A Curious History of Sex - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Kate Lister (ч. notes)

Footnotes

1

Three excellent sources to read more about Tudor slander courts are Dinah Winch, ‘Sexual Slander and its Social Context in England c. 1660–1700, with Special Reference to Cheshire and Sussex’ (unpublished PhD thesis, The Queen’s College, Oxford University, 1999); Bernard Capp, When Gossips Meet: Women, Family, and Neighbourhood in Early Modern England (Oxford Studies in Social History) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); and Rachael Jayne Thomas, ‘“With Intent to Injure and Diffame”: Sexual Slander, Gender and the Church Courts of London and York, 1680–1700’ (unpublished MA, University of York, 2015).

2

‘Oxford English Dictionary’, Oed.Com, 2018 [Accessed 7 September 2018]. Other excellent sources that cover the etymology of cunt include Mark Daniel, See You Next Tuesday (London: Timewell, 2008); Pete Silverton, Filthy English (London: Portobello Books, 2009); Jonathon Green, Green’s Dictionary of Slang (London: Chambers, 2010); Melissa Mohr, Holy Sh*T: A Brief History of Swearing (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); and Matthew Hunt, ‘Cunt’, Matthewhunt.Com, 2017 [Accessed 3 September 2018].

3

کون

4

Early writers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle write at some considerable length about the function of the vulva, but it’s unclear if they are describing the clitoris. Vincent Di Marino and Hubert Lepidi, Anatomic Study of the Clitoris and the Bulbo-Clitoral Organ (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014), p. 2.

5

Finding Egyptian references to the ‘lullo-bump’ (1995) is particularly difficult. In Studies in Ancient Egyptian Anatomical Terminology (1997), James Walker lists ‘šd’ as a term for the vulva, and ‘sp.ty šd’ for ‘labia’ (meaning ‘two lips of the vulva’). He also cites the word ‘h˙nn-k3t’ in his list of anatomical terms, which he tentatively translates as ‘clitoris (?)’. (James H. Walker, Studies in Ancient Egyptian Anatomical Terminology (Wiltshire: Aris and Phillips, 1997), p. 272.) Egyptologist Dimitri Meeks cites ‘Hnn’ to mean ‘phallus’, but within his entry he makes note of ‘h˙nn-k3t’, which again is hesitatingly translated as ‘clitoris (?)’. (Dimitri Meeks, Année Lexicographique (Paris): Cybèle, 1998), p. 250.) The reason for the uncertainty and question marks is that ‘h˙nn-k3t’ could just as easily mean the head of the penis. (Erik Hornung, [The Litany of Re.] Das Buch der Anbetung des Re Im Westen, Sonnenlitanei. Nach Den Versionen des Neuen Reiches Herausgegeben Von Erik Hornung (Genève, 1975), p. 144, entry 483.) Frustrating, isn’t it? Of course, none of this means the Ancient Egyptians weren’t clit-literate, it just means the surviving evidence can’t confirm it. I would like to thank Sonja Greer for her invaluable help in finding the clitoris in Ancient Egyptian texts. She conducted detailed searches and provided numerous translations for this book. I would have been lost without her.

6

For a full discussion on FGM in the Ancient World, see Mary Knight, ‘Curing Cut or Ritual Mutilation? Some Remarks on the Practice of Female and Male Circumcision in Graeco-Roman Egypt’, Isis, 92.2 (2001), pp. 317–38.

7

Even the Kama Sutra, composed sometime around the third century AD, doesn’t directly reference the clitoris, referring instead to the ‘mons veneris’, but it is one of the earliest texts to fully explore the female orgasm. However, ancient Sanskrit does contain a number of terms for the clitoris: yoni-lingam (vulva-penis), bhagankura (sprout of the vulva), and my personal favourite, smara-chatra (umbrella of the God of Love). Thank you to Professor Wendy Doniger, who was kind enough to talk me through the original Ancient Sanskrit language used for the vulva in the Kama Sutra.

8

For further reading about the clitoris being used as an obscenity in the Ancient World, read Melissa Mohr, Holy Sh*T: A Brief History of Swearing (Corby: Oxford Academic Publishing Ltd, 2013).

9

For a really excellent overview of the medieval medical understanding of the clitoris, read Karma Lochrie, Heterosyncrasies: Female Sexuality When Normal Wasn’t (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005), pp. 71–102.

10

For further reading, see Mark D. Stringer and Ines Becker, ‘Colombo and the Clitoris’, European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology, 151.2 (2010), pp. 130–3 .

11

Antecedents to ‘clitoris’ had been in circulation in Latin and Greek since Rufus of Ephesus (first century AD) used both κλειτορίς (clitoris) and κλειτοριάζειν (clitorising) in his anatomical works. Rufus uses ‘clitorising’ as a verb to mean stimulating the clitoris. See Carolyn J. Gersh, ‘Naming the Body: A Translation with Commentary and Interpretive Essays of Three Anatomical Works Attributed to Rufus of Ephesus’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 2012); Helkiah Crooke, Microcosmographia (London: Printed by William Iaggard, 1615), p. 129.

12

A really great source to read about eighteenth-century pornography is Julie Peakman, Mighty Lewd Books (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).

13

Despite vocal medical opinion, the anti-clit agenda had limited influence as Victorian erotica shows no such concerns. The Pearl Magazine (1879–80) regularly includes clitoral pleasure. The anonymous Romance of Lust (1873) contains no fewer than 166 instances of the word ‘clitoris’, all of which are positive and pleasurable depictions. Even that homage to gay love, Sin of the City of the Plain (1881), details bringing women to orgasm through clitoral pleasure.

14

An excellent source of nineteenth- and twentieth-century medical practices of clitorectomy is Sarah B. Rodriguez, Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy In the United States (New York: University of Rochester Press, 2014).

15

Not everyone was happy with this theory, most notably Vincenzo Puppo, who was adamant that there was no such thing as an internal clitoris (Vincenzo Puppo, ‘Anatomy of the Clitoris: Revision and Clarifications About the Anatomical Terms for the Clitoris Proposed (Without Scientific Bases) by Helen O’Connell, Emmanuele Jannini, and Odile Buisson’, ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2011, pp. 1–5.) However, although others debate how the vagina, clitoris and urethra all work together in orgasm, the concept of the G-spot as a distinct anatomic sensory entity has now been widely debunked (e.g. Kilchevsky et al., 2012). Various Neotantra groups (such as ‘The New Tantra’) continue to teach that clitoral orgasms are inferior to vaginal ones, claiming that a clitoral orgasm is a ‘peak orgasm’ that causes a crash of various neurochemicals in the brain. There is no evidence to support this. It is nonsense.

16

The word ‘Hottentot’ dates to the late seventeenth century and was the name white Europeans gave to the Khoikhoi people of South Africa.

17

For a detailed history of race and the penis, see David M. Friedman, A Mind of its Own (London: Hale, 2001).

18

Despite the social emphasis on keeping your flower unplucked, research published by the Journal of Sex Research found that adult virgins of both sexes (aged over twenty-five) face considerable social stigma in the US, and believe that they are not desirable as romantic partners. Male adult virgins felt their masculinity was called into question and women believed they were written off as ‘old maids’ (Amanda N. Gesselman, Gregory D. Webster, and Justin R. Garcia, ‘Has Virginity Lost its Virtue? Relationship Stigma Associated with Being a Sexually Inexperienced Adult’, The Journal of Sex Research, 54 (2016), 202–13).

19

The Minangkabau of West Sumatra, Indonesia, the Mosuo of Tibet, the Ghanese Akan, the Bribri of Costa Rica, the Garo of Meghalaya, India and the Nagovisi of New Guinea are all regarded as matriarchal societies and all share matrilineal inheritance lines. When property passes from mother to daughter (regardless of paternity), who’s the daddy is of little consequence. The sexual customs of these cultures are far more permissive; unions between men and women are easily dissolved without shame, women are free to have multiple sexual partners, and concepts of adultery, promiscuity and illegitimacy are not known as they are in the West (H. Gottner-Abendroth, ‘The Structure Of Matriarchal Societies’, Revision, 21.3 (1999)).

20

Other physicians working in gland and rejuvenation surgery included Victor Darwin Lespinasse (1878–1946), George Frank Lydston (1858–1923) and Leo Leonidas Stanley (1886–1976).

21

Decretum is an enormous collection of papal letters, penitentials and the writings of various Church fathers that was compiled by Bishop Ivo of Chartres (d. 1115). Here, Ivo printed a letter from Pope Gregory II (AD 669–731) which declared if a husband and wife could not have sex and refused to live together ‘as brother and sister’, the marriage could be annulled. Given the sheer size of Ivo’s work, it wasn’t a bestseller. However, around 1139 a canon lawyer known only as Gratian compiled a collection of canon law, now known as the Gratian Decretum, that also argued impotence was grounds for annulment. The Gratian Decretum quickly became the textbook for European law schools, and impotence was recognised as a legal deal breaker. Quoted in Catherine Rider, Magic and Impotence in the Middle Ages (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 57 and ‘The Medieval Canon Law Virtual Library’, Web.Colby.Edu, 2018 [Accessed 26 August 2018].

22

In The Sexual Life of our Time in its Relations to Modern Civilization (1908), Bloch lists the motion of a sewing machine treadle as giving ‘rise to masturbatory stimulation’, along with horse riding, cycling and rubbing the thighs together. Iwan Bloch and Maurice Eden Paul, The Sexual Life of Our Time in Its Relations to Modern Civilization, trans. by M. Eden Paul (London: Rebman, 1908), p. 413. Havelock Ellis also describes women using sewing machines for sexual stimulation, as well as sealing wax, bananas, hairpins and corks. Havelock Ellis, Psychology of Sex: A Manual for Students (London: Heinemann, 1933), p. 104.

23

See ‘Looking for the Boy in the Boat’ for a detailed discussion on Dr Isaac Baker Brown. The 1872 state report to the Governor of California reports that ‘masturbation still holds its place at the head of the list of assigned causes’ for confinement in an asylum. Appendix to the Journals of the Senate and Assembly of the Nineteenth Session of the Legislature of the State of California (Sacramento: T. A. Springer, 1872), p. 211.

24

For further reading about the development of the vibrator in the twentieth century, see Hallie Lieberman, Buzz: A Stimulating History of the Sex Toy (New York: Pegasus Books, 2017).

25

This is a debate that continues to this day. According to research from the University of California, women who regularly cycle enjoy ‘better sexual function’ than non-cyclists, which directly contradicts previous research that suggested there was a link between cycling and sexual disfunction. (Thomas W. Gaither et al., ‘Cycling and Female Sexual and Urinary Function: Results from a Large, Multinational, Cross-Sectional Study’, The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 15.4 (2018), pp. 510–18 .)

26

For further reading on early bicycles, see Andrew Ritchie, Early Bicycles and the Quest for Speed (Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers, 2018).

27

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V diagnosis of paraphilia states that the sufferer must ‘feel personal distress about their interest, not merely distress resulting from society’s disapproval; or have a sexual desire or behaviour that involves another person’s psychological distress, injury, or death, or a desire for sexual behaviours involving unwilling persons or persons unable to give legal consent’. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn (Washington: American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

28

It should be acknowledged that access to clean water, sewage infrastructures and cheap cleaning products is a privilege that people living in urban slums around the world do not enjoy. Inadequate sanitation remains a leading cause of diarrhoeal disease and mortality among children in developing countries, particularly in urban slums. Alison M. Buttenheim, ‘The Sanitation Environment in Urban Slums: Implications for Child Health’, Population and Environment, 30.1-2 (2008), pp. 26–47 .

29

The best book on the history of washing is Katherine Ashenburg, An Unsanitised History of Washing (London: Profile, 2009).

30

Physicians such as Soranus (c. AD 98–138) and Oribasius (c. AD 320–400) recommend rinsing the vagina after sex as a form of contraception. Robert Jütte, Contraception: A History (Cambridge: Polity, 2008).

31

It’s worth pointing out here that the company behind the early twentieth-century Lysol douching campaign was Lehn and Fink. Today, Lysol is owned by Reckitt Benckiser who had nothing to do with the original campaign, and whose customer service team are just lovely to random women who email them out of the blue to ask about putting Lysol in their ‘fanny’ (1834). For the record, although the Lysol product from ninety years ago is not the Lysol product people see on shelves today, they did ask that I make sure everyone reading this book fully understood that ‘today’s Lysol product should only be used as per label instruction. Any other form of use or exposure is to be avoided.’

32

Really do get to know your smells, because a sudden change in smell can indicate a vaginal infection such as bacterial vaginosis. This does not require douching, but it might require an appointment with your GP.

33

A cave in France known as the Grotte des Combarrelles has paintings on the wall dating to 11000 BC that some archaeologists have claimed depict condom use, though this is very much open to interpretation. Louis Capitan and Henri Breuil, ‘Figures Préhistoriques De La Grotte Des Combarelles (Dordogne)’, Comptes-Rendus Des Séances De l’Année – Académie Des Inscriptions Et Belles-Lettres, 46.1 (1902), pp. 51–6 .

34

The origins of syphilis are intensely disputed by historians, who argue about whether or not syphilis was first picked up in the Americas by Columbus’s fleet in 1493, or if it has been around much longer than that. It has been suggested that in the fifteenth century, syphilis mutated into the highly destructive infection that ravaged the world. Fernando Lucas de Melo and others, ‘Syphilis at the Crossroad of Phylogenetics and Paleopathology’, Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, 4.1 (2010), e575 .

35

During an excavation at Dudley Castle in the 1980s, a privy was discovered that had been buried during the demolition of the castle’s defences in 1647. Contained within were the remains of ten animal gut condoms – the earliest physical evidence of such condoms in Europe. Fahd Khan and others, ‘The Story of the Condom’, Indian Journal of Urology, 29.1 (2013), p. 12 .

36

It’s often said it was named after a ‘Dr Condom’ or ‘Colonel Condom’, but there is no evidence of that at all. Oxford English Dictionary, Oed.com, 2018 [Accessed 15 August 2018].

37

In the eighteenth century ‘abortion’ was used interchangeably with ‘miscarriage’ and did not necessarily mean the deliberate termination of a pregnancy.

38

In 1973, the remains of a newborn baby were found in an eighteenth-century privy site in Philadelphia. Foetal remains were also found at a site in Minneapolis that used to be a restaurant in 1870. Thomas A. Crist, ‘Babies in the Privy: Prostitution, Infanticide, and Abortion in New York City’s Five Points District’, Historical Archaeology, 39.1 (2005), pp. 19–46, p. 19.

39

Keith Chen, Venkat Lakshminarayanan and Laurie R. Santos, ‘How Basic are Behavioral Biases? Evidence from Capuchin Monkey Trading Behavior’, Journal of Political Economy, 114.3 (2006), pp. 517–37 . Trading sex for gain has also been witnessed in longtailed male macaques. The currency paid by the males was the length of time spent grooming the female before sex, and the price rose and fell with the availability of females. The more females available, the less males paid for sex, and vice versa. Michael D. Gumert, ‘Payment for Sex in a Macaque Mating Market’, Animal Behaviour, 74.6 (2007), pp. 1655–67 . Dr Fiona Hunter, a Cambridge University zoologist, observed that female Adélie penguins on Ross Island in Antarctica traded sex for rocks. Penguins use rocks to build a platform for their nests, which keeps their eggs off the ice. So valuable are the rocks that when the females want to take rocks from male counterparts, they trade sex. The female approaches a male with the rocks she wants and engages him in a mating dance. Once they have had sex, she takes the rocks and returns to her mate, who is none the wiser. ‘Pick up a Penguin’, BBC News, 1998 [Accessed 17 September 2018].

40

The historian leading the charge against the existence of sacred sex work is Stephanie Lynn Budin, in The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010). Budin tears into various translations of Herodotus to show that although the sex trade thrived in the Ancient World, it was not considered sacred.

41

Some online sources identify Miss Fernande as Fernande Barrey (1893–1960), but there is no evidence to support this beyond a coincidence in age. Christian Bourdon, Jean Agélou: De L’Académisme À La Photographie De Charme (Paris: Marval, 2006).