Jordan (Dominican Master General), 259
Joshua, 45–6, 54, 338–9, 475
Josiah (Old Testament king), 194–5
Josiah, King of Judah, 55–6
Judaea, 29–33, 34–5, 36–7, 50, 51; Roman occupation, 58–61; revolt (ad 66), 84–5, 86–7, 151; Romans rename as Palestine, 163
Judah, 35–6, 39, 55, 56, 86–7
Julian, Emperor (‘The Apostate’), xxviii, 119–21, 122–3, 127–8, 143, 200
Julius Caesar, xvii–xviii, xxviii, 51, 58, 89, 455
Jupiter, 31, 112
justice: in Persian empire, 5–6, 47–8; in Mesopotamia, 6; Book of Job, 47–8, 49, 150; Jewish prophesies of end days, 56–7; day of judgement, 151–4, 155, 166, 175, 252, 388, 454; and the Apocalypse, 154; and the pope’s writ, 219–20, 225; Gratian and equality, 222–3; and the crucifixion, 229; and Luther, 307–8; and Cromwell, 354; and French Revolution, 387–8; Karl Marx on, 440–1; Nietzsche’s view of, 448; and US civil rights movement, 474–6; and anti-Trump protests, 513, 517
Justin, xviii–xix, 264
Jutes, 171–2, 175–6
Kennedy, Richard Hartley, 397–9
King, Martin Luther, 474–6, 478, 480, 492, 513, 515; assassination of (April 1968), 477–8
kingship, 6–9, 55–6, 199–202, 261; in Babylon, 6–7, 55, 279; pagan conversions to Christianity, 202–3; right to confer bishoprics, 211; rulers inspired by Luther, 299, 303, 305, 307–9; Friedrich Wilhelm and Cologne cathedral, 405–7
Kirwitzer, Wenceslas, 338
Knox, John, 317
Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, Psychopathia Sexualis, 432–5
Ku Klux Klan, 474, 476
‘laity’ (laicus), 218–19, 411
language, xxv, 38, 60
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 292, 331, 366, 367–8, 414
Lay, Benjamin, 365–7, 368–70, 385, 394, 395, 428
learning and scholarship: library at Alexandria, 24–5, 38–9, 103–4, 430; Origen’s school at Caesarea, 104–7; gnosis (knowledge) as marker of class, 105–6; and Bede at Jarrow, 173–4; and Alcuin, 193–4, 195–6; Alcuin’s single-volume collections of scripture, 195–6; Charlemagne’s project of correctio, 195–7, 204; education of the priesthood, 196; university at Bologna, 220–1, 222–3; claim of license from God, 222; Abelard’s fame, 223–8; Paris as powerhouse of, 224, 227–8; autonomy of universities, 227, 249, 335; natural philosophy, 228, 249, 335–43, 360–3, 423–4, 431; philosophy at heart of curriculum, 228; rediscovery of Greek works in Toledo, 248–9; universities and papal schism, 278; Galileo’s discoveries, 336–42, 430; across divides during Thirty Years War, 342, 343; philosophes, 373–9, 381; see also cosmology; Jewish scripture and scholarship; philosophy; science; theology
legal systems and law, xxv; Athenian, 15–17; ‘natural law’ concept, 27–8, 77, 222–3, 494; claim of license from God, 179–80, 222, 494, 495; Sunna (corpus of law), 179–80, 222, 416, 417, 494, 495; Papal ‘Curia’ (court), 219, 221, 225–6, 241; Christendom’s system of law, 220–1, 225–6; lawyers, 220–1, 222–3; canon law, 220–3, 225–6, 233, 267, 296, 298, 300, 307–8, 367, 385–6, 505; Decretum (ascribed to Gratian), 221–3; corpus of Roman law, 222–3, 266; and Abelard’s reason, 223–8; Cajetan and international law, 293; international law on slavery, 414–15; conceptualising of desire, 435; Western moulding of Islam, 495, 496, 504–5
Leiden, 322, 323, 324, 325–6
Lenaia (festival), 10–11, 15
Lenin, 438–9, 441–2, 452–3, 454
Lennon, John, 472, 476, 479–80, 498
Leonidas, xxviii
lepers, 124, 125, 126, 130
Leto, 12
‘Levellers’, 349, 383
liberal democracy, 384, 489–91
Lincoln, Abraham, 417
Lincoln cathedral, 253
Little Bighorn, Battle of (1876), 419, 427
Liverpool, 473
Livingstone, David, 482
Loire Valley, 127, 128–32, 139–40
London, 317, 351, 425–6, 437–9, 441–2, 472–3, 480–1
Lord’s Prayer, 196, 197
Los Angeles, 507–8, 509–10, 512
Louis XVI, King of France, 380
love and compassion: and God of Israel, 42, 50, 52, 53, 59; primacy of in Christian teaching, 66–9, 72, 75, 123–4, 149, 169, 222, 271, 328, 353–4, 472–9, 487, 503, 516; and Martin of Tours, 131; of mother for child, 260–1; Luther’s teachings, 302, 304; and Evangelicals, 395; and abolition of slavery, 417–18; for homosexuals, 433, 434; Nietzsche’s contempt for, 449, 455, 516; fascist rejection of, 456, 459–60; Hitler’s contempt for Christianity, 459–60, 465; and the Beatles, 472–3, 474, 475–7, 497; Summer of Love (1967), 472–3, 475–6, 477, 511; Salafist rejection of, 496–8
Low Countries, 187, 188, 318, 319–20, 322; see also Dutch Republic
Luke, St, 66, 82, 97, 130–1, 136, 269
Luther, Martin: ninety-five theses, 294–6, 299; talent for self-publicity, 295, 296–7, 300; in Augsburg, 295–6; and testimony of conscience, 296, 303; and witness of scripture, 296, 300, 302, 303, 304; bonfire at Wittenberg, 298, 300–1, 307; opposes burning of heretics, 298–9; at Diet of Worms, 299–300, 301–3, 310, 311; at Wartburg after Friedrich’s ambush, 303–4; translates New Testament, 304–5, 306; revolts by followers of, 305–7; death of (1546), 311; Protestant objects of ire of, 312; attitude to Jews, 355–6, 409–10, 467; and three ages of European history, 381–2; as precursor of Robespierre, 387; on pre-human history, 420; narrative of Christendom as backward/bigoted, 431
Luxeuil, monastery at, 157–8, 159, 177
Lyon, 89, 90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 98, 244, 318
Macedon, 23–6
Macrina, St, 125–6, 514
Madrid, 259
Maifreda da Pirovano, 256, 257, 259, 261
Majorinus (bishop of Carthage), 109, 110
Mandela, Nelson, 486–7, 488
al-Maqdisi, Abu Muhammad, 493–5
Marcion, 96–7, 103, 467
Marduk (Babylonian god), 40, 43, 44, 48
Mark, St, 97
Marmoutier, plain of (near Tours), 128–9, 130, 131, 139, 382–3
marriage, 266–9, 434, 509, 512
Marsh, Othniel Charles, 424, 435
Martin of Tours, St, 127, 128–32, 133, 137, 155, 200, 382–3; basilica at Tours, 139–40, 177, 379–80, 382
martyrs, xxiii, 84, 92–4, 95, 155, 207; in early third-century Carthage, 109, 110; Boniface in Frisia, 185–6, 189, 190–1
Marx, Karl, 438–42, 453
Mary, the virgin Theotokos, 260, 263; visions of in Cappadocia, 126; Islamic view of, 166, 167; and the crucifixion, 260–1; statue of in Albert, 445; appearances at Fatima, 451
Mary I, Queen of England, 313, 316, 319
Mary Magdalene, 259–60, 269
Maryland, 355
Massachusetts, 326, 328, 364, 488
mathematics, 27, 228, 248, 332, 335, 336, 337
Matilda, Countess, 220
Matthew, St, 97
McCartney, Paul, 472, 476, 479, 480–1
Menasseh ben Israel, 355, 356–7, 358, 461
Merkel, Angela, 499–502, 503–4, 505
Mesopotamia, 6–7, 33–4, 35, 55, 123
Mexico, 288–91, 292, 330, 332, 399
Michael, St, (angel), 142, 145–6, 155, 160–1, 445
migrants: hostility to, 285, 500, 501, 502; non-European to Western Europe, 499–502, 503–5; fear of the East on the move, 501
Milan, 207–8, 210, 255–7
Milingo, Emmanuel, archbishop of Lusaka, 484
millennium (1033 period), 203–4, 206–8
Milton, John, 341–2, 351–2, 354, 393
miracles: St Paul in Galatia, 72; St Martin of Tours, 129, 130, 131, 133, 140; Michael at Gargano, 142–3, 145–6; and Columbanus, 158–9, 160; on Hungarian plains, 204; and Hildebrand (Gregory VII), 208, 210; and Lady Elizabeth, 237; on Mount Tabor, 277; Spinoza on, 360, 361
missions: and Boniface, 185–6, 187, 188–91, 458–9; and Augustine of Hippo, 186; discipline and hardship, 187; in Mexica, 290, 291, 292; Puritan in New World, 327–8; Catholic in New World, 330–1; and human rights of natives, 331–2, 367–8; Jesuits in China, 332–6, 342–3; Quakers to the Jews in Amsterdam, 357, 358; British in India, 404; in heart of Africa, 418, 482–3; Nietzsche’s view of, 450
monks (monachoi): in fourth-century Loire Valley, 128–9, 131; early Irish, 156–61, 174, 317; monasteries of Columbanus, 157, 158, 159, 160, 177; discipline and hardship, 157–8, 159, 174, 187; cult of St Michael, 160–1; sent by Pope Gregory to Kent, 171, 175, 319, 320; and writing, 195–6; celibacy rules, 207, 509; at Cluny, 215–16
Montana, 419–20, 428
moral and ethical values, xxi, xxv, xxvii; enduring impact of Christianity, xxii–xxvi, xxviii–xxix, 517, 521–2, 524–5; as culturally contingent, xxv; and Greek gods, 15; St Paul’s message, 75–8; freedom of choice, 267; and Nietzsche’s hatred, 448–50, 455, 496; Hitler’s contempt for Christianity, 459–60, 465; dreams of a better world, 480; dogma of humanism, 522; see also equality; forgiveness; justice; sin; toleration, concept of
Morocco, 415, 417
Moses, 52–5, 59–60, 167, 168–9, 228, 464, 475
Muhammad: and military conquest, 164–5, 166; teachings of, 166, 167; as mouthpiece of Qur’an, 167; and Moses, 168–9; Sunna (corpus of law), 179–80, 222, 416, 417, 494, 495; Dabiq prophecy, 493
Münster, 309, 310, 318, 350
Müntzer, Thomas, 305–6, 309, 349, 350
Mussolini, Benito, 455, 456, 459
Napoleon, 389–90, 392, 393, 395, 405, 406, 408, 444–5
nation state, 384, 385, 386, 415, 450, 468
‘natural law’ concept, 27–8, 77, 222–3, 494
Nero, Emperor, xxi–xxii, 79–81, 83–4, 85*, 90
New England, 326–8, 364, 365, 367–8, 384–5
New Testament: Acts of the Apostles, 85*, 136, 440; origins of, 97; named angels in, 145; Islamic view of, 167; as authored by mortals, 168; Luther translates, 304–5, 306; see also gospels; St Paul, letters of
New World, 287–93; West Indies, 287–8, 292, 365–7, 392–3, 394; Cortés in Mexico, 288–91, 292, 332, 399; arrival of the Mayflower, 325–6, 516; Pilgrim settlers in, 326–8, 364, 437, 516; native Americans, 327–8, 332; abolitionists in, 367–70
New Zealand, 427
Nicaean council (325), 114–16, 168, 221, 241
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 446–50, 451, 455, 459, 468, 478, 496, 515, 516, 518, 521
Niobe, 12, 48, 79
Noah, 186, 368, 421
Nyssa (Cappadocia), 123, 130
Old Testament, 38*, 40–1, 42–4; conquest of Canaan, 34, 37–8, 42, 45–6, 54; and Jews of Alexandria, 38–9, 59; Genesis, 40–1, 48, 186, 258, 384, 420, 421–2, 465; concept of sin in Genesis, 41–2, 139, 271–2, 273; Song of Deborah, 44*; Book of Joshua, 45–6, 338–9, 475; Book of Psalms, 46, 339, 420, 484; Book of Job, 47–8, 49, 146, 150, 422, 438, 520; monsters and serpents, 48–9, 520; Exodos, 51–2, 59, 145, 464; and Origen, 103–4; as authored by mortals, 168; Pentateuch as Bede’s inspiration, 174–5; story of Noah, 186, 368, 421; Spinoza’s use of term, 362
Olympic Games, 79
Oppenheim, Simon, 406, 407, 408
Orbán, Victor, 501–2, 504
Origen, 100–4, 106, 115, 144, 168, 222, 339, 399, 441; school at Caesarea, 104–7; fame and influence of, 107, 130; torture and death of, 108, 109; and Satan’s story, 147; dismisses literal interpretation of Apocalypse, 153
Orléans, 206, 207
‘Orthodox’ Christianity, 452–3
Osiris, 25
Otranto, 285, 286
Otto the Great (Emperor), 199–202, 500, 501
Ottoman Turks, 278, 285, 294, 330, 416–17, 451, 500
Owen, Richard, 438
Oxford, Bishop of, xxvii
Oxford University, 227–8, 278, 429, 460–1
Padua, university at, 335, 336
paganism: origin of term, 144; and Michael, 145; and Gregory’s papacy, 149–50; and Britain, 172, 187; and Boniface, 185–6, 187–90, 191, 319–20, 399, 445, 458–9, 483; Eostre (festival of the spring), 188; underworld of (hel), 188; Thunor’s oak tree, 189, 191, 320; Franks’ war against, 190–1, 192–4; Irminsul destroyed, 191, 193; Hungarian defeat at Augsburg/the Lech (955), 198–9, 200–1, 202, 500, 501; Christian kingship reasserts itself, 199–203; as justification for imperialism, 331, 399, 401; and African Christians, 483–4; see also idolatry
palaeontologists, 419–22, 424–5, 429, 522–3; ‘Bone Wars’ exposed (1890), 435
Palestine, 163, 451; invaded by the ‘Saracens’ (634), 164–5, 166; six-day war (1967), 473
Palmeiro, André, 333–4
papacy, xxiii; title of Pappas or ‘Father’ (‘Pope’), xxii; Rome’s protection devolves to, 148–9; Gregory elected to, 148–50; and the Carolingians, 180; and crowning of Charlemagne, 191; pope crowns Charlemagne emperor, 191; victory over Saracens at Garigliano, 201; corruption and scandal, 208; emperor Henry III’s intervention, 208–9, 218; and emperor’s right to confer bishoprics, 208–9, 211, 212, 218; Lateran palace, 209, 212, 293; legates (agents), 209, 219, 225, 242; claim to universal authority, 209–20; ‘Curia’ (court), 219, 221, 225–6, 241; as head of Christendom, 219–20; writ as above all a legal one, 219–20; Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 268; at Avignon, 261, 265; Boniface VIII asserts papal supremacy, 261; Schism, 265–6, 278–80, 281; and Napoleon, 389; and Nazi Germany, 464–5, 466; see also Catholic Christendom; Gregory the Great; Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand)
Paris, 171, 208, 224, 226; university at, 227–8, 249; cathedral of Notre Dame, 270, 382; Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572), 317–18; Charlie Hebdo murders, 506–7
Patrae (in southern Greece), 12
Patrick, St, 156–7, 187
Paul I, Pope, 180
Paul, St: and Galatia, 65–6, 67–9, 70, 72, 74, 165, 169; tour of Roman world, 65–6, 67–9, 70–9, 331–2; primacy of love, 66, 67–8, 69, 72, 75, 472–3, 475, 479; conversion on road to Damascus, 66–7, 72, 136; and divine nature of Jesus, 67, 69, 71, 74, 105; rejects cult of Caesar, 67; universality of message, 68–9, 71–3, 74, 85, 169, 220, 465; and freedom, 71–2, 73, 74–5, 311, 362, 365, 383, 474; in Corinth, 73–4, 77; and sexuality, 75–6, 272–3, 431–2, 434–5, 510, 512; paradox at heart of teachings, 76–7; view of women, 76–7, 259, 263, 266, 478–9; law of God written on the heart, 77, 169, 180, 195, 222, 362, 376, 479; and testimony of conscience, 77, 104, 296, 357, 479; and Stoic philosophy, 77–8, 104, 222; parousia (physical presence of deity), 78–9, 83, 90; and class systems, 81–3; execution of, 84, 98; and ‘outsiders’, 102; and Islam, 168, 180, 417; and tone of revolution, 187–8, 376, 479, 523; and Luther, 296, 302; Spinoza on, 362; and Nietzsche, 449
Paul, St, letters of, 70–3, 78, 85, 92, 94, 97, 264; to Galatians, 65, 71, 72, 77, 165, 169, 259, 355, 362, 479; to Corinthians, xvii*, 73, 75, 81, 311, 478–9, 512; to the Romans, 78, 80, 81–2, 272–3, 354; word ‘Christian’ as not appearing in, 85*; instructions to wives in, 90, 259, 266; on same-sex relationships, 272–3, 479
Paulinus, Meropius Pontius, 133–5, 136, 137, 138, 143, 437, 516
Paviam, Count, 231, 232
Pelagius (ascetic), 135–6, 139, 348, 382
Peninsula Beverly Hills hotel, 507–8, 512
Penn, William, 364–5, 368–9, 421
Pennsylvania, 384, 385
Pepin, Frankish king, 178, 180
Persia, Persian empire: invasions of Greek world, xxviii, 3–5, 9, 47; torture methods in, 5–6, 8, 390; divinity in, 6, 9, 10, 146, 147; kingship in, 6–10; conquers Babylon (539 bc), 7, 9, 36, 43; Babylonian rebellion (522 bc), 7–8, 9; Drauga (‘the Lie’), 8–9, 10; conquered by Alexander, 23, 151; third-century attacks on Roman empire, 107; Julian dies in war against, 123; end of the world, 151; attacks on Constantinople, 164; Rawlinson’s discovery of inscription at Bisitun, 412–13, and the ‘great game’, 413; and slavery, 418
Peru, 330
Pessinus (Galatian city), 119, 120, 143, 145
Peter, St, xxi–xxii, 84, 87, 90, 96, 148
Peter the Venerable, 227, 247–8, 295
Pharisees, 58, 61, 66, 75–6, 78, 270–1, 302, 479
Philadelphia, 364–5, 368–70, 384–5, 394, 421, 480–1
Philip II, King of Spain, 322, 330
Philip IV, King of France, 261
Philippines, 330
philosophes, 373–9, 381, 388, 390; and American Revolution, 383–4, 385; disdain for middle ages, 389; and de Sade, 391, 392
philosophy: eternal structure of the cosmos, 19, 20–3, 25–8, 249; in Greek world, 19–23, 27, 28, 77–8, 87, 104–6, 222, 248–9, 250–1, 430; in Roman world, 26–8; Logos, 27, 87–8; ‘natural law’ concept, 27–8, 77, 222–3; Origen’s school at Caesarea, 104–7; idea of single, all-powerful deity, 112; and nature of time, 151; Abelard’s fame, 223–8; at heart of university curriculum, 228; Spinoza, 359–63, 370; of Nietzsche, 446–50, 451, 455, 459, 468, 478, 496, 515, 516, 518, 521
Pius XI, Pope, 465
Pius XII, Pope, 465, 466
plague, 146, 148, 149, 150, 262–3, 273, 277–8
Plato, 19†, 154–5
Poitiers, 127
Poland, 463, 465, 467
Polycarp, St, 89–90, 96, 98
polygamy, xxv, 268, 310
Pompey the Great, 26, 28, 29–33, 36–7, 50, 51, 57, 98, 455
Portugal, 330, 451
Posidonius, 26–7, 28, 31–2, 98
poverty: and teachings of Christ, xxi, 86, 129–31, 132–3, 134, 135–6, 138–9, 279, 349, 382, 436; and the God of Israel, 43, 46, 50, 54, 67–8; and life of Christ, 69, 123–4, 126; and teachings of St Paul, 74; and Julian, 120–1, 122; in classical antiquity, 121; and Christian charity, 121–2, 123–4, 125–6, 130–5, 223, 325; ptocheia (‘poor houses’), 124; St Martin of Tours, 127, 128–32, 137, 139–40, 382–3; as Christian ideal, 136, 231–3, 234–5; and Pelagius, 136–7, 277, 348, 382; Augustine of Hippo’s teachings, 138–40; under ‘natural law’, 223; and Waldensians, 234–5; Francis of Assisi, 235–6; and papal schism, 279; the ‘Diggers’ in Britain, 347–9, 352, 357, 382, 442, 453–4, 480; social reform and Christianity, 426–7; Carnegie on, 436; Nietzsche’s view of, 448, 449–50; and workplace sexual harassment, 508–9, 512
Prague, 279, 280–1, 282–4, 324
Presbyterians, 351, 352–3, 354, 436–7
Priene, city of, 64*
priesthood, Christian: episcopos or ‘bishop’, xxii, 89, 95–6, 109–17, 137–40, 153, 163–4, 206–8, 210–15; bishops in Roman cities, 109–14, 122, 123–6, 129–32, 139–40, 144, 155, 200; capellani or ‘chaplains’, 140; Theodore at Canterbury, 171–4, 186–7; missionary work, 185–6, 188–9; corruption, 189–90, 196, 206–7, 210, 211; and pagan practices, 189–90; education of, 194, 196–7; and celibacy rules, 207, 210, 214, 218, 257; eucharist, 207, 320; executed for heresy, 207; reformatio project, 209–15, 216–17, 218–19, 221, 232–3, 241–2, 252–3, 270; oath of loyalty to emperor, 211; Worms conference (1076), 212, 218; Waldensian contempt for, 234–5; search for heresy (inquisitio), 238–9, 246, 249–50, 251–2, 254; dread of women as temptresses, 257–8; masculinity of, 258; Luther’s attacks on, 301–2
priesthood, Jewish: Temple priests, 31–2, 33, 36–7, 40; writing of scripture, 43–4; and the Covenant, 53, 55; and Roman occupation, 58
Priscillian (Spanish bishop), 207*
Protestantism: faith as personal/private thing, 296, 297, 303–6, 311–12, 321, 347–52, 354–67, 370, 400, 410–11, 491; ‘Protestation’ (1529), 311; Lutheran Princes, 312; Edward VI of England, 312–13; and trust in secular authority, 313; in Elizabethan Britain, 316–17, 318–19; in Low Countries, 318; Thirty Years War, 324–5, 341–2, 343, 353, 354; and heliocentrism, 340; and Presbyterian discipline, 350–2; Act of Uniformity in Britain, 359; and Spinoza, 359–63; pilgrim concept, 363–5, 516; migration from Europe in seventeenth century, 364–5, 485–6; and new American Republic, 384, 385; and abolition of slavery, 395–6, 414–18; and Nazi Germany, 458, 467–8
Provence, 178
Prussia, 404–8, 410–11, 443, 504
Pulp Fiction (film, 1994), 509–10, 512
Puritans, 319, 341–2; voyage of the Mayflower, 325–6, 516; Pilgrim settlers in New World, 326–8, 364, 437, 516; violence against native Americans, 328; and English Civil War, 350–1, 352, 353; and Jews, 356
Pythagoras, 19†
Quakers, 351, 354, 357–8, 363, 365; and Act of Uniformity, 359; Benjamin Lay, 365–7, 368–70, 385, 394, 395, 428; abolitionists, 367–70, 385, 394, 417, 426; and theory of evolution, 426, 428
Qur’an, 494, 495; crucifixion in, 167–8, 496–7; tone of authority, 168; Latin translation, 247–8; and slavery, 416–17
race and ethnicity: universal ambitions of Church, 253; implications of evolutionary theory, 426–8; and Christian notions of equality, 427, 474, 488; native tribes of America, 427; and Nazi Germany, 456–7, 460, 463–8, 524; racism and segregation in USA, 474–6; colonial hierarchy in Africa, 482–4; apartheid in South Africa, 486–7, 488, 489; and European imperialism, 487–8
Radegund, queen, 232
Ramihrd, 207, 208, 210, 211, 213
Ranters, 351
Rawlinson, Henry, 412–13
reason: and Stoic philosophy, 27; and Abelard, 223–8; Christian embrace of mystery with, 223–8, 229–30, 247–51, 260, 320–1; and the Diggers, 350; and Spinoza, 359–63, 370; philosophes, 373–9, 381; and Thomas Huxley, 428–31; and Nietzsche, 448; see also Enlightenment
redemption, 149, 204, 256, 332, 367, 401, 426, 447, 483, 492; Anselm on, xx, 229; confession and repentance, 42, 149–50, 161, 237–8, 262–3, 517; and Paul’s message, 81–2, 85, 302; of Abelard, 227, 295; nature of, 228–9; in suffering, 231, 232–3, 236–7; and Albigensian crusade, 244; and the Taborites, 282; and Luther, 297, 301, 302; power of forgiveness, 487
Reformation: Lutheran Princes, 299, 303, 305, 307–8, 310, 311–12; in England, 308–9, 312–13; tension between liberty and authority, 311–16, 349–53, 354–63; as revolution, 321; God’s direct speaking to the soul/spirit, 349–50, 351–2, 355–6, 357–61, 400; nature of ‘religion’ in Protestant countries, 352–5; and anti-Semitism, 355–6, 467; and three ages of European history, 381–2; anti-clericalism in France, 506; and marriage, 509; and Huxley’s ‘agnosticism’, 523
revolutions (1848), 408
Rhode Island, 367
Rhodes, 26, 32
Rhône valley, 89–90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 97–8
Ricci, Matteo (Li Madou), 332–3, 334
Rijnsberg (near Leiden), 359
Robespierre, Maximilien, 386, 387–8
Roman world, xix, xxviii; wealth and privilege in, xiii–xiv, 28, 73, 74, 107, 121–4, 126, 132–7; divinity in, xvii–xviii, xix, 31, 65, 67, 79–81, 99–101, 102–3, 112, 263; philosophy in, 26–8; and Tyche (Fortune), 26–8; Pompey conquers Jerusalem, 29–33, 36–7, 50, 57; civil war, 51, 57; murder of Pompey, 51, 57; Augustus imposes order, 58, 60–1, 63–4; occupation of Judaea, 58–61; suppression of the Galatians, 63; transport networks, 63, 65, 70, 90–1; Via Sebaste, 63; cult of Caesar in, 64, 65; Euangelion (‘Good News’), 64*; St Paul’s tour of, 65–6, 67–9, 70–9, 331–2; sexuality in, 81, 272–3, 511; persecution of Christianity, 83–4, 90; suppression of Judaean revolt (AD 70), 84–5, 86–7, 151; Christianity in second century, 89–92; self-sacrifice in, 92–3; and universal order, 98–9; citizenship granted to all free men (ad 212), 99, 100, 107, 115; decree ordering sacrifice (250), 107–8; imperial edict on scripture (303), 109, 110–11; power of Christian bishops, 109–10; Constantine becomes emperor (312), 111–12; Julian repudiates Christianity, 119–21, 122; decline of in west, 135, 137, 139, 146, 148–9, 155; Goths sack Rome (410), 135, 137; banning of sacrifices (391), 142–3; visions of the afterlife, 155; Roman–barbarian divide survives fall of empire, 186–7; and order in the cosmos, 279; in imaginary of French Revolution, 389–90; and death of Christ, 413–14; Nietzsche’s view of, 449–50; fasces symbol, 455
Romania, 466
Romans, Humbert de, 251–2
Rome (city): Esquiline Hill, xiii–xiv, xxi; first heated swimming pool, xiii, xv–xvi; Caravaggio’s St Peter, xxi–xxii; and St Paul, 78, 79, 80, 83; St Paul’s letter to the Hagioi, 78, 80, 81–2, 272–3, 354; and Nero, 79–81, 83; Hagioi persecuted after fire (summer ad 64), 83–4, 85*; The Senate, 132–3; basilica of St Peter, 148; Tiber burst its banks (589), 148; physical decline of, 149, 155; attachment to ancient rituals broken, 149–50; recaptured for the Empire, 162; Saracen pirates sack (846), 197; building of St Peter’s at the Vatican, 293; Inquisition in, 330, 339–41
Romulus, xvii, 149
Rostock, 499–500
Roth, Cecil, 461
Roy, Raja Rammohun, 403–4
Russia, 443, 452–3, 454
Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, 433
Sade, Marquis de, 391–2, 393, 395, 431–2, 449, 496, 511; The New Justine (1797), 390–1, 392; on slave trade, 392–3
Sahwil, Reem, 499–500, 503
Saint-Denis, monastery of (near Paris), 224, 229–30, 382, 387
Saint-Domingue, island of, 392
saints, 140–1
Salafists, 495; Islamic State in Syria/Iraq, 495–8, 525
Salm, Elisabeth, 451–2, 453, 457
Samaria (ancient kingdom of Israel), 56
Samuelsson, Gunnar, xv*
Satan (Diabolos), 47, 49, 146–8, 152, 155, 240, 285, 524
Saxons in Britain, 157, 171–2, 175–6, 188
Saxony, 196, 294, 299, 306, 405, 444–5, 450; Anglo-Saxon missions to, 187, 188–90, 399; Charlemagne’s war against, 191, 192–4, 244; Irminsul (totem tree), 191, 193; Otto the Great, 199–202
Sayn, Count of, 239
Schreck, Johann, 332, 334, 335–6, 337–8, 342
science: and Darwin, xxvi, 422–8, 429; and the Jesuits, 335–8, 339–40, 342–3; Galileo’s discoveries, 336–42, 430; Spinoza’s universe, 360–3; geology, 420–2; ‘natural theology’, 422, 423, 424–5, 428–9; defining of, 429–30; agnostic colonising of the past, 430–1, 522; and Karl Marx, 439–40, 453; and Nazi anti-Semitism, 463, 465, 466; and humanism, 522; see also cosmology; theology
Scotland, 317, 421, 435
Scythians, 9, 68
Second World War, 460–1, 463, 464–5, 468–9, 473
secular, concept of, 211–15, 218–19, 261, 411–12, 489, 504–5; as product of Christianity, xxv, 160, 214, 411, 505–7, 523, 524; and Augustine of Hippo, 159–60, 214, 411; origin of term, 159–60; and Gregory VII, 214, 301–2, 411, 459; and the Reformation, 301–2, 308, 312–13, 400; application to Hinduism, 400, 402, 403, 404; French word laïcité, 411, 505–7; and Islam, 504, 505, 506–7; French anti-clericalism, 505–7
Sedulius Scottus, 197
the Seraphim, 145
Serapis, 25, 100, 101, 102, 112, 143
sexuality: prostitutes, 22, 73, 81, 263, 269–71, 391; in Greek world, 75–6, 263–4, 511; St Paul’s views on, 75–6, 81, 272–3, 431–2, 434–5, 478–9, 510, 512; in Roman world, 81, 272–3, 511; women as temptresses for priests, 257–8; female body, 258–9, 260, 262–3, 264–6; Christianity and the erotic, 263–75, 431–5, 479, 510–12; continence and free will, 264–6; and marriage, 266–9, 434, 509, 512; incest, 268; Jesus and sins of the flesh, 269–71; and reformatio project, 270, 273; and theory of evolution, 431–2; Krafft-Ebing’s work on, 432–5; sadism and masochism, 433; Christian conservative view of women, 477–8; Bernard of Clairvaux on, 509; and 1960s counter-culture, 511
Shrewsbury, 316, 317, 318
Siena, 262–3, 264–6, 268, 274
Sigismund (emperor-elect), 280–1, 282–3
Simon (Samaritan necromancer), 95
sin: and Eve, 41, 139, 257; concept of in Genesis, 41–2, 139, 271–2, 273; tradition embodied by Donatus, 110–11, 113; Pelagius on, 136, 139; Augustine of Hippo’s teachings, 138–9; doctrine of original sin, 139, 257, 516; Satan’s great empire of, 147–8; and Pope Gregory, 150; Columbanus and penance for, 158, 159; and sexual desire, 263–4, 269–75; Sodom and Gomorrah, 271–2, 273–5; ‘sodomy’ concept, 273–5, 432, 434; and Luther, 300, 302; and pilgrims to New World, 325–6, 516–17; and ownership of slaves in New World, 367, 394–5, 414; see also redemption
Sinai, Mount (Horeb), 52–3, 55, 168
Sinjar, 525
Sioux people, 419, 427
Skellig Michael (Kerry), 156, 160
slavery: crucifixion of slaves, xiii–xv; in Rome, xiii–xv, 81, 82, 90, 415; and early Christianity, 82, 90, 93; and St Paul’s message, 82; Gregory labels as offence against God, 124–5, 126, 137; Aristotle on, 292, 368, 415; use of Bible to justify, 358, 366, 394, 415; in British empire, 366–8, 392–3, 394; in New England, 367–8; abolitionists, 367–70, 385, 394–6, 401, 414, 415–16, 417–18, 426, 482, 494–5; abolished by revolutionary France, 392; and Congress of Vienna (1814–15), 393–4, 395; in southern United States, 394, 415, 417, 426; slave trade abolished in Britain (1807), 395; emancipation in British Empire (1833), 414; and international law, 414–15; universalism of Protestant campaign against, 414–18; and Islam, 415–47, 494–5; banned in Africa and Ottoman Empire, 416–17
Slovakia, 467
social class: in Greek world, 19; in Roman world, 81–3, 110, 126, 132–7, 277; and St Paul’s message, 81–3; and teachings of Jesus, 86, 132–3, 134; gnosis (knowledge) as marker of class, 105–6; and Pelagius, 136–7, 382; and Augustine of Hippo, 138–40; holiness as source of power, 139–41; and Gregory VII’s reforms, 213, 219; and ‘natural law’ concept, 222; revolts by followers of Luther, 305–7; the ‘Diggers’ in Britain, 347–50, 352, 357, 382, 442, 453–4, 480; and French Revolution, 382, 383, 388–9; Brahmins in India, 400; and Karl Marx, 439–40, 441; hierarchy of the disadvantaged, 516, 517; see also poverty; wealth and privilege; the weak and downtrodden
social reform, 426–7
Sodom and Gomorrah, 271–2, 273–5
sodomy, 272–3, 432, 433, 434, 479, 514; see also homosexuality
Solomon, King, 35, 54, 55
the Somme, Battle of, 443–4, 445, 447, 456, 462
Sophocles: Oedipus the King, 16–17; Antigone, 17–18
South Africa, 364, 484–6; apartheid in, 486–7, 488, 489
Soviet Union, 452–4; Cold War, 473; collapse of, 488–9
Spain: Visigoths in, 164, 177; fall to Islam, 165, 177; Christian military defeats (1190s), 244; Saracen defeat at Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), 246, 247; as great battlefield between good and evil, 247; El Encubierto (the Hidden One), 286, 287; fall of Granada (1492), 286–7; imperialism, 287–93, 330–1, 332; Inquisition, 290; ultimatum to Jews (1492), 290; Dutch rebels, 318, 322
Sparta, 12, 125
Spinoza, Baruch, 358–60, 370; Theological-Political Treatise (1670), 359–63, 377
SS (Schutzstaffel), 459–60, 466
Starr, Ringo, 472, 497, 510*
Stephen (Waik), King of Hungarians, 202, 203, 204, 231, 330
Stoic philosophy, 27–8, 59, 151; and St Paul, 77–8, 104, 222
Strasbourg, 313
Sumner, William Graham, 436
Sweden, 312, 341
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, xxviii
Syria, 42, 46, 96, 164, 165, 171, 172; civil war (from 2011), 495–6
Taborites, 276–7, 281–4, 382, 442
Tacitus, 85*
Tarsus, port-city of, 70, 171
Tasmania, 427
Tenochtitlan, 289–91, 292, 399
the Vosges, 157
Thebes (Greece), 16–18
Theodore, St, (ascetic in Galatia), 153, 164
Theodore, St, (archbishop of Canterbury), 171, 172–4, 181
theology: Origen’s theologia, 105, 106; Trinity concept, 105, 114–15, 166–7, 350, 351; and Aristotle, 106, 248–51, 258, 292, 331, 337, 338, 415; and Constantine, 114–16; and God’s vengeance on the Jews, 163; Abelard’s use of reason, 223–8; as the queen of sciences, 228, 254, 429; revelation and reason, 250–1, 260; and heliocentrism, 339–40; Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise (1670), 359–63, 377; ‘natural theology’, 422, 423, 424–5, 428–9; and apartheid in South Africa, 485, 486; as deeply embedded in modern age, 515–16, 522; see also Aquinas, Thomas, St; Calvin, Jean; Luther, Martin
Therasia (wife of Paulinus), 133
Thirty Years War, 324–5, 341–2, 343, 353, 354
Thunor (pagan god), 189, 191, 320
Thuringia, court of, 231–2, 234, 236–7, 303
Thurman, Uma, 512
time: dating systems, xxiv, 173, 188; end of the world, 150–4, 156–7, 163–5; in early philosophy, 151; straight line from Genesis to Revelation, 152–3, 420; vision of the afterlife, 154–5; order of the saeculum, 159–60, 519; Bede renders as Christian, 173, 188; cycle of the year, 188, 197; as decisive test of Christian order, 197; modernitas, 230, 279–80; Joachim’s prophecy, 256; Hilten’s prophesies, 284–6, 294, 304; and Columbus, 288; and the New World, 288–9, 290; Chinese calendars, 329–30, 332, 333, 334–6, 343; French revolutionary calendar, 380–1; three ages of European history, 381–2; and geology, 420–2
Toledo, 248
toleration, concept of: and English Civil War, 350–1, 352; and Westphalian system, 353; and Cromwell, 353–5, 356–7; and Act of Uniformity in Britain, 359; and Spinoza, 359–63, 370; Penn in Philadelphia, 365, 368–70, 384; and Voltaire, 375
Tolkien, J. R. R., 460–1, 464, 502; The Lord of the Rings, 461–3, 464, 469–71, 501, 502; on myth, 524
torture instruments/methods: in Greek world, 4; in ancient Persia, 5–6, 8; scaphe in ancient Persia, 5–6, 8, 47, 390; in the Roman amphitheatre, 91–2, 93–4
Toulouse, 242–3, 244–6, 371–3, 378, 387
Tours, 127, 128–31, 153, 155, 195; St Martin’s basilica at, 139–40, 177, 379–80, 382; collections of scripture written by monks, 195–6
Trojan War, 13–14, 15, 127
Trump, Donald J., 512–14, 516
Tunis, 170–1, 417
Tutu, Desmond, 485, 486, 487
Ulfilas (priest), 186, 192
Ulrich (bishop of Augsburg), 199
United Nations, 494, 495, 505
United States of America, xxv, xxvi; book of Genesis as seedbed of Republic, 384; constitution, 384; slavery in southern states, 394, 415, 417, 426; Civil War, 417, 426; the West in nineteenth century, 419–20, 424, 427, 435; Cold War, 473; racism and segregation in, 474–6; campaign for civil rights in, 474–7, 515; assassination of King (April 1968), 477–8; 11 September 2001 terror attacks, 489–90; religious sex scandals, 510–11; culture wars, 512–17
Urban II, Pope, 216–18, 220, 244
Urban VI, Pope, 265, 266
Urban VIII, Pope (Maffeo Barberini), 337, 340–1
Ussher, James, archbishop of Armagh, 420
Utrecht, 189
Valladolid, 331
Vandals, 137
Vatican, building of St Peter’s at, 293
Venice, 274, 330
Venus, 262–3, 268
Vienna, Congress of (1814–15), 393–4, 395, 405
Vienne (city south of Lyon), 89–90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 97–8
Vikings, 197, 201
Virgil, 57, 65
Visconti, Mateo, 256
Visigoths, 137, 164, 177
Voltaire, 373–9, 385, 387, 395, 430
Waldensians, 234–5, 240
Wales, 316, 317
Wartburg, castle of, 234, 236, 303–4, 467
Washington, George, 384
Waterloo, Battle of (18 June 1815), 395–6, 405
the weak and downtrodden: ‘So the last will be first, and the first last’, xxi, 271, 378, 418, 425, 449–50, 516; in classical antiquity, xxviii, 121, 390; kingship and equity, 6; and life of Christ, 69, 123–4, 126, 270–1; shaming of the strong by the weak, 74, 525; and Julian, 120–1; and Martin of Tours, 127, 128–32, 137, 139–40, 382–3; de Sade’s view of, 391, 392–3; implications of evolutionary theory, 423, 425–8; Nietzsche’s view of, 446–7, 449–50; Hitler’s contempt for Christian teachings, 459–60, 465
wealth and privilege: in Roman world, xiii–xiv, 28, 73, 74, 107, 121–4, 126, 132–7; and teachings of Jesus, xxi, 129–31, 132–3, 134, 135–6, 138–9, 277, 279, 349, 382, 436; in Book of Job, 48; shaming of the strong by the weak, 74, 525; and Origen, 107; rich Christians, 121–2, 132–7, 277, 325; Pelagius on, 136, 348; Augustine of Hippo’s teachings, 138–40; the Pope at Avignon, 261; and sans-culottes in French Revolution, 382, 383; and Carnegie, 435–8, 439; and Lennon’s ‘Imagine’, 480; in Trump’s America, 516, 517
Weinberg, Steven, 521
Weinstein, Harvey, 507–8, 509–10, 512
Wessel, Horst, 457–8
West Indies, 287–8, 292, 365–7, 392–3, 394
Westphalia, Treaty of (1648), 353, 354
White Mountain, battle of (1620), 324
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 443, 445, 451
Winstanley, Gerrard, 347–50, 352, 454, 480
Winthrop, John, 326–8, 437
Wittenberg, 294, 295, 296–7, 298–9, 303, 307, 405
Woden, 187, 188, 445
Worms, Diet of, 299–300, 301–3, 310, 311
Wycliffe, John, 278, 280
Xenocrates, 105
Xenophanes, 19–20, 112
Xerxes, King of Persia, 3–5, 9, 10, 13
Xu Guangqi, 329–30, 332, 334–5
Yang Guangxian, 342–3
Yazidis, 525
al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab, 493–4, 495
Zeno, 27, 105
Zeus, 13, 14, 31, 44–5
Žižka, Jan, 283–4
Zurich, 313