Dominion: The Making of the Western Mind

INDEX

Abbey Road studios, 472–3

Abelard, Peter, 223–8, 229, 248, 253, 295, 320, 339, 360, 393, 423

Abington (near Philadelphia), 369–70

abortion, 513, 514

Abraham (Abram), 33–4, 134, 145, 165, 167, 179, 228, 366

Afghanistan, 490–1

Africa: resistance to 303 imperial decree, 109, 110–11; Donatist schism, 110–18, 138, 206, 442; Saracen conquest, 170–1; imperial scramble for, 418, 427, 482; missions to heart of, 418, 482–3; Ethiopia, 481, 482, 484–5; African Christians in twentieth century, 483–5, 486–7, 488; see also Augustine, St; Carthage; South Africa

agnosticism, 429–31, 522, 523

Agricola, Johann, 298

Ahura Mazda, 6, 8, 9, 10, 49, 151

Albigensian crusade (1209–29), 244–7, 373, 387, 388

Alcuin (Northumbrian scholar), 193–4, 195–6, 293, 382

Alexander the Great, 23, 68, 151

Alexandria, 24–6, 38, 59, 60, 97; library at, 24–5, 38–9, 103–4, 430; Caracalla’s violence in (ad 215), 100–1, 104, 107, 399; and Origen, 100–4, 107; debates on nature of Christ, 114; mob destroys Serapeum, 143

al-Qaeda, 489–90, 493

American Revolution, 383–4, 385

Amiens, 130, 131, 140

Anabaptists, 310–11, 312, 323, 350, 365

angels, 142–7; Michael, 142, 145–6, 155, 160–1, 445; and end of the world, 150–2; and Muhammad, 166, 167

Angles, 157, 171–2, 175–6, 187, 188, 201

Anglo-Saxons: kingdom of Kent, 171–3, 186–7; kingdom of Northumbria, 174–6, 320; formed of Angles, Saxons and Jutes, 176, 201; West Saxons (Wessex), 185, 187–8, 201–2; Church, 187, 188, 189, 190, 320, 483; literature, 460, 461, 464

Anselm, St, xx, xxi, xxiv, 228–9, 258–9

Antioch, 85*

anti-Semitism: growth of in thirteenth century, 252–4; and the Reformation, 355–6, 467; Nazi Germany, 463–8; Nazi use of Christian myth, 466–7

Antwerp, 318

Apocalypse, 152–4, 204–5, 217, 288, 454; and the Taborites, 276–7, 281–4, 442; and papal schism, 278–9; Columbus and end times, 288; and First World War, 450–1; and the Cold War, 473

Apollo, 11–12, 48, 58, 79, 112, 142–3, 150

Aquinas, Thomas, St, 250–1, 258, 273, 275, 292–3, 335, 367, 432; and Luther, 296, 300

Aquitaine, 177, 178

Arabs (‘Saracens’): invasion of Palestine (634), 164–5, 166; conquests of Roman/Persian empires, 164–6, 168, 176; conquests in Spain, 165, 177; in Jewish and Christian scripture, 165–6; claim of license from God, 166–7, 171, 178–9, 222; destruction of Carthage, 170–1, 176; prowess as conquerors, 176–7; defeats to Martel in Francia, 177–8, 179, 180; Mediterranean as a Saracen sea, 180–1; pirates sack Rome (846), 197; conquest of Jerusalem (1187), 243; defeat at Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), 246, 247; and Peter the Venerable, 247–8; fall of Granada (1492), 286–7

Aragon, 286–7, 290, 291, 309

Arakha (Babylonian rebel), 7–8, 9

Aristophanes, 10–11, 15, 16, 47

Aristotle, 20–2, 23, 24, 25, 105, 106, 248–9, 250–1, 333, 429; cosmology of, 20, 249, 337, 338, 340, 342; on female inferiority, 258; on slavery, 292, 368, 415; as justification for imperialism, 331; Galileo’s contempt for, 337, 338, 340

Armageddon, 152

Arnold (Bavarian monk), 204–5

Artaÿctes, 4–5, 10

Artemis, 11–12

artists: depictions of the crucifixion, xix, xx–xxi, 203, 260; Caravaggio’s St Peter, xxi–xxii; depiction of Jews, 254; Sienese, 262; and French Revolution, 409; and First World War, 443–4, 446–7; and Nazi Germany, 468

Asia Minor, 62–5, 89, 92, 96

Assyria, 7, 35, 56

astronomy, 228, 329–30, 332–8, 339–43

atheism, xxv, xxvi–xxviii, 19–20, 377, 379, 447–50, 452–4, 479–80, 506, 521–2

Athelstan, king of England, 201–2

Athena, 18, 143

Athens, 15–28; Xerxes burns, 3, 9, 10; Parthenon, 10, 18, 143; theatre, 10–11, 15, 16–18, 47; St Paul in, 73

Atwood, Margaret, 513–14

Augsburg, 198–9, 294–5, 299, 309–10

Augustine, St, 137–40, 144, 147, 152, 220, 222, 227–8; dismisses literal interpretation of scripture, 153, 204, 339; influence of Plato, 154–5; City of God, 159–60, 462; order of the saeculum, 159–60, 411; Islamic view of, 168; body moved to Italy, 176–7; and missionary spirit, 186; primacy of love, 472–3

Augustus, Emperor, xviii, 57–61, 62, 63–4, 65, 89

Australia, 427

Avignon, 261, 265, 266

Babylon, 6–9; kingship in, 6–7, 55, 279; fall to Cyrus (539 bc), 7, 9, 36, 43; conquest of Judah, 35–6, 39, 43–4, 54, 55, 56, 86–7; Esagila (temple), 39–40; Jewish exile in, 39–41, 42; Marduk, 40, 43, 44, 48

Babylon, Whore of, 152, 153

Baltringen (northern Swabia), 306–7

baptism, 74, 110–11, 256, 286, 518; forcible baptism of Jews, 162–4, 169; forcible under Charlemagne, 193–4; anointing of kings, 202, 380; anabaptismos, 310, 320; of infants, 310, 312, 351

Baptists, 351, 395, 478, 513

Barbados, 365–7

Baroda, city of, 397–9, 402

Basil, St, 122–4, 126, 339

Basilides, 94–5, 101, 102, 105, 168

the Beatles, 472–3, 474, 475–7, 479–80, 481, 497–8

Bede, 172–7, 188, 201, 320, 464, 470

Beijing, 329–30, 332, 333–6, 342–3

Belgian Congo, 482

Bell, George, 469

Bellarmino, Roberto, 339–40, 341

Benedict Biscop, 173–4

Berlin, 405, 410, 451–2, 453, 454, 455–6, 457–8

Bern, 313

Bernard of Clairvaux, St, 509

Bernardino, St, 274–5, 432

Béziers, 244, 245, 250, 387

Biblia (‘the Books’), 195; Christian use of singular word ‘Bible’, 254; missionary translations of, 328; Ussher and date of creation, 420; see also New Testament; Old Testament

Bisitun, Mt, 412–13

Blandina (martyred slavegirl), 93, 95

Bobbio, monastery at, 159, 160

Bohemia, 276–7, 278–9, 280–4, 324

Boleyn, Anne, 309, 316

Bologna, 259; University at, 220–1, 222–3

Bolsheviks, 442, 452–4, 457

bonfire of the vanities, 274

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 465–6, 469

Boniface VIII, Pope, 257, 261

Boniface, St, 185–6, 187–90, 196, 268, 320, 399, 445, 458–9, 483; felling of Thunor’s oak, 189, 191, 320

Brauron (east of Athens), 12

Brazil, 330

Britain: Gregory’s Christian mission to, 171, 175, 319, 320; elements of Exodus in origin story, 174–5, 176; Anglia (Englalonde), 176; Viking invasion defeated by Athelstan (937), 201; anti-Semitism in, 253; cult of Little Saint Hugh, 253; Jews expelled from, 254; Reformation in, 308–9, 312–13; Mary Tudor reconciles with Rome, 313; Calvinism in, 316–17; Elizabethan Protestantism, 316–17, 318–19; the ‘Diggers’ in, 347–50, 352, 357, 382, 442, 453–4, 480; English Commonwealth/Protectorate, 347–55, 356–8, 359; English Civil War, 348, 350–1, 352, 353; execution of Charles I, 348; Restoration (1660), 359; Act of Union (1707), 365; Voltaire on tolerance in, 375; abolition of slave trade (1807), 395; First World War, 443–4, 445–6, 451; Second World War, 460–1, 463, 468–9, 473; Stop the War Coalition (2004), 492, 493; see also Anglo-Saxons

Brown, James, 475–6

Buckland, William, 420–1, 422, 428

Bush, George W., 489–91, 492, 494

Byzantine empire, xix–xx, 153, 162–4, 169, 176, 180–1, 278, 285

Caecilian (bishop of Carthage), 110, 111–12, 113, 116, 117

Caesarea (Cappadocia), 123–6

Caesarea (Judaea), 104–7

Cajetan, Thomas, 292–3, 294–6, 299, 300, 301, 367

Calas, Jean, 371–3, 374, 375–6, 377–8, 379, 387

Calvin, John, 313–16, 320, 350, 351, 511; and routing of idolatry, 316–17, 319, 323; and apartheid in South Africa, 486–7

Calvinism: in Geneva, 313–16; the elect, 314–15, 319, 326–7; predestination, 314–15, 319, 323; presbyters (‘elders’), 315, 319, 350; in Britain, 316–17; slaughter of Calvinists in France (1572), 317–18; Dutch ‘Reformed Church’, 318, 323–5, 359, 360–1; in Leiden, 323; French persecution of Huguenots, 371–3, 374, 375–6, 377–8, 379; Afrikaners, 485–7, 489

Cambrai, 206–7, 208, 213–14

Canaan (later Judaea), 34, 37–8, 42, 45–6, 48, 54

Canossa, 212, 220, 239

Canterbury, 171, 172–3

capitalism, 435–8, 439, 441, 442, 489

Cappadocia, 122–6, 165

Caracalla, Emperor, 99–101, 102, 104, 107, 112, 115

Caravaggio, xxi–xxii

cardinals, 257

Carnegie, Andrew, 435–8, 439

Carolingians, 180, 190–200

Carthage, 108–9, 110–11, 113, 116; and Constantine’s Christian sympathies, 111–12; recaptured for the Empire, 162; forcible baptism of Jews, 162–3, 164, 169; Christianity in, 169–70; falls to the Saracens, 170–1, 176

Cassander, 23, 24

Castile, 246, 248, 286–7, 290, 309

Castlereagh, Lord, 393–4, 395

Cathars (Cathari), 241–2, 247

cathedrals, 229–30, 405–7

Catherine of Aragon, 309, 313

Catherine of Siena, St, 264–6, 267, 269, 271

Catholic Church: Donatist schism, 110–18, 138, 206, 442; systems of social security, 121–2, 426–7; and Gregory’s reformatio project, 209–15, 216–17, 218–19, 221, 232–3, 241–2, 252–3, 270, 273, 279, 311; emergence of term ‘Christendom’, 218; separation of church from state, 218–20; system of law, 220–1, 225–6; Church Fathers, 221–2, 339; natural philosophy, 228, 249, 335–43, 360–3, 423–4, 431; revolutionary zeal cools, 233, 277, 279–80; thirteenth-century agitators and preachers, 233–4; reconquest of lands lost to the Saracens, 247, 286–7; status of women, 255–61; as impediment to change, 277–8, 279–80; and Hussites, 280–4, 299–300; and brutality in New World, 287–93, 331; Luther’s attack on power of, 298, 300–2; Mary Tudor reconciles with, 313; papal legate to Mary Tudor (1554), 319; Thirty Years War, 324–5, 341–2, 343, 353, 354; astronomers in China, 329–30, 332–6, 342–3; strategy in sixteenth century, 330–1; and French Revolution, 379–81, 382, 386, 387–9; and de Sade, 390–2; narrative of as backward/bigoted in medieval era, 430–1; see also papacy

charity: Julian in Galatia, 120–1, 123; Christian, 121–2, 123–6, 130–5, 140, 325, 426, 465, 481–2; Basileias at Caesarea, 124; and Paulinus, 133, 134–5, 136, 137, 138; Augustine of Hippo on, 138, 139; under ‘natural law’, 223; in Calvin’s Geneva, 315–16; implications of evolutionary theory, 426–7; and Carnegie, 437; Nietzsche’s view of, 448, 449–50, 455; Live Aid (1985), 480–1; Band Aid, ‘Do They Know It’s Christmas?’, 481, 482, 483

Charlemagne, 191–5, 197, 200, 289; project of correctio, 195–7, 204–5

Charles I, King of England, 348, 352

Charles V, King of Spain, 291, 299, 301, 302–3, 309, 312, 318

Charles ‘Martel’, 177–8, 190

Charlie Hebdo (French satirical magazine), 505–7

chemistry, 429

Chiang Kai-shek, xxiv

Chiaravalle, abbey of, 255–7

children: exposure of unwanted babies, 125–6; baptism of infants, 310, 312, 351

China, xxiv, 329–30, 331–3, 342; Confucian philosophy, 332–5, 342–3; belief in cycles/poles, 333–4, 335

Christianity: ecclesia or ‘assembly’ of, xx; enduring power of, xxii–xxvi, xxviii–xxix, 517, 521–2, 524–5; notion of revolution, xxiii, xxv, 69, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 187–8, 279, 376, 479, 523 see also Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand); as universal faith, xxiii–xxvi, 68–9, 71–3, 74, 85, 96, 106, 115, 169, 209–20, 227, 293, 332–3, 523–4; international dating system, xxiv, 173, 188; primacy of love, 66–9, 72, 75, 123–4, 149, 169, 222, 271, 328, 353–4, 472–9, 487, 503, 516; and Greek philosophy, 77–8, 87, 104–6, 154–5; persecution of in Rome, 83–4, 90; and Roman destruction of the Temple (ad 70), 84–5, 86–7, 163; coining of term, 85*; in Gaul, 89–90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 97–8; in second-century Roman empire, 89–92; persecution in Rhône valley (ad 177), 91–2, 93–4, 95, 98; threat of local persecution in Roman world, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 98; orthodoxia (true path of belief), 94–6; as katholikos (‘universal’), 96; canon, 97, 114–16, 241; belief in common ethnos, 98; identity as defined by belief, 98, 106; invention of Judaism concept, 102, 144, 410; origin of name, 102; Jewish scripture in canon, 103; and Roman decree ordering sacrifice (250), 107–8; in Carthage, 108–9, 110–11, 113, 116, 169–70; and imperial edict on scripture (303), 109, 110–11; bishops in Roman cities, 109–14, 122, 123–6, 129–32, 139–40, 144, 155, 200; traditores (handers-over of scripture to persecutors), 110–11; Constantine’s sympathies for, 111–17, 118; Nicaean Creed (325), 114–16, 168, 221, 241; Julian repudiates, 119–21, 122; and the rich in Roman world, 132–7; rejection of sacrificial offerings, 143, 144; invention of paganism, 144; and Satan’s story, 146–8, 150; day of judgement, 151–4, 155, 166, 175, 252, 388, 454; conversion of warlords in Britain, 172–3, 175–6, 187; borrowings from paganism, 188; Nova consilia (teachings of Gregory), 215; embrace of mystery and reason, 223–8, 229–30, 247–51, 260, 320–1; spiritual discipline, 236–8; Voltaire’s campaign against, 373–9; and Karl Marx, 439–42, 453; Nietzsche’s contempt for, 447–50, 455, 515, 516, 518; Soviet persecution of, 453–4; and fascism, 456, 457–8, 459–60, 463–8; campaign for civil rights in USA, 474–7, 515; faith of African Americans, 475–6; Western repackaging of concepts, 496, 504–5; and America’s culture wars, 512–17; see also Calvinism; Catholic Church; Evangelical Christianity; gospels; New Testament; Protestantism; Puritans; St Paul; theology; the Crucifixion

Church of England, 309, 319, 350, 359, 518

Cicero, 27, 28, 389

Civil War, English, 348, 350–1

Civil War, American, 417, 419, 426, 474, 475

Clermont, great council at (1095), 216–17, 244

Clovis (Frankish warlord), 140, 178

Cluny, monastery at, 215–16, 223–4, 226–7, 247, 295, 382

Cologne, 203, 463; completion of cathedral, 405–7; as trailblazer for Jewish emancipation, 407–8

Columbanus, St, 157–9, 160, 174, 177, 187, 214, 237, 411, 436

Columbus, Christopher, 287–8

communism, 438–42, 452–4, 457, 488–9, 524

Confucius, 332–5, 342–3

Conrad of Marburg, 236–9, 240, 246, 252, 433

conscience, 27–8, 77, 104, 169, 314, 351–2, 357, 358–9, 479

Constance, city of, 280–1

Constantine, Emperor, xix, 111–17, 122, 148, 166; Nicaean council (325), 114–16, 168, 221, 226

Constantinople, 145, 149, 243, 278; falls to the Turks (1453), 285

Constantius, Emperor, 116, 122

Cope, Edward Drinker, 419–20, 421, 424–5, 426, 427–8, 435

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 338, 339, 341

Corinth, 73–5, 77, 79, 81, 311, 478–9, 512

Cortés, Hernán, 288–91, 292, 332, 399

cosmology, 336–8; Greek philosophy, 19, 20–3, 25–8, 249, 337, 338, 340, 342; of Aristotle, 20, 249, 337, 338, 340, 342; creation in Genesis, 33, 40, 41, 45, 48; Chinese, 333–5, 342–3; and the Jesuits, 335–8, 339–40, 342–3; and Galileo, 336–42, 343, 351, 430; and book of Joshua, 338–9; heliocentrism, 338–42, 430; and Spinoza, 359–60

Croatia, 467

Cromwell, Oliver, 349, 353–5, 359; Menasseh’s appeal to, 355, 356–7

the Crucifixion, xv–xvii, xviii–xxi, xxvi; portrayal in the gospels, xv–xvi, 85–6, 94; horror and humiliation of, xvi, xviii–xix, xx–xxi, 67, 69, 93–4, 203, 448–9, 524; cross as emblem of triumph/hope, xix, 496, 524; depictions in art, xix, xx–xxi, 203, 260; Anselm on, xx, 228–9; and Paul’s message, 67, 69, 71, 74, 105, 168; and nature of Jesus, 94–5, 105, 115, 168; Islamic view of, 167–8; Augustine on, 169; and Virgin Mary, 260–1; First World War imagery, 445–6; Nietzsche’s view of, 448–9

crucifixion in antiquity, xiii–xvii; death of St Peter, xxi–xxii, 84; in Greek world, 4–5; in the Qur’an, 496–7; as means to achieve dominance, 525

crusades: Council at Clermont (1095), 216–17, 244; capture of Jerusalem (1099), 217–18, 220; Third crusade, 243

Custer, George Armstrong, 419, 427

Cybele, 64–5, 71, 89, 119–21, 145

Cyprian (bishop of Carthage), 109

Cyrus, King of Persia, 7, 9, 36, 43, 47, 49, 50, 57

Darius, King of Persia, 5–6, 7–8, 9–10, 11, 23, 47, 87, 146, 285; and cliff-face of Bisitun, 412–13

Darwin, Charles, 422–3, 424, 425–8, 431–2, 439, 522; On the Origin of Species, xxvi, 423–4, 425, 428, 429, 431

dating system, international, xxiv, 173, 188

David, King, 34–5, 55, 167, 192

Dawkins, Richard, xxvi, 523

de Klerk, F. W., 487, 488, 489

Delphi, 11

Demetrius of Phaleron, 18–19, 20, 22–3, 24–6, 27, 38

Demetrius ‘the Besieger’, 23–4, 26, 78–9

demons, xxvii, 9, 144, 204, 399; Satan as king of, 146–8, 150; Germanic, 187, 188; gods of Mexica, 290; and African Christians, 483–4

Denmark, 312

the Devil, 147–8, 152, 155, 156, 158, 239; stories of worship of, 240, 241

Diderot, Denis, 374, 379

dinosaurs, 419–20, 421, 430, 435–6, 437–8, 520, 522–3

Diogenes, 73–4

Dionysus, 15, 16, 18, 24, 511

divinity: in Egypt, xvii, 25, 100; in Greek world, xvii, 11–13, 14–15, 16–18, 19–23, 44–5, 48, 99, 142–3, 511; in Roman world, xvii–xviii, xix, 31, 65, 67, 79–81, 99–101, 102–3, 112, 263; for very greatest of the great, xvii–xviii; and justice systems, 6, 47–8; in Persian empire, 6, 9, 10, 146, 147; rituals of sacrifice, 12–13, 31, 32, 99, 107–8, 142–3, 144, 169, 189, 193, 202, 263, 289–90, 331; and Athenian law, 16–18; nous, 20, 21, 106; Athenian philosophy, 20–1; parousia (physical presence of deity), 24, 78–9, 83; gods transferred between faiths, 31, 33; in Babylon, 40, 43, 44, 48; strict hierarchy in the heavens, 44–5; concept of a single god, 49, 50; obligations and rituals, 99–100, 102–3, 107–8, 112, 114, 149–50; religio in Rome, 99–100, 107–8, 112, 114, 116, 149–50, 158, 159, 160; Origen and paradoxes of, 105, 106–7, 115; decay of ancient cults, 143–4; Nicaean Creed (325), 168, 221, 241; in Mexica, 289, 290; and Chinese beliefs, 333–5; and theory of evolution, 425–6, 427, 431; and Karl Marx, 439–42, 453; see also God of Israel

Dix, Otto, 443–4, 446–7, 450, 451, 468

Dog’s Tail promontory (Hellespont), 3–5

Dominic, St, 250, 259

Dominican order, 250, 251–2, 255–7, 259, 292, 293, 294, 383; and women, 259–60

Donatus (bishop of Carthage), 110–11, 112–13, 116, 117, 206

Dresden, 444, 468, 469

Dutch Republic, 318, 322–3, 325–6; Dutch ‘Reformed Church’, 318, 323–5, 359, 360–1; siege of Leiden, 322, 323, 324; and Thirty Years War, 324–5; Collegiants in, 358–9, 363; The Treatise of the Three Imposters (1719), 377

East India Company, 397–9, 401–2, 403, 404

Easter, 188

Edmundson, William, 367

Edward VI, King of England, 312–13

Egypt: divinity in, xvii, 25, 100; Pompey’s death in, 51, 57; ten plagues of, 51, 52, 54, 145; Children of Israel enslaved in, 51–2, 59, 464; parting of the Red Sea, 51–2, 54, 464

Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 316, 318–19

Elizabeth of Hungary, St, 231–4, 236–9, 255, 284, 303, 330, 369, 433, 516

Emwazi, Mohammed (‘Jihadi John’), 497

the Enlightenment, 373–9, 381, 384, 395–6, 489; ideal of progress, 393, 394–6, 415, 428–30, 479–80, 489, 514

equality, 223, 425–6, 478, 523; and St Paul, 74, 82, 478–9; Christian notions of, 82, 123–6, 136, 222–3, 349, 382, 427, 474, 488; inequality, 120–1, 123–6, 132–7, 138–40, 222–3, 349, 425–6, 478, 508–9; Augustine of Hippo’s teachings, 138–40; under ‘natural law’, 222–3; and the Diggers/Levellers, 347–9, 352, 357, 382, 442, 453–4, 480; humanity created in God’s image, 425–8

Ercole, Agostino di, 275

Ethiopia, 481, 482, 484–5

Euangelion (‘Good News’), 64*, 395

eucharist, 207, 320

Eusebius, 92*

Evangelical Christianity: and love, 395; belief in progress, 395–6, 475, 482; and India, 399, 401–2, 404; in 1960s America, 476, 477–8; and Iraq War, 489–91, 494, 496; and Trump’s America, 513, 514

evil, xix, 144, 244, 350–1, 466, 484, 486, 491; good vs evil battleground, 28, 49–50, 146–8, 150–4, 217, 247, 441, 461–3, 469–71, 512; and Eve, 41, 139; origins of, 41, 49–50; Satan (Diabolos), 47, 49, 146–8, 150, 152, 155, 240, 285, 524; Persian view of, 49, 146, 147, 246, 413; origin of, 49–50; Augustine on, 147; Sodom and Gomorrah, 272; and French Revolution, 386–7; and Tolkien, 461–3, 469–71, 502; Nietzsche’s view of, 468; judging of imperialism as, 492; and liberals, 524

evolution, theory of, xxvi, 423–9, 431–2, 436, 437, 438, 439, 456–7, 460, 463, 523

Fairfax, Sir Thomas (Lord General), 347, 348–9, 352–3

family, 267, 268–9

Fanon, Frantz, 491–3

fascism, 454–60, 463

Fatima, village of, 451

Fell, Margaret, 358

feminism, 477–8, 513, 515

Ferdinand of Aragon, 286–7, 290, 309

Fiore, abbey of, 256, 284, 288

First World War, 443–7, 450–1, 456, 462–3

Florence, 262, 263, 274–5, 341–2

Foley, James, 497

forgiveness: and God of Israel, 42; and repentance, 42, 158, 237, 269, 517; and Paul, 69; of Peter’s betrayal, 87–8; and the crusaders, 217; and Nelson Mandela, 487

fossils, 420–2, 424, 435–6, 520, 522–3

France: Albi and Toulouse area, 242–3, 244–6, 371–3, 378, 387; Albigensian crusade (1209–29), 244–7, 373, 387, 388; anti-Semitism, 254; Jews expelled from, 254; Boniface VIII asserts papal supremacy, 261; prostitutes in, 270; persecution of Huguenots, 317–18, 364, 371–3, 374, 375–6, 377–8, 379; Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572), 317–18; 1848 revolution in, 408; First World War, 443–4; imperialism in Africa, 482; Algerian revolution against, 491; anti-clericalism in, 505–7; see also Paris

Francia, 140, 148, 157, 171; and Irish monks, 157–8, 159, 174; and forcible baptism of Jews, 163–4; Martel defeats Arabs at Poitiers (732), 177–8, 179, 180; Pepin deposes line of Clovis, 178; lands east of the Rhine, 185–6, 187–90; militant approach to paganism, 190–1, 200–2; collections of scripture written by monks, 195–6; Hungarian defeat at Augsburg/the Lech (955), 198–9, 200–1, 202, 500, 501

Francis of Assisi, St, 235–6, 516

Franciscan order, 236, 284, 290

Frankenhausen (Thuringia), 305, 306, 309, 311

Franklin, Benjamin, 384–5

Franks, 137, 140, 172; Carolingian dynasty, 178, 180, 190–200; claim of license from God, 178–9, 192–5; Charlemagne as anointed one of God, 192–5; fractures after Charlemagne, 200

free will, 264–5

French Revolution: St Martin’s basilica converted to stable, 379–80, 382; and Christendom, 379–81, 382, 386, 387–9; execution of Louis XVI, 380; suppression of the Vendée, 380, 387, 388; revolutionary calendar, 380–1; sans-culottes, 382, 383; Jacobins, 383, 386, 387–8, 389; storming the Bastille (July 1789), 383; Declaration of Rights, 385, 386, 392, 406, 408–9; example of the USA, 385; and Robespierre, 386, 387–8; terror, 387, 388; classical antiquity in imagery of, 389–90; and Jews, 408–9

friars, 235, 236, 249–50, 251–2, 254, 255–7, 284, 290; celibacy rules, 257; and fallen women, 271; see also Dominican order

Friedrich of Saxony, 299, 303, 305, 307

Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, 404–8, 410, 411, 440, 443

Frisia, 185–6, 189, 190–1

Gabriel (angel), 145, 167

Galatia, 62–70, 145, 153; cult of Caesar in, 65, 67; the Galli (servants of Cybele), 64–5, 71, 76, 119; Paul’s letter to, 65, 71, 72, 77, 165, 169, 259, 355, 362, 479; St Paul in, 65–6, 67–9, 70, 72, 74; and Julian, 119–21

Galileo Galilei, 336–42, 343, 351, 430

Gargano, Mount, 142–3, 144–6

Gaul, 89–90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 97–8, 127–32, 165

gay rights movement, 477–8

gender: sexual violence, 11, 13, 263, 390, 391, 511, 512–14; and the Galli, 65, 71, 76, 119; St Paul’s views on women, 76–7, 259, 263, 266, 478–9; sexuality in Roman world, 81; women in early Christianity, 90; Guglielma’s heresy, 255–7, 259; status of women in Christendom, 255–61; women as temptresses, 257–8; Aristotle on female inferiority, 258; ambivalences within the Bible, 258–9; and Dominican order, 259–60; and Roman law, 266; Quaker women, 357; Christian conservative view of women, 477–8; workplace sexual harassment, 508–9, 512; #MeToo, 512, 515; women’s marches (January 217), 512–13, 515, 516, 517; misogyny and Trump, 513–14

Geneva, 313–16, 373, 374

geology, 420–2, 428

George of Saxony, 305

Gerard, bishop of Cambrai, 206–7, 208, 210–11, 213–14

Germany: Lutheran Princes, 299, 303, 305, 307–8, 310, 312; Rhineland, 324, 405, 406, 458–9; Thirty Years War, 324, 325, 341, 343, 354; and Jews in nineteenth century, 406–8, 409–12, 504; First World War, 443–51, 456; Bolsheviks in, 452, 453, 457; Nazi era, 454, 455–60, 463–8, 469, 502–3, 521, 522, 524; Second World War, 460–1, 463, 464–5, 468–9; imperialism in Africa, 482; reunification, 488; migrant crisis in, 499–502, 503–5

Gibbon, Edward, xxvii

Gibeon, 45†

Gillingham, Deborah, 517–21

Gleason, Ralph, 511

Gnostics, 105–6

God of Israel, 30–3, 39; creation in Genesis, 33, 40, 41, 45, 48; story of Abraham, 33–4, 145; disobedience and punishment, 35, 36–7, 41–2, 53, 55, 56, 84, 139; story of Adam and Eve, 41, 139, 257; jealous obsessiveness of, 42–3, 53; manifold contradictions of, 43, 44, 45; process leading to single, supreme God, 43–7; names given to, 44, 45; worshipped in form of bull, 44; Book of Job, 47–8, 49, 146, 150, 422, 438, 520; as omnipotent and all-just, 49, 50; and origin of evil, 49–50; Children of Israel in Egypt, 51–2, 464; the ten commandments, 52–3, 55, 168, 251; the Covenant (laws given to Moses), 53–4, 55–6, 77, 103, 168, 194–5, 228, 409–10; in age of Augustus, 59; and gentiles, 60–1, 68–9, 71; and Paul’s message, 67–9, 71; and Marcion’s two god claim, 96–7, 467

Goebbels, Joseph, 457–8, 460

Golgotha, xvi

Gordium, 68

gospels, xvi–xvii, xix, 87–8, 94; St Luke, 66, 82, 97, 130–1, 136, 269; writing and dating of, 85–6, 85†; St John, 87–8, 97, 152–4, 204–5, 217, 270–1, 278, 279, 280, 285, 288, 450–1; Irenaeus’ canon, 97; Dives and Lazarus story, 134; day of judgement in, 151–4, 155, 166; Islamic view of, 167, 168; and Gregory’s reformatio, 214

Goths, 135, 137

Granada, 286–7

Grant, Charles, 401–2

Gratian, 221–3, 226, 240

Gray, Asa, 422

Greek world: gods, xvii, 11–13, 14–15, 16–18, 19–20, 44–5, 48, 99, 142–3, 511; Persian invasions of, xxviii, 3–5, 9, 47; theatre, 10–11, 15, 16–18, 47; rituals of sacrifice, 12–13, 99, 142–3; agon, 14, 15, 74; cosmology, 19, 20–3, 25–8, 249, 337, 338, 340, 342; philosophy in, 19–23, 27, 28, 77–8, 87, 104–6, 154–5, 222, 248–9, 250–1, 430; parousia (physical presence of deity), 24, 78–9, 83, 90; Tyche (Fortune), 25–6; and ‘Holy of Holies’ in Jerusalem, 31–2; Greek language, 38, 60; Jews as nation of philosophers, 59; sexuality in, 75–6, 263–4, 511; St Paul and Stoic philosophy, 77–8, 104, 222; self-sacrifice in, 92–3; bones of heroes as trophies, 127; visions of the afterlife, 155; in imaginary of French Revolution, 389–90; agnostic colonising of, 430; Nietzsche’s view of, 449–50

Gregory IX, Pope, 238, 239, 240, 245, 246, 247, 249

Gregory of Nyssa, St, 122, 123, 124–5, 126, 137, 366, 503

Gregory of Tours, 153, 155

Gregory the Great, Pope, 148–50, 163, 196, 269; and end of the world, 150–4, 163–4; sends monks to Kent, 171–2, 175, 186–7, 319, 320

Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand), 208, 209, 213, 218, 320, 386, 387; reformatio project, 209–15, 216–17, 218–19, 221, 232–3, 241–2, 252–3, 270, 273, 279, 311; and militancy/violence, 210; humbling of emperor, 212–13, 214, 215, 220, 239, 301, 453; and concept of the secular, 214, 301–2, 411, 459; as Luther’s Monster of Monsters, 300, 301–2

Gregory XI, Pope, 265, 266

Grumbach, Argula von, 306

Guglielma, 255–7, 259

Hadrian (African in Canterbury), 172–4

Hamburg, 468–9, 473

Hammurabi, King of Babylon, 6–7, 55

The Handmaid’s Tale, 513–14

Hawaii, 427

Hebrew, 38, 103

hell, 166, 188, 229, 462, 471, 524

Hellespont, 3–5, 9

Héloïse, 224, 226, 227, 229

Henry III, Emperor, 208–9, 211, 218

Henry IV, Emperor, 209, 211–15, 217, 220, 239, 301, 453

Henry V, Emperor, 218

Henry VIII, King of England, 308–9, 312

Hera, 14

Heracles, xvii

Heraclius, Emperor, 162–3, 164, 165, 166, 169, 409

heresy: haereses in early Christianity, 94–7, 101, 102; Marcion’s two gods, 96–7, 467; Gnostics, 105–6; millennial, 206–8; burning of heretics, 207, 208, 238–9, 241, 249, 256, 281; and Gregory VII, 208, 210–15; and Abelard, 225–7; Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 233, 234, 235, 237, 238; Waldensian, 234–5, 240; search for (inquisitio), 238–9, 246, 249–50, 251–2, 254, 255–7, 290, 330, 339–41; Cathars (Cathari), 241–2, 247; Christians left behind by reformatio, 241–2; ‘Albigensians’, 242–3, 244–7, 373, 387, 388; and Aristotle, 249; and Guglielma, 255–7, 259; Hussites, 280–4, 299–300; anti-trinitarianism, 350, 351, 354; Calvinist and Puritan fear of, 350–1, 354

Herodotus, 4*

Hilten, Johann, 284–6, 294, 304

Himmler, Heinrich, 460, 502–3, 521, 522

Hinduism, 399–404

hippies, 477, 511

Hitler, Adolf, 456–7, 458, 459, 503, 524

Hollywood, 507–8, 509–10, 512

Holy Roman Empire: Charlemagne, 191–7, 200; Otto the Great, 200–2; and right to confer bishoprics, 208–9, 211, 212, 218; and Gregory’s reformatio project, 209–15, 216–17, 218–19, 221, 232–3, 241–2, 252–3, 270, 273, 279, 311; and Hussites, 280–4, 299–300; terminated by Napoleon (6 August 1806), 405

Homer, 19, 142; the Iliad, 13–14, 19, 28

homosexuality, 75–6, 432–3, 434, 477–8, 479, 514; see also sodomy

Huguenots: French persecution of, 364, 371–3, 374, 375–6, 377–8, 379; The Treatise of the Three Imposters (1719), 377; shrine of Saint Martin torched by (1562), 382

human rights: Las Casas on (1551), 331; and American Revolution, 385; and French Revolution, 385, 386, 388–9; as no more provable than existence of God, 385, 392; concept derived from canon lawyers of Middle Ages, 385–6, 396, 505, 524; abolition of slavery in Europe, 395–6; and liberal democracy, 489, 491; and Islamic law, 494, 495, 496, 505; Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 494

humanism, 521–2, 523, 524

Hungary, 198–9, 201, 202, 203, 204, 330, 466, 500, 501–2, 504

Hus, Jan, 280–1, 299

Hut, Hans, 309–10

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 428–31, 522

Iacopo (Venetian cleric), 248

Ice Age, 421

ichneumon wasps, 423

ichthyosaurs, 421, 422, 520

idolatry, 34, 42, 102–3, 144, 157, 165, 189, 383, 483; and the Reformation, 300, 316–17, 318, 319, 323, 350, 506; as justification for imperialism, 331, 399, 401; and Beatlemania, 476; see also paganism

Ignatius, St, 96, 98, 102

imperialism: Spanish, 287–93, 330–1, 332; and human rights of natives, 331–2, 367–8; British, 365–8, 392–3, 397–404, 412–16, 418; Darius’ inscription at Bisitun, 412–13; scramble for Africa, 418, 427, 482; white settler colonialism, 427; Christian derived white sense of superiority, 487–8; insurgency against colonisers, 491–2, 493; judging of as evil, 492; Fanon on decolonisation, 492–3

India: ‘suttee’ (self-immolation of widows), 397–9, 400, 402–4; British rule, 397–404; antiquity of, 399–400; Hinduism, 399–403; Brahmin class, 400, 403; British ban suttee, 403–4

Innocent III, Pope, 235–6, 243–4, 245, 252, 268, 271, 453

intelligence agents, 412–13

Iraq, 525

Iraq War (from 2003), 490–1, 492, 493, 494, 495

Ireland: early Christian monks, 156–61, 174, 317; cult of St Michael, 160; Cromwell in, 349, 353–4

Irenaeus, 89–91, 92, 93–6, 97, 98, 101, 105–6, 152, 168, 221–2

Irnerius (Bolognese jurist), 220–1

Isaac (son of Abraham), 34, 145

Isabella, Queen of Castile, 286–7, 309

Ishmael (son of Abraham), 165–6

Isaiah, 57

Islam, xxv; Arab conquests of Roman/Persian empires, 164–6, 168; line of inheritance from Abraham, 165–6, 175, 179; day of judgement, 166; Dome of the Rock, 166–7; jizya (tax on Jews and Christians), 167, 416, 496; Muslims as a ‘People of the Book’, 167; muhajirun (‘those who have undertaken an exodus’), 168, 171; elements of Exodus in origin story, 168–9, 174, 176; conquest in Africa, 170–1; mosques, 171; Byzantine disdain for, 176; Sunna (corpus of law), 179–80, 222, 416, 417, 494, 495; victories in Spain (1190s), 244; marital ethics, 266, 267–8; fall of Constantinople to Turks (1453), 285; and slavery, 415–17, 494–5; and St Paul, 417; in modern-day Africa, 483; and George W. Bush, 484, 489–91; and Iraq War (from 2003), 490–1, 492, 493, 494, 495; ‘natural law’ as absent from, 494; Protestant tradition in modern age, 495, 496, 504–5; Salafists, 495–8; migrants to Western Europe, 499–500, 501–2, 503–5; and concept of the secular, 504, 505, 506–7

Islamic State in Syria/Iraq, 495–8, 525

Israel, modern state of, 473

Italy, 273–5, 455, 459

Jaenichen, Erna, 451–2, 457

Jarrow, monastery at, 173–4

Jericho, 45†

Jerusalem: Pompey conquers, 29–33, 36–7, 50, 57; Jewish Temple, 30, 31–3, 35–7, 38, 39, 43–4, 50, 54, 55, 57, 84–5, 86–7, 163; Mount Moria, 30, 34–5, 36–7, 163, 166–7; Babylonian conquest of (587 bc), 35–6, 39, 43–4, 55, 56, 86–7; destruction of Solomon’s Temple, 35–6, 38, 39, 43–4, 54, 86–7; rebuilding of Temple, 36, 38; Roman destruction of the Temple (ad 70), 84–5, 86–7, 163; new Jerusalem in Apocalypse, 152, 154, 204–5; rubbish tip at site of Temple, 163; Dome of the Rock, 166–7; Christian pilgrims to, 203–5; and millennial (1033), 203–5; capture of by crusaders (1099), 217–18, 220; conquest of by Saracens (1187), 243; Columbus and the Temple, 287, 288; British capture of during First World War, 451; in modern state of Israel, 473

Jesuits, 332, 333–5; mandate for missions overseas, 332–3, 335; and science, 335–8, 339–40, 342–3

Jesus, xvi–xvii, xxi; resurrected, xvii, 85–6, 87–8; suffering humanity of, xx–xxi, 93–4, 203, 228–9, 367, 425, 445–6, 516, 524; Paul’s initial rejection of, 66; passion of, 85; manner of teaching, 86; parables, 86, 130–1, 134, 503; abandoned by disciples, 87; betrayed by St Peter, 87; and forgiveness, 87–8; early Christian debates over nature of, 94–5, 96, 105, 106–7, 114–15; birth of, 126; teachings on wealth and poverty, 129–31, 132–3, 134, 135–6, 138–9, 277, 349, 382, 436; parable of the Good Samaritan, 130–1, 503; and Satan’s story, 146–7, 148; Islamic view of, 166, 167, 168; millennial anniversary of death (1033), 203–5, 206; and nature of redemption, 228–9; and sins of the flesh, 269–71; on Mount Tabor, 277; preaching of good news to all creation, 285–6, 503; and Fanon’s decolonisation, 492–3; see also the Crucifixion

Jesus Ben Sirah, 41, 139

Jewish scripture and scholarship, 33–5, 38, 45–50, 60–1, 96–7, 155; Tanakh (Old Testament), 38*, 40–5 see also Old Testament; Torah (‘teachings’), 37–8, 39, 40–1, 52–3, 54–5, 56, 60, 66, 77, 410; and Greek language, 38, 60; pentateuch (five scrolls), 38, 56, 174–5, 366; and library at Alexandria, 38–9; numerous ancient threads, 43–4; ‘Messiah’ (Christos) prophecy, 56–7; and Christian canon, 103; and Origen, 103; and concept of original sin, 139; as authored by mortals, 168; Talmud, 180; achievements of, 252

Jews, xviii, xxiii, xxv; circumcision, 30, 34, 60, 68, 69, 71, 72, 165–6, 169; religious customs, 30, 31, 32, 59–60, 68, 69, 71, 72, 169; Temple at Jerusalem, 30, 31–3, 35–7, 38, 39, 43–4, 50, 54, 55, 57, 84–5, 86–7, 163; ‘Holy of Holies’, 31–3, 35, 36, 54; Ark of the Covenant, 35, 36, 37, 54; Cyrus and, 36, 43, 47, 49, 50; nevi’im or ‘prophets’, 36; ‘synagogue’ (‘house of assembly’), 37; of Alexandria, 38–9, 59, 60; exile in Babylon, 39–41, 42; concept of sin in Genesis, 41–2; and repentance, 42; Chronicles (fourth century bc), 45*; and kingship, 47, 55–6; enslaved in Egypt, 51–2, 59, 464; prophets, 56–7; Roman occupation of Judaea, 58–61; theosebeis (‘God-fearers’), 59, 65–6; and divinity of Augustus, 65; Ioudaismos (‘Judaism’), 102, 144, 408–12; Persian influence on beliefs, 146; visions of the afterlife, 155; forcible baptism of in Carthage, 162–3, 164, 169; banned from Jerusalem, 163; and death of Christ, 163; rabbis (scholars), 180; blood libel against, 252, 466–7; role at end of days, 252, 286, 290; and reformatio project, 252–3; Spanish ultimatum to (1492), 290; Menasseh’s appeal to Cromwell, 355, 356–7; and Quakers, 357, 358; Spinoza’s critique of Judaism, 362; and Napoleon, 406, 408; in nineteenth-century Germany, 406–8, 409–12, 504; in Prussia, 406–8, 410–11, 504; and French Revolution, 408–9; price paid by for freedom, 408–10; ‘Reform’ and ‘Orthodox’ traditions emerge, 410–11; and boundaries of secularism, 411–12; promise of homeland during First World War, 451, 473; Nazi persecution of, 463–8; Tolkien’s view of, 464; and the papacy during Second World War, 466; see also anti-Semitism

Joachim of Fiore, 256, 284, 288

John, St, 89–90; light and truth as synonymous, 87; gospel of, 87–8, 97, 152–4, 204–5, 217, 270–1, 278, 279, 280, 285, 288, 450–1

John of Leiden (Jan Bockelson), 309, 310, 318