A Curious History of Sex

Notes

1

Philip Kaufman, Quills (Fox Searchlight, 2000).

2

Anil Aggrawal, Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008), p. 369.

3

Gerald S. Martin, Gabriel Garcia Márquez: A Life (London: Bloomsbury, 2009), p. 205.

4

2018 Review, ‘2018 Year in Review – Pornhub Insights’, Pornhub, 2018 [Accessed 29 September 2018].

5

Jonas Roelens, ‘Visible Women: Female Sodomy in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Southern Netherlands (1400–1550)’, BMGN – Low Countries Historical Review, 130.3 (2015), 3 .

6

Ibid.

7

William Acton, The Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs in Childhood, Youth, Adult Age, and Advanced Life (London: John Churchill, 1857), p. 101.

8

James Douglas, ‘A Book That Must be Suppressed’ in Palatable Poison: Critical Perspectives on The Well of Loneliness, ed. by Laura L. Doan and Jay Prosser (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), pp. 10–11.

1

Daniel Chandler, Semiotics: The Basics, 2nd edn (London: Routledge, 2007), p. 25.

2

Georg Büchner, ‘Danton’s Death’, in Danton’s Death; Leonce and Lena; Woyzeck, trans. and ed. by Victor Price (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 65.

3

‘Bernie Sanders Quickly Condemns Rally Speaker Who Called Hillary Clinton a “Corporate Democratic Whore”’, RealClearPolitics, 2016 [Accessed 9 August 2018].

4

‘Oxford English Dictionary’, Oed.Com, 2018 [Accessed 9 August 2018].

5

Thomas De Chobham and F. Broomfield, Thomae De Chobham Summa Confessorum (Louvain: Nauwelaerts, 1968), pp. 346–7.

6

John Webster, The White Devil, in John Webster, Three Plays, ed. by David Charles Gunby (London: Penguin Books, 1995), pp. 84–5.

7

Rachael Jayne Thomas, ‘“With Intent to Injure and Diffame”: Sexual Slander, Gender and the Church Courts of London and York, 1680–1700’ (unpublished MA, University of York, 2015), pp. 134–5.

8

‘Anne Knutsford c. Anne Blagge’ (Chester, 1664), Cheshire Record Office, EDC5 1.

9

Quoted in Bernard Capp, When Gossips Meet: Women, Family, and Neighbourhood in Early Modern England (Oxford Studies in Social History) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 193.

10

‘Susan Town c. Jane Adams’ (London, 1695), London Metropolitan Archives, DL/C/244.

11

‘Cause Papers’ (York, 1699), Borthwick Institute for Archives, University of York, CP.H.4562., p. 3.

12

‘Elizabeth Young c. Robert Heyward’ (Chester, 1664), Cheshire Record Office, CRO EDC5 1663/64.

13

‘Peter Leigh c. William Halliwell’ (Chester, 1663), Cheshire Record Office, CRO EDC5 1663/63.

14

‘Judith Glendering c. Thomas Ellerton’ (London, 1685), London Metropolitan Archives, DL/C/241.

15

‘Cicely Pedley c. Benedict and Elizabeth Brooks’ (Chester, 1652), Cheshire Record Office, PRO Ches. 29/442.

16

Dinah Winch, ‘Sexual Slander and its Social Context in England c.1660–1700, with Special Reference to Cheshire and Sussex’ (unpublished PhD thesis, The Queen’s College, Oxford University, 1999), p. 52.

17

‘Martha Winnell c. Abraham Beaver’ (York, 1685), Borthwick Institute for Archives, University of York, CP.H.3641.

18

‘Thomas Richardson c. Elizabeth Aborne’ (London, 1690), London Metropolitan Archives, DL/C/243.

19

Thomas, ‘With Intent to Injure and Diffame’, p. 142.

20

‘Thomas Hewetson c. Thomas Daniel’ (London, 1699), London Metropolitan Archives, CP.H.4534.

21

William Selwyn, An Abridgment of the Law of Nisi Prius (London: Clarke, 1817), p. 1004.

22

‘The word “whore” occurs in a total of 163 trials at the Old Bailey up to 1800: From the first occurrence in 1679 through 1739, 66 trials (just over 40 per cent); from 1730 through 1769, 61 (just over 37 per cent); from 1770 through 1799, 36 (22 per cent)’. (‘History of the Term “Prostitute”’, Essays by Rictor Norton, 2018 [Accessed 10 August 2018].)

1

Walter Kirn, ‘The Forbidden Word’, GQ, 4 May 2005, p. 136.

2

Christina Caldwell, ‘The C-Word: How One Four-Letter Word Holds So Much Power’, College Times, 15 March 2011.

3

Pete Silverton, Filthy English (London: Portobello Books, 2009), p. 52; Matthew Hunt, ‘Cunt’, Matthewhunt.Com, 2017 [Accessed 03 September 2018].

4

Mark Daniel, See You Next Tuesday (London: Timewell, 2008), Kindle edition, location 135.

5

Melissa Mohr, Holy Sh*T: A Brief History of Swearing (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 20.

6

Silverton, Filthy English, p. 52.

7

Quoted in Mohr, Holy Sh*T, p. 149.

8

Ibid.

9

Lanfranco and John Hall, Most Excellent and Learned Worke of Chirurgerie, Called Chirurgia Parua Lanfranci, 1st edn (London: Marshe, 1565).

10

‘Cunt’, Oed.com, 2018 [Accessed 7 September 2018].

11

‘OE and ME Cunte in Place-Names’, Keith Briggs, 2017 [Accessed 5 April 2017].

12

‘Oxford English Dictionary’, Oed.Com, 2018.

13

Russell Ash, Busty, Slag and Nob End (London: Headline, 2009), Kindle edition, location 665.

14

‘Oxford English Dictionary’, Oed.Com, 2018.

15

Liz Herbert McAvoy and Diane Watt, The History of British Women’s Writing, 700–1500 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), p. 68.

16

Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, ed. Jill Mann (London: Penguin Books, 2005), p. 226.

17

Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, p. 120.

18

John Florio and Hermann W. Haller, A Worlde of Wordes (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013), p. 504.

19

Andrew Marvell, ‘To His Coy Mistress’, Poetry Foundation, 2018 [Accessed 7 September 2018].

20

William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Shakespeare.Mit.Edu, 2018 [Accessed 7 September 2018].

21

William Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, Shakespeare.Mit.Edu, 2018 [Accessed 7 September 2018].

22

Thomas Bowdler, The Family Shakespeare (London: Hatchard, 1807).

23

Reprinted in Ian Frederick Moulton, Before Pornography: Erotic Writing in Early Modern England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 127.

24

John Whiteford Mackenzie, Philotus, A Comedy, Reprinted from the Edition of Robert Charteris (Edinburgh: Ballantyne, 1835), p. 3.

25

Gordon Williams, A Dictionary of Sexual Language and Imagery in Shakespearean and Stuart Literature, vol. 1 (London: The Athlone Press, 1994), p. 350.

26

Geoffrey R. Stone, ‘Origins of Obscenity’, New York University Review of Law, 31 (2007), 711–31, p. 718.

27

James Thomas Law, The Ecclesiastical Statutes at Large, Extracted from the Great Body of the Statute Law, and Arranged Under Separate Heads, vol. 4 (London: William Benning and Co., 1857), p. 273.

28

The History of the C-Word (BBC3: BBC, 2007).

29

Geoffrey Hughes, Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English (London: Penguin, 1998), p. 140.

30

John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, The Works of John Wilmot Earl of Rochester, ed. by Harold Love (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 269.

31

Ibid., p. 79.

32

Ibid., p. 78.

33

Samuel Pepys and Robert Latham, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, vol. 4 (Berkeley: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 209; E. J. Burford, Bawdy Verse: A Pleasant Collection (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982), p. 170.

34

Francis Grose, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 3rd edn (London: Hooper & Co., 1796), p. 81.

35

Hallie Rubenhold, Harris’s List of Covent Garden Ladies (London: Doubleday, 2012), p. 11.

36

Marquis de Sade, Marquis de Sade Collection, ed. by Anna Ruggieri, Kindle edition, location 8323.

37

Anonymous, The Pearl (London, Privately printed, 1879).

38

‘Oxford English Dictionary’, Oed.Com, 2018 [Accessed 7 September 2018]; see also Mark E. Neely, The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982), p. 154.

39

Gerald Gould, ‘New Novels’, Observer, 28 February 1932, p. 6.

40

D. H. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. by David Ellis (Ware: Wordsworth, 2007), p. 156.

41

James Joyce, Ulysses (Ware: Wordsworth, 2010), p. 54.

42

Allen Ginsberg, ‘Howl’, Poetry Foundation, 2018 [Accessed 7 September 2018].

43

Mike Nichols, Carnal Knowledge (Los Angeles: AVCO Embassy Pictures, 1971).

44

William Friedkin, The Exorcist: Extended Director’s Cut (Warner Brothers, 2010).

45

‘Oxford English Dictionary’, Oed.Com, 2018 [Accessed 7 September 2018].

46

‘Ofcom Explores Latest Attitudes to Offensive Language’, Ofcom, 2016 [Accessed 7 September 2018].

47

Eve Ensler, Jacqueline Woodson and Monique Wilson, The Vagina Monologues (London: Virago, 2001), pp. 100–10.

1

Viz, Roger’s Profanisaurus (London: John Brown, 1998), pp. 7, 10, 17, 30, 81.

2

Graham Dury and others, Hail Sweary (London: Dennis Publishing, 2013), pp. 19, 40, 127.

3

H. C. T. Hamilton, The Geography of Strabo (London: Bell and Sons, 1903), 17.2.5.

4

Galen and Margaret Tallmadge May, Galen on the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (New York: Classics of Medicine Library, 1996). Other medical writers from the Ancient World to discuss the anatomy of the ‘nymph’ were Caelius Aurelianus, Albucasis and Avicenna.

5

Soranus and Owsei Temkin, Soranus’ Gynecology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1994), p. 16.

6

Soranos d’Éphèse, Sorani Gynaeciorum Libri IV. De Signis Fracturarum. De Fasciis. Vita Hippocratis Secundum Soranum, ed. by Ioannes Ilberg (Lipsiae: Teubneri, 1927). (4.9), p. 370.

7

Cited in Mary Knight, ‘Curing Cut or Ritual Mutilation? Some Remarks on the Practice of Female and Male Circumcision in Graeco-Roman Egypt’, Isis, 92.2 (2001), pp. 327–8.

8

John G. Younger, Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 36.

9

Aristophanes and Alan Herbert Sommerstein, Knights (Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1990), pp. 1284–5.

10

Cicero and D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Epistulae ad Familiares (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 9.

11

Cited in Jacqueline Fabre-Serris and Alison Keith, Women and War in Antiquity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015), p. 264; Melissa Mohr, Holy Sh*T: A Brief History of Swearing (Corby: Oxford Academic Publishing Ltd, 2013), p. 26.

12

Martial, Epigrams, trans. by Gideon Nisbet (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 1.90., p. 27.

13

Mohr, Holy Sh*T, p. 28.

14

Samuel Arbesman, The Half Life of Facts – Why Everything We Know Has An Expiration Date (London: Penguin, 2004).

15

Geoffrey Chaucer, V. A. Kolve and Glending Olson, The Canterbury Tales (New York, N.Y.: Norton & Company, 2005), lines 430–35.

16

M. S. Spink and L. G. Lewis, Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. A Definitive Edition of the Arabic Text with English Translation and Commentary (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), p. 456.

17

Avicenna, Liber Canonis (Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1964), p. 377.

18

Danielle Jacquart and Claude Thomasset, Sexuality and Medicine in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Polity, 1988).

19

See Karma Lochrie, Heterosyncrasies: Female Sexuality When Normal Wasn’t (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005).

20

Thomas Wright and Richard Paul Wülker, Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies (London: Trubner & Co., 1883), p. 549.

21

Ibid. Also see Mohr, Holy Sh*T, p. 98.

22

Gabriele Falloppio, Observationes Anatomicae (Modena: STEM Mucchi, 1964), p. 193.

23

Realdo Colombo, De re Anatomica, trans. by Nicolae Beuilacquae (Venice: Bruxelles, 1969), Book XI, pp. 242–3, Book XV, pp. 262–9.

24

Falloppio, Observationes Anatomicae, p. 193.

25

Colombo, De re Anatomica, pp. 242–3.

26

Vincent Di Marino and Hubert Lepidi, Anatomic Study of the Clitoris and the Bulbo-Clitoral Organ (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014), p. 8.

27

Thomas Bartholin and Michael Lyser, The Anatomical History of Thomas Bartholinus (London: Printed by Francis Leach for Octavian Pulleyn, 1653), p. 77. For further discussion on lesbianism and large clitorises in the early modern period, see Valerie Traub, The Renaissance of Lesbianism in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

28

Nicolas Venette, Conjugal Love; Or, The Pleasures of the Marriage Bed, 20th edn (London, 1750), p. 71.

29

Charles Slackville, ‘A Faithful Catalogue of Our Most Eminent Ninnies’, in Poems on Affairs of State: Augustan Satirical Verse, 1660–1714 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963), iv, p. 195.

30

Jane Sharp, The Midwives Book, Or, The Whole Art of Midwifry Discovered, ed. by Elaine Hobby (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 39.

31

Ibid., p. 40.

32

Ibid., pp. 41–42.

33

See, for example, Rosemary Guiley, The Encyclopaedia of Witches and Witchcraft (New York: Facts on File, 1989); Lana Thompson, The Wandering Womb (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1999); Jelto Drenth, The Origin of the World (London: Reaktion, 2008).

34

King James I, Daemonologie in Forme of a Dialogie (Robert Waldegraue, 1597), p. 70.

35

Diane Purkiss, The Witch in History (Hoboken: Routledge, 2012), p. 135.

36

Anon, The Wonderful Discoverie of the Witchcrafts of Magaret and Phillip Flower, Daughters of Joan Flower Neere Beur Castle: Executed at Lincolne, March II. 1618 (London, 1619), pp. 22–4.

37

H. F., A True and Exact Relation of the Several Informations, Examinations, and Confessions of the Late Witches, Arraigned and Executed in the County of Essex (London, 1664), p. 24.

38

Matthew Hale, A Tryal of Witches at Bury St Edmunds, 1664, p. 16.

39

Nicolas Chorier, A Dialogue between a Married Lady and a Maid (London, 1740), p. 13.

40

de Sade, The Marquis de Sade: The Complete Justine, Philosophy in the Bedroom, and Other Writings (New York: Grove Press, 1990), p. 205.

41

A New Description of Merryland (London: E Curll, 1741), p. 15.

42

M. D. T. de Bienville and Edward Wilmot, Nymphomania, Or, A Dissertation Concerning the Furor Uterinus (London: J. Bew, 1775), p. 36.

43

Alexandre Parent Du Châtelet, On Prostitution in The City of Paris (London: T. Burgess, 1837), p. 108.

44

Ibid., p. 109.

45

Robley Dunglison, Medical Lexicon: A Dictionary of Medical Science (Philadelphia: Blanchard & Lea, 1854), p. 214.

46

‘Masturbation in the Female’, American Homeopathic Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1.I (1885), pp. 338–340; p. 340.

47

Isaac Baker Brown, On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, Epilepsy, Catalepsy, and Hysteria in Females (Robert Hardwicke: London, 1866), p. 84.

48

Ibid., p. 17.

49

‘Obstetrical Society’s Charges and Mr Baker Brown’s Replies’, The Lancet, 1.92 (1867), pp. 427–41; p. 434.

50

Sigmund Freud, The Question of Lay Analysis (New York: Norton, 1989), p. 38.

51

Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (Mansfield: Martino Publishing, 2011), p. 87.

52

A.E. Narjani, ‘Considerations Sur Les Causes Anatomiques De La Frigidite Chez La Femme’, Bruxelles Medical, 27.4 (1924), 768–78.

53

Eduard Hitschmann and Edmund Bergler, Frigidity in Women: Its Characteristics and Treatment (Washington: Nervous and Mental Disease, 1936), p. 20.

54

William S. Kroger, ‘Psychosomatic Aspects of Frigidity’, Journal of The American Medical Association, 143.6 (1950), 526–32, p. 526.

55

Alfred C. Kinsey, Individual Variation Lecture, lecture 8, spring 1940 (28 February, 1940), Alfred C. Kinsey Collection.

56

‘Clitoral Hood: Size, Appearance, Effect on Orgasm, Reduction, and More’, Healthline, 2018 [Accessed 24 September 2018].

57

Donna Mazloomdoost and Rachel N. Pauls, ‘A Comprehensive Review of the Clitoris and Its Role in Female Sexual Function’, Sexual Medicine Reviews, 3.4 (2015), pp. 245–63.

58

Pierre Foldes and Odile Buisson, ‘The Clitoral Complex: A Dynamic Sonographic Study’, Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2009, 1223–31.

59

Odile Buisson and others, ‘Coitus as Revealed by Ultrasound in One Volunteer Couple’, The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7.8 (2010), 2750–4.

60

‘Female Genital Mutilation’, World Health Organization, 2018 [Accessed 17 June 2018].

1

Sir Mix-a-Lot, ‘Baby Got Back’ (Def American, 1992).

2

Darlene Abreu-Ferreira, Women, Crime, And Forgiveness in Early Modern Portugal (Florence: Taylor and Francis, 2016).

3

William Smith, A New Voyage to Guinea, 2nd edn (London: John Nourse, 1745), p. 221.

4

Reports of the Lords of the Committee of Council Appointed for the Consideration of all Matters Relating to Trade and Foreign Plantations (London, 1789), p. 119.

5

Clifton C. Crais and Pamela Scully, Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

6

François Le Vaillant, New Travels into the Interior Parts of Africa, by the Way of the Cape of Good Hope (London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1796), p. 351.

7

John Barrow, Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa (London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1801), p. 281.

8

The Times, ‘The Hottentot Venus’, 1810, p. 3.

9

‘Baartman, Sara [Performing Name the Hottentot Venus] (1777X88–1815/16), Celebrity and Subject of Scientific Speculation | Oxford Dictionary Of National Biography’, Oxforddnb.com, 2018 [Accessed 7 August 2018].

10

Bell’s Weekly Messenger, ‘The Hottentot Venus’, 1810, p. 7.

11

Georges Cuvier, ‘Extrait D’Observations Faites Sur Le Cadavre D’Une Femme Connue À Paris Et À Londres Sous Le Nom De Vénus Hottentotte’, in Mémoires Du Musée Nationale D’Histoire Naturelle, 1817, pp. 259–74.

12

Adrien Charpy, ‘Des Organes Genitaux Externes Chez Les Prostituées’, Annales De Dermatologie, 3 (1870), pp. 271–79.

13

Cesare Lombroso and Gugliemo Ferrero, La Donna Delinquente (Turin: Roux, 1893), pp. 38, 361–2.

14

William Lee Howard, ‘The Negro as a Distinct Ethnic Factor in Civilization’, Medicine, 60 (1904), pp. 423–26.

1

Rose McKeon Olson and Claudia García-Moreno, ‘Virginity Testing: A Systematic Review’, Reproductive Health, 14.1 (2017) .

2

World Health Organization, ‘Interagency Statement Calls For The Elimination Of “Virginity-Testing”’, World Health Organization, 2018 [Accessed 21 May 2019]

3

‘FGM National Clinical Group – Historical & Cultural’, Fgmnationalgroup.org, 2018 [Accessed 11 September 2018].

4

‘Female Genital Mutilation’, World Health Organization, 2017 [Accessed 10 August 2017].

5

‘Virginity Testing “Sacred” But Not a Science’, Africa Check, 2017 [Accessed 21 August 2017].

6

Lucy Pasha-Robinson, ‘Doctors Are Being Ordered to Perform “Virginity Tests” on Underage Girls in Russia’, The Independent, 2018 [Accessed 11 September 2018].

7

Kathleen Coyne Kelly, Performing Virginity and Testing Chastity in the Middle Ages (New York: Routledge, 2000).

8

Soranus and Owsei Temkin, Soranus’ Gynecology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).

9

Danielle Jacquart and Claude Thomasset, Sexuality and Medicine in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1988), p. 44.

10

‘Lacuscurtius Valerius Maximus – Liber VIII’, Penelope.Uchicago.Edu, 2018 [Accessed 11 September 2018].

11

Aelian, On the Characteristics of Animals (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), p. 358; Michael Rosenberg, Signs of Virginity: Testing Virgins and Making Men in Late Antiquity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), p. 26.

12

Albertus and Helen Rodnite Lemay, Women’s Secrets: A Translation of Pseudo-Albertus Magnus’ De Secretis Mulierum with Commentaries (Albany: University of New York Press, 1992), p. 128.

13

Rosenberg, Signs of Virginity, p. 24.

14

Kelly, Performing Virginity and Testing Chastity in the Middle Ages, pp. 28–31.

15

Navas, Book of Women (Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2014), p. 142.

16

Albertus, Women’s Secrets, p. 128.

17

‘Bloody Sheets: An Age-Old Tradition Still Held in Georgia’s Regions’, Georgia Today, 2017 [Accessed 20 August 2017].

18

Henry Ansgar Kelly and Alan M Dershowitz, The Matrimonial Trials of Henry VIII (London: Wipf and Stock, 2004), pp. 233–4.

19

The Trotula, trans. by Monica Helen Green (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), pp. 103–4.

20

Navas, Book of Women, pp. 142–4.

21

Nicolas Venette, The Mysteries of Conjugal Love Reveal’d, 3rd edn (London, 1712), p. 78.

22

Francis Grose, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 3rd edn (London: Hooper & Co.,1796), p. 183.

23

Nocturnal Revels: Or, the History of King’s Place (London: M. Goadby, 1779), p. 164.

24

John Cleland, Fanny Hill, or, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (London: LBA, 2007), Kindle edition, p. 146.

25

Tassie Gwilliam, ‘Female Fraud: Counterfeit Maidenheads in the Eighteenth Century’, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 6 (1996), pp. 518–48.

26

‘On the Signs of Defloration in Young Females’, London Medical Gazette: or, Journal of Practical Medicine, 48 (1831), 304–6.

27

Edward B. Foote, Medical Common Sense (New York: printed by the author, 1867), p. 173.

28

Rose McKeon Olson and Claudia García-Moreno, ‘Virginity Testing: A Systematic Review’, Reproductive Health, 14.1 (2017) .

29

Independent Forensic Expert Group, ‘Statement on Virginity Testing’, Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 33 (2015), pp. 121–24 .

30

Olson and García-Moreno, ‘Virginity Testing: A Systematic Review’, Reproductive Health, p. 14.

1

Elisabeth A. Lloyd, The Case of the Female Orgasm: Bias in the Science of Evolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 44.

2

Anne A. Lawrence, ‘Sexuality Before and After Male-to-Female Sex Reassignment Surgery’, Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 34.2 (2005), 147–66 ; Imbimbo, C., et al., ‘Intersex and Gender Identity Disorders: A report from a single institute’s 14-Year experience in treatment of male-to-female Transsexuals’, The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6.10 (2009), pp. 2736–45. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01379.x; Jochen Hess et al., ‘Satisfaction With Male-to-Female Gender Reassignment Surgery’, Deutsches Aerzteblatt Online, 111.47 (2014) .

3

Lisa D. Wade, Emily C. Kremer and Jessica Brown, ‘The Incidental Orgasm: The Presence of Clitoral Knowledge and the Absence of Orgasm for Women’, Women & Health, 42.1 (2005), 117–38 .

4

John G. Avildsen, Rocky (Chartoff-Winkler Productions, 1976).

5

‘The Myths of Sex Before Sport’, BBC News, 2004 [Accessed 27 August 2018].

6

Dr Brooke Magnanti, ‘Boxer Carl Froch Has Been Abstaining from Sex – But Is It Ever Worth It?’, Daily Telegraph, 2014 [Accessed 27 August 2018].

7

N. Maffulli, et al., ‘Sexual Activity before Sports Competition: A Systematic Review’, Frontiers in Physiology, 2016;7:246. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00246.

8

Alexandra Sifferlin, ‘Can Sex Really Dampen Athletic Performance?’, Time, 2014 [Accessed 27 August 2018].

9

‘The Classic of Su Nu’, in Douglas Wile, Art of the Bedchamber: the Chinese Sexual Yoga Classics (Albany: University of New York Press, 1992), p. 93.

10

‘Does Frequent Ejaculation Help Ward Off Prostate Cancer?’, 2009 [Accessed 13 February 2017]; Jennifer R. Rider and others, ‘Ejaculation Frequency and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Updated Results with an Additional Decade of Follow-Up’, European Urology, 70.6 (2016), 974–82 .

11

G. G. Giles and others, ‘Sexual Factors and Prostate Cancer’, BJU International, 92.3 (2003), 211–16 .

12

John G. Younger, Sex in the Ancient World from A To Z (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 2.

13

Albert the Great, ‘Questions on Animals’, quoted in Sexuality and Medicine in the Middle Ages, trans. by M. Adamson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 55–6.

14

Gerald of Wales, The Jewel of the Church: A Translation of the Gemma Ecclesiastica, trans. by J.J. Hagen (Leiden: Brill, 1979), p. 109.

15

‘Summa Theologica Index’, Sacred-Texts.Com, 2018 [Accessed 15 September 2018].

16

P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, The Malleus Maleficarum (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007), Kindle edition, location 1507.

17

Ibid., location 1474.

18

Ibid., location 1524.

19

William Masters and Virginia Johnson, Human Sexual Response (London: Churchill, 1966), pp. 7–8.

20

K. R. Turley and D. L. Rowland, ‘Evolving ideas about the male refractory period’, BJU International, 112 (2013), 442–52.

21

S. A. D. Tissot, Onanism; Or, A Treatise upon the Disorders Produced by Masturbation; Or, The Dangerous Effects Of Secret and Excessive Venery… Translated from the Last Paris Edition, By A. Hume. The Fifth Edition, Corrected, 5th edn (London: Richardson, 1781), p. 11.

22

Léopold Deslandes, A Treatise on the Diseases Produced by Onanism, Masturbation, Self-Pollution, and Other Excesses, 2nd edn (Boston: Otis, Broader and Company, 1839), p. 3.

23

J. H. Kellogg, Plain Facts for Old and Young (Burlington: Segner, 1887), p. 294.

24

Ibid., p. 295.

25

Ibid., p. 296.

26

Robert Baden-Powell, Boy Scouts of America, 1st edn (New York: Page and Company, 1911), p. 345.

27

Albert Moll, Sexual Life of the Child (Classic Reprint) (London: Forgotten Books, 2015), p. 56.

28

Wilhelm Reich, The Bioelectrical Investigation of Sexuality and Anxiety (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982), p. 9; Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy and Clyde E. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1948).

29

William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson, Human Sexual Response (London: Churchill, 1966), pp. 3–9.

30

Semir Zeki and Andreas Bartels, ‘The Neural Correlates of Maternal and Romantic Love’, Neuroimage, 21.3 (2004), 1155–66 .

31

B. Whipple, ‘Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) During Orgasm in Women’, Sexologies, 17 (2008), S45 https://doi.org/10.1016/s1158-1360(08)72639-2; Ruth G. Kurtz, ‘Hippocampal and Cortical Activity During Sexual Behavior in the Female Rat’, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 89.2 (1975), 158–69 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076650; Mary S. Erskine, Joseph G. Oberlander and Jasmine J. Yang, ‘Expression of FOS, EGR-1, and ARC in the Amygdala and Hippocampus of Female Rats During Formation of the Intromission Mnemonic of Pseudopregnancy’, Developmental Neurobiology, 67.7 (2007), 895–908 .

32

James G. Pfaus and others, ‘The Role of Orgasm in the Development and Shaping of Partner Preferences’, Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology, 6.1 (2016), 31815 .

33

Stuart Brody and Rui Miguel Costa, ‘Satisfaction (Sexual, Life, Relationship, and Mental Health) is Associated Directly with Penile-Vaginal Intercourse, but Inversely with Other Sexual Behavior Frequencies’, The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6.7 (2009), 1947–54 .

34

Beverly Whipple and Carol Rinkleib Ellison, Women’s Sexualities: Generations of Women Share Intimate Sexual Secrets of Sexual Self-Acceptance (Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, US, 2000).

35

Randolph W. Evans and R. Couch, ‘Orgasm and Migraine’, Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 41.5 (2001), 512–14 .

36

Quentin Crisp, The Naked Civil Servant (London: Flamingo, 1996) p. 14.

1

Glenn Matfin, ‘The Rejuvenation of Testosterone: Philosopher’s Stone or Brown-Séquard Elixir?’, Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1.4 (2010), 151–54 .

2

Charles Éduoard Brown-Séquard, The Elixir of Life: Dr. Brown-Séquard’s Own Account of His Famous Alleged Remedy for Debility and Old Age, ed. by Newell Dunbar (Boston: J.G. Cupples, 1889), pp. 21–6.

3

Ibid., p. 23.

4

Ibid., p. 25.

5

Charles Éduoard Brown-Séquard, ‘Note on the Effects Produced on Man by Subcutaneous Injections of a Liquid Obtained from the Testicles of Animals’, The Lancet, 134.3438 (1889), pp. 105–7 .

6

Le Petit Parisien, ‘Jouvence’, 8 October 1919. See also Catherine Remy, “Men Seeking Monkey-Glands”: The Controversial Xenotransplantations of Doctor Voronoff, 1910–30’, French History, 28.2 (2014), pp. 226–40 .

7

John B. Nanninga, The Gland Illusion: Early Attempts at Rejuvenation Through Male Hormone Therapy (London: McFarland, 2017), Kindle edition, location 1125.

8

Serge Voronoff, Quarante-Trois Greffes Du Singe À L’homme (Paris: G. Doin, 1924), p. 90.

9

Aberdeen Press and Journal, ‘Monkey Gland Patient Dead’, 1923, p. 7.

10

Serge Voronoff, Rejuvenation by Grafting (London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1925), pp. 118–119.

11

Ibid., pp. 68–127.

12

Nanninga, The Gland Illusion, location 1232.

13

The Times, ‘Dr Voronoff’s Operations: A Meeting of Protest’, 8 June 1928.

14

Nanninga, The Gland Illusion, location 1638.

15

R. Alton Lee, The Bizarre Careers of John R. Brinkley (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2015), p. 219.

16

Quoted in Pope Brock, Charlatan: America’s Most Dangerous Huckster, the Man Who Pursued Him, and the Age of Flimflam (New York: Crown Publishers, 2008), p. 264.

17

George Bernard Shaw, ‘Letter to the Editor’, in The Saturday Review of Literature, 1928, p. 1043.

18

David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London: Chatto & Windus, 1986), p. 91.

19

Eugen Steinach and Josef Löbel, Sex and Life: Forty Years of Biological and Medical Experiments (New York: Viking, 1940), p. 176.

20

E. Steinach, ‘Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age’, Medical Journal and Record, 25 (1927), p. 79.

21

‘Current Comment, “Glandular Therapy”’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 83 (1924), p. 1004.

22

Sharon Romm, The Unwelcome Intruder: Freud’s Struggle with Cancer (New York, NY, USA: Praeger, 1983), pp. 17–23.

23

Quoted in Nanninga, The Gland Illusion, location 1549.

24

S. Lock, ‘“O That I Were Young Again”: Yeats and the Steinach Operatio’, BMJ, 287.6409 (1983), pp. 1964–68 .

25

Portsmouth Evening News, ‘Gland Rejuvenation’, 22 April 1939, p. 8.

26

Nottingham Evening Post, ‘Seven Methods Explained’, 15 July 1924, p. 1.

27

Dundee Evening Telegraph, ‘Youth Glands Stolen’, 16 October 1922, p. 7.

28

Ibid.

1

John Tozzi and Jared Hopkins, ‘The Little Blue Pill: an Oral History of Viagra’, Bloomberg, 2018 [Accessed 25 August 2018].

2

Dawn Connelly, ‘Three Decades of Viagra’, The Pharmaceutical Journal, 2017 .

3

‘Cover Page’, Time, 1998.

4

Stanley E. Althof and others, ‘Self-Esteem, Confidence, and Relationships in Men Treated with Sildenafil Citrate for Erectile Dysfunction’, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21.10 (2006), 1069–74 .

5

Stephanie B. Hoffman, ‘Behind Closed Doors: Impotence Trials and the Trans-Historical Right to Martial Policy’, Boston University Law Review, 89 (2009), 1725–52, p. 1732.

6

Rider, Magic and Impotence in the Middle Ages, p. 61.

7

Jacqueline Murray, ‘On the Origins and Role of “Wise Women” in Causes for Annulment on the Grounds of Male Impotence’, Journal of Medieval History, 16.3 (1990), pp. 235–49, p. 243. .

8

Quoted in Frederik Pedersen, Marriage Disputes in Medieval England (London: Hambledon, 2000), p. 117.

9

Frederick Pederson, ‘Motives for Murder: The Role of Sir Ralph Paynel in the Murder of William Cantilupe’, in Continuity, Change and Pragmatism in the Law: Essays in Honour of Professor Angelo Forte (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 2016), pp. 69–95, p. 83.

10

Quoted in Henrietta Leyser, Medieval Women: Social History of Women in England 450–1500 (London: Phoenix Press, 1995), p. 116.

11

Quoted in Rider, Magic and Impotence in the Middle Ages, p. 44.

12

P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, The Malleus Maleficarum (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007), Kindle edition, locations 2844–45.

13

Ibid., locations 2897–99.

14

Ibid., locations 2931–3.

15

Hincmar of Rheims, De Divortio Lotharii Regis Et Theutbergae Regina, ed. by Letha Böhringer (Hanover: MGH, 1992), p. 217.

16

Hincmar of Rheims, De Nuptiis Stephani Et Filiae Regimundi Comiti (Berlin: MGH, 1939), p. 105.

17

See Rider, Magic and Impotence in the Middle Ages, pp. 72–4.

18

Hoffman, ‘Behind Closed Doors’, p. 1727.

1

See Johann F. Kinzl and others, ‘Partnership, Sexuality, and Sexual Disorders in Morbidly Obese Women: Consequences of Weight Loss After Gastric Banding’, Obesity Surgery, 11.4 (2001), 455–8 https://doi.org/10.1381/096089201321209323; Sarah R. Holzer and others, ‘Mediational Significance of PTSD in the Relationship of Sexual Trauma and Eating Disorders’, Child Abuse & Neglect, 32.5 (2008), 561–6 .

2

‘Proverbs 9:17 Commentaries: “Stolen Water Is Sweet; And Bread Eaten In Secret Is Pleasant.”’, Biblehub.Com, 2018 [Accessed 18 August 2018].

3

Judith Harris, Pompeii Awakened: A Story Of Rediscovery (London: Tauris, 2007), p. 121.

4

‘Exeter Book Riddles’, Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry Project, 2018 [Accessed 18 August 2018].

5

Martial, ‘Epigrams. Book 14’. Tertullian.Org, 2018 [Accessed 18 August 2018].

6

Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, vol. VI, trans. by Charles Burton Gulick (London: Heinemann, 1927), p. 493.

7

Jacques-Antoine Dulaure, Histoire Abrégée De Différens Cultes, 2nd edn (Paris, 1825), p. 285.

8

Richard Payne Knight and Thomas Wright, A Discourse on the Worship of Priapus, and its Connection with the Mystic (London: Spilbury, 1865), p. 158.

9

Quoted in John Raymond Shinners, Medieval Popular Religion, 1000–1500: A Reader (Toronto: UTP, 2009), pp. 451–53.

10

Ibid., p. 455.

11

Ibid., pp. 451–53.

12

Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The General Prologue’, in The Canterbury Tales, ed. by Jill Mann (London: Penguin Books, 2005), p. 26.

13

Madeleine Pelner Cosman and Linda Gale Jones, Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, vol. 3 (New York: Facts on File, 2008), p. 134.

14

Ibid. Theodore of Canterbury (AD 602–690) had a slightly different take on this in his penitential and warned of women baking their husband’s semen into his bread to increase his libido. Jacqueline Murray, Love, Marriage, and Family in the Middle Ages: A Reader (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), p. 46.

15

George Peele, The Old Wives’ Tale, ed. by Patricia Binnie (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980), p. 75.

16

Richard Brome, A Jovial Crew, ed. by Tiffany Stern (London: Bloomsbury, 2014), pp. 122–33, 30–1.

17

John Aubrey, Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme (London: Folklore Society, 1881), pp. 43–44.

18

Natasha Hinde, ‘Blogger Bakes Sourdough Using Yeast from Vagina, Internet Explodes’, Huffpost UK, 2018 [Accessed 19 August 2018].

1

‘Science Proves Oysters and Mussels are the Food of Love’, The Scotsman, 2018 [Accessed 20 August 2018].

2

Antimo D’Aniello and others, ‘Occurrence and Neuroendocrine Role of d-Aspartic Acid And n-Methyl-D-Aspartic Acid Inciona Intestinalis’, FEBS Letters, 552.2–3 (2003), 193–8 .

3

Raul A. Mirza and others, ‘Do Marine Mollusks Possess Aphrodisiacal Properties?’, paper presented at the Chemical Society National Conference in San Diego, March 13–17, 2005.

4

Adam Lusher, ‘Raw Oysters Really Are Aphrodisiacs Say Scientists (And Now Is the Time to Eat Them)’, Daily Telegraph, 2018 [Accessed 19 August 2018].

5

C. D. Hunt and others, ‘Effects of Dietary Zinc Depletion on Seminal Volume and Zinc Loss, Serum Testosterone Concentrations, and Sperm Morphology in Young Men’, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56.1 (1992), 148–57 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/56.1.148; Radhika Purushottam Kothari, ‘Zinc Levels in Seminal Fluid in Infertile Males and Its Relation with Serum Free Testosterone’, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 10 (2016), CC05-8 https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2016/14393.7723.

6

Robert C. Walter and others, ‘Early Human Occupation of the Red Sea Coast of Eritrea During the Last Interglacial’, Nature, 405.6782 (2000), 65–9 .

7

Hesiod, Theogony, ed. by M. L. West (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 9.

8

Vātsyāyana, Kamasutra, ed. and trans. by Wendy Doniger and Sudhir Kakar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 165.

9

Nicolas Culpeper, The Complete Herbal (London: CreateSpace, 2018), p. 324.

10

Historia Augusta (Boston: Loeb Classical Library, 1921), p. 483.

11

Pliny the Elder, ‘Pliny the Elder, Natural History | Loeb Classical Library’, Loeb Classical Library, 2018 [Accessed 19 August 2018].

12

Alain Chartier, Delectable Demaundes, and Pleasaunt Questions, with their Seuerall Aunswers, in Matters of Loue, Naturall Causes, with Morall and Politique Deuises. Newely Translated out of Frenche into Englishe, this Present Yere of our Lorde God. 1566 (London: John Cawood, 1566), p. 4.

13

Felix Platter, Platerus Golden Practice of Physick (London: Peter Cole, 1664), p. 170; Humphrey Mill, A Night’s Search, Discovering the Nature and Condition of Nightwalkers and their Associates (London, 1646), p. 113.

14

John Marston, The Scourge of Villanie, Vol. 2 (London, 1598), p. 107.

15

Thomas Killigrew, The Parson’s Wedding (London: Henry Herringman, 1641), p. 78.

16

John Wilmot Rochester, ’A Dream’, in the Poetical Works of the Earls of Rochester, Roscomon and Dorset; The Dukes of Devonshire, Buckinghamshire, &C. with Memoirs of their Lives in Two Volumes. Adorn’d with a New Set of Cuts (London: Goodourl, 1735), p. 71.

17

Printed in Drew Smith, Oyster: A Gastronomic History (with Recipes) (New York: Abrams, 2015), Kindle edition, location 866.

18

Henry Randall Waite, Carmina Collegensia: a Complete Collection of the Songs of the American Colleges, with Selections from the Student Songs of the English and German Universities (Boston: Ditson, 1876), p. 73.

19

Apollo’s Medley (Doncaster, 1790), p. 78.

20

John Whitaker, Molly Malone (London: Phipps, 1805), p. 1.

21

Charles Lever, Charles O’Malley, The Irish Dragoon (Leipzig: Tauchnitz, 1848), p. 108.

22

Giacomo Casanova, The Complete Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt, trans. by Arthur Machen (SMK Book, 2014), Kindle edition, location 17545.

23

Ibid., location 61336.

24

Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (London: Createspace, 2017), p. 238.

25

Jonathan Swift, A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation (London: Printed for B. Motte, and C. Bathurst, at the Middle Temple-Gate in Fleet-Street, 1738), p. 120.

26

Trebor Healey, A Horse Named Sorrow (Madison, WI: Terrace Books, 2012), p. 40.

1

Javed Ali, Shahid H. Ansari and Sabna Kotta, ‘Exploring Scientifically Proven Herbal Aphrodisiacs’, Pharmacognosy Reviews, 7.1 (2013), p. 1 .

2

Paola Sandroni, ‘Aphrodisiacs Past and Present: a Historical Review’, Clinical Autonomic Research, 11.5 (2001), 303–7 .

3

J. Shah, ‘Erectile Dysfunction Through the Ages’, BJU International, 90.4 (2002), 433–41, p. 433 .

4

Plato, The Republic of Plato, trans. by John Llewelyn Davies and David James Vaughan (Cambridge: Macmillan, 1852), p. 4.

5

Sharman Apt Russell, Hunger: An Unnatural History (New York: Basic Books, 2008).

6

R. A. Talib et al., ‘The Effect of Fasting on Erectile Function and Sexual Desire on Men in the Month of Ramadan’, Urology Journal, 12.2 (2015), 2099–102.

7

Henry Newell Guernsey, The Application of the Principles and Practice of Homoeopathy to Obstetrics, 2nd edition (London: Turner, 1878), p. 459.

8

Tierney A. Lorenz and Cindy M. Meston, ‘Acute Exercise Improves Physical Sexual Arousal in Women Taking Antidepressants’, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 43.3 (2012), 352–61 .

9

Aristotle, ed. by Jonathan Barnes, Complete Works of Aristotle, Volume 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014), p. 1352.

10

Pliny the Elder, Delphi Complete Works of Pliny the Elder, trans. by John Bostock (Hastings: Delphi Classics, 2015), Kindle edition, location 38731.

11

Alexander Morison, The Physiognomy of Mental Diseases (London: Longman, 1843), page numbers unavailable.

12

Athenaeus, Delphi Complete Works of Athenaeus, trans. by C. D. Yonge (Hastings: Delphi Classics, 2017), Kindle edition, location 2327.

13

François Rabelais, Gargantua And Pantagruel (New York: AMS Press, 1967), p. 162.

14

John Davenport and John Camden Hotten, Aphrodisiacs and Anti-Aphrodisiacs (London: Privately printed, 1869), p. 133.

15

Agnieszka Raubo, ‘The Concept of Temperament and the Theory of Humours in the Renaissance’, Ruch Literacki, 57.4 (2016), 408–25 .

16

Ibid.

17

The Women’s Petition Against Coffee Representing to Publick Consideration the Grand Inconveniencies Accruing to their Sex from the Excessive Use of that Drying, Enfeebling Liquor (London, 1674), p. 4.

18

Ibid., p. 2.

19

Ibid., p. 3.

20

Nicholas Culpeper, A Physicall Directory; or, A Translation of The London Dispensatory Made by the Colledge of Physicians in London (London: Peter Cole, 1649), p. 6.

21

Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (Oxford: John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, 1624), pp. 630–31.

22

Davenport and Hotten, Aphrodisiacs and Anti-Aphrodisiacs, p. 133.

23

Michael Ryan, Prostitution in London, with a Comparative View of that of Paris and New York (London: H. Bailliere, 1839), p. 385.

24

Ibid.

25

Grailey Hewitt, The Diagnosis, Pathology and Treatment of Diseases of Women (Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blackiston, 1868), p. 403.

26

John Harvey Kellogg, Plain Facts for Old and Young: Embracing the Natural History and Hygiene of Organic Life (Burlington: Segner, 1887), pp. 302–3.

27

Sylvester Graham, A Lecture to Young Men on Chastity, Intended Also for the Serious Consideration of Parents and Guardians (Boston: Cornhill, 1838), p. 47.

28

Brian C. Wilson, Dr John Harvey Kellogg and the Religion of Biologic Living (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2014).

29

Thomas Douglas and others, ‘Coercion, Incarceration, and Chemical Castration: an Argument from Autonomy’, Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 10.3 (2013), pp. 393–405 .

30

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (London: Penguin, 1953), p. 303.

31

Davenport and Hotten, Aphrodisiacs and Anti-aphrodisiacs, p. 131.

1

Helen King, ‘Galen and the Widow: Towards a History of Therapeutic Masturbation in Ancient Gynaecology’, Journal on Gender Studies in Antiquity, 2011, 205–35; Hallie Lieberman and Eric Schatzberg, Journalofpositivesexuality.org, 2018 [Accessed 23 September 2018].

2

Rachel Maines, ‘The Study that Set the World Abuzz – Video’, Big Think, 2017 [Accessed 12 March 2017].

3

Cesare Lombroso and others, La Donna Delinquente, La Prostituta E La Donna Normale, 1st edn (Milano: Et.al, 2009).

4

Joseph Mortimer Granville, Nerve-Vibration and Excitation as Agents in the Treatment of Functional Disorder and Organic Disease, 1st edn (J. & A. Churchill: London, 1883), p. 57.

5

The Pearl:Victorian Erotica ( 2017), Kindle edition, locations 6118–19.

6

Ibid., location 11360.

7

Samuel Ward and others, ‘Reports on the Progress of Medicine’, New York Medical Journal, 23 (1876), 207–10, p. 209.

8

Robert Ziegenspeck, Massage Treatment (Thure Brandt) in Diseases of Women: For Practitioners (Chicago: Westerschulte, 1898), p. 26.

9

Ibid., pp. 30–32.

10

Ibid., p. 47.

11

Ibid.

12

Rachel P. Maines, The Technology of Orgasm (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), p. 3.

13

William John Anderson, Hysterical and Nervous Affections of Women. Read Before the Harveian Society, 1st edn (London: Churchill, 1864), p. 26.

14

Andrew Whyte Barclay, A Manual of Medical Diagnosis: Being an Analysis of the Signs and Symptoms (Philadelphia: Blanchard, 1864), p. 138.

15

John Henry Walsh, A Manual of Domestic Medicine and Surgery: Revised Edition (London, Frederick Warne, 1878), p. 150.

16

William Potts Dewees, A Treatise on the Diseases of Females (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1843), p. 470.

17

Walsh, A Manual of Domestic Medicine and Surgery, p. 150.

18

George B. Wood, A Treatise on the Practice of Medicine, 1st edn (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, 1852), p. 581; W. W. Bliss, Woman, and Her Thirty Years’ Pilgrimage (Boston: B. B. Russell, 1870), p. 98.

19

‘Aretaeus, De Causis Et Signis Acutorum Morborum (Lib. 1), Book II., Chapter XI. On Hysterical Suffocation’, Perseus.Tufts.Edu, 2018 [Accessed 22 July 2018].

20

‘Sub-Umbra or Sport Among the She-Noodles’, in The Wordsworth Book of Classic Erotica (Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 2007), p. 1091.

21

‘The Romance of Lust’, in The Wordsworth Book of Classic Erotica (Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 2007), p. 163.

22

Jack Saul, The Sins of the Cities of the Plain, Or the Recollections of a Mary Ann (London: Privately printed, 1881), p. 132.

23

Fern Riddell, ‘No, No, No! Victorians Didn’t Invent the Vibrator’, Guardian, 2017 [Accessed 12 March 2017].

24

James George Beaney, The Generative System and its Functions in Health and Disease (Melbourne: F. F. Bailliere, 1872), p. 359.

25

Edward John Tilt, A Handbook of Uterine Therapeutics and of Diseases of Women (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1878), p. 119.

26

Samuel La’mert, Self-Preservation: A Medical Treatise on the Secret Infirmities and Disorders of the Generative Organs (London; 1852), pp. 105–6.

27

A. J. Block, ‘Sexual Perversion in the Female’, New Orleans Medical Surgery Journal, 22 (1894), pp. 1–7.

28

W. Tyler Smith, ‘Principles and Practices of Obstetricy’, The Lancet, 2 (1847), 669–71, p. 669.

29

John S. Parry, Extra-Uterine Pregnancy; its Causes, Species, Pathological Anatomy, Clinical History, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment (Philadelphia: Henry Lea, 1876), p. 45.

30

Ibid.

1

Jaime Rojo and Steven Harrington, ‘“F**K Art” Opens Wide at Museum of Sex (NSFW)’, Huffpost, 2018 [Accessed 11 August 2018].

2

Quoted in Julie Wosk, Women and the Machine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), p. 114.

3

South Wales Daily News, ‘A Cure for Bicycle Face’, 1897, p. 3.

4

Quoted in Katherine Murtha, ‘Cycling in the 1890s: An Orgasmic Experience?’, Cahiers De La Femme, 21.3 (2002), pp. 119–21, p. 120.

5

St Louis Medical Review, 32 (1895), p. 209.

6

Iowa State Register, ‘Taking Chances’, 1895.

7

The Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic, 74 (1895), p. 674.

8

‘Female Cyclists’, The Dominion Medical Monthly, 7.3 (1896), 235–7.

9

‘Immorality in Canada’, The Canadian Practioner 21, (1896), 848–9.

10

Robert Dickinson, ‘Bicycling for Women’, The American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, 31 (1895), 24–35, p. 33.

11

Ibid.

12

Quoted in Ted Ferguson, Kit Coleman: Queen of Hearts (Markham: PaperJacks, 1979), p. 92.

13

Sue Macy and Meredith Orlow, Wheels of Change (Washington: National Geographic, 2012), p. 18.

14

New Zealand Wheelman, 18 August 1897, p. 7.

15

New Zealand Graphic and Ladies’ Journal, 17 September, 1898, p. 372.

16

Arthur Shadwell, ‘The Hidden Dangers of Cycling’, The National Review, 1897, p. 796.

17

Quoted in South Wales Daily News, ‘Remedy for Bicycle Face’, 1897, p. 3.

18

Clare Simpson, ‘A Social History of Women and Cycling in Late-Nineteenth Century New Zealand’ (unpublished PhD thesis, Lincoln University, 1998), p. 137.

19

New Zealand Wheelman, 30 April 1898, p. 9.

1

Chantal Cox-George and Susan Bewley, ‘I, Sex Robot: The Health Implications of the Sex Robot Industry’, BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health, 44, 2018, 161–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2017-200012.

2

S. J. De Laet, History of Humanity (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 234.

3

Jonathan Amos, ‘Ancient Phallus Unearthed in Cave’, BBC News, 2005 [Accessed 24 June 2018].

4

Ovid, trans. by A. D. Melville and E. J. Kenney, Metamorphoses (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 233.

5

‘Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XXXVI. The Natural History Of Stones’, Perseus.Tufts.Edu, 2018 [Accessed 24 June 2018].

6

Sigmund Freud, ‘The Uncanny’, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. by James Strachey (London: Vintage, 2001), p. 220.

7

Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2001), p. 188.

8

Iwan Bloch, The Sexual Life of Our Time in Its Relations to Modern Civilization, trans. by M. Eden Paul (London: Rebman, 1908), p. 648.

9

Louis Fiaux, Les Maisons De Tolerance (Paris: G. Carré, 1892), p. 176.

10

Bloch, The Sexual Life of Our Time, pp. 648–9.

11

Ibid.

12

Madame B, La Femme Endormie (Melbourne, 1899), pp. 11–12.

13

Ibid.

14

René Schwaeblé, ‘Homunculus’, Les détraquées de Paris (Paris: Daragon libraire-éditeur, 1910), pp. 247–53.

15

N. Döring and S. Pöschl, ‘Sex Toys, Sex Dolls, Sex Robots: Our Under-Researched Bed-Fellows’, Sexologies, 27, (2018), 133–8 .

16

See Kate Devlin, Turned On: Science, Sex and Robots (London: Bloomsbury, 2018).

17

Vic Grout, ‘Robot Sex: Ethics And Morality’, Lovotics, 03.01 (2015) ; Cox-George and Bewley, ‘I, Sex Robot: The Health Implications of the Sex Robot Industry’, BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health, (2018), 44, 161–4 bmjsrh-2017-200012 .; Veronica Cassidy, ‘For the Love of Doll(s): A Patriarchal Nightmare of Cyborg Couplings’, ESC: English Studies In Canada, 42.1-2 (2016), pp. 203–215 .

18

Sarah Valverde, ‘The Modern Sex Doll-Owner: A Descriptive Analysis’ (unpublished Masters thesis, California State Polytechnic University, 2012).

19

Ibid., p. 34.

20

Lucy Orne Bowditch and Charles Pickering Bowditch, The Lives and Portraits of Curious and Odd Characters (Worcester: Thomas Drew, 1853), pp. 11–17.

21

Janine Alexandre-Debray, La Païva, 1819–1884 (Paris: Perrin, 1986); Melissa Hope Ditmore, Encyclopaedia of Prostitution and Sex Work Vol I (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006), p. 244.

22

Quoted in Derek Sayer, Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century – A Surrealist History (Princeton: Princeton University, 2013), p. 227.

23

Norbert Lenz, Borghild.de [Accessed 13 July 2018].

24

Robin Gerber, Barbie and Ruth: The Story of the World’s Most Famous Doll and the Woman Who Made Her (New York: Harper, 2010).

25

Anthony Ferguson, The Sex Doll (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2010), p. 31.

26

Ibid., p. 30.

27

Christopher Trout, ‘There’s a New Sex Robot in Town: Say Hello To Solana’, Engadget, 2018 [Accessed 18 July 2018].

1

Megan Oaten, Richard J. Stevenson and Trevor I. Case, ‘Disgust as a Disease-Avoidance Mechanism’, Psychological Bulletin, 135.2 (2009), 303–21 .

2

Carmelo M. Vicario and others, ‘Core, Social and Moral Disgust are Bounded: A Review on Behavioural and Neural Bases of Repugnance in Clinical Disorders’, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80 (2017), 185–200 .

3

Marco Tullio Liuzza and others, ‘Body Odour Disgust Sensitivity Predicts Authoritarian Attitudes’, Royal Society Open Science, 5.2 (2018), 171091 .

4

Michael N. Pham et al., ‘Is Cunnilingus-Assisted Orgasm A Male Sperm-Retention Strategy?’, Evolutionary Psychology, 11.2 (2013), 147470491301100 .

5

D. P. Strachan, ‘Hay Fever, Hygiene, and Household Size’, BMJ, 299.6710 (1989), 1259–60 .

6

Alison Leigh Browne et al., ‘Patterns of Practice: A Reflection on the Development of Quantitative/Mixed Methodologies Capturing Everyday Life Related to Water Consumption in the UK’, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 17.1 (2013), pp. 27–43 .

7

Calendar of Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office: Edward III, vol. 2 (London: HMSO, 1898), p. 610.

8

Geoffrey Chaucer and Jill Mann, The Canterbury Tales (London: Penguin Books, 2005), pp. 821, 17.

9

Ibid., p. 123.

10

Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte D ’Arthur, ed. by Helen Cooper (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 129.

11

St Jerome, The Sacred Writings of Saint Jerome (London: Jazzybee Verlag, 2018), Kindle edition, location 7151.

12

C. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (London: Routledge, 1984), p. 108.

13

Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ‘Abbās al-Zahrāwī, Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973).

14

Martin Levey, Early Arabic Pharmacology (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1973), p. 9.

15

Edward H. Schafer, ‘The Development of Bathing Customs in Ancient and Medieval China and the History of the Floriate Clear Palace’, Journal of The American Oriental Society, 76.2 (1956), 57–82, 57. .

16

J. C. Mardrus and E. P. Mathers, The Book of the Thousand and One Nights (Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2013), p. 42.

17

Jonathan Reinarz, Past Scents: Historical Perspectives on Smell (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2014), p. 64.

18

Mandy Aftel, Essence and Alchemy (New York: North Point Press, 2001), p. 190.

19

Jacquelyn Hodson, ‘The Smell of the Middle Ages’, Trivium Publishing LLC, 2018 [Accessed 9 September 2017].

20

John Russell, Wynkyn de Worde and Frederick James Furnivall, The Boke of Nurture (Bungay: Printed for the Honourable R. Curzon by J. Childs, 1867), p. 68.

21

Quoted in James A. Brundage, Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), p. 527.

22

Giovanni Boccaccio, Guido Waldman and Jonathan Usher, The Decameron (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 543.

23

Tania Bayard, A Medieval Home Companion (New York: Harper, 1992), p. 130.

24

William Langham, The Garden of Health (London: Christopher Barker, 1579), p. 147.

25

Ruth Mazo Karras, Common Women: Prostitution and Sexuality in Medieval England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 54–5.

26

Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Legend of Good Women’, in The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. by Walter William Skeat (London: Cosimo Classics, 2013), p. 91.

27

Quoted in Karras, Common Women, p. 54.

28

Ibid.

29

Terry Gilliam, Monty Python and the Holy Grail (EMI, 1975).

1

Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismā’īl, and Muhammad Muhsin Khan, S.ah.īh. Al-Bukhārī (Riyadh-Saudi Arabia: Darussalam, 1997), 7.777.

2

Didem Muallaaziz and Eyüp Yayci, ‘Pubic Hair Removal Practices in Muslim Women’, Basic and Clinical Sciences, 3 (2014), pp. 39–44, p. 39.

3

Victoria Sherrow, Encyclopaedia of Hair (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006), pp. 111–5.

4

‘Aristophanes, Lysistrata, Line 130’, Perseus.Tufts.Edu, 2018 [Accessed 8 August 2018].

5

John G. Younger, Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 75.

6

Kristina Milnor, Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 179.

7

Kim M. Phillips, Medieval Maidens: Young Women and Gender in England, c.1270–c.1540 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), p. 45.

8

Monica Helen Green, The Trotula (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), p. 175.

9

This quotation is found in an illuminated manuscript, and attributed to the fourteenth-century Dominican Friar, John of Freiberg. P. J. P. Goldberg, Women in Medieval English Society (Gloucestershire: Sutton, 1997), p. 90.

10

Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales ed. by Jill Mann (London: Penguin Books, 2005), p. 137, lines 3722–49.

11

Recettario Novo Probatissimo a Molte Infirmita, E Etiandio Di Molte Gentilezze Utile A Chi Le Vora Provare (Venice, 1532).

12

Francisco Delicado and Bruno M. Damiani, Portrait of Lozana (Potomac: Scripta Humanistica, 1987), p. 72.

13

William Shakespeare, Venus And Adonis, Shakespeare.Mit.Edu, 2018 [Accessed 8 August 2018].

14

William Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare.Mit.Edu, 2018 [Accessed 8 August 2018].

15

William Shakespeare, ‘Sonnet 130: My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun’, Shakespeare-Online.Com, 2018 [Accessed 8 August 2018].

16

Richard Head, The Rogue Discovered, Or A Congratulatory Verse upon a Book Newly Published (A Piece Much Desired, and Long Expected) Called the English Rogue, A Witty Extravagant (London: Francis Kirkman, 1665), p. 67.

17

Megg Spenser, A Strange and True Conference Between Two Bawds, Damarose Page and Priss Fotheringham, during their Imprisonment in Newgate (London, 1660), p. 7.

18

John Wilmot, ‘The Farce of Sodom’, in Book of Sodom, ed. by Paul Hallam (London: Routledge, 1995), p. 230.

19

Thomas Middleton, ‘A Trick to Catch the Old One’, in Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works, ed. by Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 407.

20

Quoted in James T. Henke, Gutter Life and Language in the Early ‘Street’ Literature of England (West Cornwall: Locust Hill Press, 1988), p. 77.

21

Humphrey Mill, A Night’s Search, Discovering the Nature and Condition of Night-Walkers with their Associates (London: H. Shepard and W. Ley, 1640), p. 249.

22

Gordon Williams, A Dictionary of Sexual Language and Imagery in Shakespearean and Stuart Literature: A–F (London: Athlone Press, 1994), p. 877.

23

‘Pubic Wigs’, Oxford Reference, 2018 [Accessed 8 August 2018].

24

John Wilmot, ‘The Farce of Sodom’, p. 230.

25

Alexander Smith and Arthur Lawrence Hayward, A Complete History of the Lives and Robberies of the Most Notorious Highwaymen, Footpads, Shoplifts & Cheats of Both Sexes (London: Routledge, 2002), p. 217.

26

Harris’s List of Covent Garden Ladies or Man of Pleasure’s Kalendar for the Year, 1788 (London: H. Ranger, 1788), pp. 39, 79, 130.

27

John Cleland, Fanny Hill: Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (London: LBA, 2007), Kindle edition, p. 125.

28

Ibid., p. 11.

29

‘Full Text Of “The Romance of Lust a Classic Victorian Erotic Novel”’, Archive.Org, 2017 [Accessed 12 March 2017].

30

John Ruskin and others, The Story of John Ruskin, Effie Gray and John Everett Millais Told for the First Time in their Unpublished Letters (London: Murray, 1948), p. 220.

31

Tami S. Rowen and others, ‘Pubic Hair Grooming Prevalence and Motivation Among Women in the United States’, JAMA Dermatology, 152.10 (2016), 1106 .

1

Technavio Research, Global Vaginal Odor Control Product Market 2018–2022 (London: Regional Business News, 2018).

2

Jo’s Cervical Cancer Trust, ‘Body Shame Responsible for Young Women not Attending Smear Tests’, Jo’s Cervical Cancer Trust, 2018 [Accessed 17 February 2019].

3

Louis Keith and others, ‘The Odors of the Human Vagina’, Archiv Für Gynäkologie, 220.1 (1975), pp. 1–10 .

4

E. B. Keverne and R. P. Michael, ‘Sex-Attractant Properties of Ether Extracts of Vaginal Secretions from Rhesus Monkeys’, Journal Of Endocrinology, 51.2 (1971), pp. 313–22 ; Foteos Macrides, Patricia A. Johnson and Stephen P. Schneider, ‘Responses of the Male Golden Hamster to Vaginal Secretion and Dimethyl Disulfide: Attraction Versus Sexual Behavior’, Behavioral Biology, 20.3 (1977), 377–86 ; Ana Lilia Cerda-Molina et al., ‘Endocrine Changes in Male Stumptailed Macaques (Macaca Arctoides) As a Response to Odor Stimulation with Vaginal Secretions’, Hormones And Behavior, 49.1 (2006), 81–7 .

5

Megan N. Williams and Amy Jacobson, ‘Effect of Copulins on Rating of Female Attractiveness, Mate-Guarding, and Self-Perceived Sexual Desirability’, Evolutionary Psychology, 14.2 (2016), 147470491664332 .

6

Didem Sunay, Erdal Kaya and Yusuf Ergun, ‘Vaginal Douching Behavior of Women and Relationship Among Vaginal Douching and Vaginal Discharge and Demographic Factors’, Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology, 8.4 (2011), 264–71 https://doi.org/10.5505/tjod.2011.57805; ‘Douching’, Womenshealth.Gov, 2018 [Accessed 10 September 2018].

7

Charles Knowlton, Fruits of Philosophy: A Treatise on the Population Question (San Francisco: Readers Library, 1891), p. 74.

8

Dr Blundell, ‘Incapability of Retaining the Urine’, The Lancet, 1 (1829), 673–7.

9

Clifton E. Wing, ‘The Proper Use of the Hot Vaginal Douche’, The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 102 (1880), 583–4.

10

‘Reports of Societies’, The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 14 (1889), 443–5, 444.

11

John Ashurst, The International Encyclopedia of Surgery: A Systematic Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Surgery (W. Wood, 1895), p. 1002.

12

Catalogue and Report of Obstetrical and other Instruments (London: Obstetric Society of London, 1867).

13

James V. Ricci, The Development of Gynaecological Surgery and Instruments (Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1949), p. 526.

14

Knowlton, Fruits of Philosophy, p. 74.

15

‘Vaginal Douching’, Monthly Retrospect of Medicine & Pharmacy, 4 (1898), p. 555.

16

‘Over a Century of Healthing’, Lysol.Com, 2018 [Accessed 11 September 2018].

17

Andrea Tone, Devices and Desire: A History of Contraceptives in America (New York: Hill and Wang), pp. 151–83.

18

‘Beauty Wonders: No Smell So Sweet’, Essence, September 1971, p. 20.

1

‘Campaign To Protect Young People From STIs by Using Condoms’, gov.uk, 2018 [Accessed 14 August 2018].

2

‘New Data Reveals 420,000 Cases of STIs Diagnosed In 2017’, gov.uk, 2018 [Accessed 14 August 2018].

3

Nicola Low and others, ‘Molecular Diagnostics for Gonorrhoea: Implications for Antimicrobial Resistance and the Threat of Untreatable Gonorrhoea’, Plos Medicine, 11.2 (2014), e1001598 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001598; Kelsi M. Sandoz and Daniel D. Rockey, ‘Antibiotic Resistance in Chlamydiae’, Future Microbiology, 5.9 (2010), 1427–42 .

4

Jean-Jacques Amy and Michel Thiery, ‘The Condom: A Turbulent History’, The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 20.5 (2015), 387–402 .

5

Michael Leidig, ‘Condom from Cromwell’s Time Goes on Display in Austria’, BMJ, 333.7557 (2006), 10.3 .

6

Lesley Smith, ‘The History of Contraception’, in Contraception: A Casebook from Menarche to Menopause (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 18.

7

Lesley Smith, ‘The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus: Ancient Egyptian Medicine’, Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 37.1 (2011), 54–5 .

8

Gabriele Falloppi, De Morbo Gallico (Padua, 1563), chapter 89.

9

Guy de Chauliac, La Grande Chirurgie (Paris: F. Alcan, 1890).

10

Quoted in Ralph Hermon Major, Classic Descriptions of Disease, 3rd edn (Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1978), p. 26.

11

Robley Dunglison, A New Dictionary of Medical Science and Literature (Boston: C. Bowen, 1833), p. 223.

12

John Wilmot and others, ‘A Panegyric Upon Cundum’, in The Works of The Earls of Rochester, Roscomon and Dorset, the Dukes of Devonshire, Buckingham and Co. (London, 1667), p. 208.

13

James Boswell, Boswell’s London Journal, 1762–1763, ed. by Frederick Albert Pottle (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 262.

14

Boswell, Boswell’s London Journal, 1762–1763, p. 272.

15

Daniel Turner, Syphillis. A Practical Dissertation on the Venereal Disease (London: J. Walthoe, R. Wilkin, J. and J. Bonwicke, and T. Ward, 1727), p. 74; M. Tampa and others, ‘Brief History of Syphilis’, Journal of Medicine and Life, 7.1 (2014), 4–10.

16

Boswell, Boswell’s London Journal, 1762–1763, p. 155.

17

Francis Grose, Guide to Health, Beauty, Riches, and Honour (London: S. Hooper, 1785), p. 13.

18

Robert Jütte, Contraception (Cambridge: Polity, 2008), p. 104.

19

Casanova, Giacomo, The Complete Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt, trans. by Arthur Machen (SMK Books, 2014), Kindle edition, location 33819.

20

Ibid.

21

M. Tampa and others, ‘Brief History of Syphilis’.

22

Richard Carlile, ‘Every Woman’s Book Or What Is Love?’, in What Is Love?: Richard Carlile’s Philosophy of Sex, ed. by M. L. Bush (London: Verso, 1998).

23

Quoted in Andrea Tone, Controlling Reproduction: An American History (Wilmington: SR Books, 1997), p. 141.

24

Amy and Thiery, ‘The Condom: A Turbulent History’, pp. 397–8.

25

Aine Collier, The Humble Little Condom (Amherst: Prometheus Books, 2007), p. 209.

26

A. Salem, ‘A Condom Sense Approach to AIDS Prevention: A Historical Perspective’, South Dakota Journal of Medicine, 45.10 (1992), pp. 294–6, p. 294.

27

Samuel Hallsor Booth, ‘A Comparison of the Early Responses to AIDS in the UK and the US’, Res Medica, 24.1 (2017), pp. 57–64 .

1

Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, 2.3.49.5–7.

2

William Buchan, Domestic Medicine: Or, a Treatise on the Prevention and Cure of Diseases by Regimen and Simple Remedies (London: Balfour, Auld and Smellie, 1769), p. 3.

3

Ibid., p. 531.

4

William Cobbett, The Parliamentary History of England, 1801–1803 (London: 1806), p. 36. The ‘quickening’ referred to the first movements of the foetus in the womb. Typically, a woman starts to feel movement around 18–20 weeks. Levene, Malcolm et al., Essentials of Neonatal Medicine (London: Blackwell, 2000), p. 8.

5

John Astruc, A treatise on all the Diseases Incident to Women (London: Cooper, 1743), p. 363; Martin Madan, Thelyphthora; or, A treatise on female ruin (London, 1785), p. 285; A. Civillian, Trials for Adultery; or, the History of Divorces, III vols, (London: Blandon, 1779).

6

Casanova, The Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt, Kindle Edition, location 33688.

7

Karen Harris, The Medieval Vagina: A Historical and Hysterical Look At All Things Vaginal During the Middle Ages (London: Snark, 2014).

8

L. Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800 (London: Penguin, 1990), pp. 266–7.

9

Old Bailey Proceedings Online, central criminal court (2003), [accessed 30 August 2016].

10

John M. Riddle, Eve’s Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).

11

‘The Tryal of Eleanore Beare of Derby’, Gentleman’s Magazine, 1732, pp. 933–4.

12

Anon, ‘The Tryal of Eleanor Beare of Derby, on Tuesday 15 August, 1732’, The Gentleman’s Magazine, or, Monthly Intelligencer, 2. XXIV (1732), pp. 931–3.

13

Ibid.

14

Thomas Brown, ‘A Satire Upon a Quack’, in Works Serious and Comical in Prose and Verse (London 1760), pp. 62–5.

15

Ibid.

16

Francis Grose, Lexicon Balatronicum: A Dictionary of Buckish Slang, University Wit, and Pickpocket Eloquence (London: S. Hooper, 1785), p. 204.

17

Old Bailey Proceedings Online, central criminal court (2003), [accessed 30 August 2016].

18

Old Bailey Proceedings Online, Ann Gardner, 15 January 1708 (t17080115-1).

19

Dan Cruickshank, The Secret History of Georgian London: How the Wages of Sin Shaped the Capital (London: Windmill Books, 2010), p. 249.

20

Foundling Museum, [accessed 2 September 2016].

21

Jennifer Worth, ‘A deadly trade’, Guardian, 6 January 2005.

1

Pliny, Natural History, trans. H. Rackham (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), book 7, p. 549.

2

Kate Hodal, ‘Nepal’s Bleeding Shame: Menstruating Women Banished to Cattle Sheds’, Guardian, 2018 [Accessed 13 September 2018].

3

Verity Bowman, ‘Woman in Nepal Dies After Being Exiled to Outdoor Hut During Her Period’, Guardian, 2018 [Accessed 13 September 2018].

4

Rita E. Montgomery, ‘A Cross-Cultural Study of Menstruation, Menstrual Taboos, and Related Social Variables’, Ethos, 2.2 (1974), 137–70, p. 152 .

5

Ibid.

6

Janet Hoskins, ‘The Menstrual Hut and the Witch’s Lair in Two Eastern Indonesian Societies’, Ethnology, 41.4 (2002), p. 317 .

7

Montgomery, ‘A Cross-Cultural Study of Menstruation’, p. 143.

8

Kristin Hanssen, ‘Ingesting Menstrual Blood: Notions of Health and Bodily Fluids in Bengal’, Ethnology, 41.4 (2002), 365–79, p. 369 .

9

J. F. Nunn, Ancient Egyptian Medicine (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002), p. 197.

10

Hildegard of Bingen, Hildegard Von Bingen’s Physica: The Complete English Translation of Her Classic Work on Health and Healing, ed. by Priscilla Throop (Rochester: Healing Arts Press, 1998), p. 61.

11

Lily Xiao Hong Lee and Sue Wiles, Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618–44 (London: Routledge, 2014), pp. 59–60.

12

Aru Bhartiya, ‘Menstruation, Religion and Society’, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2013, 523–7 .

13

‘Bible Gateway Passage: Leviticus 20:18 – New International Version’, Bible Gateway, 2018 [Accessed 14 September 2018].

14

‘Surah Al-Baqarah [2:222–232]’, Surah Al-Baqarah [2:222–232], 2018 [Accessed 14 September 2018].

15

Joan Cadden, Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Science and Culture (Cambridge: University Press, 1993), pp. 21–6; Nancy Tuana, ‘The Weaker Seed: The Sexist Bias of Reproduction Theory’, in Feminism and Science, ed. by Nancy Tuana (Bloomingdale: Indiana University Press, 1989), pp. 147–71.

16

Galen, ‘Ancient Medicine/Medicina Antiqua: Galen: Commentary On: Hippocrates: On The Nature Of Man: De Natura Hominis’, Ucl.Ac.Uk, 2018 [Accessed 14 September 2018].

17

Simiao Sun and Sabine Wilms, Bèi Jí Qiān Jīn Yào Fāng (Portland: The Chinese Medicine Database, 2008).

18

Yi-Li Wu, ‘The Menstruating Womb: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Body and Gender in H. Chun’s Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine (1613)’, Asian Medicine, 11.1–2 (2016), 21–60 .

19

Kaviraj Kunjalal Bhishagratna, An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita Based on Original Sanskrit Text (Calcutta, 1911), p. 123.

20

Ibid. p. 127.

21

‘Letters, Notes, and Answers to Correspondents’, British Medical Journal, 1 (1878), p. 325.

22

William Rowley, A Treatise on Female Nervous Diseases, Madness, Suicide, &c. (London: T. Hookham, 1798), p. 54.

23

Charles Manfield Clarke, Observations on the Diseases of Females which are Attended by Discharges (Philadelphia: H. C. Carey, 1824), p. 25.

24

Julius Althanus, On Epilepsy, Hysteria and Ataxy: Three Lectures (London: Churchill & Sons, 1866), p. 48.

25

J. McGrigor Allan, ‘On the Real Differences in the Minds of Men and Women’, The Anthropological Review 7 (1869), pp. 196–219.

26

See Carla Bittel, Mary Putnam Jacobi and the Politics of Medicine in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2009).

27

Lara Freidenfelds, The Modern Period: Menstruation in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).

28

The Story of Menstruation (Hollywood: Disney, 1946).

29

Crystal VanLeeuwen and Belen Torondel, ‘Improving Menstrual Hygiene Management in Emergency Contexts: Literature Review of Current Perspectives’, International Journal Of Women’s Health, 10 (2018), pp. 169–86 .

30

‘School Menstrual Hygiene Management In Malawi’, Assets.Publishing.Service.Gov.Uk, 2018 [Accessed 15 September 2018].

31

‘1 In 10 Girls Have Been Unable to Afford Sanitary Wear’, Plan International UK, 2018 [Accessed 15 September 2018]; ‘ALWAYS Donates Feminine Hygiene Products to Help UK Girls Stay in School. #Endperiodpoverty’, Always.Co.Uk, 2018 [Accessed 15 September 2018].

1

George P. Murdock, ‘Anthropology and its Contribution to Public Health’, American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health, 42.1 (1952), 7–11 .

2

Mary Breckinridge, ‘The Nurse-Midwife – A Pioneer’, American Journal of Public Health, 17.11 (1927), 1147–51, p. 1147 .

3

Glyn Davies, A History of Money (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2002); Graeme Barker, The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

4

William W. Sanger, The History of Prostitution (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1858), p. 414.

5

Sally Engle Merry, Colonizing Hawaii: The Cultural Power of Law (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 249.

6

Gordon Morris Bakken and Brenda Farrington, Encyclopedia of Women in the American West (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2003), p. 236.

7

Rudyard Kipling, ‘On the City Wall’, in Soldiers Three, and Other Stories (London: Routledge, 1914), p. 137.

8

Ibid.

9

Ulises Chávez Jimenez, ‘How Much for Your Love: Prostitution Among the Aztecs’, Academia.Edu, 2004 [Accessed 7 August 2018].

10

Irving L. Finkel and Markham Judah Geller, Sumerian Gods and their Representations (Groningen: STYX Publications, 1997), p. 65.

11

Martha T. Roth, ‘Marriage, Divorce and the Prostitute in Ancient Mesopotamia’, in Christopher A. Faraone and Laura McClure, Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Ancient World (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), Kindle edition, location 427.

12

Patrick Olivelle, King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 158–60.

13

Mary Beard and John Henderson, ‘With This Body I Thee Worship: Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity’, Gender and History, 9.3 (1997), 480–503, p. 486.

14

Andrew R. George, The Epic of Gilgamesh (London: Penguin, 2003), pp. 6–8.

15

Herodotus, Delphi Complete Works of Herodotus, trans. by A. D. Godley (Hastings: Delphi Classics, 2013), Kindle edition, location 1718.

16

Strabo of Amaseia, Delphi Complete Works of Strabo, trans. by H. C. Hamilton (Hastings: Delphi Classics, 2016), Kindle edition, location 20295.

17

Lucian, The Syrian Goddess: Being a Translation of Lucian’s De Dea Syria, with a Life of Lucian (London: Dodo, 2010), pp. 40–2.

18

Pompeius Trogus, ‘Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus (1886) pp. 90–171 Books 11–20’, Tertullian.Org, 2018 [Accessed 18 September 2018].

19

Leslie Kurke, ‘Pindar and the Prostitutes, or Reading Ancient “Pornography”’, Arion, 4, 1996, p. 52.

20

Stephanie Budin, ‘Sacred Prostitution in the First Person’, in Christopher A. Faraone and Laura McClure, Prostitutes and Courtesans In the Ancient World (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), Kindle edition, location 1166.

21

‘Bible Gateway Passage: 2 Kings 23:7 – New International Version’, Bible Gateway, 2018 [Accessed 19 September 2018].

22

E. B. Aryendra Sharma and E. V. Vira Raghavacharya, ‘Gems from Sanskrit Literature. (Sūktimālā)’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 81.4 (1961), 461 .

23

Samantha Chattora, ‘The Devadasi System – Genesis & Growth’, Iml.Jou.Ufl.Edu, 2002 [Accessed 7 August 2018].

24

K. Jamanadas, Devadasis (Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2007), p. 300.

1

Irina Metzler, A Social History of Disability in the Middle Ages (Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2013), p. 23.

2

John Keble, The Life of the Right Reverend Father in God, Thomas Wilson (Oxford: J. H. Parker, 1863), p. 296.

3

‘Post Office Act 1953’, Legislation.Gov.Uk, 2018 [Accessed 22 September 2018].

4

Caroline Archer, Tart Cards (New York: Mark Batty, 2003).

5

‘Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001’, Legislation.Gov.Uk, 2018 [Accessed 22 September 2018].

6

Jack Harris, Harris’s List of Covent Garden Ladies or Man of Pleasure’s Kalendar for the Year, 1788 (London: Ranger, 1788), pp. 72, 112, 36.

7

Hallie Rubenhold, Harris’s List of Covent Garden Ladies (London: Doubleday, 2005), p. 144.

8

Hallie Rubenhold, The Covent Garden Ladies: Pimp General Jack and the Extraordinary Story of Harris’s List (London: History Press, 2006), p. 71.

9

Ibid.

10

Ibid., p. 216.

11

Nocturnal Revels: or, The History of King’s Place and Other Modern Nunneries (London: M. Goadby, 1779).

12

The Gentleman’s Bottle Companion, 1st edn (Edinburgh: Harris, 1979), p. 55.

13

Pamela D. Arceneaux, ‘Guidebooks to Sin: The Blue Books of Storyville, New Orleans’, Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, 28.4 (2018), 397–405, p. 397.

14

Ibid., p. 401.

15

Ibid., p. 403.

16

Al Rose, Storyville, New Orleans (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1979), p. 206.

17

E. J. Bellocq et al., E. J. Bellocq: Storyville Portraits, Photographs from the New Orleans Red-Light District (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1970), p. 14.

18

L’étude Académique, 1 February, 1911.

19

See Ferruccio Farina, Die Verbotene Venus: Erotische Postkarten 1895–1925 (Stuttgart: Deutscher Bücherbund, 1989).

20

‘Tart Cards Exhibition’ at Birmingham Institute of Art & Design, 2014, and Plymouth College of Art, 2012.

21

Teela Sanders and others, Beyond the Gaze: Summary Briefing on Internet Sex Work, 2018 [Accessed 22 September 2018].

22

‘“This Bill Is Killing Us”: 9 Sex Workers on Their Lives in the Wake of FOSTA’, Huffpost, 2018 [Accessed 22 September 2018].

1

The Letters of Oscar Wilde, ed. by Rupert Hart-Davies (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1968), p. 492.

2

‘The Home Affairs Committee: Prostitution’, Publications.Parliament.Uk, 2016 [Accessed 23 September 2018].

3

‘How Much Does Prostitution Contribute to the UK Economy?’, Import.Io, 2014 [Accessed 23 September 2018].

4

Mack Friedman, ‘Male Sex Work from Ancient Times to the Near Present’, in Victor Minichiello, John Scott and Victor Scott, Male Sex Work and Society (Golden: Columbia University Press, 2014), pp. 2–34.

5

Quoted in Rudi C. Bleys, The Geography of Perversion: Male-to-Male Sexual Behaviour Outside the West and the Ethnographic Imagination (London: Cassell, 1996), p. 33.

6

Iwan Bloch, A History of English Sexual Morals, trans. by William H. Forstern (London: Francis Aldor, 1936), p. 135.

7

Sarah Kingston and Natalie Hammond, Women Who Buy Sexual Services In The UK, 2016 [Accessed 12 February 2019].

8

Kate Lister, ‘Women Do Pay for Sex, and This Is Why’, i News, 2018 [Accessed 25 September 2018].

9

Gary P. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), p. 26.

10

Moisés Kaufman, Gross Indecency: The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde (New York: Dramatists Play Service, 1999), p. 70.

11

‘Aeschines, Against Timarchus, Section 29’, Perseus.Tufts.Edu, 2018 [Accessed 23 September 2018].

12

John G. Younger, Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z (London: Routledge, 2005), Kindle edition, location 4155.

13

Vātsyāyana, Kamasutra, ed. and trans. by Wendy Doniger and Sudhir Kakar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 65–67.

14

Ibid.

15

Jeremy Goldberg, ‘John Rykener, Richard II And The Governance Of London’, Leeds Studies In English, 45 2014, pp. 49–70.

16

Ibid.

17

Clement Walker, Relations and Observations Historical and Politick upon the Parliament Begun Anno Dom. 1640 (London: 1648), p. 221.

18

John Dunton, ‘The He-Strumpets. A Satyr on the Sodomite-Club’, in Athenianism, 2 vols. London, 1710, Vol. 2, pp. 93–9.

19

Ned Ward, ‘Of the Mollies Club’, in Edward Ward’s Satyrical Reflections on Clubs, Vol. V. (London: J. Phillips, 1710).

20

Rictor Norton, ‘Mother Clap’s Molly House’, The Gay Subculture in Georgian England, 5 February 2005 [Accessed 20 September 2018].

21

Rictor Norton, ‘The Trial of George Kedger, 1726’, Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook, 1 December 1999 [Accessed 24 September 2018].

22

Glenn Chandler, The Sins of Jack Saul, 2nd edn (Claygate: Grosvenor House, 2016), p. 7.

23

Jack Saul, The Sins of the Cities of the Plain or Recollections of a Mary-Ann, with Short Essays on Sodomy and Tribadism (London: Privately printed, 1881), pp. 15–16.

24

Colin Simpson, The Cleveland Street Affair (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1976), p. 81.

25

Ibid.

26

‘The West End Scandal’, Reynolds’s Newspaper, 12 January 1890.

27

‘Central Criminal Court’, The Standard, 17 January 1890.

1

Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 8.0, 01 December 2018), May 1683, trial of Isabel Barker (t16830524-7).

2

Nghiem L. Nguyen, ‘Roman Rape: An Overview of Roman Rape Laws from the Republican Period to Justinian’s Reign’, Michigan Journal of Gender And Law, 13.1 (2006), pp. 75–112.

3

Dorothy Whitelock, ed., English Historical Documents (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1955), p. 359.

4

The Morning Chronicle, ‘Police Intelligence’, 20 February 1847, p. 4; Nottingham Review and General Advertiser for the Midland Counties, ‘Judicial Procedures’, 5 May 1837, p. 4.

5

Bury and Norwich Post, ‘Miscellaneous’, 3 May 1837, p. 1.

6

Kristoffer Nyro, The Kiss and Its History (London: Sands & Co, 1901), pp. 67–8.

7

‘Outcry over Teen’s Underwear in Rape Trial’, BBC News, 2018 [Accessed 7 December 2018].

8

Siobhan Norton, ‘“This Is Not Consent”: How a Thong Prompted Protests Across Ireland over the Handling of Rape Trials’, Inews.Co.Uk, 2018 [Accessed 7 December 2018].

9

Ibid.