Dominion: The Making of the Western Mind

Jordan (Dominican Master General), 259

Joshua, 45–6, 54, 338–9, 475

Josiah (Old Testament king), 194–5

Josiah, King of Judah, 55–6

Judaea, 29–33, 34–5, 36–7, 50, 51; Roman occupation, 58–61; revolt (ad 66), 84–5, 86–7, 151; Romans rename as Palestine, 163

Judah, 35–6, 39, 55, 56, 86–7

Julian, Emperor (‘The Apostate’), xxviii, 119–21, 122–3, 127–8, 143, 200

Julius Caesar, xvii–xviii, xxviii, 51, 58, 89, 455

Jupiter, 31, 112

justice: in Persian empire, 5–6, 47–8; in Mesopotamia, 6; Book of Job, 47–8, 49, 150; Jewish prophesies of end days, 56–7; day of judgement, 151–4, 155, 166, 175, 252, 388, 454; and the Apocalypse, 154; and the pope’s writ, 219–20, 225; Gratian and equality, 222–3; and the crucifixion, 229; and Luther, 307–8; and Cromwell, 354; and French Revolution, 387–8; Karl Marx on, 440–1; Nietzsche’s view of, 448; and US civil rights movement, 474–6; and anti-Trump protests, 513, 517

Justin, xviii–xix, 264

Jutes, 171–2, 175–6

Kennedy, Richard Hartley, 397–9

King, Martin Luther, 474–6, 478, 480, 492, 513, 515; assassination of (April 1968), 477–8

kingship, 6–9, 55–6, 199–202, 261; in Babylon, 6–7, 55, 279; pagan conversions to Christianity, 202–3; right to confer bishoprics, 211; rulers inspired by Luther, 299, 303, 305, 307–9; Friedrich Wilhelm and Cologne cathedral, 405–7

Kirwitzer, Wenceslas, 338

Knox, John, 317

Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, Psychopathia Sexualis, 432–5

Ku Klux Klan, 474, 476

‘laity’ (laicus), 218–19, 411

language, xxv, 38, 60

Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 292, 331, 366, 367–8, 414

Lay, Benjamin, 365–7, 368–70, 385, 394, 395, 428

learning and scholarship: library at Alexandria, 24–5, 38–9, 103–4, 430; Origen’s school at Caesarea, 104–7; gnosis (knowledge) as marker of class, 105–6; and Bede at Jarrow, 173–4; and Alcuin, 193–4, 195–6; Alcuin’s single-volume collections of scripture, 195–6; Charlemagne’s project of correctio, 195–7, 204; education of the priesthood, 196; university at Bologna, 220–1, 222–3; claim of license from God, 222; Abelard’s fame, 223–8; Paris as powerhouse of, 224, 227–8; autonomy of universities, 227, 249, 335; natural philosophy, 228, 249, 335–43, 360–3, 423–4, 431; philosophy at heart of curriculum, 228; rediscovery of Greek works in Toledo, 248–9; universities and papal schism, 278; Galileo’s discoveries, 336–42, 430; across divides during Thirty Years War, 342, 343; philosophes, 373–9, 381; see also cosmology; Jewish scripture and scholarship; philosophy; science; theology

legal systems and law, xxv; Athenian, 15–17; ‘natural law’ concept, 27–8, 77, 222–3, 494; claim of license from God, 179–80, 222, 494, 495; Sunna (corpus of law), 179–80, 222, 416, 417, 494, 495; Papal ‘Curia’ (court), 219, 221, 225–6, 241; Christendom’s system of law, 220–1, 225–6; lawyers, 220–1, 222–3; canon law, 220–3, 225–6, 233, 267, 296, 298, 300, 307–8, 367, 385–6, 505; Decretum (ascribed to Gratian), 221–3; corpus of Roman law, 222–3, 266; and Abelard’s reason, 223–8; Cajetan and international law, 293; international law on slavery, 414–15; conceptualising of desire, 435; Western moulding of Islam, 495, 496, 504–5

Leiden, 322, 323, 324, 325–6

Lenaia (festival), 10–11, 15

Lenin, 438–9, 441–2, 452–3, 454

Lennon, John, 472, 476, 479–80, 498

Leonidas, xxviii

lepers, 124, 125, 126, 130

Leto, 12

‘Levellers’, 349, 383

liberal democracy, 384, 489–91

Lincoln, Abraham, 417

Lincoln cathedral, 253

Little Bighorn, Battle of (1876), 419, 427

Liverpool, 473

Livingstone, David, 482

Loire Valley, 127, 128–32, 139–40

London, 317, 351, 425–6, 437–9, 441–2, 472–3, 480–1

Lord’s Prayer, 196, 197

Los Angeles, 507–8, 509–10, 512

Louis XVI, King of France, 380

love and compassion: and God of Israel, 42, 50, 52, 53, 59; primacy of in Christian teaching, 66–9, 72, 75, 123–4, 149, 169, 222, 271, 328, 353–4, 472–9, 487, 503, 516; and Martin of Tours, 131; of mother for child, 260–1; Luther’s teachings, 302, 304; and Evangelicals, 395; and abolition of slavery, 417–18; for homosexuals, 433, 434; Nietzsche’s contempt for, 449, 455, 516; fascist rejection of, 456, 459–60; Hitler’s contempt for Christianity, 459–60, 465; and the Beatles, 472–3, 474, 475–7, 497; Summer of Love (1967), 472–3, 475–6, 477, 511; Salafist rejection of, 496–8

Low Countries, 187, 188, 318, 319–20, 322; see also Dutch Republic

Luke, St, 66, 82, 97, 130–1, 136, 269

Luther, Martin: ninety-five theses, 294–6, 299; talent for self-publicity, 295, 296–7, 300; in Augsburg, 295–6; and testimony of conscience, 296, 303; and witness of scripture, 296, 300, 302, 303, 304; bonfire at Wittenberg, 298, 300–1, 307; opposes burning of heretics, 298–9; at Diet of Worms, 299–300, 301–3, 310, 311; at Wartburg after Friedrich’s ambush, 303–4; translates New Testament, 304–5, 306; revolts by followers of, 305–7; death of (1546), 311; Protestant objects of ire of, 312; attitude to Jews, 355–6, 409–10, 467; and three ages of European history, 381–2; as precursor of Robespierre, 387; on pre-human history, 420; narrative of Christendom as backward/bigoted, 431

Luxeuil, monastery at, 157–8, 159, 177

Lyon, 89, 90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 98, 244, 318

Macedon, 23–6

Macrina, St, 125–6, 514

Madrid, 259

Maifreda da Pirovano, 256, 257, 259, 261

Majorinus (bishop of Carthage), 109, 110

Mandela, Nelson, 486–7, 488

al-Maqdisi, Abu Muhammad, 493–5

Marcion, 96–7, 103, 467

Marduk (Babylonian god), 40, 43, 44, 48

Mark, St, 97

Marmoutier, plain of (near Tours), 128–9, 130, 131, 139, 382–3

marriage, 266–9, 434, 509, 512

Marsh, Othniel Charles, 424, 435

Martin of Tours, St, 127, 128–32, 133, 137, 155, 200, 382–3; basilica at Tours, 139–40, 177, 379–80, 382

martyrs, xxiii, 84, 92–4, 95, 155, 207; in early third-century Carthage, 109, 110; Boniface in Frisia, 185–6, 189, 190–1

Marx, Karl, 438–42, 453

Mary, the virgin Theotokos, 260, 263; visions of in Cappadocia, 126; Islamic view of, 166, 167; and the crucifixion, 260–1; statue of in Albert, 445; appearances at Fatima, 451

Mary I, Queen of England, 313, 316, 319

Mary Magdalene, 259–60, 269

Maryland, 355

Massachusetts, 326, 328, 364, 488

mathematics, 27, 228, 248, 332, 335, 336, 337

Matilda, Countess, 220

Matthew, St, 97

McCartney, Paul, 472, 476, 479, 480–1

Menasseh ben Israel, 355, 356–7, 358, 461

Merkel, Angela, 499–502, 503–4, 505

Mesopotamia, 6–7, 33–4, 35, 55, 123

Mexico, 288–91, 292, 330, 332, 399

Michael, St, (angel), 142, 145–6, 155, 160–1, 445

migrants: hostility to, 285, 500, 501, 502; non-European to Western Europe, 499–502, 503–5; fear of the East on the move, 501

Milan, 207–8, 210, 255–7

Milingo, Emmanuel, archbishop of Lusaka, 484

millennium (1033 period), 203–4, 206–8

Milton, John, 341–2, 351–2, 354, 393

miracles: St Paul in Galatia, 72; St Martin of Tours, 129, 130, 131, 133, 140; Michael at Gargano, 142–3, 145–6; and Columbanus, 158–9, 160; on Hungarian plains, 204; and Hildebrand (Gregory VII), 208, 210; and Lady Elizabeth, 237; on Mount Tabor, 277; Spinoza on, 360, 361

missions: and Boniface, 185–6, 187, 188–91, 458–9; and Augustine of Hippo, 186; discipline and hardship, 187; in Mexica, 290, 291, 292; Puritan in New World, 327–8; Catholic in New World, 330–1; and human rights of natives, 331–2, 367–8; Jesuits in China, 332–6, 342–3; Quakers to the Jews in Amsterdam, 357, 358; British in India, 404; in heart of Africa, 418, 482–3; Nietzsche’s view of, 450

monks (monachoi): in fourth-century Loire Valley, 128–9, 131; early Irish, 156–61, 174, 317; monasteries of Columbanus, 157, 158, 159, 160, 177; discipline and hardship, 157–8, 159, 174, 187; cult of St Michael, 160–1; sent by Pope Gregory to Kent, 171, 175, 319, 320; and writing, 195–6; celibacy rules, 207, 509; at Cluny, 215–16

Montana, 419–20, 428

moral and ethical values, xxi, xxv, xxvii; enduring impact of Christianity, xxii–xxvi, xxviii–xxix, 517, 521–2, 524–5; as culturally contingent, xxv; and Greek gods, 15; St Paul’s message, 75–8; freedom of choice, 267; and Nietzsche’s hatred, 448–50, 455, 496; Hitler’s contempt for Christianity, 459–60, 465; dreams of a better world, 480; dogma of humanism, 522; see also equality; forgiveness; justice; sin; toleration, concept of

Morocco, 415, 417

Moses, 52–5, 59–60, 167, 168–9, 228, 464, 475

Muhammad: and military conquest, 164–5, 166; teachings of, 166, 167; as mouthpiece of Qur’an, 167; and Moses, 168–9; Sunna (corpus of law), 179–80, 222, 416, 417, 494, 495; Dabiq prophecy, 493

Münster, 309, 310, 318, 350

Müntzer, Thomas, 305–6, 309, 349, 350

Mussolini, Benito, 455, 456, 459

Napoleon, 389–90, 392, 393, 395, 405, 406, 408, 444–5

nation state, 384, 385, 386, 415, 450, 468

‘natural law’ concept, 27–8, 77, 222–3, 494

Nero, Emperor, xxi–xxii, 79–81, 83–4, 85*, 90

New England, 326–8, 364, 365, 367–8, 384–5

New Testament: Acts of the Apostles, 85*, 136, 440; origins of, 97; named angels in, 145; Islamic view of, 167; as authored by mortals, 168; Luther translates, 304–5, 306; see also gospels; St Paul, letters of

New World, 287–93; West Indies, 287–8, 292, 365–7, 392–3, 394; Cortés in Mexico, 288–91, 292, 332, 399; arrival of the Mayflower, 325–6, 516; Pilgrim settlers in, 326–8, 364, 437, 516; native Americans, 327–8, 332; abolitionists in, 367–70

New Zealand, 427

Nicaean council (325), 114–16, 168, 221, 241

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 446–50, 451, 455, 459, 468, 478, 496, 515, 516, 518, 521

Niobe, 12, 48, 79

Noah, 186, 368, 421

Nyssa (Cappadocia), 123, 130

Old Testament, 38*, 40–1, 42–4; conquest of Canaan, 34, 37–8, 42, 45–6, 54; and Jews of Alexandria, 38–9, 59; Genesis, 40–1, 48, 186, 258, 384, 420, 421–2, 465; concept of sin in Genesis, 41–2, 139, 271–2, 273; Song of Deborah, 44*; Book of Joshua, 45–6, 338–9, 475; Book of Psalms, 46, 339, 420, 484; Book of Job, 47–8, 49, 146, 150, 422, 438, 520; monsters and serpents, 48–9, 520; Exodos, 51–2, 59, 145, 464; and Origen, 103–4; as authored by mortals, 168; Pentateuch as Bede’s inspiration, 174–5; story of Noah, 186, 368, 421; Spinoza’s use of term, 362

Olympic Games, 79

Oppenheim, Simon, 406, 407, 408

Orbán, Victor, 501–2, 504

Origen, 100–4, 106, 115, 144, 168, 222, 339, 399, 441; school at Caesarea, 104–7; fame and influence of, 107, 130; torture and death of, 108, 109; and Satan’s story, 147; dismisses literal interpretation of Apocalypse, 153

Orléans, 206, 207

‘Orthodox’ Christianity, 452–3

Osiris, 25

Otranto, 285, 286

Otto the Great (Emperor), 199–202, 500, 501

Ottoman Turks, 278, 285, 294, 330, 416–17, 451, 500

Owen, Richard, 438

Oxford, Bishop of, xxvii

Oxford University, 227–8, 278, 429, 460–1

Padua, university at, 335, 336

paganism: origin of term, 144; and Michael, 145; and Gregory’s papacy, 149–50; and Britain, 172, 187; and Boniface, 185–6, 187–90, 191, 319–20, 399, 445, 458–9, 483; Eostre (festival of the spring), 188; underworld of (hel), 188; Thunor’s oak tree, 189, 191, 320; Franks’ war against, 190–1, 192–4; Irminsul destroyed, 191, 193; Hungarian defeat at Augsburg/the Lech (955), 198–9, 200–1, 202, 500, 501; Christian kingship reasserts itself, 199–203; as justification for imperialism, 331, 399, 401; and African Christians, 483–4; see also idolatry

palaeontologists, 419–22, 424–5, 429, 522–3; ‘Bone Wars’ exposed (1890), 435

Palestine, 163, 451; invaded by the ‘Saracens’ (634), 164–5, 166; six-day war (1967), 473

Palmeiro, André, 333–4

papacy, xxiii; title of Pappas or ‘Father’ (‘Pope’), xxii; Rome’s protection devolves to, 148–9; Gregory elected to, 148–50; and the Carolingians, 180; and crowning of Charlemagne, 191; pope crowns Charlemagne emperor, 191; victory over Saracens at Garigliano, 201; corruption and scandal, 208; emperor Henry III’s intervention, 208–9, 218; and emperor’s right to confer bishoprics, 208–9, 211, 212, 218; Lateran palace, 209, 212, 293; legates (agents), 209, 219, 225, 242; claim to universal authority, 209–20; ‘Curia’ (court), 219, 221, 225–6, 241; as head of Christendom, 219–20; writ as above all a legal one, 219–20; Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 268; at Avignon, 261, 265; Boniface VIII asserts papal supremacy, 261; Schism, 265–6, 278–80, 281; and Napoleon, 389; and Nazi Germany, 464–5, 466; see also Catholic Christendom; Gregory the Great; Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand)

Paris, 171, 208, 224, 226; university at, 227–8, 249; cathedral of Notre Dame, 270, 382; Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572), 317–18; Charlie Hebdo murders, 506–7

Patrae (in southern Greece), 12

Patrick, St, 156–7, 187

Paul I, Pope, 180

Paul, St: and Galatia, 65–6, 67–9, 70, 72, 74, 165, 169; tour of Roman world, 65–6, 67–9, 70–9, 331–2; primacy of love, 66, 67–8, 69, 72, 75, 472–3, 475, 479; conversion on road to Damascus, 66–7, 72, 136; and divine nature of Jesus, 67, 69, 71, 74, 105; rejects cult of Caesar, 67; universality of message, 68–9, 71–3, 74, 85, 169, 220, 465; and freedom, 71–2, 73, 74–5, 311, 362, 365, 383, 474; in Corinth, 73–4, 77; and sexuality, 75–6, 272–3, 431–2, 434–5, 510, 512; paradox at heart of teachings, 76–7; view of women, 76–7, 259, 263, 266, 478–9; law of God written on the heart, 77, 169, 180, 195, 222, 362, 376, 479; and testimony of conscience, 77, 104, 296, 357, 479; and Stoic philosophy, 77–8, 104, 222; parousia (physical presence of deity), 78–9, 83, 90; and class systems, 81–3; execution of, 84, 98; and ‘outsiders’, 102; and Islam, 168, 180, 417; and tone of revolution, 187–8, 376, 479, 523; and Luther, 296, 302; Spinoza on, 362; and Nietzsche, 449

Paul, St, letters of, 70–3, 78, 85, 92, 94, 97, 264; to Galatians, 65, 71, 72, 77, 165, 169, 259, 355, 362, 479; to Corinthians, xvii*, 73, 75, 81, 311, 478–9, 512; to the Romans, 78, 80, 81–2, 272–3, 354; word ‘Christian’ as not appearing in, 85*; instructions to wives in, 90, 259, 266; on same-sex relationships, 272–3, 479

Paulinus, Meropius Pontius, 133–5, 136, 137, 138, 143, 437, 516

Paviam, Count, 231, 232

Pelagius (ascetic), 135–6, 139, 348, 382

Peninsula Beverly Hills hotel, 507–8, 512

Penn, William, 364–5, 368–9, 421

Pennsylvania, 384, 385

Pepin, Frankish king, 178, 180

Persia, Persian empire: invasions of Greek world, xxviii, 3–5, 9, 47; torture methods in, 5–6, 8, 390; divinity in, 6, 9, 10, 146, 147; kingship in, 6–10; conquers Babylon (539 bc), 7, 9, 36, 43; Babylonian rebellion (522 bc), 7–8, 9; Drauga (‘the Lie’), 8–9, 10; conquered by Alexander, 23, 151; third-century attacks on Roman empire, 107; Julian dies in war against, 123; end of the world, 151; attacks on Constantinople, 164; Rawlinson’s discovery of inscription at Bisitun, 412–13, and the ‘great game’, 413; and slavery, 418

Peru, 330

Pessinus (Galatian city), 119, 120, 143, 145

Peter, St, xxi–xxii, 84, 87, 90, 96, 148

Peter the Venerable, 227, 247–8, 295

Pharisees, 58, 61, 66, 75–6, 78, 270–1, 302, 479

Philadelphia, 364–5, 368–70, 384–5, 394, 421, 480–1

Philip II, King of Spain, 322, 330

Philip IV, King of France, 261

Philippines, 330

philosophes, 373–9, 381, 388, 390; and American Revolution, 383–4, 385; disdain for middle ages, 389; and de Sade, 391, 392

philosophy: eternal structure of the cosmos, 19, 20–3, 25–8, 249; in Greek world, 19–23, 27, 28, 77–8, 87, 104–6, 222, 248–9, 250–1, 430; in Roman world, 26–8; Logos, 27, 87–8; ‘natural law’ concept, 27–8, 77, 222–3; Origen’s school at Caesarea, 104–7; idea of single, all-powerful deity, 112; and nature of time, 151; Abelard’s fame, 223–8; at heart of university curriculum, 228; Spinoza, 359–63, 370; of Nietzsche, 446–50, 451, 455, 459, 468, 478, 496, 515, 516, 518, 521

Pius XI, Pope, 465

Pius XII, Pope, 465, 466

plague, 146, 148, 149, 150, 262–3, 273, 277–8

Plato, 19†, 154–5

Poitiers, 127

Poland, 463, 465, 467

Polycarp, St, 89–90, 96, 98

polygamy, xxv, 268, 310

Pompey the Great, 26, 28, 29–33, 36–7, 50, 51, 57, 98, 455

Portugal, 330, 451

Posidonius, 26–7, 28, 31–2, 98

poverty: and teachings of Christ, xxi, 86, 129–31, 132–3, 134, 135–6, 138–9, 279, 349, 382, 436; and the God of Israel, 43, 46, 50, 54, 67–8; and life of Christ, 69, 123–4, 126; and teachings of St Paul, 74; and Julian, 120–1, 122; in classical antiquity, 121; and Christian charity, 121–2, 123–4, 125–6, 130–5, 223, 325; ptocheia (‘poor houses’), 124; St Martin of Tours, 127, 128–32, 137, 139–40, 382–3; as Christian ideal, 136, 231–3, 234–5; and Pelagius, 136–7, 277, 348, 382; Augustine of Hippo’s teachings, 138–40; under ‘natural law’, 223; and Waldensians, 234–5; Francis of Assisi, 235–6; and papal schism, 279; the ‘Diggers’ in Britain, 347–9, 352, 357, 382, 442, 453–4, 480; social reform and Christianity, 426–7; Carnegie on, 436; Nietzsche’s view of, 448, 449–50; and workplace sexual harassment, 508–9, 512

Prague, 279, 280–1, 282–4, 324

Presbyterians, 351, 352–3, 354, 436–7

Priene, city of, 64*

priesthood, Christian: episcopos or ‘bishop’, xxii, 89, 95–6, 109–17, 137–40, 153, 163–4, 206–8, 210–15; bishops in Roman cities, 109–14, 122, 123–6, 129–32, 139–40, 144, 155, 200; capellani or ‘chaplains’, 140; Theodore at Canterbury, 171–4, 186–7; missionary work, 185–6, 188–9; corruption, 189–90, 196, 206–7, 210, 211; and pagan practices, 189–90; education of, 194, 196–7; and celibacy rules, 207, 210, 214, 218, 257; eucharist, 207, 320; executed for heresy, 207; reformatio project, 209–15, 216–17, 218–19, 221, 232–3, 241–2, 252–3, 270; oath of loyalty to emperor, 211; Worms conference (1076), 212, 218; Waldensian contempt for, 234–5; search for heresy (inquisitio), 238–9, 246, 249–50, 251–2, 254; dread of women as temptresses, 257–8; masculinity of, 258; Luther’s attacks on, 301–2

priesthood, Jewish: Temple priests, 31–2, 33, 36–7, 40; writing of scripture, 43–4; and the Covenant, 53, 55; and Roman occupation, 58

Priscillian (Spanish bishop), 207*

Protestantism: faith as personal/private thing, 296, 297, 303–6, 311–12, 321, 347–52, 354–67, 370, 400, 410–11, 491; ‘Protestation’ (1529), 311; Lutheran Princes, 312; Edward VI of England, 312–13; and trust in secular authority, 313; in Elizabethan Britain, 316–17, 318–19; in Low Countries, 318; Thirty Years War, 324–5, 341–2, 343, 353, 354; and heliocentrism, 340; and Presbyterian discipline, 350–2; Act of Uniformity in Britain, 359; and Spinoza, 359–63; pilgrim concept, 363–5, 516; migration from Europe in seventeenth century, 364–5, 485–6; and new American Republic, 384, 385; and abolition of slavery, 395–6, 414–18; and Nazi Germany, 458, 467–8

Provence, 178

Prussia, 404–8, 410–11, 443, 504

Pulp Fiction (film, 1994), 509–10, 512

Puritans, 319, 341–2; voyage of the Mayflower, 325–6, 516; Pilgrim settlers in New World, 326–8, 364, 437, 516; violence against native Americans, 328; and English Civil War, 350–1, 352, 353; and Jews, 356

Pythagoras, 19†

Quakers, 351, 354, 357–8, 363, 365; and Act of Uniformity, 359; Benjamin Lay, 365–7, 368–70, 385, 394, 395, 428; abolitionists, 367–70, 385, 394, 417, 426; and theory of evolution, 426, 428

Qur’an, 494, 495; crucifixion in, 167–8, 496–7; tone of authority, 168; Latin translation, 247–8; and slavery, 416–17

race and ethnicity: universal ambitions of Church, 253; implications of evolutionary theory, 426–8; and Christian notions of equality, 427, 474, 488; native tribes of America, 427; and Nazi Germany, 456–7, 460, 463–8, 524; racism and segregation in USA, 474–6; colonial hierarchy in Africa, 482–4; apartheid in South Africa, 486–7, 488, 489; and European imperialism, 487–8

Radegund, queen, 232

Ramihrd, 207, 208, 210, 211, 213

Ranters, 351

Rawlinson, Henry, 412–13

reason: and Stoic philosophy, 27; and Abelard, 223–8; Christian embrace of mystery with, 223–8, 229–30, 247–51, 260, 320–1; and the Diggers, 350; and Spinoza, 359–63, 370; philosophes, 373–9, 381; and Thomas Huxley, 428–31; and Nietzsche, 448; see also Enlightenment

redemption, 149, 204, 256, 332, 367, 401, 426, 447, 483, 492; Anselm on, xx, 229; confession and repentance, 42, 149–50, 161, 237–8, 262–3, 517; and Paul’s message, 81–2, 85, 302; of Abelard, 227, 295; nature of, 228–9; in suffering, 231, 232–3, 236–7; and Albigensian crusade, 244; and the Taborites, 282; and Luther, 297, 301, 302; power of forgiveness, 487

Reformation: Lutheran Princes, 299, 303, 305, 307–8, 310, 311–12; in England, 308–9, 312–13; tension between liberty and authority, 311–16, 349–53, 354–63; as revolution, 321; God’s direct speaking to the soul/spirit, 349–50, 351–2, 355–6, 357–61, 400; nature of ‘religion’ in Protestant countries, 352–5; and anti-Semitism, 355–6, 467; and three ages of European history, 381–2; anti-clericalism in France, 506; and marriage, 509; and Huxley’s ‘agnosticism’, 523

revolutions (1848), 408

Rhode Island, 367

Rhodes, 26, 32

Rhône valley, 89–90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 97–8

Ricci, Matteo (Li Madou), 332–3, 334

Rijnsberg (near Leiden), 359

Robespierre, Maximilien, 386, 387–8

Roman world, xix, xxviii; wealth and privilege in, xiii–xiv, 28, 73, 74, 107, 121–4, 126, 132–7; divinity in, xvii–xviii, xix, 31, 65, 67, 79–81, 99–101, 102–3, 112, 263; philosophy in, 26–8; and Tyche (Fortune), 26–8; Pompey conquers Jerusalem, 29–33, 36–7, 50, 57; civil war, 51, 57; murder of Pompey, 51, 57; Augustus imposes order, 58, 60–1, 63–4; occupation of Judaea, 58–61; suppression of the Galatians, 63; transport networks, 63, 65, 70, 90–1; Via Sebaste, 63; cult of Caesar in, 64, 65; Euangelion (‘Good News’), 64*; St Paul’s tour of, 65–6, 67–9, 70–9, 331–2; sexuality in, 81, 272–3, 511; persecution of Christianity, 83–4, 90; suppression of Judaean revolt (AD 70), 84–5, 86–7, 151; Christianity in second century, 89–92; self-sacrifice in, 92–3; and universal order, 98–9; citizenship granted to all free men (ad 212), 99, 100, 107, 115; decree ordering sacrifice (250), 107–8; imperial edict on scripture (303), 109, 110–11; power of Christian bishops, 109–10; Constantine becomes emperor (312), 111–12; Julian repudiates Christianity, 119–21, 122; decline of in west, 135, 137, 139, 146, 148–9, 155; Goths sack Rome (410), 135, 137; banning of sacrifices (391), 142–3; visions of the afterlife, 155; Roman–barbarian divide survives fall of empire, 186–7; and order in the cosmos, 279; in imaginary of French Revolution, 389–90; and death of Christ, 413–14; Nietzsche’s view of, 449–50; fasces symbol, 455

Romania, 466

Romans, Humbert de, 251–2

Rome (city): Esquiline Hill, xiii–xiv, xxi; first heated swimming pool, xiii, xv–xvi; Caravaggio’s St Peter, xxi–xxii; and St Paul, 78, 79, 80, 83; St Paul’s letter to the Hagioi, 78, 80, 81–2, 272–3, 354; and Nero, 79–81, 83; Hagioi persecuted after fire (summer ad 64), 83–4, 85*; The Senate, 132–3; basilica of St Peter, 148; Tiber burst its banks (589), 148; physical decline of, 149, 155; attachment to ancient rituals broken, 149–50; recaptured for the Empire, 162; Saracen pirates sack (846), 197; building of St Peter’s at the Vatican, 293; Inquisition in, 330, 339–41

Romulus, xvii, 149

Rostock, 499–500

Roth, Cecil, 461

Roy, Raja Rammohun, 403–4

Russia, 443, 452–3, 454

Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, 433

Sade, Marquis de, 391–2, 393, 395, 431–2, 449, 496, 511; The New Justine (1797), 390–1, 392; on slave trade, 392–3

Sahwil, Reem, 499–500, 503

Saint-Denis, monastery of (near Paris), 224, 229–30, 382, 387

Saint-Domingue, island of, 392

saints, 140–1

Salafists, 495; Islamic State in Syria/Iraq, 495–8, 525

Salm, Elisabeth, 451–2, 453, 457

Samaria (ancient kingdom of Israel), 56

Samuelsson, Gunnar, xv*

Satan (Diabolos), 47, 49, 146–8, 152, 155, 240, 285, 524

Saxons in Britain, 157, 171–2, 175–6, 188

Saxony, 196, 294, 299, 306, 405, 444–5, 450; Anglo-Saxon missions to, 187, 188–90, 399; Charlemagne’s war against, 191, 192–4, 244; Irminsul (totem tree), 191, 193; Otto the Great, 199–202

Sayn, Count of, 239

Schreck, Johann, 332, 334, 335–6, 337–8, 342

science: and Darwin, xxvi, 422–8, 429; and the Jesuits, 335–8, 339–40, 342–3; Galileo’s discoveries, 336–42, 430; Spinoza’s universe, 360–3; geology, 420–2; ‘natural theology’, 422, 423, 424–5, 428–9; defining of, 429–30; agnostic colonising of the past, 430–1, 522; and Karl Marx, 439–40, 453; and Nazi anti-Semitism, 463, 465, 466; and humanism, 522; see also cosmology; theology

Scotland, 317, 421, 435

Scythians, 9, 68

Second World War, 460–1, 463, 464–5, 468–9, 473

secular, concept of, 211–15, 218–19, 261, 411–12, 489, 504–5; as product of Christianity, xxv, 160, 214, 411, 505–7, 523, 524; and Augustine of Hippo, 159–60, 214, 411; origin of term, 159–60; and Gregory VII, 214, 301–2, 411, 459; and the Reformation, 301–2, 308, 312–13, 400; application to Hinduism, 400, 402, 403, 404; French word laïcité, 411, 505–7; and Islam, 504, 505, 506–7; French anti-clericalism, 505–7

Sedulius Scottus, 197

the Seraphim, 145

Serapis, 25, 100, 101, 102, 112, 143

sexuality: prostitutes, 22, 73, 81, 263, 269–71, 391; in Greek world, 75–6, 263–4, 511; St Paul’s views on, 75–6, 81, 272–3, 431–2, 434–5, 478–9, 510, 512; in Roman world, 81, 272–3, 511; women as temptresses for priests, 257–8; female body, 258–9, 260, 262–3, 264–6; Christianity and the erotic, 263–75, 431–5, 479, 510–12; continence and free will, 264–6; and marriage, 266–9, 434, 509, 512; incest, 268; Jesus and sins of the flesh, 269–71; and reformatio project, 270, 273; and theory of evolution, 431–2; Krafft-Ebing’s work on, 432–5; sadism and masochism, 433; Christian conservative view of women, 477–8; Bernard of Clairvaux on, 509; and 1960s counter-culture, 511

Shrewsbury, 316, 317, 318

Siena, 262–3, 264–6, 268, 274

Sigismund (emperor-elect), 280–1, 282–3

Simon (Samaritan necromancer), 95

sin: and Eve, 41, 139, 257; concept of in Genesis, 41–2, 139, 271–2, 273; tradition embodied by Donatus, 110–11, 113; Pelagius on, 136, 139; Augustine of Hippo’s teachings, 138–9; doctrine of original sin, 139, 257, 516; Satan’s great empire of, 147–8; and Pope Gregory, 150; Columbanus and penance for, 158, 159; and sexual desire, 263–4, 269–75; Sodom and Gomorrah, 271–2, 273–5; ‘sodomy’ concept, 273–5, 432, 434; and Luther, 300, 302; and pilgrims to New World, 325–6, 516–17; and ownership of slaves in New World, 367, 394–5, 414; see also redemption

Sinai, Mount (Horeb), 52–3, 55, 168

Sinjar, 525

Sioux people, 419, 427

Skellig Michael (Kerry), 156, 160

slavery: crucifixion of slaves, xiii–xv; in Rome, xiii–xv, 81, 82, 90, 415; and early Christianity, 82, 90, 93; and St Paul’s message, 82; Gregory labels as offence against God, 124–5, 126, 137; Aristotle on, 292, 368, 415; use of Bible to justify, 358, 366, 394, 415; in British empire, 366–8, 392–3, 394; in New England, 367–8; abolitionists, 367–70, 385, 394–6, 401, 414, 415–16, 417–18, 426, 482, 494–5; abolished by revolutionary France, 392; and Congress of Vienna (1814–15), 393–4, 395; in southern United States, 394, 415, 417, 426; slave trade abolished in Britain (1807), 395; emancipation in British Empire (1833), 414; and international law, 414–15; universalism of Protestant campaign against, 414–18; and Islam, 415–47, 494–5; banned in Africa and Ottoman Empire, 416–17

Slovakia, 467

social class: in Greek world, 19; in Roman world, 81–3, 110, 126, 132–7, 277; and St Paul’s message, 81–3; and teachings of Jesus, 86, 132–3, 134; gnosis (knowledge) as marker of class, 105–6; and Pelagius, 136–7, 382; and Augustine of Hippo, 138–40; holiness as source of power, 139–41; and Gregory VII’s reforms, 213, 219; and ‘natural law’ concept, 222; revolts by followers of Luther, 305–7; the ‘Diggers’ in Britain, 347–50, 352, 357, 382, 442, 453–4, 480; and French Revolution, 382, 383, 388–9; Brahmins in India, 400; and Karl Marx, 439–40, 441; hierarchy of the disadvantaged, 516, 517; see also poverty; wealth and privilege; the weak and downtrodden

social reform, 426–7

Sodom and Gomorrah, 271–2, 273–5

sodomy, 272–3, 432, 433, 434, 479, 514; see also homosexuality

Solomon, King, 35, 54, 55

the Somme, Battle of, 443–4, 445, 447, 456, 462

Sophocles: Oedipus the King, 16–17; Antigone, 17–18

South Africa, 364, 484–6; apartheid in, 486–7, 488, 489

Soviet Union, 452–4; Cold War, 473; collapse of, 488–9

Spain: Visigoths in, 164, 177; fall to Islam, 165, 177; Christian military defeats (1190s), 244; Saracen defeat at Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), 246, 247; as great battlefield between good and evil, 247; El Encubierto (the Hidden One), 286, 287; fall of Granada (1492), 286–7; imperialism, 287–93, 330–1, 332; Inquisition, 290; ultimatum to Jews (1492), 290; Dutch rebels, 318, 322

Sparta, 12, 125

Spinoza, Baruch, 358–60, 370; Theological-Political Treatise (1670), 359–63, 377

SS (Schutzstaffel), 459–60, 466

Starr, Ringo, 472, 497, 510*

Stephen (Waik), King of Hungarians, 202, 203, 204, 231, 330

Stoic philosophy, 27–8, 59, 151; and St Paul, 77–8, 104, 222

Strasbourg, 313

Sumner, William Graham, 436

Sweden, 312, 341

Swinburne, Algernon Charles, xxviii

Syria, 42, 46, 96, 164, 165, 171, 172; civil war (from 2011), 495–6

Taborites, 276–7, 281–4, 382, 442

Tacitus, 85*

Tarsus, port-city of, 70, 171

Tasmania, 427

Tenochtitlan, 289–91, 292, 399

the Vosges, 157

Thebes (Greece), 16–18

Theodore, St, (ascetic in Galatia), 153, 164

Theodore, St, (archbishop of Canterbury), 171, 172–4, 181

theology: Origen’s theologia, 105, 106; Trinity concept, 105, 114–15, 166–7, 350, 351; and Aristotle, 106, 248–51, 258, 292, 331, 337, 338, 415; and Constantine, 114–16; and God’s vengeance on the Jews, 163; Abelard’s use of reason, 223–8; as the queen of sciences, 228, 254, 429; revelation and reason, 250–1, 260; and heliocentrism, 339–40; Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise (1670), 359–63, 377; ‘natural theology’, 422, 423, 424–5, 428–9; and apartheid in South Africa, 485, 486; as deeply embedded in modern age, 515–16, 522; see also Aquinas, Thomas, St; Calvin, Jean; Luther, Martin

Therasia (wife of Paulinus), 133

Thirty Years War, 324–5, 341–2, 343, 353, 354

Thunor (pagan god), 189, 191, 320

Thuringia, court of, 231–2, 234, 236–7, 303

Thurman, Uma, 512

time: dating systems, xxiv, 173, 188; end of the world, 150–4, 156–7, 163–5; in early philosophy, 151; straight line from Genesis to Revelation, 152–3, 420; vision of the afterlife, 154–5; order of the saeculum, 159–60, 519; Bede renders as Christian, 173, 188; cycle of the year, 188, 197; as decisive test of Christian order, 197; modernitas, 230, 279–80; Joachim’s prophecy, 256; Hilten’s prophesies, 284–6, 294, 304; and Columbus, 288; and the New World, 288–9, 290; Chinese calendars, 329–30, 332, 333, 334–6, 343; French revolutionary calendar, 380–1; three ages of European history, 381–2; and geology, 420–2

Toledo, 248

toleration, concept of: and English Civil War, 350–1, 352; and Westphalian system, 353; and Cromwell, 353–5, 356–7; and Act of Uniformity in Britain, 359; and Spinoza, 359–63, 370; Penn in Philadelphia, 365, 368–70, 384; and Voltaire, 375

Tolkien, J. R. R., 460–1, 464, 502; The Lord of the Rings, 461–3, 464, 469–71, 501, 502; on myth, 524

torture instruments/methods: in Greek world, 4; in ancient Persia, 5–6, 8; scaphe in ancient Persia, 5–6, 8, 47, 390; in the Roman amphitheatre, 91–2, 93–4

Toulouse, 242–3, 244–6, 371–3, 378, 387

Tours, 127, 128–31, 153, 155, 195; St Martin’s basilica at, 139–40, 177, 379–80, 382; collections of scripture written by monks, 195–6

Trojan War, 13–14, 15, 127

Trump, Donald J., 512–14, 516

Tunis, 170–1, 417

Tutu, Desmond, 485, 486, 487

Ulfilas (priest), 186, 192

Ulrich (bishop of Augsburg), 199

United Nations, 494, 495, 505

United States of America, xxv, xxvi; book of Genesis as seedbed of Republic, 384; constitution, 384; slavery in southern states, 394, 415, 417, 426; Civil War, 417, 426; the West in nineteenth century, 419–20, 424, 427, 435; Cold War, 473; racism and segregation in, 474–6; campaign for civil rights in, 474–7, 515; assassination of King (April 1968), 477–8; 11 September 2001 terror attacks, 489–90; religious sex scandals, 510–11; culture wars, 512–17

Urban II, Pope, 216–18, 220, 244

Urban VI, Pope, 265, 266

Urban VIII, Pope (Maffeo Barberini), 337, 340–1

Ussher, James, archbishop of Armagh, 420

Utrecht, 189

Valladolid, 331

Vandals, 137

Vatican, building of St Peter’s at, 293

Venice, 274, 330

Venus, 262–3, 268

Vienna, Congress of (1814–15), 393–4, 395, 405

Vienne (city south of Lyon), 89–90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 97–8

Vikings, 197, 201

Virgil, 57, 65

Visconti, Mateo, 256

Visigoths, 137, 164, 177

Voltaire, 373–9, 385, 387, 395, 430

Waldensians, 234–5, 240

Wales, 316, 317

Wartburg, castle of, 234, 236, 303–4, 467

Washington, George, 384

Waterloo, Battle of (18 June 1815), 395–6, 405

the weak and downtrodden: ‘So the last will be first, and the first last’, xxi, 271, 378, 418, 425, 449–50, 516; in classical antiquity, xxviii, 121, 390; kingship and equity, 6; and life of Christ, 69, 123–4, 126, 270–1; shaming of the strong by the weak, 74, 525; and Julian, 120–1; and Martin of Tours, 127, 128–32, 137, 139–40, 382–3; de Sade’s view of, 391, 392–3; implications of evolutionary theory, 423, 425–8; Nietzsche’s view of, 446–7, 449–50; Hitler’s contempt for Christian teachings, 459–60, 465

wealth and privilege: in Roman world, xiii–xiv, 28, 73, 74, 107, 121–4, 126, 132–7; and teachings of Jesus, xxi, 129–31, 132–3, 134, 135–6, 138–9, 277, 279, 349, 382, 436; in Book of Job, 48; shaming of the strong by the weak, 74, 525; and Origen, 107; rich Christians, 121–2, 132–7, 277, 325; Pelagius on, 136, 348; Augustine of Hippo’s teachings, 138–40; the Pope at Avignon, 261; and sans-culottes in French Revolution, 382, 383; and Carnegie, 435–8, 439; and Lennon’s ‘Imagine’, 480; in Trump’s America, 516, 517

Weinberg, Steven, 521

Weinstein, Harvey, 507–8, 509–10, 512

Wessel, Horst, 457–8

West Indies, 287–8, 292, 365–7, 392–3, 394

Westphalia, Treaty of (1648), 353, 354

White Mountain, battle of (1620), 324

Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 443, 445, 451

Winstanley, Gerrard, 347–50, 352, 454, 480

Winthrop, John, 326–8, 437

Wittenberg, 294, 295, 296–7, 298–9, 303, 307, 405

Woden, 187, 188, 445

Worms, Diet of, 299–300, 301–3, 310, 311

Wycliffe, John, 278, 280

Xenocrates, 105

Xenophanes, 19–20, 112

Xerxes, King of Persia, 3–5, 9, 10, 13

Xu Guangqi, 329–30, 332, 334–5

Yang Guangxian, 342–3

Yazidis, 525

al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab, 493–4, 495

Zeno, 27, 105

Zeus, 13, 14, 31, 44–5

Žižka, Jan, 283–4

Zurich, 313