Dominion: The Making of the Western Mind

NOTES

Preface

1 Horace. Satires 1.8.8.

2 Ibid. Epodes 5.100.

3 Tacitus. Annals 15.60.

4 Seneca. On Anger 1.2.2.

5 Tacitus. Annals 14.44.

6 Seneca. On Consolation, to Marcia.

7 See Cicero. Against Verres 2.5.168 and 169.

8 Varro. Fragment 265.

9 Mark. 15.22.

10 Vermes, p. 181.

11 Josephus. Jewish War 7.202.

12 Philippians. 2.9–10.

13 Pindar. Nemean Odes 3.22.

14 Varro. Fragment 20.

15 Justin Martyr. Dialogue with Trypho 131.

16 Anselm. ‘Prayer to Christ’, lines 79–84.

17 Eadmer. Life of Saint Anselm 23.

18 Fulton, p. 144.

19 Eadmer. Life of Saint Anselm 22.

20 Matthew. 20.16.

21 Ibid. 16.19.

22 Boyarin (1994), p. 9.

23 Psalms. 9.5. Quoted by Rana Mitter in Forgotten Ally: China’s World War II, 1937–1945 (London, 2013), p. 362.

24 http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/religionreport/the-god-delusion-and-alister-e-mcgrath/3213912

25 Gibbon. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 3, ch. 28.

26 Swinburne. ‘Hymn to Proserpine’.

27 Acts of Thomas 31.

I Athens

1 Herodotus. 9.120.

2 Darius: Bisitun, 32. The following line records the same punishment being inflicted on a second rebel.

3 Plutarch: Life of Artaxerxes 16.

4 Darius: Bisitun, 5.

5 Ibid. 8.

6 Hammurabi: Prologue.

7 Ashurbanipal. 1221 r.12.

8 Cyrus Cylinder 20.

9 Darius: Bisitun, 49.

10 Ibid. 72. The people so condemned were from a land named Elam.

11 Ibid. 75.

12 Ibid. 76.

13 Thucydides. 2.41.

14 Xenophon. Cyropaedia 8.2.12.

15 Ibid.

16 An alternative explanation of Pseudartabas’ name, that it means ‘false measure’, seems implausible.

17 Homer. Iliad 24.617.

18 Hesiod. Works and Days 158.

19 Homer. Odyssey 20.201.

20 Plato. Ion 530b.

21 Homer. Iliad 6.610.

22 Ibid. 5.778.

23 Ibid. 4.51–3.

24 Theognis. 381–2.

25 Aristotle. Eudemian Ethics 1249b.

26 Demosthenes. Against Timocrates 5.

27 Sophocles. Oedipus the King 866–9.

28 Sophocles. Antigone 456–7.

29 Ibid. 453–5.

30 Ibid. 1348–50.

31 Hesiod. Theogony 925.

32 Xenophanes. Quoted by Sextus Empiricus: Against the Professors 1.289.

33 Heraclitus. Quoted by Stobaeus, 3.1.179.

34 Aristotle. Metaphysics 12.1072a.

35 Ibid. 12.1072b.

36 Aristotle. History of Animals 1.2.

37 Aristotle. Politics 3.1287a.

38 Diogenes Laertius 1.33.

39 Aristotle. Politics 1.1254a.

40 Ibid. 7.1327a.

41 Thucydides. 5.89.

42 ‘Hymn to Demetrius’. 15–20.

43 Theophrastus, quoting Chaeremon. Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta: fragment 2 (p. 782).

44 Polybius. 29.21.5.

45 Ibid. 1.3.4.

46 Cicero. On Laws 1.6.18.

47 Alexander. On Mixture 225.1–2.

48 Cleanthes. Hymn to Zeus 1.537.

49 Cicero. On Divination 1.127.

50 Strabo. 11.16.

II Jerusalem

1 Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews 14.4.4.

2 Varro, as cited by Augustine: On the Harmony of the Gospels 1.22.30.

3 Tacitus. Histories 5.9.

4 Diodorus Siculus: 34.2.

5 Cicero. Tusculan Disputations 2.61.

6 Psalms of Solomon 2.1–2.

7 Dio Cassius: 37.6.1.

8 Genesis. 22.2.

9 Ibid. 22.18.

10 Eupolemus, a Greek-speaking Jew who lived a century before Pompey’s capture of Jerusalem. Quoted by Isaac Kalimi: ‘The Land of Moriah, Mount Moriah, and the Site of Solomon’s Temple in Biblical Historiography’ (Harvard Theological Review 83, 1990), p. 352.

11 Isaiah. 2.2.

12 Deuteronomy. 11.26–28.

13 2 Kings. 25.9.

14 Haggai. 2.3.

15 Psalms of Solomon 2.3–4.

16 Habakkuk. 2.8.

17 Ibid. 1.8.

18 Qumran pesher on Habakkuk 9.6–7. The Romans are referred to in the text as the ‘Kittim’.

19 Letter of Aristeas 31.

20 Deuteronomy. 4.7.

21 Enuma Elish. Tablet 5.76.

22 Ibid. Tablet 6.7–8.

23 Genesis. 1.31.

24 Ibid. 2.9. Although God subsequently expresses anxiety that Adam and Eve will eat the fruit of a second tree, ‘the tree of life’, He does not explicitly ban them from picking it.

25 Ben Sirah. 25.24.

26 Judges. 5.8.

27 Deuteronomy. 30.3.

28 Psalms. 68.5.

29 Isaiah. 44.6.

30 Ibid. 41.24.

31 Ibid. 45.6.

32 Exodus. 15.11.

33 Judges. 5.4.

34 Psalms. 89.6.

35 Ibid. 82.1.

36 Ibid. 82.6–7.

37 Malachi. 1.11.

38 Job. 1.7.

39 Ibid. 1.8.

40 Ibid. 1.11.

41 Ibid. 2.8.

42 Ibid. 8.3–4.

43 Ibid. 42.7.

44 Genesis. 1.21.

45 Job. 40.25.

46 Ibid. 42.2.

47 Isaiah. 45.7.

48 Ibid. 41.17.

49 Psalms of Solomon 2.25.

50 Ibid. 2.29.

51 Exodus. 1.13.

52 Ibid. 12.29.

53 Ibid. 14.28.

54 Ibid. 33.17.

55 Exodus. 20.3.

56 Ibid. 20.5.

57 Deuteronomy. 34.6.

58 Assman, p. 2.

59 Exodus. 20.2.

60 Deuteronomy. 7.19.

61 2 Kings. 22.8.

62 Ibid. 23.2.

63 Judges. 8.24.

64 Deuteronomy. 4.6.

65 Isaiah. 11.6.

66 Ibid. 11.4.

67 Psalms of Solomon 17.30.

68 Virgil. Eclogues 4.6–9.

69 Josephus. Jewish War 2.117.

70 Josephus. Against Apion 2.175.

71 Tacitus. Histories 5.4.

72 Strabo. 16.2.35.

73 Psalms. 47.2.

74 Isaiah. 56.6.

75 Strabo. 16.2.37.

76 Tacitus. Histories 5.5.

77 Philo. Embassy to Gaius 319.

78 Ibid. Life of Moses 2.20.

III Mission

1 Livy. 38.17.4.

2 No record of these decrees has survived, but the fact that Augustus’ self-glorification was reproduced in at least three Galatian cities, and nowhere else – so far as we know – in the entire Roman Empire, strongly suggests that they were issued by the Koinon Galaton. For the dating, see Hardin, p. 67.

3 Nicolaus of Damascus. Fr Gr H 90 F 125.1.

4 Seneca. Quoted by Augustine in The City of God, 6.10.

5 Virgil. Aeneid 6.792–3.

6 Galatians. 4.8. There is a hint here, perhaps, that Paul’s malady was an eye infection.

7 Ibid. 4.14.

8 Ibid. 4.15.

9 Ibid. 1.14.

10 1 Corinthians. 9.1.

11 Ibid. 15.9.

12 Romans. 8.6.

13 Galatians. 5.11.

14 1 Corinthians. 1.23.

15 Galatians. 6.17.

16 Deuteronomy. 14.1.

17 Galatians. 5.6.

18 Plutarch. Alexander 18.1.

19 Philippians. 3.8.

20 Galatians. 3.28–9.

21 Ibid. 2.20.

22 1 Corinthians. 4.13.

23 The estimate is Hock’s, p. 27.

24 Galatians. 3.1.

25 Ibid. 2.4.

26 Ibid. 5.12.

27 Ibid. 7.19.

28 Ibid. 5.13.

29 Ibid. 5.14.

30 2 Corinthians. 12.4.

31 Ibid. 3.6.

32 Ibid. 3.17.

33 Horace. Epistles 1.17.36.

34 1 Corinthians. 1.28.

35 Ibid. 7.22.

36 Ibid. 10.23.

37 Ibid. 9.21.

38 Ibid. 13.1.

39 Ibid. 9.22.

40 Galatians. 3.28.

41 1 Corinthians. 11.3.

42 2 Corinthians. 3.3.

43 Jeremiah. 31.33. Paul echoes the phrase in Romans 2.15.

44 Romans. 2.14.

45 Ibid. 13.12.

46 1 Thessalonians. 5.23.

47 Seneca. Apocolocyntosis 4.

48 Dio. 62.15.5.

49 Romans. 1.7.

50 Ibid. 8.16.

51 Musonius Rufus. Fr. 12.

52 1 Corinthians. 6.15.

53 Ibid. 6.19.

54 Romans. 8.11.

55 Ibid. 2.11.

56 2 Corinthians. 11.24.

57 Romans. 13.1.

58 1 Thessalonians. 5.2.

59 Tacitus. Annals 15.44.

60 1 Clement. 5.5–6.

61 Josephus. Jewish War 6.442.

62 1 Corinthians. 1.22–23.

63 Matthew. 23.10.

64 Romans. 1.4.

65 Isaiah. 49.6.

66 John. 1.5.

67 Ibid. 21.17.

IV Belief

1 Irenaeus. Against Heresies 3.3.4.

2 Irenaeus, quoted by Eusebius. History of the Church 5.20.

3 Irenaeus. Against Heresies 3.3.2.

4 Colossians. 3.22.

5 1 Peter. 2.17.

6 Irenaeus. Against Heresies 4.30.3.

7 Minucius Felix. Octavius 8.9.

8 Martyrdom of Polycarp 9.

9 1 Corinthians. 4.9.

10 Eusebius. History of the Church 5.1.17.

11 Ibid. 5.1.11.

12 Ibid. 5.1.42.

13 Ibid. 5.1.41.

14 Irenaeus. Against Heresies 3.16.1.

15 Ibid. 1.24.4.

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid. 3.18.5.

18 Ibid. 1.13.1.

19 Ibid. 1.10.1.

20 Ignatius. ‘Letter to the Smyrnaeans’, 8.2.

21 Irenaeus. Against Heresies 2.2.1.

22 For the probability that Marcion was the first to coin the phrase ‘New Testament’, see Wolfram Kinzig: ‘Kaine diatheke: The Title of the New Testament in the Second and Third Centuries’ (Journal of Theological Studies 45, 1994).

23 Irenaeus. Against Heresies 4.26.1.

24 Ibid. 1.8.1.

25 Eusebius. History of the Church 5.1.20.

26 ‘Letter to Diognetus’. 5.

27 Celsus, quoted by Origen. Against Celsus 5.59.

28 Recorded on a papyrus fragment (P. Giss. 40).

29 Minucius Felix. Octavius 6.2.

30 Herodian. 4.8.8.

31 Eusebius. History of the Church 6.3.6.

32 Origen. Homilies on Joshua 9.1.

33 Ibid. Commentary on John 10.35.

34 In three of his letters: to the Magnesians, the Philadelphians and the Romans.

35 Quoted Hans Urs von Balthasar: Origen: Spirit and Fire: A Thematic Anthology of His Writings, tr. Robert J. Daly (Washington DC, 1984), p. 244.

36 1 Thessalonians. 4.12.

37 Celsus, quoted by Origen. Against Celsus 7.66.

38 Origen. Against Celsus 7.5.

39 The two comparisons are made in Origen’s exegesis of The Song Of Songs: verses 8.8 and 1.13 respectively.

40 Origen. Quoted by Trigg, p. 70.

41 Justin Martyr. Second Apology 13.4.

42 Gregory Thaumaturgus. Oration and Panegyric Addressed to Origen 6.

43 Ibid. 12.

44 Celsus, quoted by Origen. Against Celsus 3.44.

45 Irenaeus. Against Heresies 3.2.2.

46 Origen. Commentary on John 10.237.

47 Ibid. Against Celsus 7.38.

48 Wisdom of Solomon 7.26.

49 Origen. On First Principles 2.6.2.

50 Ibid. Against Celsus 8.70.

51 Tertullian. Apology 50.

52 Silius Italicus. 1.211–12.

53 Eusebius. History of the Church 10.6.4.

54 Lactantius. On the Deaths of the Persecutors 48.2.

55 Ibid. 48.3.

56 Optatus. 3.3.22.

57 Ibid. Appendix 3.

58 Eusebius. Life of Constantine 2.71.

59 Lactantius. Divine Institutes 4.28.

60 Eusebius. Life of Constantine 3.10.

61 Tertullian. Apology 24.

62 Optatus of Milevis. Against the Donatists 2.11.

V Charity

1 Julian. Against the Galileans 194d.

2 Julian. Letter 22.

3 Ibid.

4 Porphyry, quoted (and translated) by Brown (2016), p. 3.

5 Ibid.

6 Galatians. 2.10.

7 Gregory of Nyssa. On the Love of the Poor 1. (Rhee, p. 73.)

8 Basil of Caesarea. Homily 6: ‘I Will Pull Down My Barns’. (Rhee, p. 60.)

9 Gregory of Nyssa. On Ecclesiastes 4.1.

10 Gregory of Nyssa. Homily 4 on Ecclesiastes. (Hall, p. 74.)

11 Basil of Caesarea. Homily 8: In Time of Famine and Drought. (Rhee, p. 65.)

12 Gregory of Nyssa. Life of Macrina 24.

13 Gregory of Nyssa. On the Love of the Poor 1. (Rhee, p. 72.)

14 Julian. Letter 19.

15 Sulpitius Severus. Life of St Martin 9.

16 Ibid. 4.

17 Matthew. 19.21.

18 Origen. Commentary on John 28.166.

19 Sulpitius Severus. Life of St Martin 3.

20 Paulinus. Letters 1.1.

21 Ibid. 5.5.

22 Ibid. 29.12.

23 Ibid. 22.2.

24 Luke. 16.24–25.

25 Paulinus. Letters 13.20.

26 On Riches 17.3. Trans. B. R. Rees in The Letters of Pelagius and his Followers (Woodbridge, 1998).

27 Ibid. 16.1, quoting Luke 6.24.

28 Pelagius. Letter to Demetrias 8.3.

29 Acts of the Apostles. 2.45.

30 On Riches 12.1.

31 Augustine. Dolbeau Sermon 25.25.510. Quoted by Brown (2000), p. 460.

32 Ibid.

33 Matthew. 26.11.

34 Augustine. Letters 185.4.15.

35 Ibid. Sermon 37.4.

VI Heaven

1 Book of the Appearance of Saint Michael 2.

2 Gregory I. Letters 5.38.

3 Augustine. City of God 2.28.

4 Luke. 14.32.

5 Jude. 9.

6 Daniel. 12.1.

7 Gregory I. Homilies on the Gospels 1.1.

8 Sulpitius Severus. Life of St Martin 21.

9 Hebrews. 2.14.

10 Isaiah. 14.15.

11 Augustine. City of God 11.33.

12 Ibid. The City of God 5.17.

13 Gregory of Tours. History of the Franks 10.1.

14 Gregory I. Homilies on Ezekiel 2.6.22.

15 Gregory of Tours. History of the Franks 10.1.

16 Gregory I. Letters 5.36.

17 Ibid. 3.29.

18 Matthew. 13.49–50.

19 Revelation. 12.9.

20 Ibid. 16.16.

21 Augustine. City of God 12.15.

22 Gregory of Tours. History of the Franks 5. Introduction.

23 Augustine. City of God 20.7.

24 Gregory I. Homilies on the Gospels 1.13.6.

25 Matthew. 24.14.

26 Plato. Phaedo 106e.

27 Augustine. City of God 8.5.

28 Jonas of Bobbio. Life of Columbanus 1.11.

29 The Bangor Antiphonary.

30 Columbanus. Sermons 8.2.

31 Augustine. City of God 2.29.

32 Zosimus. 2.

33 Augustine. City of God 16.26.

34 Jonas of Bobbio. Life of Columbanus 2.19.

VII Exodus

1 ‘Letter of Saint Maximus’, quoted by Gilbert Dagron and Vincent Déroche in Juifs et Chrétiens en Orient Byzantin (Paris, 2010), p. 31.

2 Matthew. 27.25.

3 Augustine. Narrations on the Psalms 59.1.19.

4 Gregory I. Letters 1.14.

5 The Life of St Theodore of Sykeon 134.

6 Such, at any rate, is the evidence of The Teaching of Jacob, which most scholars believe to have been written by a converted Jew. See Olster, pp. 158–75.

7 Teaching of Jacob 5.16.

8 Sebeos. 30.

9 Qur’an. 90.12–17.

10 Ibid. 4.171.

11 Ibid. 3.19.

12 Ibid. 4.157.

13 Deuteronomy. 9.10.

14 Qur’an. 5.21.

15 For the way in which the chronology of Muhammad’s life echoes that of Moses, see Rubin (1995). For the tradition that Muhammad led the invasion of Palestine, see Shoemaker (2012).

16 Ibn Ishaq. The Life of Muhammad, tr. Alfred Guillaume (Oxford, 1955), p. 107.

17 Teaching of Jacob 1.11.

18 Augustine. Homily on the Letter of John to the Parthians 7.8.

19 Bede. On the Song of Songs, Preface.

20 Bede. Ecclesiastical History 2.13.

21 Ibid. 4.2.

22 Bede. Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow.

23 Bede. Ecclesiastical History 4.3.

24 Ibid. 3.24. I am grateful to Tom Williams for pointing this out to me.

25 Ibid. 2.1.

26 Mozarabic Chronicle of 754, quoted by Bernard S. Bachrach in Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire (Philadelphia, 2001), p. 170.

27 Paul I to Pepin. Quoted by Alessandro Barbero in Charlemagne: Father of a Continent, tr. Allan Cameron (Berkeley & Los Angeles, 2004), p. 16.

28 Ibid. The quotation is from 1 Peter 2.9.

VIII Conversion

1 Boniface. Letters 46.

2 Matthew. 28.19.

3 Augustine. City of God 19.17.

4 2 Corinthians 5.17.

5 Bede. Life of Cuthbert 3.

6 Willibald. Life of Boniface 6.

7 Ibid. 8.

8 Einhard. 31.

9 2 Samuel. 8.2.

10 1st Saxon Capitulary. 8.

11 Alcuin. Letters 113.

12 Ibid. 110.

13 From ‘De Littoris Colendis’, a letter written in Charlemagne’s name, almost certainly by Alcuin.

14 Admonitio Generalis. Preface.

15 Alcuin, cited in Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance, ed. Peter Godman (London, 1985), p. 139.

16 Gesta abbatum Fontanellensium, in MGH SRG 28 (Hanover, 1886), p. 54.

17 Boniface. Letters 50.

18 Flodoard, Historia Remensis Ecclesiae, III, 28, p. 355.

19 Sedulius Scottus. On Christian Rulers, tr. E. G. Doyle (Binghamton, 1983), p. 56.

20 Otto of Freising. The Two Cities, tr. C. C. Mierow (New York, 1928), p. 66.

21 Gerhard, Vita Sancti Uodalrici Episcopi Augustani: cap. 12. Tr. Charles R. Bowlus, in The Battle of Lechfeld and its Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West (Aldershot, 2006), p. 176.

22 Ibid, p. 177.

23 Heliand, tr. G. Ronald Murphy (Oxford, 1992), p. 118.

24 Sulpitius Severus. Life of St Martin 4.

25 Haymo of Auxerre. Commentarium in Pauli epistolas (Patrologia Latina 117, 732d.

26 From an eleventh-century list of relics kept in Exeter. Quoted by Patrick Connor in Anglo-Saxon Exeter (Woodbridge, 1993), p. 176.

27 Thietmar of Merseburg. Chronicle 8.4.

28 Radbod of Utrecht. Quoted by Julia M. H. Smith in Europe After Rome: A New Cultural History 500–1000 (Oxford, 2005), p. 222.

29 Adémar of Chabannes. Chronicles 3.46.

30 Rudolf Glaber. Histories 4.16.

31 Ibid. 4.18.

32 Arnold of Regensburg. Vita S. Emmerami, in MGH SS 4 (Hanover, 1841), p. 547.

IX Revolution

1 Andrew of Fleury. Miraculi Sancti Benedicti, ed. Eugene de Certain (Paris, 1858), p. 248.

2 Chronicon s. Andreae (MGH SS 7), p. 540.

3 Arnulf of Milan. 3.15.

4 Gregory VII. Letters 5.17.

5 Bonizo of Sutri. To a Friend, in The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century, tr. I. S. Robinson (Manchester, 2004), p. 220.

6 Paul of Bernried. The Life of Pope Gregory VII.

7 Jeremiah. 1.10.

8 Arnulf of Milan. 4.7.

9 Gregory VII. Register 3.10a.

10 Ibid. 4.12.

11 Otto of Freising. The Two Cities 6.36.

12 Sigebert of Gembloux. Quoted by Moore (1977), p. 53.

13 Wido of Ferrara. De Scismate Hildebrandi 1.7.

14 Luke. 20.25.

15 Moore (2000), p. 12.

16 Gregory VII. Letters 67.

17 Quoted by Morris, p. 125.

18 Quoted by H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Urban II’s Preaching of the First Crusade’ (History 55. 1970), p. 188.

19 Quoted by Rubenstein, p. 288.

20 John of Salisbury. Historia Pontificalis 3.8.

21 Huguccio. Quoted by Morris, p. 208.

22 Bernard of Clairvaux. De Consideratione 2.8.

23 Gratian. Decretum: Distinction 22 c. 1.

24 Gregory VII. Dictatus Papae.

25 Augustine. On the Sermon on the Mount 2.9.32.

26 St Bernard. Letter 120.

27 Almost certainly, ‘Gratian’ is shorthand for the work of two compilers.

28 Quoted by Berman (1983), p. 147.

29 Specifically, Saint Clement. Quoted by Tierney, p. 71.

30 From an obituary quoted by Clanchy, p. 29.

31 The Letter Collection of Peter Abelard and Héloïse. 1.14.

32 Ibid. 1.16.

33 Innocent II. Revue Bénédictine 79 (1969), p. 379.

34 Sic et Non, ed. B. B. Boyer and R. McKeon (Chicago, 1976), p. 103.

35 Bernard of Clairvaux. Letters 191.

36 Augustine. City of God 5.11.

37 Quoted by Huff (2017), p. 106.

38 Genesis. 9.15.

39 Anselm. Why was God a Man? 1.6.

40 Abelard. Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, tr. Steven R. Cartwright (Washington DC, 2011), p. 168 (adapted).

41 Abelard. Theologia ‘Scholarium’, ed. E. M. Buytaert and C. J. Mews, in Petri Abaelardi opera theologica III (Turnhout, 1987), p. 374.

42 Revelation. 21.11.

43 Abbot Suger. On What Was Done in his Administration 27.

X Persecution

1 Reports of Four Attendants, in Wolf (2011), 40.

2 Ibid. 45.

3 Peter Damian. Against Clerical Property 6.

4 1st canon of the Fourth Lateran Council.

5 A German observer at the Fourth Lateran Council. Quoted by Morris, p. 417.

6 3rd canon of the Fourth Lateran Council.

7 Walter Map. Of the Trifles of Courtiers, 1.31.

8 Thomas of Celano. The Life of Blessed Francis, 1.6.

9 Ibid. 1.33.

10 Elizabeth of Hungary. Sayings, 45.

11 Caesarius of Heisterbach. Life of Saint Elizabeth the Landgravine, 4.

12 Ibid.

13 Reports of Four Attendants, 31.

14 18th canon of the Fourth Lateran Council.

15 Caesarius of Heisterbach. Life of Saint Elizabeth the Landgravine, 5.

16 Alberic of Trois-Fontaines. Quoted by Sullivan, p. 76.

17 Reports of Four Attendants, 15.

18 Gregory IX. A Voice in Rama. We do not have Conrad’s letter to Gregory, but it is evident that the pope is citing it.

19 Gratian. Quoted by Peters (1978), p. 73.

20 27th canon of the Third Lateran Council.

21 Ibid.

22 Acts of the Council of Lombers in Heresies of the High Middle Ages: Selected Sources, tr. and annotated by Walter L. Wakefield and Austin P. Evans (New York, 1969), p. 191.

23 Ibid, p. 192.

24 Ibid, p. 193.

25 Innocent III. Register 10.149.

26 Jacques de Vitry. Quoted by Pegg (2008), p. 67.

27 Caesarius of Heisterbach. Dialogue of Miracles 5.21.

28 Arnau Amalric. Quoted by Pegg (2008), p. 77.

29 Peter of Les-Vaux-de-Cernay. Hystoria Alibigensis (2 vols. Edited by Pascal Guébin and Ernest Lyon. Paris, 1926), vol. 1, p. 159.

30 Caesarius of Heisterbach. Dialogue of Miracles 5.21.

31 Ibid. 8.66.

32 Peter the Venerable. Writings against the Saracens (tr. Irven M. Resnick), p. 75.

33 Ibid. p. 40.

34 Ibid, p. 31.

35 Abelard. Dialogues. Quoted by Clanchy, p. 98.

36 Quoted by van Steenberghen, p. 67.

37 Aquinas. Summa Theologica, Preface, Part 1.

38 Dante. Paradise 10.4–6.

39 Humbert of Romans. Quoted by William J. Parkis in Writing the Early Crusades: Text, Transmission and Memory, ed. Marcus Graham Bull and Damien Kempf (Woodbridge, 2014), p. 153.

40 Innocent III. Register 2.276.

41 Quoted by Smalley, p. 55.

42 68th canon of the Fourth Lateran Council.

XI Flesh

1 The Annals of Colmar (1301). Quoted by Newman (2005), p. 10.

2 Witness statement from the trial record. Quoted by ibid, p. 12.

3 Tertullian. On the Apparel of Women 1.1.

4 Caesarius of Heisterbach. Dialogue of Miracles 4.97.

5 A thirteenth-century translation into English of Vincent de Beauvais’ Speculum. Quoted by G. Owst, Literature and Pulpit in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1933), p. 378.

6 Aristotle. On the Generation of Animals 2.3.737a. Medieval scholars variously translated peperomenon, the adjective used by Aristotle to describe the female, with words that suggested the sense of something lacking.

7 Aquinas. Summa Theologica, 1.92.1.

8 Quoted by Bynum (1982), p. 114. Anselm is echoing the words of Jesus himself (Matthew. 23.37).

9 Bernard of Clairvaux. Ibid, p. 118.

10 1 Timothy. 2.12.

11 John. 20.18.

12 Luke. 1.46–8.

13 Odo of Tournai. Quoted by Miri Rubin, p. 163.

14 Lorenzo Ghiberti. I Commentari, ed. O. Morisani (Naples, 1947), p. 56.

15 Agnolo di Tura. Quoted in The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348–1350 by John Aberth, p. 81.

16 Ghiberti, p. 56.

17 Catherine of Siena. Letter T335. In The Letters of St. Catherine of Siena, tr. Suzanne Noffke (2 vols) (Birmingham, NY, 1988).

18 Raymond of Capua. The Life of St Catherine of Siena, tr. George Lamb (London, 1960), p. 92.

19 Catherine of Siena. Letter T35.

20 Quoted by Brophy, p. 199.

21 Ephesians. 5.22–3.

22 Matthew. 5.32.

23 Raymond of Capua, p. 100.

24 Boniface. Letters 26.

25 Ibid.

26 Raymond of Capua, p. 168.

27 Luke. 7.37.

28 Catherine of Siena. Letter T276.

29 Jeremiah. 23.14.

30 Romans. 1.27.

31 Leviticus. 18.22.

32 Romans. 1.26.

33 Gregory I. Morals in the Book of Job 14.19.23.

34 It was popularised by Peter Damian, a close associate of Hildebrand’s before he became pope. See Jordan, pp. 29–44. The phrase scelus sodomiae, ‘the sin of sodomy’, was first used in the ninth century. (My thanks to Charles West for pointing this out.)

35 Venetian State Archives. Quoted by Elisabeth Pavan: ‘Police des moeurs, société et politique à Venise à la fin du Moyen Age’ (Revue Historique 264, no. 536, 1980), p. 275.

36 The praise of a contemporary, cited by Origo, p. 26.

37 Quoted by Rocke, p. 37.

38 Ibid, p. 25.

XII Apocalypse

1 Acts of the Apostles. 2.45.

2 Luke. 9. 29.

3 Ibid. 6.22–25.

4 Matthew of Janov. Quoted by Kaminsky, p. 20.

5 Anonymous letter, 1420. Quoted by Kaminsky, p. 312.

6 John of Přibram. The Stories of the Priests of Tabor, quoted by McGinn, p. 265.

7 Lawrence of Březova. Chronicle, quoted by McGinn, p. 268.

8 Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini. Historia Bohemia. Quoted by Thomas A. Fudge: ‘Žižka’s Drum: The Political Uses of Popular Religion’ (Central European History 36, 2004), p. 546.

9 Cited by Peder Palladius, a Danish Protestant, in 1555, in his introduction to a Lutheran polemic. Quoted by Cunningham and Grell, p. 45.

10 Revelation. 20.8.

11 Mark. 16.15.

12 Pere Azamar, Repetición del derecho miltar e armas. Quoted by Bryan Givens: ‘“All things to all men”: Political messianism in late medieval and early modern Spain’, in Authority and Spectacle in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honor of Teofilo F. Ruiz, ed. Yuen-Gen Liang and Jarbel Rodriguez (London, 2017), p. 59.

13 From a letter written to Juan de la Torres. Quoted by Watts, p. 73.

14 A Nahuatal poem on Tenochtitlan, quoted by Manuel Aguilar-Moreno in Handbook to Life in the Aztec World (Oxford, 2006), p. 403.

15 Quoted by Felipe Fernández-Armesto in Ferdinand and Isabella (London, 1974), p. 95.

16 Gerónimo de Mendieta. Quoted by Phelan, p. 29.

17 John Mair. Quoted by Tierney, p. 254.

18 Antonio de Montesinos. Quoted by Hanke, p. 17.

19 Quoted by Tierney, p. 273.

20 ‘Commentaria Cardinalis Caietani ST II-II Q.66 a.8’ in Sancti Thomae Aquinatis: Opera Omnia, Iussu Impensaque Leonis XIII, P.M. Edita, vol. 9 (Rome, 1882), p. 94.

21 Quoted by by Isacio Pérez Fernández in ‘La doctrina de Santo Tomás en la mente ye en la acción del Padre Las Casas’ (Stadium 27, 1987), p. 274.

22 ‘The Proceedings of Friar Martin Luther, Augustinian, with the Lord Apostolic Legate at Augsburg’, in Luther’s Works (Minneapolis, 1957–1986), vol. 1, p. 129.

23 Ibid, p. 137.

24 Ibid, p. 147.

25 Quoted by Roper, p. 119.

26 Quoted by David M. Whitford in ‘The Papal Antichrist: Martin Luther and the Underappreciated Influence of Lorenzo Valla’ (Renaissance Quarterly 61, 2008), p. 38.

XIII Reformation

1 Quoted by Brecht, p. 424.

2 Quoted by Harline, p. 211.

3 Quoted by Whitford, p. 38.

4 Luther. A Global Chronology of the Years: entry for papacy of Gregory VII.

5 To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate, in Luther’s Works, vol. 44, p. 164.

6 ‘The Account and Actions of Doctor Martin Luther the Augustinian at the Diet of Worms’ in Luther’s Works 32, p. 108.

7 Luther. ‘Appeal for Prayer Against the Turks’ in Luther’s Works 43, p. 237.

8 Luther. ‘On the Freedom of a Christian’ in Luther’s Works 31, p. 344.

9 Luther. Luther’s Works 34, p. 337.

10 ‘The Account and Actions of Doctor Martin Luther the Augustinian at the Diet of Worms’ in Luther’s Works 32, p. 112.

11 Ibid, p. 114, n. 9.

12 Ibid, p. 115.

13 Quoted by Roper, p. 186.

14 ‘The Account and Actions of Doctor Martin Luther the Augustinian at the Diet of Worms’ in Luther’s Works 32, p. 114, n. 9.

15 Luther. Table Talk, 1877.

16 The Collected Works of Thomas Müntzer, tr. Peter Matheson (Edinburgh, 1994), p. 161.

17 Argula von Grumbach. ‘Letter to the rector and council of the University of Ingolstadt’, in Reformation Thought: An Anthology of Sources, ed. Margaret L. King (Indianapolis, 2016), p. 74.

18 From the preamble to the 12 Articles, in Blickle (1981), p. 195.

19 Johann Cochlaeus. Quoted by Mark Edwards in Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther (Berkeley & Los Angeles, 1994), p. 149.

20 Luther. ‘Secular Authority: To What Extent It Should Be Obeyed’.

21 Ibid.

22 Bernhard Rothmann. Quoted by Buc, p. 256.

23 Quoted by Gregory, p. 90.

24 2 Corinthians. 3.17.

25 Luther. ‘The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ – Against the Fanatics’ in Luther’s Works 36, p. 336.

26 Sir Richard Morrison, quoted by Diarmaid MacCulloch in Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation (London, 1999).

27 Quoted by Ozment, p. 366.

28 Calvin. Institutes of the Christian Religion 3.19.14.

29 Ibid. 4.10.5.

30 Ibid. 3.23.7.

31 The figure – ‘somewhere in the range of 7 per cent of the population each year’ – is quoted by Gordon (2009), p. 295.

32 John Knox. Works, ed. David Laing (Edinburgh, 1846–64). Vol. 4, p. 240.

33 2 Corinthians. 9.6.

34 Proverbs. 31.30. The inscription is quoted by Hugh Owen in A History of Shrewsbury II (London, 1825), p. 320.

35 Calvin. Institutes of the Christian Religion. 1.11.8.

36 Quoted by Philip Benedict in Christ’s Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism (New Haven, 2002), p. 153.

37 John Tomkys. Quoted by Owen, p. 320.

38 An Admonition to the Parliament (1572). Quoted by Marshall (2017), p. 505.

39 Earliest Life of Gregory the Great, 15.

40 Calvin. ‘Preface to the New Testament’.

41 Francis Bacon. The Advancement of Learning, 1.4.9.

XIV Cosmos

1 From a Leiden newspaper (1686), quoted in Privacy and Privateering in the Golden Age of the Netherlands by Virginia W. Lunsford (Basingstoke, 2005), p. 91.

2 William Bradford, Bradford’s History ‘Of Plimouth Plantation’ (Boston, 1898), p. 22.

3 Adriaen Valerius. Nederlandtsche Gedenck-Clanck. Quoted by Schama (1987), p. 98.

4 Quoted by Parker, p. 247.

5 Bradford, p. 47.

6 John Winthrop. ‘A Model of Christian Charity’ in Founding Documents of America: Documents Decoded, ed. John R. Vile (Santa Barbara, 2015), p. 20.

7 John Winthrop. In The Puritans: A Sourcebook of their Writings, ed. Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson (Mineola, 2001), p. 206.

8 Bradford, p. 33.

9 Ibid, p. 339.

10 Juan Ginés de Sépulveda. Quoted in The Spanish Seaborne Empire by J. H. Parry (Berkeley & Los Angeles, 1990), p. 147.

11 Bartolomé de las Casas. Quoted by Tierney, p. 273.

12 João Rodrigues. Quoted by Brockey, p. 191.

13 1 Corinthians. 9.22.

14 Matteo Ricci. Quoted by Fontana, p. 177.

15 China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matthew Ricci, tr. Louis J. Gallagher (New York, 1953), p. 166.

16 Quoted by Brockey, p. 309.

17 Xu Guangqi. Quoted by Nicolas Standaert, ‘Xu Guangqi’s Conversion’, in Jami et al, p. 178.

18 Xu Guangqi. Quoted by Gregory Blue, ‘Xu Guangqi in the West’, in Jami et al, p. 47.

19 Aquinas. On the Power of God 3.17.30.

20 Quoted by D’Elia, p. 40.

21 Quoted by Heilbron, p. 61.

22 Ibid, p. 287.

23 Quoted by D’Elia, p. 40.

24 The pamphlet has not survived. See D’Elia, p. 27 and Lattis, p. 205.

25 Psalms. 93.1.

26 Quoted in The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History, ed. and tr. Maurice A. Finocchiaro (Berkeley & Los Angeles, 1989), p. 50.

27 Ibid, p. 146.

28 Ibid, p. 147.

29 Ibid, p. 68.

30 Galileo. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, tr. Stillman Drake (Berkeley & Los Angeles, 1967), p. 464.

31 Though Finocchiaro, pointing out the late origins of the story, and the lack of contemporary evidence for it, cautions against taking it for granted.

32 Finocchiaro, p. 291.

33 Milton. ‘Areopagitica’ in Complete Prose Works, Volume II: 1643–1648, ed. Ernest Sirluck (New Haven, 1959), p. 538

34 Yang Guangxian, quoted by George Wong, ‘China’s Opposition to Western Science during Late Ming and Early Ching’ (Isis 54, 1963), p. 35.

XV Spirit

1 The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley (2 vols), ed. Thomas N. Corns, Ann Hughes and David Loewenstein (Oxford, 2009), 2, p. 19.

2 Ibid, p. 16.

3 The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley 1, p. 504.

4 Ibid. 2, p. 144.

5 John Lilburne. ‘Londons Liberty in Chains’ (1646). Quoted by Foxley, p. 26.

6 The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley 1, p. 98.

7 Christopher Fowler (1655). Quoted by Worden, p. 64.

8 John Owen.Vindiciae Evangelicae; Or, The Mystery of the Gospel Vindicated and Socinianism Examined (Fredonia, 2009) p. 62.

9 Milton. ‘A Treatise of Civil Power’ in The Prose Works of John Milton, ed. J. A. St John (London, 1848), 2, p. 523.

10 Memoirs of the Court of King Charles the First (2 vols), by Lucy Aikin (Philadelphia, 1833), 2, p. 317.

11 Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution, ed. S. R. Gardiner (Oxford, 1958), p. 416.

12 ‘The Soulders Demand’, quoted by Norah Carlin in ‘The Levellers and the Conquest of Ireland in 1649’ (Historical Journal 30, 1987), p. 280.

13 From the first article of the two treaties that brought the Thirty Years War to an end. Quoted by Peter H. Wilson in Europe’s Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War (London, 2009), p. 753.

14 Henry Robinson. Quoted by Carlin, p. 286.

15 Quoted by Andrew Bradstock in Radical Religion in Cromwell’s England: A Concise History from the English Civil War to the End of the Commonwealth (London, 2011), p. 48.

16 Romans. 14.9.

17 Quoted by John Coffey, ‘The toleration controversy during the English Revolution’, in Durston and Maltby, p. 51.

18 Luther. ‘On the Jews and their Lies’ in Luther’s Works 47.

19 Ibid.

20 Thomas Edwards. Quoted by Glaser, p. 95.

21 John Evelyn. Diary entry for 14 December 1655.

22 Robert Turner. Quoted by Moore (2000), p. 124.

23 William Caton. Quoted by Claus Bernet in ‘Quaker Missionaries in Holland and North Germany in the Late Seventeenth Century: Ames, Caton, and Furly’ (Quaker History 95, 2006), p. 4.

24 George Fox. Quoted by Rosemary Moore (2000), p. 54.

25 Almost certainly. See Nadler (1999), pp. 99–100.

26 William Ames. Quoted in ‘Spinoza’s Relations with the Quakers in Amsterdam’ by Richard H. Popkin (Quaker History 73, 1984), p. 15. Although Ames nowhere refers to Spinoza by name, the likelihood that he was indeed ‘the Jew’ commissioned to translate Fell’s pamphlets is overwhelming.

27 Pieter Balling. Quoted by Hunter, p. 43.

28 Spinoza. Theological-Political Treatise: Prologue, 8.

29 See his Commentary on 1 Peter 2.16.

30 The report of a Danish savant, Olaus Borch, on Spinoza’s philosophy. Quoted by Jonathan Israel in Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity (Oxford, 2001), p. 170.

31 Spinoza. Ethics 1. 17.

32 Theological-Political Treatise: 18.6.1.

33 Quoted by Nadler (2011), p. 230.

34 Theological-Political Treatise: Preface, 8.

35 Ibid. 5.13.

36 Spinoza. Letters 76.

37 Theological-Political Treatise: 1.29.

38 Ibid. 2.15.

39 Ibid. 5.20.

40 Ethics 4.50.

41 Theological-Political Treatise: Prologue 19.

42 Ethics 4.68.

43 Johann Franz Buddeus. Quoted by Israel (2001), p. 161.

44 John Bunyan. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, 141.

45 William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania, 1680–1684: A Documentary History (Philadelphia, 1983), p. 77.

46 Ibid, p. 132.

47 Galatians. 5.1.

48 Thomas Walduck. Quoted by Rediker, p. 33.

49 Vaux, p. 20.

50 Benjamin Lay. All Slave-Keepers that keep the Innocent in Bondage (Philadelphia, 1737), p. 8.

51 Colossians. 3.22.

52 Lay, pp. 39–40.

53 Ibid, p. 40.

54 Ibid, p. 91.

55 Ibid, p. 34.

56 Quoted by Drake (1950), p. 10.

57 Acts. 17.26, quoted by William Penn in The Political Writings of William Penn, ed. Andrew R. Murphy (Indianapolis, 2002), p. 30.

58 Political Writings, p. 30.

59 Vaux, p. 27.

60 John. 3.6.

61 Vaux, p. 51.

XVI Enlightenment

1 Quoted by Nixon, p. 108.

2 Ibid, p. 133.

3 Voltaire. Treatise on Tolerance Chapter 4.

4 Ibid. Chapter 1.

5 Voltaire. Letters on England Letter 6.

6 Voltaire. Philosophical Dictionary ‘Theist’.

7 Treatise on Tolerance Chapter 20.

8 Galatians. 3.26.

9 From the English version of The Treatise of the Three Imposters, quoted by Israel (2001), p. 697.

10 Bernard de La Monnoye, a French scholar writing in 1712 to deny that ‘the so-called Book of the Three Imposters’ existed. Quoted by Minois, p. 138.

11 Voltaire. ‘Epistle to the Author of the Book, The Three Imposters’, line 22.

12 Voltaire. Correspondance. [To the d’Argentals: March 1765].

13 Mme. Du Bourg. Quoted by Bien, p. 171.

14 Quoted by Gay, vol. 2, p. 436.

15 A revolutionary slogan quoted by McManners, p. 93.

16 Jacques-Alexis Thuriot. Quoted in La Religion Civile de Rousseau à Robespierre by Michaël Culoma (Paris, 2010), p. 181.

17 Pierre Vergniaud. Quoted by Schama (1989), p. 594.

18 Montesquieu. ‘Essay on the Roman Politics of Religion’, in Oeuvres Complètes (Paris, 1876), vol. 2, p. 369.

19 Léonard Bourdon. Quoted by Kennedy, p. 336.

20 Quoted by John R. Vile in The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America’s Founding (Santa Barbara & Denver, 2005), vol. 1, p. xliv.

21 Benjamin Franklin. Letter to Richard Price, 9 October 1780.

22 Quoted by Gay, vol. 2, p. 557.

23 Article III of the Declaration of Rights.

24 First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

25 Robespierre. Quoted by Edelstein, p. 190.

26 Quoted by Burleigh (2005), p. 100.

27 Matthew. 25.32.

28 Quoted by Schama (1989), p. 841.

29 Matthew. 25.41.

30 Gibbon. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter LXIX.

31 Sade. Juliette, tr. Austryn Wainhouse (New York, 1968), p. 793.

32 Ibid, p. 177.

33 Ibid, p. 784.

34 Sade. Justine, tr. John Phillips (Oxford, 2012), p. 84.

35 Juliette, p. 178.

36 Justine, p. 142.

37 Quoted by Schaeffer, p. 436.

38 Ibid, p. 431.

39 Juliette, pp. 322–3.

40 Ibid, p. 143.

41 Ibid, p. 796.

42 Talleyrand. Quoted in ‘The Slave Trade at the Congress of Vienna’ by Jerome Reich (The Journal of Negro History 53, 1968).

43 The Case for the Oppressed Africans. Quoted by Turley, p. 22.

44 Granville Sharp. Quoted by Anstey, p. 185.

45 Declaration relative to the Universal Abolition of the Slave Trade.

XVII Religion

1 Kennedy. ‘The Suttee: The Narrative of an Eye-Witness,’ in Bentley’s Miscellany 13 (1843), p. 247.

2 Ibid, p. 252.

3 Charles Goodrich. Religious Ceremonies and Customs (London, 1835), p. 16.

4 Kennedy, p. 244.

5 Ibid, p. 241.

6 Colonel ‘Hindoo’ Stewart. Quoted by David Kopf in British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization, 1773–1835 (Berkeley & Los Angeles, 1969), p. 140.

7 Journals of the House of Commons 48 (14 May 1793), p. 778.

8 Grant. Quoted by Weinberger-Thomas, p. 110.

9 The Sanskrit poet Bana, c. ad 625. Quoted by Vida Dehejia in Hawley, p. 53.

10 Quoted by Ghazi, p. 51.

11 Quoted by Hawley, p. 12.

12 S. N. Balagangadhara, in Bloch, Keppens and Hegde, p. 14.

13 Quoted by Barclay, p. 49.

14 Kölnische Zeitung, 4 August 1844. Quoted by Magnus, p. 103.

15 Stahl. ‘The Christian State and its Relationship to Deism and Judaism’, quoted in ‘Protestant Anti-Judaism in the German Emancipation Era’, by David Charles Smith (Jewish Social Studies 36, 1974), p. 215.

16 Quoted by Barclay, p. 183.

17 The Comte de Clermont-Tonnerre. Quoted by Graetz, p. 177.

18 Article 1 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

19 ‘Appeal to our German Coreligionists’. Quoted by Koltun-Fromm, p. 91.

20 Samons Raphael Hirsch. Quoted by Batnitzky, p. 41.

21 Henry Rawlinson. ‘Notes on some paper casts of cuneiform inscriptions upon the sculptured rock at Behistun exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries’ (Archaeologia 34, 1852), p. 74.

22 Arthur Conolly. Quoted by Malcolm Yapp in ‘The Legend of the Great Game’ (Proceedings of the British Academy 111, 2000), p. 181.

23 Ibid.

24 Lord Palmerston, in A Collection of Documents on the Slave Trade of Eastern Africa, ed. R. W. Beachey (New York, 1976), p. 19.

25 Sir Travers Twiss, writing in 1856. Quoted by Koskenniemi (2001), p. 78.

26 Henry Wheaton. Quoted by Martinez, p. 116.

27 Quoted by Drescher, p. 3.

28 Thornton Stringfellow, a Baptist minister. Quoted by Noll (2002), p. 389.

29 Quoted by Drescher, p. 3.

30 Lord Ponsonby. Quoted by Christophe de Bellaigue in The Islamic Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason (London, 2017), p. 190.

31 Husayn Pasha. Quoted by Toledano, p. 277.

32 Edward Eastwick, Journal of a Diplomat’s Three Years’ Residence in Persia (London, 1864), p. 254.

33 Ezekiel. 34.16.

XVIII Science

1 Quoted by Charles H. Sternberg in The Life of a Fossil Hunter (New York, 1909), p. 82.

2 Psalms. 102.25–6.

3 Lectures of Genesis 1–5, in Luther’s Works, vol. 1, p. 99.

4 Sternberg, p. 75.

5 Augustine. City of God, 5.11.

6 Charles Darwin. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 8 (Cambridge, 1993), p. 224.

7 Ibid.

8 Charles Darwin. On the Origin of Species (London, 1859), pp. 243–4.

9 Quoted by Desmond and Moore, p. 218.

10 Quoted by Richard Gawne in ‘Fossil Evidence in the Origin of Species’ (BioScience 65, 2015), p. 1082.

11 Speech to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Quoted by Wallace, p. 57.

12 Charles Darwin. The Descent of Man (London, 1871), Part 1, pp. 133–4.

13 Ibid, p. 134.

14 Edward D. Cope. The Origin of the Fittest: Essays on Evolution (New York, 1887), p. 390.

15 The Descent of Man, Part 1, p. 134.

16 Quoted by Diane B. Paul in ‘Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics’, in Hodge and Radick, p. 225.

17 The Descent of Man, Part 1, p. 183.

18 Charles Darwin. Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle (London, 1839), p. 520.

19 The Descent of Man, p. 180.

20 Quoted by Desmond, p. 262.

21 Quoted by Desmond, p. 253.

22 Ibid.

23 Mark Pattison, rector of Lincoln College. Quoted by Harrison (2015), p. 148.

24 Thomas Henry Huxley. Collected Essays. Volume 5: Science and the Christian Tradition (London, 1894), p. 246.

25 The Mechanics’ Magazine (1871). Quoted by Harrison (2015), p. 170.

26 John William Draper, History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (London, 1887), p. 33.

27 Voltaire. Quoted by Finocchiaro, Retrying Galileo, p. 116.

28 T. S. Baynes. Quoted by Desmond, p. 624.

29 On the Origin of Species, p. 490.

30 The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809–1882, ed. Nora Barlow (London, 1958), p. 93.

31 Krafft-Ebing. Psychopathia Sexualis, tr. F. J. Redman (London, 1899), p. 210.

32 Ibid, p. 213.

33 Ibid, pp. 3–4.

34 Quoted by Robert Beachy in ‘The German Invention of Homosexuality’ (Journal of Modern History 82, 2010), p. 819.

35 Quoted by W. J. T. Mitchell in The Last Dinosaur Book (Chicago, 1998).

36 Andrew Carnegie. Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie (London, 1920), p. 339.

37 William Graham Sumner. What Social Classes Owe To Each Other (New York, 1833), pp. 44–5.

38 Winthrop. ‘A Model of Christian Charity’, p. 20.

39 Andrew Carnegie. The Gospel of Wealth, And Other Timely Essays (New York, 1901), p. 18.

40 Ibid, pp. 14–15.

41 Quoted by Rea, p. 5.

42 Richard Owen. Quoted by Nicolaas Rupke in Richard Owen: Biology Without Darwin (Chicago, 2009), p. 252.

43 Lenin. ‘Letter to American Workers’. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1918/aug/20.htm.

44 Engels. Marx-Engels Collected Works (Moscow, 1989), vol. 24, p. 467.

45 Marx. MECW (1975), vol. 4, p. 150.

46 Marx and Engels. Manifesto of the Communist Party (London, 1888), p. 16.

47 Marx. ‘On the Jewish Question.’ Early Writings, tr. T. B. Bottomore (London, 1963), p. 5.

48 Marx. Critique of the Gotha Program (London, 1891), p. 23.

49 Marx. The Cologne Communist Trial, tr. R. Livingstone (London, 1971), p. 166.

50 Marx. Capital (London, 1976), vol. 1, p. 342.

XIX Shadow

1 Otto Dix. Quoted by Karcher, p. 38.

2 Otto Dix. Quoted by Hartley, p. 18.

3 The Bishop of Hereford. Quoted by Jenkins (2014), p. 99.

4 Quoted by Nicholas Martin in ‘ “Fighting a Philosophy”: The Figure of Nietzsche in British Propaganda of the First World War’ (The Modern Language Review 98, 2003), p. 374.

5 Max Plowman. Quoted by Paul Fussell in The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford, 1975), p. 133.

6 Lucy Whitmell. ‘Christ in Flanders’.

7 Otto Dix. Quoted by Hartley, p. 73.

8 Friedrich Nietzsche. The Gay Science, 125.

9 Ibid. Twilight of the Idols, 9.38.

10 Ibid. Will to Power, 253.

11 Ibid. ‘Preface to an Unwritten Book’ in Early Greek Philosophy and Other Essays, tr. M. Mügge (London, 1911), p. 4.

12 Ibid. On the Genealogy of Morals, 1.8.

13 Ibid. Will to Power, 176.

14 Ibid. The Antichrist, 42.

15 Ibid, 58.

16 Ibid. On the Genealogy of Morals, 2.7.

17 Ibid. Twilight of the Idols, 7.2.

18 Otto Dix. Quoted by Hartley, p. 16.

19 Revelation. 12.1.

20 Nietzsche. Will to Power, 133.

21 N. Bukharin and E. Preobrazhensky. The ABC of Communism (London, 2007), p. 235.

22 Waldemar Gurian. Bolshevism: Theory and Practice, tr. E. I. Watkin (London, 1932), p. 259.

23 Ibid, p. 226.

24 Quoted by Siemens, p. 8.

25 Nietzsche. Thus Spoke Zarathustra, ‘Of the Tarantulas’.

26 Roberto Davanzati. Quoted by Burleigh (2006), p. 61.

27 ‘It’s Him or Me’, an article in the SS-Leitheft. Quoted by Chapoutot, p. 157.

28 Hitler. My Struggle, Chapter 11.

29 Hitler. Quoted by Chapoutot, p. 156.

30 Erwin Reitmann. Quoted by Siemens, p. 57.

31 Wilfred Bade. Quoted by Siemens, p. 17.

32 Joachim Hossenfelder. Quoted by Siemens, p. 129.

33 Quoted by Gregor Ziemer. Education for Death: The Making of the Nazi (London, 1942), p. 180.

34 Ibid, p. 133.

35 From an SS magazine (1939), quoted by Chapoutot, p. 190.

36 Hitler’s Table Talk 1941–1944: His Private Conversations, ed. Hugh Trevor-Roper (London, 1953), p. 7.

37 Joseph Goebbels. Diary entry for 27 March 1942.

38 The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, ed. Humphrey Carpenter (London, 1981), p. 67.

39 Augustine. The City of God 20.11.

40 J. R. R. Tolkien. Letters, p. 211.

41 J. R. R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings (London, 2004), p. 820.

42 Adolf Hitler. Quoted by Stone (2010), p. 160.

43 Werner Graul. Quoted by Chapoutot, p. 100.

44 Adolf Hitler. Quoted by Stone (2013), p. 49.

45 J. R. R. Tolkien. Letters, p. 37.

46 The Old English Exodus: Text, Translation, and Commentary by J. R. R. Tolkien, ed. Joan Turville-Petre (Oxford, 1981), p. 27.

47 Ibid, p. 23.

48 Quoted by Bethge, p. 208.

49 Quoted by Burleigh (2006), p. 252.

50 Matthew. 27.25.

51 Alojzije Stepinac. Quoted by Stella Alexander in The Triple Myth: A Life of Archbishop Alojzije Stepinac (New York, 1987), p. 85.

52 Nietzsche. Beyond Good and Evil, Aphorism 146.

53 https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1944/feb/09/bombing-policy

54 J. R. R. Tolkien. Letters, p. 78.

55 Alfred Duggan. Quoted by Shippey, p. 306.

56 The Lord of the Rings, p. 464.

XX Love

1 Augustine. 7th Homily on the First epistle of John, 7.

2 Martin Huska. Quoted by Kaminsky, p. 406.

3 Martin Luther King. ‘Loving Your Enemies’. (Sermon delivered 17 November 1957.)

4 Martin Luther King. ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’.

5 James Brown. Quoted by Stephens, p. 45.

6 Paul McCartney. Quoted by Craig Cross in Beatles-discography.com (New York, 2004), p. 98.

7 Quoted by Norman, p. 446.

8 Robert Shelton. Quoted by Stephens, p. 104.

9 An observation about the Beatles reputedly made by the Queen to Sir Joseph Lockwood, chairman of their record company, EMI.

10 Martin Luther King. Where do we go from here: Chaos or Community? (New York, 1967), p. 97.

11 John. 3.8.

12 Quoted by Norman, p. 446.

13 Norman Vincent Peale. Quoted by Stephens, p. 137.

14 McCartney made this comment in a 1981 interview. It was published four years later in Woman magazine.

15 Martin Luther King. Strength to Love (New York, 1963), p. 72.

16 David Livingstone. The Last Journals of David Livingstone, Volume II, ed. Horace Waller (Frankfurt, 2018), p. 189.

17 Emmanuel Milingo. Quoted by ter Haar, p. 26.

18 Ibid, p. 28.

19 Psalms. 68.31.

20 Desmond Tutu, quoted by Jonathan Fasholé-Luke in Christianity in Independent Africa (London, 1978), p. 369.

21 J. D. du Toit. Quoted by Ryrie, p. 335.

22 Declaration of the Church of the Province of South Africa, November 1982.

23 Quoted by Allan Boesak in an open letter he wrote in 1979.

24 Matthew. 5.43–4.

25 Desmond Tutu, speaking at a conference of South Africa’s churches in December 1989. Quoted by Ryrie, p. 357.

26 Nelson Mandela. Address to the Zionist Christian Church Easter Conference, 3 April 1994.

27 George W. Bush. Press conference, 11 October 2001.

28 Ibid. Comments made on US humanitarian aid to Afghanistan, 11 October 2002.

29 Ibid. Address at West Point, 1 June 2002.

30 Mary Beard. London Review of Books 23.19 (4 October 2001), p. 21.

31 Quoted by David Aikman in A Man of Faith: The Spiritual Journey of George W. Bush (Nashville, 2004), p. 3.

32 George W. Bush. Press conference, 13 November 2002

33 Frantz Fanon, in The Wretched of the Earth, tr. Richard Philcox (New York, 1963), p. 53.

34 Ibid, p. 23.

35 Printed in the Morning Star on 11 October 2004.

36 Fanon, p. 2.

37 al-Zarqawi. Quoted by Weiss and Hassan, p. 40.

38 Qur’an. 9.31. The verse is one that al-Maqdisi repeatedly returns to.

39 George W. Bush. Press conference, 20 November 2002.

40 Ali, p. 238.

41 Qur’an. 5.33.

42 https://medium.com/@alyssacccc/phone-call-home-a-letter-from-james-foley-arts-96-to-marquette-4a9dd1553d83?subaction=showfull&id=1318951203&archive

43 Interview in the Evening Standard, 4 September 2014.

44 https://twitter.com/jenanmoussa/status/982935563694215168

XXI Woke

1 Transcript from Gut leben in Deutschland, 15 July 2015.

2 J. R. R. Tolkien. The Return of the King (London, 1955; repr. 2005), p. 1075.

3 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34173720

4 Quoted by John Garth in Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth (London, 2003), p. 219.

5 http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/why-has-angela-merkel-staked-her-legacy-on-the-refugees-a-1073705.html

6 Gregory of Nyssa. On the Love of the Poor 1: ‘On Good Works’, tr. Holman, p. 194.

7 Victor Orbán. Speech at the 28th Bálványos Summer Open University and Student Camp, 22 July 2017.

8 From the UNESCO symposium Human Rights: Comments and Interpretations (1949). Quoted by Tierney, p. 2.

9 Charlie Hebdo. Editorial, 14 December 2016.

10 Ibid. 13 January 2016.

11 Stéphane Charbonnier. http://arretsurinfo.ch/quand-la-liberte-dexpression-sert-a-propager-la-haine-raciste/

12 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/17/us/harvey-weinstein-hotel-sexual-harassment.html

13 https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/task_force/harassment/report.cfm

14 Bernard of Clairvaux. Quoted by Bynum (1987), p. 16.

15 William Perkins. Christian Oeconomie or, a Short Survey of the right Manner of Erecting and Ordering a Familie, According to the Scriptures (London, 1609), p. 122.

16 Calvin. Institutes of the Christian Religion. 1.1.2.

17 Sade. Juliette, p. 172.

18 Milton Himmelfarb. His reflection was prompted by a viewing of the Beatles’ film, Yellow Submarine. Quoted by John Carlevale in ‘Dionysus Now: Dionysian Myth-History in the Sixties’ (Arion 13, 2005), p. 95.

19 Ralph Gleason. Quoted by Ibid., p. 89.

20 1 Corinthians. 6.19.

21 Vanessa Wruble. https://www.vogue.com/article/meet-the-women-of-the-womens-march-on-washington

22 Nietzsche. The Will to Power, 27.

23 https://staging.womensmarchglobal.org/about/unity-principles/

24 Steven Weinberg. The First Three Minutes (New York, 1977), p. 154.

25 Heinrich Himmler. Quoted by Chapoutot, p. 27.

26 Amsterdam Declaration, 2002.

27 Ibid.

28 Ibid.

29 Sam Harris. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values (New York, 2010), p. 2.

30 Amsterdam Declaration, 2002.

31 https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1018933359978909696

32 Thomas Henry Huxley. Collected Essays. Volume 5: Science and the Christian Tradition (London, 1894), p. 320.

33 1 Corinthians. 1.27.