

tried to poison herself: Yemelyanova, Legendy Potapovskogo pereulka, 21.

“formed a deep new attachment”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Olga Freidenberg, August 7, 1949, in Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, 292.

He imagined at one point: Interview with Lyusya Popova, Komsomol’skaya Pravda, August 19, 1999.

nominated Pasternak for the Nobel Prize: Pamela Davidson, “C. M. Bowra’s ‘Overestimation’ of Pasternak and the Genesis of Doctor Zhivago,” in Fleishman, The Life of Boris Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago, 42.

“the greatest of Russian poets”: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 86.

“It appears to us beyond all doubt”: International Conference of Professors of English, The National Archives, London, 1950, FO 954/881.

“Leave him, he’s a cloud dweller”: Livanov, Mezhdu dvumya Zhivago, vospominaniya i vpechatleniya, p’esy, 177.

Nearly a dozen uniformed agents: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 86. Some authors have suggested that Ivinskaya was arrested because of a fraud investigation into an editor she worked under and have also suggested that she might have been involved. There is no evidence for such claims. The almost exclusive focus of her long interrogations was Pasternak, and she was not charged with any kind of fraud but with a political crime.

she was strip-searched: For the detention at the Lubyanka, see ibid., 91–110, unless another source is cited.

known to unroll a bloodstained carpet: Montefiore, Stalin, 539.

The KGB’s accounting: Yemelyanova, Pasternak i Ivinskaya: provoda pod tokom, 97–107.

“Everything is finished”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 86.

“About the gown with the tassels”: Lydia Chukovskaya, Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi, vol. 2,173.

“I have pondered for a long time”: Nikiforov letter, in Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 113–14. Ivinskaya said she forgave him, and her mother helped him to find English lessons when he was released and returned to Moscow. Nikiforov’s real name was Yepishkin. A former merchant and therefore suspect, he took his wife’s name after he returned to Russia from Australia following the 1917 Revolution.

“Here Borya’s and my child”: One biographer has cast doubt on whether Ivinskaya was pregnant. The tempestuous nature of the romance, and the fact that the couple appeared to have broken and repaired their relations several times, makes it plausible that Pasternak and Ivinskaya were again intimate before her arrest—as does his persistent unhappiness with aspects of his home life. A prison document cited by Ivinskaya’s daughter, Irina, in her book does not conclusively confirm a pregnancy, but it does support her mother’s account. A doctor’s note stated that Ivinskaya was in the prison clinic “due to bleeding from womb” and that the arrested person said she was pregnant. (See Yemelyanova, Pasternak i Ivinskaya: provoda pod tokom 103.) There is no further medical documentation in the public record.

“I have told [Zinaida]”: Account of Lyusya Popova, in Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 107–8.

Chapter 5

“with a miscellany of mortals”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Olga Freidenberg, January 20, 1953, in Boris Pasternak and Olga Friedenberg, Correspondence, 309.

“Lord, I thank you”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Nina Tabidze, January 17, 1953, in Boris Pasternak, Letters to Georgian Friends, 149–59.

Pasternak suffered constantly from toothache: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 347.

a new “distinguished” look: Lydia Chukovskaya, Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi, vol. 2, 57.

“It’s the disease of our time”: Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago (2010), 430.

“My dear Olya, my joy!”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 118.

“Without him my children”: Ibid., 119.

“I am burying myself in work”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Olga Freidenberg, December 9, 1949, in Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, 298.

“When they print it”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 273.

Lydia Chukovskaya wrote to him: Lydia Chukovskaya, letter to Boris Pasternak, August 28, 1952, in Lydia Chukovskaya, Sochineniya, vol. 2, 438–39.

Often attending were Boris Livanov: Voznesensky, An Arrow in the Wall, 258–61.

Krotkov was present: Testimony of Yuri Krotkov, aka George Karlin, before the U.S. Senate subcommittee to investigate the administration of the Internal Security Act. November 3, Committee on the Judiciary, Karlin Testimony, at 6, U.S. Government Printing Office, pt. 1 (1969).

a stew made of game: Olga Carlisle described a typical meal in “Boris Pasternak: The Art of Fiction No. 25,” interview by Olga Carlisle, The Paris Review 24 (1960): 61–66.

“Of those who have read”: Boris Pasternak, letter to S. I. and M. N. Chikovani, June 14, 1952, in Boris Pasternak, Letters to Georgian Friends, 142–43.

Vovsi confessed to being the inspiration: Brent and Naumov, Stalin’s Last Crime, 212.

“I am now happy and free”: Boris Pasternak, letter to V. F. Asmus, March 3, 1953, in Boris Pasternak, Selected Writings and Letters, 409.

her sons loved Stalin: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 10.

the killer of the intelligentsia: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 351.

“mixture of candor”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 24.

“turned into a palace”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Olga Freidenberg, July 12, 1954, in Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, 328.

She put a large bed: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 37.

a ritual of lunch: Matthews, Stalin’s Children, 157.

“her debauchery, irresponsibility”: For Chukovskaya’s and Adol’f-Nadezhdina’s accounts of this dispute see Lydia Chukovskaya, Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi vol. 2, 658–61; and Adol’f-Nadezhdina, letter to Chukovskaya in Mansurov, Lara Moego Romana, 266–68.

“I’ve never heard of such a thing”: Reeder, Anna Akhmatova, 357.

“painful moral trauma”: Yesipov, Shalamov, 226–29.

“Pasternak was her bet”: Varlam Shalamov, letter to Nadezhda Mandelstam, September 1965, in http://shalamov.ru/library/24/36.html.

And everything looks real enough: Frankel, Novy Mir: A Case Study, 22.

“a writer is not an apparatus”: Ibid., 30.

“A new age is beginning”: Chukovsky, Diary, entry October 20, 1953, 379.

“It is anticipated that the novel”: Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 207.

“manically unfree man”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Olga Freidenberg, March 20, 1954, in Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, 320.

“The party has always reminded”: Quoting Surkov. See “The Official Intervention in the Literary Battle,” Soviet Studies 6, no. 2 (October 1954): 179–86.

“rich and indolent”: Ruge, Pasternak: A Pictorial Biography, 90–91.

“I personally do not keep heirlooms”: Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, xii.

Pasternak as half ill, half detained: Lydia Chukovskaya, Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi, vol. 2, 105.

“her lips pursed”: Voznesensky, An Arrow in the Wall, 260.

“Surely Brecht realizes”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 296; Ruge, Pasternak: A Pictorial Biography, 88–89.

“heavy and complicated passages”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 298.

“You mark my words”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 195.

“You cannot imagine”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Nina Tabidze in Zubok, Zhivago’s Children, 1.

Chapter 6

His entrepreneurial ancestors: For family background, see Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 1–36.

“he was just as prepared to abandon”: Ibid., 65.

a mass movement: De Grand, The Italian Left in the Twentieth Century, 100.

the feminist Unione Donne Italiane: Ibid.

“little big world”: Calvino, Hermit in Paris, 128.

“I learned to control”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 52.

“We had dreams”: Anna Del Bo Boffino, L’Unità, March 1992, quoted in Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 45.

“Muscovite Pasionaria”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 38.

“a portrait of Stalin among the old masters”: Ibid, 55.

“little university of Marxism”: Ibid., 61.

“the Jaguar”: Ibid., 78.

“mass arrests and deportation”: Taubman, Khrushchev, 271.

the delegates in the great hall of the Kremlin: Medvedev, Khrushchev, 86–88.

D’Angelo called Milan: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 5–6.

“Not to publish a novel like this”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 101.

“What kind of nonsense is that?”: Vyacheslav Ivanov in Zvezda 1 (2010): 152.

“This may put an end to the poetry volume!”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 197.

“Quite recently I have completed my main”: Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 215.

“How can anyone love his country so little?”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 201.

“If its publication here”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 102–3.

In a long memo, Serov informed: Ibid., 103–5.

The book was described as a hostile attack: August 31, 1956, note of the deputy foreign minister, and appendix with Central Committee’s culture department report in Afiani and Tomilina, Boris Pasternak i Vlast’, 63.

talked openly at their workplace: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 13.

she would show the novel to Vyacheslav Molotov: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 200.

“She relieves me from the vexing negotiations”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Lydia Pasternak Slater, November 1, 1957, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 389.

not the informer some would label her: In 1997, the Russian newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets published a number of quotations from a letter Ivinskaya wrote to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev on March 10, 1961, from a labor camp in Siberia where she had been re-imprisoned. (See also Alessandra Stanley, “Model for Dr. Zhivago’s Lara Betrayed Pasternak to KGB,” The New York Times, September 27, 1997.) Selective quotation from the letter, which was not published in full, led to charges that Ivinskaya was a KGB informer. Ivinskaya, to bolster her plea for mercy, told Khrushchev that she had tried to cancel Pasternak’s meetings with foreigners and had worked with the Central Committee to prevent publication in the West of Doctor Zhivago. She said Pasternak was not an “innocent lamb” in all that happened. Read in full, Ivinskaya’s letter is the desperate cry of a mother and breadwinner (Her own mother was still alive.) There is nothing in it that would justify labeling her a KGB informer (See afterword for a fuller treatment). And in fact much of her dealing with the Soviet authorities was at Pasternak’s urging. The KGB may have regarded her as malleable but did not see her as reliable. (See next note.) The full letter is available at Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (State Archive of the Russian Federation) Col.: 8131, I.: 31, F.: 89398, S.: 51–58. The authors also have a copy.

“very anti-Soviet”: KGB to the Council of Ministers, memo on Pasternak’s connections with Soviet and foreign individuals, February 16, 1959, in Afiani and Tomilina, Boris Pasternak i Vlast’, 181.

“we must get the manuscript back”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 219.

Polikarpov was known in the literary community: Benedikt Sarnov, “Tragicheskaya figura” (A Tragic Figure), in Lekhaim (October 2003), http://www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/138/sarnov.htm; Yevtushenko, Shestidesantnik, memuarnaya proza, 162–92.

Kotov’s proposal was absurd: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 31.

“this great [publication] battle will be won by you”: Varlam Shalamov, letter to Boris Pasternak, August 12, 1956, in http://shalamov.ru/library/24/1.html.

gave her a copy of his manuscript to read: Boris Pasternak, letter to Hélène Peltier, September 14, 1956, in Boris Pasternak, Lettres à mes amies françaises (1956–1960), 58.

“If ever you receive a letter”: The scrap of paper is held at La Biblioteca della Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Milan.

“it was important—more than important”: Berlin, Personal Impressions, 227.

Zinaida believed that their son Leonid: Boris Pasternak, letter to sisters, August 14, 1956, Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 380.

Yevgeni, was prevented: Mikhail Polivanov, “Tainaya Svoboda” (Silent Freedom), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 469.

Pasternak was incensed: Berlin, Personal Impressions, 229.

“chose open-eyed”: Isaiah Berlin, letter to David Astor, October 27, 1958, in Berlin, Enlightening: Letters, 1946–1960, 652–53.

“You may not even like it”: Boris Pasternak, letter to sisters, August 14, 1956, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 380.

“tall, mustachioed, hugely impressive”: Patricia Blake, introduction to Hayward, Writers in Russia, 1917–1978, xlvii.

The KGB referred to him contemptuously as a “White émigré”: KGB to the Council of Ministers, memo on Pasternak’s connections with Soviet and foreign individuals, February 18, 1959, Afiani and Tomilina, Boris Pasternak i Vlast’, 183.

“he’s too jealous of my position”: Patricia Blake, introduction to Hayward, Writers in Russia, 1917–1978, l.

“His verse is convex”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 1, 308.

“Doctor Zhivago is a sorry thing”: Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years, 372.

Pasternak’s mistress must have written it: Schiff, Vera (Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov), 243.

Katkov promised Pasternak with a kiss: Patricia Blake, introduction to Hayward, Writers in Russia, 1917–1978, l.

taught himself Hungarian in six weeks: Ibid., xlix.

“going over everything for accuracy”: Ibid., li.

“obviously wished to be a martyr”: Isaiah Berlin, letter to James Joll, November 25, 1958, in Berlin, Enlightening: Letters, 1946–1960, 658.

Chapter 7

“The thing that has disturbed us”: The letter was published in Literaturnaya Gazeta (Literary Gazette) on October 25, 1958. It is reproduced in full in Conquest, Courage of Genius, Appendix II, 136–63.

“Dear friends, oh, how hopelessly ordinary”: Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago (2010), 429.

“most heretical insinuation”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak,vol. 2, 316.

“brilliant, extremely egocentric”: Chukovsky, Diary, entry September 1, 1956, 408.

“I have also asked Konstantin Aleksandrovich”: Tamara Ivanova, “Boris Leonidovich Pasternak,” in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 286–87.

He asked Fedin not to mention the rejection: Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 221.

“composed very courteously and gently”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 317.

D’Angelo and his wife visited: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 23.

his arrest and torture: Urban, Moscow and the Italian Communist Party, 139.

“The issue with Pasternak’s manuscript”: October 24, 1956, note of the department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union for relations with foreign Communist parties, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 71.

pressure divided editors: Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Storm, 44; Valerio Riva, “La vera storia del dottor Zivago” (The true story of Dr. Zhivago), Corriere della Sera, cultural supplement, January 14, 1987, in Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 108.

Khrushchev would eventually argue: McLean and Vickery, The Year of Protest 1956, 25.

a quarter of a million rank-and-file members abandoned the movement: De Grand, The Italian Left in the Twentieth Century, 125.

“a strong plea for socialist democracy”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 89.

“the loss of small fringe groups”: Giorgio Amendola, quoted in ibid., 94.

“brought luster to the party”: Ibid., 95.

“phantasmagoria”: Puzikov, Budni i prazdniki, 202.

“He assures me”: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 75.

“His is a perfect portrayal”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 110–11.

“Here in Russia, the novel will never appear”: Ibid., 112.

“seldom, periodically and only faintly shared”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Andrei Sinyavsky, June 29, 1957, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 10, 235.

Khrushchev spoke for nearly two hours: Taubman, Khrushchev, 307–8.

“a broad intricate story”: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 54.

“choice of stories in the first issue”: August 30, 1957, and September 18, 1957, Central Committee culture department notes on Opinie, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 81–82 and 83–84.

there was a blonde in an hour before: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 364.

Khrushchev himself: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 95.

“a selection of the most unacceptable parts”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Nina Tabidze, August 21, 1957, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 10, 249–50.

“the consequences it could have on me”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Pietro Zveteremich, July 1957, in Valerio Riva, Corriere della Sera, January 14, 1987.

Letters to his sister Lydia: Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 388. One of the letters is quoted in a KGB memo, February 18, 1959, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 184.

“with the spontaneity of a child”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 216. Ivinskaya mistakes the date of this meeting by a year in her memoirs, placing it in 1958.

“We all left beaten”: Alexander Puzikov in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 10, 249; and Puzikov, Budni i prazdniki, 206.

a “ ’37 type of meeting”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Nina Tabidze, August 21, 1957, in Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 228–29.

“People who are morally scrupulous”: Ibid.

“very unpleasant consequences”: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 90.

“I have started rewriting”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 114.

“If you’re here to advise me”: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 90–91.

He angrily waved Pasternak’s telegram: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 115.

“It does not matter what might happen”: Miriam H. Berlin, “A Visit to Pasternak,” The American Scholar 52, no. 2 (Summer 1983): 327–35.

“Vittorio, tell Feltrinelli”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 113.

“To look at him, Pasternak might have been”: Yevtushenko, A Precocious Autobiography, 104.

Pasternak and Yevtushenko drank and talked: Yevtushenko, Shestidesantnik, memuarnaya proza, 386.

Soviet trade representatives in Paris and London: The International Book Association to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, note, October 3, 1957, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 84–85.

The Soviet embassy in London: Philip de Zulueta, British Foreign Office, letter to British ambassador in Moscow, titled “Vetting and Translation of Dr. Zhivago,” March 8, 1958, in the National Archives, London. Prime Minister’s file. Classmark, PREM 11/2504.

“the atmosphere created around the book”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 116.

Zveteremich was handed a typewritten letter: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 98.

“A brawl, I can truly say”: Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Storm, 76.

“P. asks you not to pay any heed to this”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 116.

“I became convinced”: Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Storm, 241.

“In order to avoid any further tension”: Ibid., 117.

“I know how such letters are written”: November 16, 1957, note for the Central Committee of the CPSU, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 86.

“free publisher in a free country”: Giangiacomo Feltrinelli quoted indirectly in “Pubblicato in URSS il libro di Borghese sulla ‘X Mas’ mentre si proibisce la stampa dell’ultimo romanza di Pasternàk” (Borges Book Will Be Published in the USSR by Christmas while Pasternak’s Last Novel Remains Banned), Corrispondenza Socialista, October 27, 1957.

“a hyena dipped in syrup”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 116.

“The Cold War is beginning to involve literature”: Gino Pagliarani, “Boris Pasternak e la cortina di ferro” (Boris Pasternak and the Iron Curtain), L’Unità, October 22, 1957, in Conquest, Courage of Genius, 66.

“I have seen my friends”: Alexei Surkov, Mladost, October 2, 1957, in ibid., 67.

“Time and Newsweek”: Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Storm, 91.

He told him he was “stunned”: November 16, 1957, letter of Boris Pasternak attached to note for the Central Committee of the CPSU, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 86.

I can find no words: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 118–19.

printed on November 15, 1957: Information on the novel’s first printing and appearance in bookstores from Carlo Feltrinelli, email correspondence.

“You look for a political libel and find a work of art”: Giorgio Zampa, “Si cerca il libello politico e si trova un’opera d’arte,” review of Doctor Zhivago, Corriere della Sera, November 22, 1957.

Chapter 8

in the form of two rolls of film: CIA, Dispatch to Chief, WE [Western Europe], “Transmittal of Film of Pasternak Book,” January 2, 1958. The name of the sender in the January 2, 1958, document, as well as the source of the film, has been redacted. It is standard CIA practice not to reveal liaison relationships with allied intelligence services even in documents that are more than fifty years old. It is nonetheless clear from the January 2, 1958, document that the film came from London. The document states that the provider of the film also wished to know what plans the CIA had so that it could synchronize its efforts with the agency. The provider could only have been MI6. Moreover, a U.S. official speaking on background to one of the authors confirmed that the source of the manuscript was Great Britain. A spokesman for the British government when contacted by the authors said that after MI6’s official history was published in 2010 a decision was made not to open the archives again.

In a memo to Frank Wisner: CIA, Memorandum for Deputy Director (Plans) from Chief, SR Division, “Request for Authorization to Obligate up to [redacted] from AEDINOSAUR,” July 9, 1958.

an assistant naval attaché in Moscow: Trento, The Secret History of the CIA, 497, note 4. Maury’s name, like others, is redacted in the CIA documents, but he has been identified as the chief, Soviet Russia Division, in numerous books, and former CIA officials confirmed his identity in interviews with the authors.

“He considered the Soviet regime”: Chavchavadze, Crown and Trenchcoats, 224.

“Our specialty was the charochka”: Ibid.

“asked that it not be done in the U.S.”: CIA, Memorandum for PP Notes, “Publication of Pasternak’s Dr. Zhivago,” September 8, 1958. A British request not to publish in the United States is apparent from subsequent CIA actions and concerns, and it is explicitly mentioned in this memo, although references to the British, as noted earlier, are redacted.

“should be published in a maximum number”: CIA, Memorandum, “Pasternak’s Dr. Zhivago,” December 12, 1957. This memo was likely written by the Psychological and Paramilitary Staff.

gave the CIA exclusive control: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, “Exploitation of Dr. Zhivago,” March 27, 1959. This memo does not date the OCB guidelines. Librarians at the Eisenhower Presidential Library could find no record of the directive to the CIA, presumably because it was verbal. On November 7, 1958, in a single sentence, the minutes of an OCB meeting, which was attended by DCI Allen Dulles, recorded: “Discussed and noted actions being taken with respect to the Pasternak case.” Eisenhower Presidential Library. White House Office, Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs: Records, OCB series, Administration subseries, Box 4: OCB Minutes of Meetings 1958 (6).

“could incrementally over time”: Meyer, Facing Reality, 114.

“appeared natural and right”: Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer, 147.

the Cold War was also cultural: For full treatments of the Cultural Cold War, and contrasting views on the merit and efficacy of CIA operations, see Saunders, The Cultural Cold War, and Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer.

“manifest diversity and differences of view”: Michael Warner, “Sophisticated Spies: CIA Links to Liberal Anti-communists, 1947–1967,” Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 9, no. 4 (1996): 425–33.

“became one of the world’s largest grant-making institutions”: Ibid.

“centralized snooping,” as Truman called it: Jeffreys-Jones, The CIA and American Democracy, 35.

the CIA’s general counsel was uncertain: Thorne et al., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950, 622.

“do things that very much needed to be done”: Gaddis, George F. Kennan, 317.

“The Inauguration of Organized Political Warfare”: Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, 668–72.

He had served for six months in Bucharest: Thomas, The Very Best Men, 21–23.

“The OSS operative was ‘brutally shocked’ ”: Dobbs, Six Months in 1945, 14.

Wisner divided his planned clandestine activity: Thorne et al., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950, 730–31.

There were 302 CIA staffers: U.S. Senate, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, book 1, 107.

“the atmosphere of an order of Knights Templar”: Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 73.

“boyishly charming, cool but coiled”: Tom Braden, “I’m Glad the CIA Is Immoral,” The Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967.

that “added dimension”: Winks, Cloak & Gown, 54.

“under an appropriate pseudonym”: Cord Meyer, letter to Robie Macauley, September 19, 1996, Cord Meyer Papers, box 1, folder 8, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

wrote his novel Partisans: Saunders, The Cultural Cold War, 246.

“I went down to Washington”: Meyer, Facing Reality, 63–64.

Members included Dwight D. Eisenhower: Saunders, The Cultural Cold War, 131; and Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer, 31.

about 12 percent of the FEC budget: Johnson, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, 15.

the CIA routed through a Wall Street bank: Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer, 31.

enjoyed a good deal of autonomy: See Meyer, Facing Reality, 115. This is also A. Ross Johnson’s thesis.

“a single stoker or sweeper”: Critchlow, Radio Hole-in-the-Head, 15.

The KGB called Munich: Ibid., 87.

About one-third of the urban adult population: Johnson, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, 184.

“the mighty non-military force”: Solzhenitsyn, The Mortal Danger, 129.

In 1958, the Soviet Union was spending: Simo Mikkonen, “Stealing the Monopoly of Knowledge? Soviet Reactions to U.S. Cold War Broadcasting,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 11, no. 4 (2010): 771–805.

“A new wind is blowing”: “Propaganda: Winds of Freedom,” Time, August 27, 1951.

the FEC launched 600,000 balloons: Hixon, Parting the Curtain, 65–66.

The Czechoslovakian air force tried to shoot down: Reisch, Hot Books in the Cold War, 10.

“an extremely worrisome violation of airspace sovereignty”: Johnson, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, 72.

“Let’s do it,” he said: John P. Matthews, “The West’s Secret Marshall Plan for the Mind,” Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 16, no. 3 (2003): 409–27.

“There should be no total attacks on communism”: Reisch, Hot Boots in the Cold War, 15.

“We are swallowing them passionately”: Alfred A. Reisch, “The Reception and Impact of Western and Polish Émigré Books and Periodicals in Communist-Ruled Poland Between July 1, 1956 and June 30, 1973,” American Diplomacy, November 2012, http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2012/0712/comm/reisch_reception.html.

“Your priceless publications”: Reisch, Hot Books in the Cold War, 251.

“Through our book program we hoped to fill”: Patch, Closing the Circle, 255–62.

on the shelves at Stockmann: Burton Gerber, former CIA station chief in Moscow, interview by Finn, in Washington, D.C., November 20, 2012.

Members of the Moscow Philharmonic: Ludmilla Thorne, letter, The New Yorker, November 21, 2005, 10.

in food cans and Tampax boxes: Reisch, Hot Books in the Cold War, 515.

“the main wellspring of hostile sentiments”: Mark Kramer, introduction to ibid., xxiii.

“the CIA has stood foursquare”: Richard Elman, “The Aesthetics of the CIA,” Richard Elman Papers, box 1 (1992 accession), “Writings—Essays,” Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Library.

“get books published or distributed abroad”: Chief of Covert Action, CIA, in U.S. Senate, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, book 1, 192–95.

The Penkovsky Papers, published by Doubleday: John M. Crewdson and Joseph B. Treaster, “The CIA’s 3-Decade Effort to Mold the World’s Views,” The New York Times, December 25, 1977.

“Books are the most important and most powerful weapons”: Garrand and Garrand, Inside the Soviet Writers’ Union, 42.

Chapter 9

Katkov told an American diplomat: American Consul General in Munich to the Department of State, Foreign Service Dispatch, March 7, 1958, Department of State Central File, 1955–59, 961.63: “Censorship in the USSR,” The National Archives, College Park, Maryland.

“Don’t let the opportunity pass”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Jacqueline de Proyart, January 7, 1958, in Boris Pasternak, Lettres à mes amies françaises (1956–1960), 81.

Pasternak knew that Mouton: Yevgeni Pasternak, “Perepiska Borisa Pasternaka s Elen Pel’t’e-Zamoiskoi” (Pasternak–Hélène Peltier-Zamoiska Correspondence), Znamya 1 (1997): 118.

code-named AEDINOSAUR: CIA, Memorandum, October 29, 1957.

The letters AE designated: A former CIA officer who discussed the agency and its practices on condition of anonymity, interview by Finn.

“we’ll do it black”: CIA, “Notes on PASTERNAK’S novel, Dr. Zhivago,” January 13, 1958.

about 18 million visitors: Pluvinge, Expo 58: Between Utopia and Reality, 11.

Belgium issued 16,000 visas: Travel by Soviet Officials to Belgium, RG 59, 1955–59, 033.6155, National Archives, College Park, MD.

“This book has great propaganda value”: CIA, Memorandum for SR Division Branch Chiefs, “Availability of Dr. Zhivago in English,” April 24, 1958.

“Stalinophobia—abhorrence at Stalinism”: Les Evans, introduction to Cannon, The Struggle for Socialism, 14.

“organized anti-Communism had become”: Jason Epstein, “The CIA and the Intellectuals,” The New York Review of Books, April 20, 1967.

a “contract consultant” for the CIA: Saunders, The Cultural Cold War, 157.

negotiated directly: Ibid., 443, note 4.

“You can’t expel me; I’ll live and die in the movement!”: Wald, The New York Intellectuals, 287.

Morrow was a charming, brilliant man: Alan M. Wald, who interviewed Morrow several times, phone conversation with Finn, November 12, 2012.

a bottle of whiskey and a box of chocolates: Excerpt from the oral history of Felix Morrow, Oral History Project, Columbia University. (The full transcript remains sealed but Morrow’s daughter allowed us to read and paraphrase the section dealing with his work for the CIA.)

“make arrangements with anti-Stalinist trade unionists”: Felix Morrow, letter to Carl Proffer, October 6, 1980, in Correspondence of Felix Morrow and Carl and Ellendea Proffer, University of Michigan Special Collections Library, Ann Arbor, Box 7 of the Ardis Collection Records, Folder heading Ardis Author/Name Files—Morrow, Felix. Morrow’s name is redacted throughout the CIA documents, but he had written of his role in a series of letters to Carl Proffer of Ardis Publishers in 1980 and 1986. Morrow also described it in his oral history (see note above, chap. 9).

“an astonishing and attractive task”: Ibid.

“probably warranted in view of the time factor”: CIA, Contact Report, June 20, 1958.

On June 23, 1958, Morrow signed a contract: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, June 20, 1958.

Morrow was provided with a manuscript copy: CIA, copy of contract, June 19, 1958.

The agency wanted a “major literary figure” to write a preface: CIA, Soviet Russia Division Memorandum, “Background Information and Outstanding Problems on the Publication of Doctor Zhivago,” June 26, 1958.

“credentialed Russian scholars”: Felix Morrow, letter to Carl Proffer, October 6, 1980, in Correspondence of Felix Morrow and Carl and Ellendea Proffer, University of Michigan Special Collections Library, Ann Arbor, Box 7 of the Ardis Collection Records, Folder heading Ardis Author/Name Files—Morrow, Felix.

reproductions for the CIA were prepared by Rausen Bros.: Felix Morrow, letter to Ellendea Proffer, November 4, 1986, in Correspondence of Felix Morrow and Carl and Ellendea Proffer, University of Michigan Special Collections Library, Ann Arbor.

“I can publish anywhere else I please”: CIA, letter, July 7, 1958. The University of Michigan is also redacted but it is clear from Morrow’s testimony, other CIA documents, and subsequent events.

University of Michigan Press was planning to publish: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, “AEDINOSAUR Meeting of July 17, 1958,” July 17, 1958.

Morrow gave a copy of the manuscript: Excerpt from oral history of Felix Morrow (see note above).

“the CIA’s interest in the book”: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, “AEDINOSAUR—Recent Developments,” July 28, 1958.

the Soviet Russia Division representative argued: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, “AEDINOSAUR—Events of 15–20 August.”

meet with Harlan Hatcher: CIA, “Report of Trip to [the University of Michigan] Regarding Publication of Doctor Zhivago,” September 2, 1958. The name of the university president is redacted, as is the name of Fred Wieck, the editorial director of the University of Michigan Press. Morrow wrote in his letter to Proffer that the “CIA sent one emissary after another to Wieck and Hatcher.”

a series of temporary buildings: Burton Gerber, former CIA station chief in Moscow, interview by Finn, in Washington, D.C., November 20, 2012.

agreed to hold off: CIA, Memorandum for Chief, Soviet Russia Division from Commercial Staff, “Chronology of AEDINOSAUR,” October 14, 1958.

“It is our desire that it be made completely clear”: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, September 10, 1958.

following reports of a possible publication: CIA, Telex, February 24, 1958; CIA, Memorandum, February 28, 1958; CIA, Memorandum for the Record, March 3, 1958.

Rumors of a Mouton edition: Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Story, 112–13.

CIA subsidies in 1958: Bob de Graaff and Cees Wiebes, “Intelligence and the Cold War Behind the Dikes: The Relationship between the American and Dutch Intelligence Communities, 1946–1994,” in Jeffreys-Jones and Andrew, Eternal Vigilance? 50 years of the CIA, 46.

The Soviet Russia Division decided: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, “AEDINOSAUR—Recent Developments,” July 28, 1958. Any reference to Mouton and the BVD is redacted in the July 28 memo and most other CIA memos, but it is clear from subsequent events and other CIA documents that this is the track the agency pursued. In a November 28, 1958, memo for the acting deputy director of Plans, Mouton is described as having agreed to conditions laid down by the CIA, among them that the agency would obtain the first one thousand copies off the press.

On August 1, the reproduction proofs: CIA, Memorandum for Acting Deputy Director (Plans) from the Acting Chief, Soviet Russia Division, “Publication of the Russian edition of Dr. Zhivago,” November 25, 1958.

The BVD decided not to deal directly with Mouton: Details about BVD involvement are based on interviews with Kees van den Heuvel from 1999 to 2000 in Leidschendam, the Netherlands; Rachel van der Wilden, widow of BVD officer Joop van der Wilden, in The Hague, August 16, 2012; Barbara and Edward van der Beek, children of Rudy van der Beek, January 14, 2012, in Voorburg, the Netherlands; correspondence with the retired in-house historian of the BVD, Dirk Engelen (email February 9, 2010); and discussions with the Cold War historian Paul Koedijk over the last years. See also Petra Couvée, “Leemten in het lot. Hoe Dokter Zjivago gedrukt werd in Nederland” (Fateful Gaps. How Doctor Zhivago Was Printed in the Netherlands), De Parelduiker 2 (1998): 28–37; Petra Couvée, “Een geslaagde stunt, Operatie Zjivago, de ontknoping” (A ¹Successful Stunt. Operation Zhivago, Dénouement) in De Parelduiker 1 (1999): 63–70; and Vos, De Geheime Dienst.

The three men spoke for twenty minutes: Peter de Ridder, interview by Couvée in Lisse, the Netherlands, October 2008.

he told a newspaper reporter: Peter de Ridder, “Geheimzinnige uitgave van Pasternak. Door Russen verbannen roman in Nederland—clandestien?—gedrukt?” (Mysterious Edition of Pasternak. Novel Banned by Russians in the Netherlands—Secretly?—Printed?), Haagsche Post, October 4, 1958, 5–6.

“I felt the book needed to be published”: Peter de Ridder, interviews in Lisse, the Netherlands, by Couvée on August 13, 1997, and by Finn and Couvée on July 29, 2008.

In the first week of September: CIA, Memorandum for PP Notes, “Publication of Pasternak’s Dr. Zhivago,” September 8, 1958.

The books, wrapped up in brown paper: Rachel van der Wilden, widow of Joop van der Wilden and herself a former MI6 officer, interview by Couvée in The Hague, August 16, 2012. Joop van der Wilden kept one of the books, still wrapped in brown paper and dated September 6. Rachel van der Wilden still has this copy. The CIA memo above of November 25, 1958, also states that the novel was printed in “early September.”

Two hundred copies were sent to headquarters: CIA, Memorandum for Chief, PRD, “Distribution of Russian Copies of Dr. Zhivago,” October 31, 1958.

Sputnik satellites, rows of agricultural machinery: For descriptions of the Expo, see The New York Times, April 27, 1958, and May 11, 1958; The Washington Post, May 25, 26, and 27, 1958.

“Socialist economic principles will guarantee”: Pluvinge, Expo 58: Between Utopia and Reality, 93.

“from what we know about Soviet plans”: Rydell, World of Fairs, 200.

“heavy, belabored and fatiguing propaganda”: Ibid., 197.

he chose Abraham Lincoln: Tour guide Betty Rose to William Buell, office memorandum, Travel by Soviet Officials to Belgium, RG 59, 1955–59, 033.6155, National Archives, College Park, MD.; “2 Red Leaders Visit U.S. Pavilion at Fair,” The Washington Post, July 5, 1958.

“These are all lies”: Boris Agapov, “Poezdka v Bryussel’ ” (A Trip to Brussels), Novy Mir (January 1959): 162.

“the leading, privileged classes”: Joos, Deelneming van de H. Stoel aan de algemene Wereldtentoonstelling van Brussel 1958, 627.

provided one of the few accounts of how Soviet visitors were greeted: Boris Agapov, “Poezdka v Bryussel’ ” (A Trip to Brussels), Novy Mir (January 1959): 155–59.

“Is it true that Doctor Zhivago appeared in the original?”: Kozovoi, Poet v katastrofe, 250.

“This phase can be considered”: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, “Status of AEDINOSAUR as of 9 September 1958,” September 9, 1958.

“In appreciation of your courage”: Rachel van der Wilden, who has the inscribed copy of Doctor Zhivago, interview by Couvée in The Hague, August 16, 2012.

“I have just seen”: Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Story, 131–36.

Der Spiegel in Germany followed up: Der Spiegel, October 29, 1958, 63–64.

Pasternak apparently read the Spiegel article: Boris Pasternak, letter to Valeria Prishvina, December 12, 1958, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 10, 408.

“during the closing days of the Brussels Fair”: Lewis Nichols, “In and Out of Books,” The New York Times, November 2, 1958.

“only owing to a deplorable misunderstanding”: One such ad appeared in The New York Times Book Review, January 22, 1959, 22.

“a gift of copies of Doctor Zhivago reached our residence”: Draft of statement made by Antoine Ilc of the organization Pro Russia Cristiana, at a press conference in the Foyer Oriental Chrétien, Brussels, November 10, 1958. Life with God Papers, folder I. 6. 3, Fondazione Russia Cristiana, Seriate, Italy.

“That quaint workshop of amateur subversion”: Quincy (pseudonym), National Review Bulletin, November 15, 1958.

an “indemnity obligation” to print another five thousand: Cornelius van Schooneveld, letter to Roman Jakobson, November 11, 1958, in the C. H. van Schooneveld Collection, University of Leiden, the Netherlands.

imposed special controls: CIA, Memorandum, November 21, 1958.

“the 12 or 14 reviewers”: The New York Times, November 2, 1958.

“abounds with errata”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 155.

the Mouton edition printed for the CIA: Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Story, 165–66; Couvée, De Parelduiker 2 [1998], 28–37.

“This is almost another text, not the one I wrote”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Jacqueline de Proyart, March 30, 1959, in Boris Pasternak, Lettres à mes amies françaises (1956–1960), 152. (Proyart eventually did edit and publish a corrected version with the University of Michigan Press.)

“It is our duty to inform you”: Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, letter to the University of Michigan Press, October 8, 1958, in University of Michigan Press Papers, University of Michigan Special Collections Library, Ann Arbor, Box 1, folder entitled University of Michigan Press Pasternak Records—Dr. Zhivago—Pre-Publication Records—Copyright Negotiations.

“We would be interested to know”: Fred Wieck, letter to Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Editore, October 20, 1958, in University of Michigan Press Papers, University of Michigan Special Collections Papers, Ann Arbor.

“we witness the amazing spectacle”: Kurt Wolff, letter to Harlan Hatcher, November 13, 1958, in University of Michigan Press Papers, University of Michigan Special Collections Library, Ann Arbor.

“You can see, therefore, why we resent your indictment”: Harlan Hatcher, letter to Kurt Wolff, November 21, 1958, in University of Michigan Press Papers, University of Michigan Special Collections Library, Ann Arbor.

“fully worth trouble in view obvious effect on Soviets”: CIA, Cable from Director, November 5, 1958.

“Their reported price on the black market”: “From the Other Shore,” Encounter 11, no. 6 (December 1958): 94.

Chapter 10

a dozen friends: Max Frankel, interview by Finn in New York City, March 5, 2013.

“This book is the product of an incredible time”: Frankel, The Times of My Life, 169.

he wanted “more than anything”—the Nobel Prize: Blokh, Sovetskii Soyuz v Inter’ere Nobelevskikh premii, 407, note 11. The remark was made by Akhmatova in 1962 to a Swedish academic.

“You will think me immodest”: Max Frankel, “Author Hoped for Prize,” The New York Times, October 25, 1958.

“the most outstanding work of an idealistic nature”: Espmark, The Nobel Prize in Literature, 1.

“to work for the purity, vigor and majesty of the Swedish Language”: Svensén, The Swedish Academy and the Nobel Prize in Literature, 44.

214,599.40 Swedish kronor: Haagsche Courant, October 11, 1958.

described the writer as often inaccessible: Kjell Strömberg, The 1958 Prize in the Nobel Prize Library: Pasternak, page 375.

“to be placed side by side”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Olga Freidenberg, November 12, 1954, Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, Correspondence, 336.

“If, as some people think”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Lydia Pasternak Slater, December 18, 1957, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 391.

“modeled on War and Peace”: Renato Poggioli, letter to the Swedish Academy, January 20, 1958, in Pasternak file, Archive of the Swedish Academy.

“fresh, innovative, difficult style”: Ernest Simmons, letter to the Swedish Academy, January 14, 1958, in Pasternak file, Archive of the Swedish Academy.

“In a world where great poetry”: Harry Levin, letter to the Swedish Academy, January 15, 1958, in Pasternak file, Archive of the Swedish Academy.

“A strong patriotic accent comes through”: Quoted in Kjell Strömberg, The 1958 Prize in the Nobel Prize Library: Pasternak, page 375.

The articles were translated for the Central Committee: November 1957 translations in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 101–4.

Polikarpov even suggested in one note: February 20, 1958, note of the Department of Culture of the Central Committee, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 101–5.

“halfway through the twentieth century”: Calvino, Why Read the Classics?, 185.

“as odd as an Aztec temple”: Victor Frank, “A Russian Hamlet,” The Dublin Review (Autumn 1958): 212.

“in an openly censored form”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Yelena Blaginina, December 16, 1957, in Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 230–31.

efforts “to canonize” Pasternak’s works: Literaturnaya Gazeta, November 28, 1957.

“The reviews were enthusiastic”: Pyotr Suvchinsky, letter to Boris Pasternak, January 28, 1958, in Kozovoi, Poet v katastrofe, 219–20.

“I deplore the fuss now being made about my book”: Gerd Ruge, “A Visit to Pasternak,” Encounter 10, no. 3 (March 1958): 22–25. Ruge visited Pasternak for the first time in late 1957. See also Ruge, Pasternak: A Pictorial Biography, 96–101.

“unworthy of a bed in the Kremlin Hospital”: Chukovsky, Diary, entry February 1, 1958.

“scorned by one and all”: Ibid., entry February 3, 1958.

He blew kisses: Ibid., entry February 7, 1958.

“More and more does fate carry me off”: Boris Pasternak, letter to G. V. Bebutov, May 24, 1958, in Boris Pasternak, Letters to Georgian Friends, 170.

“My first impression”: Lydia Chukovskaya, “Otryvki iz dnevnika” (Diary fragments), entry April 22, 1958, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 433.

“he also looks the genius”: Kornei Chukovsky, Diary, entry April 22, 1958, 431.

“It is the most important novel”: Kurt Wolff, letter to Boris Pasternak, February 12, 1958, in Wolff, A Portrait in Essays and Letters, 176–77.

he burst into tears: Hingley, Pasternak, 235.

He wrote to de Proyart: Boris Pasternak, letter to Jacqueline de Proyart, July 9, 1958, in Boris Pasternak, Lettres à mes amies françaises (1956–1960), 102.

“I would be nothing without 19th century Russia”: Albert Camus, letter to Boris Pasternak, June 9, 1958, in Canadian Slavonic Papers/Revue Canadienne Des Slavistes 22, no. 2 (June 1980): 276–78.

“To those who are familiar with Soviet novels”: The New York Times, September 7, 1958.

“this book has come to us”: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, October 4, 1958, in Sieburg, Zur Literatur 1957–1963, 92.

“If it were written by a Russian émigré”: Orville Prescott, “Books of the Times,” The New York Times, September 5, 1958.

“In your bourgeois society”: R. H. S. Crossman, “London Diary,” New Statesman, November 29, 1958.

One writer from Vilnius: Chukovsky, Diary, entry April 22, 1958, 431.

go to Baku: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 214.

“Wanting justice to be served”: Markov to the Central Committee, note, April 7, 1958, in Afiani and Tomilina Pasternak i Vlast’, 136.

“a man of immense talent”: Werth, Russia under Khrushchev, 237.

“I would vote against Sholokhov”: Espmark, The Nobel Prize in Literature, 106–7.

The academy shortlisted three: Pasternak file, Archive of the Swedish Academy.

“impossible for the bourgeois media to make a scandal”: October 10, 1958, note for the Central Committee, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 139.

he told Österling that the prize could be awarded: Blokh, Sovetskii Soyuz v Inter’ere Nobelevskikh premii, 406–7.

Pasternak mistakenly believed: Boris Pasternak, letter to Hélène Peltier, July 30, 1958, in Boris Pasternak, Lettres à mes amies françaises (1956–1960), 111.

“no hesitation about receiving the prize”: De Mallac, Boris Pasternak, 225.

“In this era of world wars”: Nils Åke Nilsson, “Pasternak: We Are the Guests of Existence,” The Reporter, November 27, 1958.

“I wish this could happen in a year’s time”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Lydia Pasternak Slater, August 14, 1958, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 402.

“He several times referred”: Hingley, Pasternak, 235.

“will turn the reading into a riot”: Chukovsky, Diary, entry June 14, 1958, 433.

“an anti-Soviet novel”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 219.

contradicted what Mesterton and Nilsson: Pasternak file, Archive of the Swedish Academy.

“It is indeed a great achievement”: Ibid.

Chapter 11

“To receive this prize fills me”: Max Frankel, “Soviet’s Writers Assail Pasternak,” The New York Times, October 26, 1958.

Zinaida was shocked and upset: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 368.

Ivanova was thrilled: Tamara Ivanova, “Boris Leonidovich Pasternak,” in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 289.

“I know Pasternak as a true poet”: UPI, October 23, 1958.

Fedin ignored her: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 369.

“I’m not going to congratulate you”: Kornei Chukovsky, Diary, entry October 27, 1958, 435.

“They can do whatever they want with me”: Dmitri Polikarpov, note to Mikhail Suslov, October 24, 1958, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 146–47.

“Do what seems right to you”: Tamara Ivanova, “Boris Leonidovich Pasternak,” in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 290.

He told them he wouldn’t be taking Zinaida: Yelena Chukovskaya, “Nobelevskaya premiya” (The Nobel Prize), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 738–39.

He was diagnosed with a possible stroke: Tamara Ivanova, “Boris Leonidovich Pasternak,” in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 290–91.

“face grew dark”: Chukovsky, Diary, entry October 27, 1958, 435.

“had been amputated”: Tamara Ivanova, “Boris Leonidovich Pasternak,” in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 291–92.

“There would be no mercy”: Chukovsky, Diary, entry October 27, 1958, 435.

Pasternak asked Tamara: Tamara Ivanova, “Boris Leonidovich Pasternak,” in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 291–92.

Dear Yekaterina Alekseyevna: Boris Pasternak, letter to Yekaterina Furtseva, October 24, 1958, in ibid., vol. 10, 398.

Radio Liberation announced: UPI, October 23, 1958.

“You and those who made this decision”: October 26, 1958, instructions to the Soviet embassy in Sweden, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 147–49; Pasternak file, Archive of the Swedish Academy.

By 6:00 a.m. people were lining up: Michel Tatu, “En dépit des attaques du congrès des écrivains Russes, <> semble terminée” (Despite attacks at the Congress of Russian Writers, “The Pasternak Affair” Seems to Have Reached an End), Le Monde, December 11, 1958.

a circulation of 880,000: Kozlov, The Readers of Novyi Mir, 112.

“The internal emigrant Zhivago”: Editorial, Literaturnaya Gazeta, October 25, 1958. See Conquest, Courage of Genius, Appendix II, 136–63, for a full translation of the editorial.

Three students in Leningrad: Kozlov, The Readers of Novyi Mir, 128.

Only 110 of about 300 Literary Institute students: Yemelyanova, Legendy Potapovskogo pereulka, 106–7.

“reaching for a sack of dollars”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 224.

about forty-five writers: October 28, 1958, note for the Central Committee, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 155.

he was away at a sanitarium: Polikarpov memo, October 28, 1958, in ibid., 157.

“moral support”: Le Monde, October 26 and 27, 1958.

“Zaslavsky has acted only as a scandal monger”: Kozlov, The Readers of the Novyi Mir, 128.

Zaslavsky began his career as a provocateur: Kemp-Welsh, Stalin and the Literary Intelligentsia, 63.

“an especially sinister nuance”: Fleishman, Boris Pasternak: The Poet and his Politics, 289.

“Reactionary Propaganda Uproar”: Pravda, October 26, 1958. See Conquest, Courage of Genius, Appendix III, 164–72, for a full translation of the article.

“The radio, from 5 in the morning”: Kadare, Le Crépuscule des dieux de la steppe, 138.

“Everybody listened in silence”: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 166.

“it was in fact all very painful”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 225.

“Really now”: Ibid., 226.

called Pasternak his teacher: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 167.

“I now take it on myself”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 230.

“Why? The most terrible thing is”: Vitale, Shklovsky: Witness to an Era, 29–30.

“gripped by the sickening, clammy feeling”: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 167.

“I still believe even after all this noise”: Boris Pasternak, letter to the board of the Union of Soviet Writers, October 27, 1958, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 153.

“with the cold eyes of a dutiful clerk”: Vyacheslav Ivanov, Zvezda, 2 (2010): 113.

Pasternak’s letter was read: Polikarpov report to the Central Committee, October 28, 1958, in ibid., 157.

“put a bullet through a traitor’s head”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 272.

“harsh, very direct, hostile”: Konstantin Vanshenkin, “Kak isklyuchali Pasternaka” (How Pasternak Was Expelled), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 740–47.

She recalled in her diary: Lydia Chukovskaya, Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi, vol. 2, 311.

Chukovsky had recently set up the translators’ section: Dmitri Chukovsky, interview by Finn and Couvée, in Moscow, May 2012.

a long, formal resolution stated: Tass, October 28, 1958. See full resolution in Conquest, Courage of Genius, Appendix IV, 173–75.

“Good day to you, microphone”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 233.

she expected to hear someone shout stop: Lydia Chukovskaya, Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi, vol. 2, 316–19.

“I cannot stand this business anymore”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 233–36.

“willing to write any letter”: Fedin, letter to Polikarpov, October 28, 1958, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 160.

“Of course, they won’t harm you”: Yevgeni Pasternak, “Poslednie gody” (The last years), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 684.

It was only the third time: “Three Rejections of Nobel Prizes Preceded Pasternak’s,” The New York Times, October 31, 1958.

“I made the decision quite alone”: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 93.

“My father was unrecognizable”: Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 237.

“silly ideas into his head”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 236.

“This is an even dirtier provocation”: “Judgment on Pasternak: The All-Moscow Meeting of Writers, Oct. 31,1958, Stenographic Report,” Survey (July 1966): 134–63.

Chapter 12

“We’ll find a place where it fits”: Semichastny, Bespokoynoe serdtse, 72–74.

before twelve thousand young people: Max Frankel, “Young Communist Head Insists Writer Go to ‘Capitalist Paradise,’ ” The New York Times, October 30, 1958.

“As the Russian proverb goes”: Komsomol’skaya Pravda, October 30, 1958. For the full passage on Boris Pasternak, see Conquest, Courage of Genius, Appendix V, 176–77.

“Not in my life”: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 372–73.

“I must have the work-a-day life”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 238.

“What are we to do?”: Ibid.

the house in Peredelkino would be sacked: Ibid., 240.

a group of local thugs: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 168.

After Semichastny’s speech: British Embassy in Moscow to the Foreign Office, confidential memo, December 8, 1958, in Nobel Prize for Boris Pasternak Classmark FO 371/135422, National Archives, London.

a letter couldn’t hurt: Yemelyanova, Pasternak i Ivinskaya: provoda pod tokom, 212.

“with whom will I be expelled”: Vyacheslav Ivanov, Zvezda, 2 (2010): 120.

“Who is it from”: Yemelyanova, Legendy Potapovskogo pereulka (Legends of Potapov Street), 136–37.

“He sent the manuscript to the Italian publisher”: “Judgment on Pasternak: The All-Moscow Meeting of Writers, October 31, 1958, Stenographic Report,” Survey (July 1966): 134–63.

“to imitate Pasternak’s way of talking”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 260.

“Don’t worry”: Ibid., 261.

“young literature”: Vyacheslav Ivanov, Zvezda, 2 (2010): 119.

“That I spoke against Pasternak”: Lipkin, Kvadriga, 510–11.

“Let’s agree that all of us”: Vladimir Soloukhin, “Time to Settle Accounts,” Sovetskaya Kul’tura (Soviet Culture), October 6, 1988.

“for 30 years, this sin of yours”: Yevgeny Yevtushenko, “Execution by One’s Own Conscience,” Sovetskaya Kul’tura (Soviet Culture), October 13, 1988.

“particularly vile”: Kornei Chukovsky, Dnevnik, entry January 14, 1967, 518.

“dacha-dweller of genius”: De Mallac, Boris Pasternak, 161.

“always remain in Russian poetry”: Ibid., 130.

“he approached Konstantin Paustovsky”: Chukovsky, Dnevnik, entry December 6, 1965.

“Not true! Not unanimously!”: Konstantin Vanshenkin, “Kak isklyuchali Pasternaka” (How Pasternak was expelled), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 747.

“In the fury, venom and intensity”: “Pasternak and the Pygmies,” The New York Times, October 27, 1958.

“an intellectual Budapest”: “Pasternak Fate Studied,” The Washington Post, November 3, 1958.

Three members of the Swedish Academy: British embassy in Stockholm to the Foreign Office, confidential memorandum, Nobel Prize for Boris Pasternak Classmark FO 371/135422, National Archives, London.

Western correspondents were invited: Max Frankel, “Young Communist Head Insists Writer Go to ‘Capitalist Paradise,’ ” The New York Times, October 30, 1958.

“the recognition by the Swedish Academy”: Pravda, October 29, 1958. See Conquest, Courage of Genius, 81.

Feltrinelli was in Hamburg: Carlo Feltrinelli and Inge Schönthal-Feltrinelli, interview by Finn and Couvée, in Milan, June 2, 2012.

“We are profoundly anxious”: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 97.

“I want to create for him the conditions”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 276.

“That is fantastic”: Kurt Wolff, letter to Boris Pasternak, October 25, 1958, in Wolff, A Portrait in Essays and Letters, 180.

“You have moved beyond”: Kurt Wolff, letter to Boris Pasternak, December 14, 1958, in ibid., 181.

“The system of international communism”: Associated Press, October 29, 1958.

“the communists’ treatment of Pasternak”: Notes from Meeting, November 4, 1958, Albert Washburn Papers, box 16. Eisenhower Presidential Library.

should give “maximum factual play” to the Nobel: CIA, Classified Message from the Director, October 24, 1958.

“Reactions of revulsion and shock”: CIA, Memorandum for Director of Central Intelligence, October 30, 1958.

“considerable discussion”: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, November 5, 1958.

should be used to “sparkplug” anti-Soviet coverage: CIA, Classified Message to the Director, October 28, 1958.

“free thought and dialectical materialism”: CIA, Current Intelligence Weekly Review, November 6, 1958.

Jorge Amado said the expulsion: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 99.

The Brazilian paper Última Hora: CIA, Current Intelligence Weekly Review, November 6, 1958.

“As a friend of your magnificent land”: Sean O’Casey, letter to O. Prudkov, November 7, 1958, in O’Casey, The Letters of Sean O’Casey, vol. 3, 645.

The Icelandic novelist Halldór Laxness: British embassy in Reykjavik, memo to Foreign Office, October 31, 1958, Nobel Prize for Boris Pasternak. Classmark FO 371/135422, National Archives, London.

“Iceland?”: Associated Press, May 31, 1959.

pained by the daily abuse: “Nehru Regrets Soviet Stand,” The New York Times. November 8, 1958.

“A noted writer”: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 100.

The Soviet Union’s cultural diplomacy: CIA, Current Intelligence Weekly Review, November 6, 1958.

“Enough. He’s admitted his mistakes”: Sergei Khrushchev, Khrushchev on Khrushchev, 209.

“Olga Vsevolodovna, my dear”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 262. (The interactions with Polikarpov and his meeting with Boris Pasternak on October 31 are all from Ivinskaya, 262–68, unless there is another citation.)

he broke down and wept: Maslenikova, Portret Borisa Pasternaka, 118.

Chapter 13

“Rage and Indignation”: “Gnev i vozmushchenie. Sovetskie lyudi osuzhdayut deistviya B. Pasternaka” (Rage and Indignation: Soviet People Condemn B. Pasternak’s Behavior), Literaturnaya Gazeta, November 1, 1958.

“a wench from the editorial board”: Lydia Chukovskaya, Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi, vol. 2, 331.

The newspaper was indeed inundated: Kozlov, The Readers of Novyi Mir, 116.

“The revolution remained central”: Ibid., 125.

“There was also substantial evidence”: Barghoorn, The Soviet Cultural Offensive, 156.

the editors of Novy Mir forwarded letters: Kozlov, The Readers of Novyi Mir, 126.

“To Pasternak from Judas”: Reference in Boris Pasternak, letter to O. Goncharyov, February 18, 1959, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 10, 430.

The German journalist Gerd Ruge: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 275.

“The great and undeserved happiness”: Boris Pasternak, letter to N. B. Sologub, July 29, 1959, in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 10, 509.

He stayed up until two: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 375.

“I’m troubled by the volume of it”: “Boris Pasternak, The Art of Fiction No. 25,” interview by Olga Carlisle, The Paris Review 24 (1960): 61–66.

“merge into privacy”: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 171.

“It is an unspeakable grief”: Boris Pasternak, letter to George Reavy, December 10, 1959, in “Nine Letters of Boris Pasternak,” Harvard Library Bulletin 15, no. 4 (October 1967): 327.

“Didn’t the doctor have enough trouble?”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Kurt Wolff, May 12, 1959, in Lang, Boris Pasternak–Kurt Wolff, 105.

Tass reported: Reuters, November 1, 1958.

“I am going to cook for him”: UPI, November 2, 1958.

“matron of his quiet seclusion”: Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago (2010), 39.

“like a pair of professional counterfeiters”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 278.

“the scope of the political campaign”: Pravda, November 6, 1958. See Conquest, Courage of Genius, Appendix VII, 180–81.

Solzhenitsyn “writhed with shame for him”: Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, 292.

“The story of Boris is—a battle of butterflies”: Reeder, Anna Akhmatova, 365.

“Boris spoke the whole time”: Ibid., 366.

agreed to restore his and Ivinskaya’s ability: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 278.

Feltrinelli had been depositing: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 151.

both the CIA and the Kremlin speculated: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, April 2, 1959; Central Committee Memo, January 20, 1959, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 179–80.

“The fact that I am completely lacking in curiosity”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 146.

“Their desire to drown me”: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 143.

“Have I really done insufficient”: Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 228.

first from his housekeeper: Yemelyanova, Pasternak i Ivinskaya: provoda pod tokom, 240.

3,000 rubles: Boris Pasternak, letter to Valeria Prishvina, December 27, 1958, in note 1 to letter of December 12, 1958, Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 10, 409.

“His cheeks are sunken”: Chukovsky, Diary, entry January 7, 1959, 437.

“We must put our financial affairs”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Olga Ivinskaya, February 24, 1959, in Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, Appendix A, 378.

Ruge gathered about $8,000: Gerd Ruge, interview by Finn and Couvée, in Munich, May 29, 2012. Ruge was unable to place an exact date on the transfer, but the gathering and transfer of the money was probably in and around March 1959. In a letter to Feltrinelli on February 2, Pasternak asked his publisher to disburse cash gifts to a number of friends, translators, and family in the West. The list of beneficiaries didn’t immediately reach Feltrinelli, and Pasternak revised the list in April, adding another $5,000 to the $10,000 to be paid to Ruge. This addition, to clear the debt, was also mentioned in a March 30 letter to Jacqueline de Proyart.

He alerted his French translator: Boris Pasternak, letter to Jacqueline de Proyart, February 3, 1959, in Boris Pasternak, Lettres à mes amies françaises (1956–1960), 141.

Pasternak asked Polikarpov: Central Committee Memo, April 16, 1959, with attachments, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 251.

“It wouldn’t be so bad”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 337.

“brötchen”: Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, letter to Heinz Schewe, November 13, 1959, Heinz Schewe Papers, Nachlass Heinz Schewe, Unternehmensarchiv, Axel Springer AB, Berlin.

The average annual earnings: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 364.

“To find myself bereft of your trust”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 149.

“one of the great events”: Edmund Wilson, “Doctor Life and His Guardian Angel,” The New Yorker, November 15, 1958, 213–37.

famously photographed: Photograph captioned “Sightseeing in Washington,” The New York Times, January 5, 1959.

“Suffering from delusions”: Barbara Thompson, “Locked-in Guests Dine on Steak with Mikoyan,” The Washington Post, January 6, 1959.

850,000 copies of the novel: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, April 2, 1959.

“Pasternak is so fashionable”: Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs memo, February 12, 1959, Afiani and Tomilina, in Pasternak i Vlast’, 242.

“a photomontage”: The New York Times, March 8, 1959.

“one of the most despicable books about Jews”: Haagsche Courant, February 7, 1959.

bowed so deeply before the king: “Pasternak Cited at Nobel Session,” The New York Times, December 11, 1958.

“Tempest not yet over”: Boris Pasternak, telegram to sisters, November 10, 1958, Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 407.

“It would be best of all to die”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 352.

“putrid internal émigré position”: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 95.

“disoriented progressive writers”: CIA, Memo from the Chief, Soviet Russia Division, April 9, 1959.

“I realize that I can’t demand anything”: KGB memo on Pasternak, February 18, 1958.

“like so many radioactive isotopes”: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 96.

“in every generation”: “Pasternak Stands on ‘Zhivago Views,’ ” The New York Times, February 19, 1959.

“distressing, deadly dangerous”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 144. (Feltrinelli never received this letter, which was sent to Jacqueline de Proyart, who didn’t forward it.)

“What more do you need?”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 297.

I am lost like a beast in an enclosure: This is the translation that appeared in the Daily Mail on February 12, 1959. Other renderings of the poem into English are slightly different.

“I am a white cormorant”: Anthony Brown, “Pasternak on My Life Now,” Daily Mail, February 12, 1959.

“The poem should not have been published”: February 13, 1959, memo on Western media coverage of Pasternak’s birthday [February 10], in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 243.

Chapter 14

“in a cold fury”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 300.

Pasternak inscribed Gudiashvili’s scrapbook: Yevgeni Pasternak, Boris Pasternak: The Tragic Years, 240.

“I really should draw in my horns”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Olga Ivinskaya, February 22, 1959, in Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, Appendix A377.

“Olyusha, my precious girl”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Olga Ivinskaya, February 28, 1959, in Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, Appendix A 380.

Pasternak fell to his knees: Bykov, Boris Pasternak, 834.

“I don’t want to talk nonsense to you”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Chukurtma Gudiashvili, March 8, 1959, Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 10, 439.

was pressured by the authorities: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 356.

“fatal carelessness”: Report on the interrogation of B. L Pasternak, March 14, 1959, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 192.

“like Tolstoy in 1903”: Isaiah Berlin, letter to Edmund Wilson, December 23, 1958, in Berlin, Enlightening, 688.

“Pasternak does not receive”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 294.

“You have to stop receiving that trash”: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 378.

“Journalists and others, please go away”: Conquest, Courage of Genius, page 104.

The CIA’s efforts: CIA, Memo to Acting Chief, Soviet Russia Division, November 18, 1958; Memo to the Chief, Psychological and Paramilitary Staff, November 21, 1958; Memo to CIA Director, November 21, 1958; Dispatch from SR Chief, December 17, 1958.

“The worldwide discussion of the book”: CIA, Memo for the Record, March 27, 1959.

“It would be quite natural for an American”: CIA, Memo from the Chief, Soviet Russia Division, April 8, 1958.

“We feel that Dr. Zhivago is an excellent springboard”: CIA, Memo from the Chief, Soviet Russia Division, April 9, 1959.

“in one form or another”: CIA, Memo for the Record, March 27, 1959.

The CIA also considered publishing an anthology of Pasternak’s works: CIA, Memo for the Office of General Counsel, February 5, 1959.

to be printed on “bible-stock”: CIA, Memo from the Chief of the Soviet Russia Division, August 9, 1958.

“more easily concealed and infiltrated”: CIA, Memo for Acting Deputy Director (Plans) from the Acting Chief, SR Division, November 19, 1958.

“ballooned into East Germany”: CIA, Classified Message to the Director, November 5, 1958.

“particularly hot item”: CIA, Memo from the Chief of the Soviet Russia Division, December 17, 1959.

the Soviet Union reinstituted searches: Barghoorn, The Soviet Cultural Offensive, 119.

the novel was kept under strict KGB embargo: Yelena Makareki, former employee of the V. I. Lenin State Library’s Special Collections section, interview by Couvée, in Moscow, May 8, 2011.

The CIA had its own press in Washington: Former CIA Moscow station chief Burton Gerber, interview by Finn, in Washington, D.C., November 20, 2012.

“inside a man’s suit or trouser pocket”: CIA, Memorandum, July 16, 1959.

“In view of the security”: Memorandum for the Acting Deputy Director (Plans), November 19, 1958.

nine thousand copies of a miniature edition: CIA, Memorandum, “Publication of the Miniature Edition of Dr. Zhivago,” July 16, 1959.

Société d’Edition et d’Impression Mondiale: Copies of the book are held at the CIA museum in Langley, Virginia.

At a press conference in The Hague: November 4, 1958, editions of the newspapers Haagsche Courant and Vaderland.

he had “released” this edition of Zhivago: Boris Filippov, letter to Gleb Struve, November 24, 1977, quoted in Ivan Tolstoy, Otmytyi Roman Pasternaka, 331.

overseen personally by Alexander Shelepin: Kotek, Students and the Cold War, 213.

“a tool for the advancement of world communism”: Independent Service for Information, Report on the Vienna Youth Festival, 19.

“liberal and farsighted and open to an exchange of ideas”: Robert G. Kaiser, “Work of CIA with Youths at Festivals Is Defended,” The Washington Post, February 18, 1967.

Newspapers published in several languages were brought in at night: Walter Pincus, interview by Finn, in Washington, D.C., April 24, 2013.

“Out of my way, Russian pig!”: Stern, Gloria Steinem, 119–20.

“college weekend with Russians”: Walter Pincus, interview by Finn, in Washington, D.C., April 24, 2013. (Pincus has used this phrase in several different interviews.)

“going off to join the Spanish Revolution”: Heilbrun, The Education of a Woman, 89.

about 30,000 in fourteen languages: Independent Service for Information, Report on the Vienna Youth Festival, 93.

“to expose delegates from the Soviet orbit”: Youth Festival, Vienna, General Correspondence 1959, C. D. Jackson Papers, Box 115, Folder 4, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

handed out from kiosks: Reisch, Hot Books in the Cold War, 297.

“under observation by communist agents”: “Final Report of the Activities of the Person-to-Person (Polish) Program at the 7th World Youth Festival,” Samuel S. Walker Papers, Box 8, Hoover Institution Archives.

“Complained bitterly” about ISI’s projects: Samuel S. Walker, letter to C. D. Jackson, July 31, 1959, Samuel S. Walker Papers, Box 1, Hoover Institution Archives.

with the blessing: Samuel S. Walker to C. D. Jackson, status report on Vienna Youth Festival, June 25, 1959, C.D. Jackson Papers, Box 110, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

Overall responsibility for getting books: Samuel S. Walker, letter to C. D. Jackson, February 2, 1959, C. D. Jackson Papers, Box 115, Folder 5, Eisenhower Presidential Archives.

“special efforts”: Klaus Dohrn, letter to C. D. Jackson, December 8, 1958, C. D. Jackson Papers, Box 115, Folder 5, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

“Don’t worry about the ‘Dr. Zhivago’ text”: C. D. Jackson, letter to Klaus Dohrn, January 5, 1959, C. D. Jackson Papers, Box 115, Folder 5, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

distributed in Polish, German, Czech, Hungarian, and Chinese: “Vienna Youth Festival: Book Program,” February 20, 1959, and C. D. Jackson, letter to Fritz Molden, January 5, 1958, C. D. Jackson Papers, Eisenhower Presidential Library; George Trutnovsky, letter to Samuel S. Walker, plus attachment, May 4, 1959, Samuel S. Walker Papers, Box 1, Hoover Institution Archives.

published in Taiwan: Huang Wei, “Doctor Zhivago in China,” Ph.D. diss., Jinan University, 2006.

serialized in Chinese by two newspapers in Hong Kong: CIA, Memo for the Record, “Editions for Dr. Zhivago,” March 23, 1959.

an ulcer on the Soviet Union: Zang Kejia, “Ulcer or Treasure: Why the Nobel Prize Was Awarded to Pasternak,” World Literature 1 (1959), cited in “Doctor Zhivago in China,” Ph.D. diss., Huang Wei.

the four-hundred-strong Chinese delegation: Summary of April 23, 1959, Volkstimme article in Samuel S. Walker Papers, Box 8, Hoover Institution Archives.

“absolutely uncommunicative”: “Final Report of the Activities of the Person-to-Person (Polish) Program at the 7th World Youth Festival,” Samuel S. Walker Papers, Box 8, Hoover Institution Archives.

fifty copies of Doctor Zhivago from Hong Kong: George Trutnovsky to Samuel Walker, “Progress Report on Preparations for the World Youth Festival,” attachment to letter, May 4, 1959, Samuel S. Walker Papers, Box 1, Hoover Institution Archives.

through the open windows: Kavanagh, Nureyev, 74.

bags from Vienna department stores: “Final Report of the Activities of the Person-to-Person (Polish) Program at the 7th World Youth Festival,” Samuel S. Walker Papers, Box 8, Hoover Institution Archives.

“None of us, of course, had read the book”: Armen Medvedev, “Tol’ko o kino” (Only on Cinema), Chapter 4, in Iskusstvo kino (Cinema Art) 4 (1999): http://kinoart.ru/archive/1999/04/n4-article22.

“I want to re-create a whole historical era”: “Boris Pasternak: The Art of Fiction No. 25,” interview by Olga Carlisle, The Paris Review 24 (1960): 61–66.

“I don’t know whether I’ll ever finish it”: Jhan Robbins, “Boris Pasternak’s Last Message to the World,” This Week magazine, August 7, 1960.

“I have been eagerly zealous”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Lydia Pasternak Slater, July 31, 1959, Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 412.

“when I first lukewarmly toyed”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 310.

“not a book that would cause a good Young Communist”: Harrison E. Salisbury, “Khrushchev’s Russia,” The New York Times, September 14, 1959.

he grabbed Surkov by the collar: Dewhirst and Farrell, The Soviet Censorship, 13.

“ ‘Criticize us, control us’ ”: Max Hayward, “The Struggle Goes On,” in Brumberg, Russia under Khrushchev, 385.

“They all showed themselves up at that time”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 366.

Bernstein was a sensation: For an account of the tour and the meeting with Pasternak, see Burton, Leonard Bernstein, 304–10.

they were initially left outside: Briggs, Leonard Bernstein: The Man, His Work and His World, 233–34.

“The Artist communes with God”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 366.

“every eye in the hall”: Hans N. Tuch, “A Nonperson Named Boris Pasternak,” The New York Times, March 14, 1987.

Chapter 15

Pasternak warmed his stomach with cognac: Schewe, Pasternak privat, 17–18.

“a disturbance at the left side”: De Mallac, Boris Pasternak, 256.

he told her he had lung cancer: Yekaterina Krasheninnikova, “Krupitsy o Pasternake” (Nuggets on Pasternak), Novy Mir 1 (1997): 210.

“Some benign forces have brought me close”: Barnes, Boris Pasternak, vol. 2, 368.

Feltrinelli should buy his body: Boris Pasternak, letter to Jacqueline de Proyart, November 14, 1959, in Boris Pasternak, Lettres à mes amies françaises (1956–1960), 206.

She was frightened by a grayness: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 315.

She was entranced by a newspaper photo: Schweitzer, Freundschaft mit Boris Pasternak, 6.

If she could “have him for a week”: Maslenikova, Portret Borisa Pasternaka, 247.

“so heavy”: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 386.

“falling ill as a punishment”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 317.

a journal on his health: Boris Pasternak, Pasternak privat, 43–46.

“such a constant pain”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 385. (Notes to Ivinskaya in this period are reproduced in Appendix A of her memoir.)

“I’m dying”: Yevgeni Pasternak, “Poslednie gody” (The Last Years), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 710.

Golodets found her patient: Anna Golodets, “Poslednie dni” (The Last Days), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 747–62.

“Olyusha won’t love me anymore”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 320.

antibiotics: Priscilla Johnson, “Death of a Writer,” Harper’s magazine (May 1961): 140–46.

Zinaida several times offered: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 388.

tormented by gossip about the affair: Ibid., 362.

“like my own daughter, like my youngest child”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Jacqueline de Proyart, September 21, 1959, in Boris Pasternak, Lettres à mes amies françaises (1956–1960), 197.

Zinaida thought it was “monstrous”: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 388.

“SITUATION HOPELESS”: Alexander Pasternak, telegram to Lydia Pasternak Slater, May 27, 1960, in Boris Pasternak, Family Correspondence, 418.

“How unnatural everything is”: Yevgeni Pasternak, “Poslednie gody” (Last Years), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 712.

“I have loved life and you very much”: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 391.

“Lydia will soon be here”: Anna Golodets, “Poslednie dni” (Last Days), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 761.

“Don’t forget to open the window”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 323.

“And now you can let me in”: Anna Golodets, “Poslednie dni” (Last Days), in Boris Pasternak, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, vol. 11, 762.

“Borya was lying there still warm”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 324.

Farewell, azure of Transfiguration: Boris Pasternak, “August,” in Doctor Zhivago (2010), 478–80.

whose hands began to tremble: Reeder, Anna Akhmatova, 366.

“The weather has been unbelievably beautiful”: Chukovsky, Diary, entry May 31, 1960, 444.

“The death of Pasternak”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 177.

the snub: Central Committee memo on the funeral of Pasternak, June 4, 1960, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 289.

“A Magician of Poetry”: Dewhirst and Farrell, The Soviet Censorship, 61.

“the last leave-taking of Boris Leonidovich Pasternak”: Priscilla Johnson, “Death of a Writer,” Harper’s (May 1961): 140–46; Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 326.

“unbearably blue sky”: Voznesensky, An Arrow in the Wall, 285.

The authorities described them as “mostly intelligentsia”: Central Committee memo on funeral of Pasternak, June 4, 1960, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 287.

“Pasternak will be buried”: Associated Press, “1,000 at Rites for Pasternak,” June 2, 1960.

The KGB set up temporary headquarters: Krotkov, “Pasternaki” (“The Pasternaks”), Grani 63 (1967), 84–90.

snuck in and out: Kaverin, Epilog, 390.

“I don’t take part in anti-government demonstrations”: Chukovsky, Diary, entry June 16, 1960, 446.

“Who can forget the senseless and tragic affair”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 325.

“He could have been lying in a field”: Priscilla Johnson, “Death of a Writer,” Harper’s (May 1961), 140–46.

“I want to go past the coffin with you”: Ibid., 328.

“sole alien element”: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 179.

The authorities counted five hundred: Central Committee memo on the funeral of Pasternak, June 4, 1960, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 287.

Gladkov recalled Pasternak’s lines: Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak, 176.

“in her humiliated position”: Orlova, Memoirs, 147.

hastily buried: Kaminskaya, Final Judgment, 163.

“the melancholy dirt road”: Voznesensky, An Arrow in the Wall, 286.

“We have come to bid farewell”: There are slightly different variations of Asmus’s eulogy. This is the one recorded by Priscilla Johnson, in “Death of a Writer,” Harper’s (May 1961): 140–46.

A slave is sent to the arena: “O Had I Known,” in Boris Pasternak, Poems of Boris Pasternak, 60.

“a thousand pairs of lips”: Priscilla Johnson, “Death of a Writer,” Harper’s (May 1961): 140–46.

Zinaida was irritated: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 396.

“The poet was killed!”: De Mallac, Boris Pasternak, 271.

“The meeting is over”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 331.

“faint, muffled and terrifying”: Lydia Chukovskaya, Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi, vol. 2, 401.

“the voice now of one”: Priscilla Johnson, “Death of a Writer,” Harper’s (May 1961): 140–46.

“have been poisoned with unhealthy, oppositional ideas”: Central Committee memo on the funeral of Pasternak, June 4, 1960, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 289.

“The victory of what?”: Lydia Chukovskaya, Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi, vol. 2, 397.

Chapter 16

“You were expecting us to come”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 339–40.

“adventuress who got him to write Doctor Zhivago”: Ibid., 340.

“Olyusha, where should we leave all that money?”: Yemelyanova, Legendy Potapovskogo pereulka, 211.

“an account in the tax haven of Liechtenstein”: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 154.

“running” an “operation”: Ibid., 162.

a large sum of rubles: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 191.

“gasped with astonishment”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 338.

The Italians agreed to take back some documents: Ibid., 296.

Mirella Garritano thought the documents: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 201–2.

“power to carry out all tasks”: Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Storm, 216.

“he wrote me a power of attorney for you”: Olga Ivinskaya, letter to Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, in Schewe, Pasternak privat, 54–57.

D’Angelo’s methods “were too dangerous”: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 183.

“bad thriller”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 351.

“My dear, dear Giangiacomo”: Olga Ivinskaya, letter to Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, July 28, 1960, Heinz Schewe Papers, Nachlass Heinz Schewe, Unternehmensarchiv, Axel Springer AB, Berlin.

“Not to get involved in a battle in Moscow”: Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, letter to Olga Ivinskaya, June 24, 1960, Heinz Schewe Papers, Nachlass Heinz Schewe, Unternehmensarchiv, Axel Springer AB, Berlin.

$125,000 at the official exchange rate: See “Publisher Backs Pasternak Ally,” The New York Times, January 28, 1961.

“You have no right to refuse it”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 338.

bought a motorcycle: Schewe, Pasternak privat, 78.

Pasternak bought a new car: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 384.

“thick-set man with black eyes”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 333.

In retrospect, Irina considered: Yemelyanova, Legendy Potapovskogo pereulka, 209.

searched by two agents: Zinaida Pasternak, Vospominaniya, in Boris Pasternak, Vtoroe Rozhdenie, 406–7.

“I was overcome by a peculiar feeling of indifference”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 342.

“a teeny-weeny criminal”: Yemelyanova, Legendy Potapovskogo pereulka, 232.

“We have read all your letters”: Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, letter to Heinz Schewe, September 3, 1960, Heinz Schewe Papers, Nachlass Heinz Schewe, Unternehmensarchiv, Axel Springer AB, Berlin.

“Mom’s on vacation in the south”: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 165.

“You disguised it very well”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 343.

Ivinskaya was indicted on November 10, 1960: State Archive of the Russian Federation, Col.: 8131, I.: 31, F.: 89398, S.: 35.

“sold himself to the Western warmongers”: For description of Ivinskaya on trial, see Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 351–54.

“unbearable for Muscovites”: Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, 355.

The barracks were warm: Yemelyanova, Legendy Potapovskogo pereulka, 276.

“Pasternachkis”: Yemelyanova, Pasternak i Ivinskaya: provoda pod tokom, 309.

“quiet appeals to the Soviet authorities”: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 108.

“was the sort of thing that made my campaign”: “Khrushchev Gets Inquiry in Jailing,” The New York Times, January 20, 1961.

“pure act of revenge”: Harry Schwartz, “Woman Friend of Pasternak Said to Be Imprisioned by Soviet,” The New York Times, January 18, 1961.

Radio Moscow responded on January 21: For full transcript, see Conquest, Courage of Genius, Appendix VIII, 182–86.

a long commentary in Italian: For full transcript, see ibid., Appendix IX, 187–91.

“People in the West will be justified in asking”: “Pasternak’s Collaborator’s Arrest,” Letters, The New York Times, January 26, 1961.

“radio statement is much too vindictive”: The Times, January 23, 1961.

Feltrinelli released a statement on January 28: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 111.

Nivat told reporters in Paris: W. Granger Blair, “Frenchman, Who Studied in Moscow, Denies Mme. Ivinskaya Accepted Smuggled Foreign Royalties,” The New York Times, January 25, 1961.

“Had Boris Pasternak, whom I loved as a father, still lived”: Georges Nivat to Queen Elisabeth of Belgium, letter, January 21, 1960, Archive of the Private Secretariat of Queen Elisabeth, Archive of the Royal Palace, Brussels.

“you intervene and demand the liberation of rogues”: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 116.

“advertised her intimacy with Pasternak”: Stephen S. Rosenfeld, “Soviet see ‘Honest’ Pasternak Misled by ‘Evil’ Woman,” The Washington Post, October 15, 1961.

“We have brought documents and letters”: “Russian Backs Jailing,” The New York Times, February 21, 1961.

“Everything in the accusation is the essential truth”: Conquest, Courage of Genius, 120.

“I don’t care how it looks”: Chukovsky, Diary, entry May 1, 1961, 454.

“moral reasons”: Alexei Surkov, letter to Mikhail Suslov, August 19, 1961, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 289–90.

“yet another anti-Soviet campaign”: Memo on request of Pasternak’s widow, September 20, 1961, in ibid., 291.

“had a longstanding dislike for Zinaida”: De Mallac, Boris Pasternak, 276.

Feltrinelli sold the film rights: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 196.

“frankly provocative”: The New York Times, April 16, 1977.

“We shouldn’t have banned it”: Taubman, Khrushchev, 628.

“some might say it’s too late”: Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 77.

“I am the first Russian writer”: Peter Grose, “Sholokhov Proud of Role as ‘Soviet’ Nobel Winner,” The New York Times, December 1, 1965.

“gratefully”: Tass, October 16, 1965.

“The fact that this bright talent”: Associated Press, October 15, 1965.

“it is deplorable that the Nobel committee”: James F. Clarity, “Soviet Writers Union Criticizes Nobel Prize Given Solzhenitsyn,” The New York Times, October 10, 1970.

“dying slowly right in front of my eyes”: Olga Ivinskaya to Nikita Khrushchev, letter, March 10, 1961. The full letter is available in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Col.: 8131, I.: 31, F.: 89398, S.: 51.

Irina was reported to have a stomach ulcer: “Pasternak Friends Now Seriously Ill,” The New York Times, June 17, 1961.

“I am not saying that I am not guilty”: Olga Ivinskaya, letter to Nikita Khrushchev, March 10, 1961, State Archive of the Russian Federation, Col.: 8131, I.: 31, F.: 89398, S.: 51.

“characteristics of the detainee”: Ibid., S.: 50.

“It seems to me that the time has come for frankness”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 198.

“learned to wind spaghetti”: Ibid., 199.

“bellicose and uncompromising”: Heinz Schewe, letter to Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, January 27, 1965, Heinz Schewe Papers, Nachlass Heinz Schewe, Unternehmensarchiv, Axel Springer AB, Berlin.

the equivalent of $24,000: Schewe, Pasternak privat, 94.

Pasternak’s “faithful companion”: Feltrinelli press release published in Corriere della Sera on March 1, 1970, and cited in D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 238.

“no longer believed in anything”: For an account of Feltrinelli’s last years, including all quotations, see Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 235–334.

the copyright line read: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 200.

At the V. I. Lenin State Library: Yelena Makareki, former employee of the V. I. Lenin State Library’s Special Collections section, interview and visit to library by Petra Couvée in Moscow, May 8, 2011.

“a wealth of noncommunist philosophy”: Zubok, Zhivago’s Children, 343.

On a spring evening on Gorky Street: Olga Carlisle, Under a New Sky, 74.

overcome with emotion: Linda Örtenblad, archivist at the Swedish Academy, email message to the authors, March 1, 2013.

Afterword

A successful stunt: Kees van den Heuvel, interview by Petra Couvée in Leidschendam, February 22, 1999.

Russian prisoners of war in Afghanistan: Reisch, Hot Books in the Cold War, 515.

“a museum dedicated to Pasternak”: Rachel van der Wilden, interview by Couvée in The Hague, August 16, 2012.

The books program is “demonstrably effective”: “Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976,” Soviet Union 12 (January 1969–October 1970): 463.

The CIA distributed 10 million books … at least 165,000 books: “ILC: A Short Description of Its Structure and Activities,” George C. Minden Papers, box 3, Hoover Institution Archives.

“dictionaries and books on language”: Reisch, Hot Books in the Cold War, 525.

“We caused much harm”: Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes, 196.

They viewed themselves as the descendants: Zubok, Zhivago’s Children, 20.

A wave of conversions: Adam Miknik, 1995 interview by Joseph Brodsky, in Kniga Interv’yu (Book of Interviews), 713.

“all hunted and tormented poets”: Bakhyt Kenzheyev, email message to Couvée, May 10, 2006.

Yet the order of the acts is planned: Boris Pasternak, “Zhivago’s Poems,” Doctor Zhivago (1958), 467.