1. Saloni Dattani, Hannah Ritchie, and Max Roser. “Mental Health.” OurWorldInData.org. https://ourworld indata.org/mental-health. Retrieved 10/15/2021.
2. R. C. Kessler, P. Berglund, O. Demler, R. Jin, K. R. Merikangas, and E. E. Walters. “Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6) (2005): 593–602.
3. W. Wurm, K. Vogel, A. Holl, C. Ebner, D. Bayer, et al. “Depression-Burnout Overlap in Physicians.” PLOS ONE 11(3): e0149913 (2016). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149913.
4. Ben Wigert and Sangeeta Agrawal. “Employee Burnout, Part 1: The 5 Main Causes.” Gallup. https://www.gallup.com/workplace/237059/employee-burnout-part-main-causes. aspx. Retrieved 5/28/19.
5. B. Bandelow and S. Michaelis. “Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders in the 21st Century.” Dialogues Clin Neurosci 17(3) (2015): 327–335. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow.
6. R. D. Goodwin, A. H. Weinberger, J. H. Kim, M. Wu, and S. Galea. “Trends in Anxiety Among Adults in the United States, 2008–2018: Rapid Increases Among Young Adults.” J Psychiatr Res. 130 (2020): 441–446.doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.014.
7. SAMHSA. “National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Comparison of 2008–2009 and 2016–2017 Population Percentages (50 States and the District of Columbia).” Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/ sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHsaeTrendTabs2017/NSDUHsaeLongTermCHG2017.pdf.
8. CDC. “Data & Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html. Retrieved 5/27/19.
9. S. H. Yutzy, C. R. Woofter, C. C. Abbott, I. M. Melhem, and B. S. Parish. “The Increasing Frequency of Mania and Bipolar Disorder: Causes and Potential Negative Impacts.” J Nerv Ment Dis. 200(5) (2012): 380–387. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182531f17.
10. M. É. Czeisler, R. I. Lane, E. Petrosky, et al. “Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic – United States, June 24–30, 2020.” MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69 (2020): 1049–1057. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1external icon.
11. The Lancet Global Health. “Mental Health Matters.” Lancet Glob Health 8(11) (November 2020): e1352.
12. Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. “Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) Life Expectancy, All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality 1980–2015.” Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 2016.
13. US Department of Housing and Urban Development. “The 2010 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress.” US Department of Housing and Urban Development. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/ default/files/pdf/2010HomelessAssessmentReport.pdf.
14. Doris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze. “Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates.” Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Dept. of Justice (September 2006). https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/mental-health – problems-prison-and-jail-inmates.
15. National Institute of Mental Health. “Major Depression.” National Institute of Mental Health, US Dept.of Health and Human Services. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression#:~:text =all%20U.S.%20adults.-,Treatment%20of%20Major%20Depressive%20Episode%20Among%20Adults, treatment%20in%20the%20past%20year. Retrieved 2/18/2022.
16. L. L. Judd, H. S. Akiskal, J. D. Maser, et al. “A Prospective 12-Year Study of Subsyndromal and Syndromal Depressive Symptoms in Unipolar Major Depressive Disorders.” Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55(8) (1998): 694–700. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.55.8.694.
17. Sidney Zisook, Gary R. Johnson, Ilanit Tal, Paul Hicks, Peijun Chen, Lori Davis, Michael Thase, Yinjun Zhao, Julia Vertrees, and Somaia Mohamed. “General Predictors and Moderators of Depression Remission: A VAST-D Report.” Am. J Psychiatry 176(5) (May 1, 2019): 348–357. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18091079.
18. Diego Novick, Josep Maria Haro, David Suarez, Eduard Vieta, and Dieter Naber. “Recovery in the Outpatient Setting: 36-Month Results from the Schizophrenia Outpatients Health Outcomes (SOHO) Study.” Schizophr Res 108(1) (2009): 223–230. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.11.007.
19. Adam Rogers. “Star Neuroscientist Tom Insel Leaves the Google-Spawned Verily for. . a Startup?” Wired. May 11, 2017. https://www.wired.com/2017/05/star-neuroscientist-tom-insel-leaves-google-spawned-verily-startup/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CI%20spent%2013%20years%20at,we%20moved%20the%20needle%20in.
1. G. L. Engel. “The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine.” Science 196(4286) (1977): 129–136. doi: 10.1126/science.847460.
2. M. B. Howren, D. M. Lamkin, and J. Suls. “Associations of Depression with C-Reactive Protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychosom Med. 71(2) (February 2009): 171–186. doi: 10.1097/ PSY.0b013e3181907c1b.
3. E. Setiawan, S. Attwells, A. A. Wilson, R. Mizrahi, P. M. Rusjan, L. Miler, C. Xu, S. Sharma, S. Kish, S. Houle, and J. H. Meyer. “Association of Translocator Protein Total Distribution Volume with Duration of Untreated Major Depressive Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Lancet Psychiatry 5(4) (April 2018): 339–347. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30048-8.
4. C. Zhuo, G. Li, X. Lin, et al. “The Rise and Fall of MRI Studies in Major Depressive Disorder.” Transl Psychiatry 9(335) (2019). doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0680-6.
5. A. L. Komaroff. “The Microbiome and Risk for Obesity and Diabetes.” JAMA 317(4) (2017): 355–356.doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.20099; K. E. Bouter, D. H. van Raalte, A. K. Groen, et al. “Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction.” Gastroenterology 152(7) (May 2017): 1671–1678. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.048; E. A. Mayer, K. Tillisch, and A. Gupta. “Gut/ Brain Axis and the Microbiota.” J Clin Invest 125(3) (2015): 926–938. doi: 10.1172/JCI76304.
6. J. A. Foster and K. A. McVey Neufeld. “Gut-Brain Axis: How the Microbiome Influences Anxiety and Depression.” Trends Neurosci 36(5) (May 2013): 305–312. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005.
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2000: 356.
2. E. Corruble, B. Falissard, and P. Gorwood. “Is DSM-IV Bereavement Exclusion for Major Depression Relevant to Treatment Response? A Case-Control, Prospective Study.” J Clin Psychiatry 72(7) (July 2011): 898–902. doi: 10.4088/JCP.09m05681blu.
3. Alan F. Schatzberg. “Scientific Issues Relevant to Improving the Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Treatment of Major Depression.” Am J Psychiatry 176(5) (2019): 342–47. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19030273.
4. M. K. Jha, A. Minhajuddin, C. South, A. J. Rush, and M. H. Trivedi. “Irritability and Its Clinical Utility in Major Depressive Disorder: Prediction of Individual-Level Acute-Phase Outcomes Using Early Changes in Irritability and Depression Severity.” Am J Psychiatry 176(5) (May 1, 2019): 358–366. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18030355. Epub Mar 29, 2019. PMID: 30922100.
5. Maurice M. Ohayon and Alan F. Schatzberg. “Chronic Pain and Major Depressive Disorder in the General Population.” J Psychiatr Res 44(7) (2010): 454–61. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.10.013.
6. R. C. Kessler, W. T. Chiu, O. Demler, and E. E. Walters. “Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6) (2005): 617–627. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617.
7. R. C. Kessler, P. Berglund, O. Demler, et al. “The Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).” JAMA 289 (2003): 3095–3105. doi: 10.1001/ jama.289.23.3095; B. W. Penninx, D. S. Pine, E. A. Holmes, and A. Reif. “Anxiety Disorders.” Lancet 397(10277) (2021): 914–927.
8. M. Olfson, S. C. Marcus, and J. G. Wan. “Treatment Patterns for Schizoaffective Disorder and Schizophrenia Among Medicaid Patients.” Psychiatr Serv 60 (2009): 210–216. doi: 10.1176/ps.2009.60.2.210.
9. Seth Himelhoch, Eric Slade, Julie Kreyenbuhl, Deborah Medoff, Clayton Brown, and Lisa Dixon. “Antidepressant Prescribing Patterns Among VA Patients with Schizophrenia.” Schizophr Res 136(1) (2012): 32–35. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.008.
10. P. D. Harvey, R. K. Heaton, W. T. Carpenter Jr., M. F. Green, J. M. Gold, and M. Schoenbaum. “Functional Impairment in People with Schizophrenia: Focus on Employability and Eligibility for Disability Compensation.” Schizophr Res 140(1–3) (2012): 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.03.025.
11. L. L. Judd, H. S. Akiskal, P. J. Schettler, et al. “The Long-Term Natural History of the Weekly Symptomatic Status of Bipolar I Disorder.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(6) (June 2002): 530–537. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.59.6.530.
12. “Biomarkers Outperform Symptoms in Parsing Psychosis Subgroups.” National Institutes of Health. December 8, 2015. htps://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/biomarkers-outperform-symptoms-parsing – psychosis-subgroups.
13. Maurice M. Ohayon and Alan F. Schatzberg. “Prevalence of Depressive Episodes with Psychotic Features in the General Population.” Am J Psychiatry 159(11) (2002): 1855–1861. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.11.1855.
14. B. Bandelow and S. Michaelis. “Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders in the 21st Century.” Dialogues Clin Neurosci 17(3) (2015): 327–335. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow.
15. O. Plana-Ripoll, C. B. Pedersen, Y. Holtz, et al. “Exploring Comorbidity Within Mental Disorders Among a Danish National Population.” JAMA Psychiatry 76(3) (2019): 259–270. doi: 10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2018.3658.
16. R. C. Kessler, W. T. Chiu, O. Demler, and E. E. Walters. “Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6) (2005): 617–627. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617.
17. M. C. Lai, C. Kassee, R. Besney, S. Bonato, L. Hull, W. Mandy, P. Szatmari, and S. H. Ameis. “Prevalence of Co-occurring Mental Health Diagnoses in the Autism Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Lancet Psychiatry 6(10) (October 2019): 819–829. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30289-5.
18. O. Plana-Ripoll, C. B. Pedersen, Y. Holtz, et al. “Exploring Comorbidity Within Mental Disorders Among a Danish National Population.” JAMA Psychiatry 76(3) (2019): 259–270. doi: 10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2018.3658.
19. National Institute of Mental Health. “Eating Disorders.” National Institute of Mental Health, US Dept. of Health and Human Services. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/eating-disorders.shtml.
20. K. R. Merikangas, J. P. He, M. Burstein, S. A. Swanson, S. Avenevoli, L. Cui, C. Benjet, K. Georgiades, and J. Swendsen. “Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in U.S. Adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication – Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A).” J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49(10) (October 2010): 980–989. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20855043/.
21. O. Plana-Ripoll, C. B. Pedersen, Y. Holtz, et al. “Exploring Comorbidity Within Mental Disorders Among a Danish National Population.” JAMA Psychiatry 76(3) (2019): 259–270. doi: 10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2018.3658.
22. B. B. Lahey, B. Applegate, J. K. Hakes, D. H. Zald, A. R. Hariri, and P. J. Rathouz. “Is There a General Factor of Prevalent Psychopathology During Adulthood?” J Abnorm Psychol 121(4) (2012): 971–977. doi: 10.1037/a0028355.
23. Avshalom Caspi and Terrie E. Moffitt. “All for One and One for All: Mental Disorders in One Dimension.” Am J Psychiatry 175(9) (2018): 831–44. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17121383.
24. E. Pettersson, H. Larsson, and P. Lichtenstein. “Common Psychiatric Disorders Share the Same Genetic Origin: A Multivariate Sibling Study of the Swedish Population.” Mol Psychiatry 21 (2016): 717–721. doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.116.
25. A. Caspi, R. M. Houts, A. Ambler, et al. “Longitudinal Assessment of Mental Health Disorders and Comorbidities Across 4 Decades Among Participants in the Dunedin Birth Cohort Study.” JAMA Netw Open 3(4) (2020): e203221. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3221.
1. A. P. Rajkumar, H. T. Horsdal, T. Wimberley, et al. “Endogenous and Antipsychotic-Related Risks for Diabetes Mellitus in Young People with Schizophrenia: A Danish Population-Based Cohort Study.” Am J Psychiatry 174 (2017): 686–694. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16040442.
2. B. Mezuk, W. W. Eaton, S. Albrecht, and S. H. Golden. “Depression and Type 2 Diabetes over the Lifespan: A Meta-Analysis.” Diabetes Care 31 (2008): 2383–2390. doi: 10.2337/dc08-0985.
3. K. Semenkovich, M. E. Brown, D. M. Svrakic, et al. “Depression and Diabetes.” Drugs 75(6) (2015): 577.doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0347-4.
4. M. E. Robinson, M. Simard, I. Larocque, J. Shah, M. Nakhla, and E. Rahme. “Risk of Psychiatric Disorders and Suicide Attempts in Emerging Adults with Diabetes.” Diabetes Care 43(2) (2020): 484–486. doi: 10.2337/dc19-1487.
5. Martin Strassnig, Roman Kotov, Danielle Cornaccio, Laura Fochtmann, Philip D. Harvey, and Evelyn J.Bromet. “Twenty-Year Progression of Body Mass Index in a County-Wide Cohort of People with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Identified at Their First Episode of Psychosis.” Bipolar Disord 19(5) (2017): 336–343. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12505.
6. L. Mische Lawson and L. Foster. “Sensory Patterns, Obesity, and Physical Activity Participation of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Am J Occup Ther 70(5) (2016): 7005180070pl-7005180070p8. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2016.021535.
7. M. Afzal, N. Siddiqi, B. Ahmad, N. Afsheen, F. Aslam, A. Ali, R. Ayesha, M. Bryant, R. Holt, H. Khalid, K. Ishaq, K. N. Koly, S. Rajan, J. Saba, N. Tirbhowan, and G. A. Zavala. “Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in People with Severe Mental Illness: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 12 (2021): 769309. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.769309.
8. M. Shaw, P. Hodgkins, H. Caci, S. Young, J. Kahle, A. G. Woods, and L. E. Arnold. “A Systematic Review and Analysis of Long-Term Outcomes in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Effects of Treatment and Non-Treatment.” BMC Med 10 (2012): 99. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-99.
9. B. I. Perry, J. Stochl, R. Upthegrove, et al. “Longitudinal Trends in Childhood Insulin Levels and Body Mass Index and Associations with Risks of Psychosis and Depression in Young Adults.” JAMA Psychiatry. Published online January 13, 2021. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4180.
10. V. C. Chen, Y. C. Liu, S. H. Chao, et al. “Brain Structural Networks and Connectomes: The Brain-Obesity Interface and its Impact on Mental Health.” Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 14 (November 26, 2018): 3199–3208. doi:10.2147/NDT.S180569; K. Thomas, F. Beyer, G. Lewe, et al. “Higher Body Mass Index Is Linked to Altered Hypothalamic Microstructure.” Sci Rep 9(1) (2019): 17373. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53578-4.
11. M. Åström, R. Adolfsson, and K. Asplund. “Major Depression in Stroke Patients: A 3-year Longitudinal Study.” Stroke 24(7) (1993): 976–982. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.24.7.976.
12. Heather S. Lett, James A. Blumenthal, Michael A. Babyak, Andrew Sherwood, Timothy Strauman, Clive Robins, and Mark F. Newman. “Depression as a Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Treatment.” Psychosom Med 66(3) (2004):305–15. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000126207.43307.c0.
13. Z. Fan, Y. Wu, J. Shen, T. Ji, and R. Zhan. “Schizophrenia and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Thirteen Cohort Studies.” J Psychiatr Res 47(11) (2013): 1549–1556. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.011.
14. Lindsey Rosman, Jason J. Sico, Rachel Lampert, Allison E. Gaffey, Christine M. Ramsey, James Dziura, Philip W. Chui, et al. “Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Risk for Stroke in Young and Middle-Aged Adults.” Stroke 50(11) (2019): STROKEAHA.119.026854. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.026854.
15. C. W. Colton and R. W. Manderscheid. “Congruencies in Increased Mortality Rates, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Causes of Death Among Public Mental Health Clients in Eight States.” Prev Chronic Dis [serial online] (April 2006 [date cited]). Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2006/apr/05_0180.htm.
16. Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, et al. “A Comprehensive Analysis of Mortality-related Health Metrics Associated With Mental Disorders: A Nationwide, Register-based Cohort Study.” Lancet 394(10211) (2019): 1827–1835. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32316-5.
17. S. E. Bojesen. “Telomeres and Human Health.” J Intern Med 274(5) (2013): 399–413. doi: 10.1111/ joim.12083.
18. Alzheimer’s Association. “2022 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures.” Alzheimers Dement 18(4) (2022): 700–789. doi: 10.1002/alz.12638.
19. R. L. Ownby, E. Crocco, A. Acevedo, V. John, and D. Loewenstein. “Depression and Risk for Alzheimer Disease: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Analysis.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 63(5) (2006): 530–538. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.5.530.
20. T. S. Stroup, M. Olfson, C. Huang, et al. “Age-Specific Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia Diagnoses Among Older US Adults with Schizophrenia.” JAMA Psychiatry 78(6) (2021): 632–641. doi: 10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2021.0042.
21. M. Steinberg, H. Shao, P. Zandi, et al. “Point and 5-Year Period Prevalence of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Dementia: The Cache County Study.” Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 23(2) (2008): 170–177. doi: 10.1002/ gps.1858.
22. P. S. Murray, S. Kumar, M. A. Demichele-Sweet, R. A. Sweet. “Psychosis in Alzheimer’s Disease.” Biol Psychiatry 75(7) (2014): 542–552. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.020.
23. Colin Reilly, Patricia Atkinson, Krishna B. Das, Richard F. M. C. Chin, Sarah E. Aylett, Victoria Burch, Christopher Gillberg, Rod C. Scott, and Brian G. R. Neville. “Neurobehavioral Comorbidities in Children with Active Epilepsy: A Population-Based Study.” Pediatrics 133(6) (2014): e1586. doi: 10.1542/ peds.2013–3787.
24. A. M. Kanner. “Anxiety Disorders in Epilepsy: The Forgotten Psychiatric Comorbidity.” Epilepsy Curr 11(3) (2011): 90–91. doi: 10.5698/1535-7511-11.3.90.
25. M. F. Mendez, J. L. Cummings, and D. F. Benson. “Depression in Epilepsy: Significance and Phenomenology.” Arch Neurol 43(8) (1986): 766–770. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1986.00520080014012.
26. C. E. Elger, S. A. Johnston, and C. Hoppe. “Diagnosing and Treating Depression in Epilepsy.” Seizure 44(1) (2017): 184–193. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.10.018.
27. Alan B. Ettinger, Michael L. Reed, Joseph F. Goldberg, and Robert M.A. Hirschfeld. “Prevalence of Bipolar Symptoms in Epilepsy vs. Other Chronic Health Disorders.” Neurology 65(4) (2005): 535. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000172917.70752.05; Mario F. Mendez, Rosario Grau, Robert C. Doss, and Jody L. Taylor. “Schizophrenia in Epilepsy: Seizure and Psychosis Variables.” Neurology 43(6) (1993): 1073-7. doi: 10.1212/wnl.43.6.1073.
28. S. S. Jeste and R. Tuchman. “Autism Spectrum Disorder and Epilepsy: Two Sides of the Same Coin? ” J Child Neurol 30(14) (2015): 1963–1971. doi: 10.1177/0883073815601501.
29. E. H. Lee, Y. S. Choi, H. S. Yoon, and G. H. Bahn. “Clinical Impact of Epileptiform Discharge in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).” J Child Neurol 31(5) (2016): 584–588. doi: 10.1177/0883073815604223.
30. D. C. Hesdorffer, P. Ludvigsson, E. Olafsson, G. Gudmundsson, O. Kjartansson, and W. A. Hauser. “ADHD as a Risk Factor for Incident Unprovoked Seizures and Epilepsy in Children.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(7) (2004): 731–736. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.7.731.
31. D. C. Hesdorffer, W. A. Hauser, and J. F. Annegers. “Major Depression Is a Risk Factor for Seizures in Older Adults.» Ann Neurol 47(2) (2001): 246–249. doi: 10.1002/1531-8249(200002)47:2%3C246::AID-ANA17%3E3.0.CO;2-E.
32. G. E. Dafoulas, K. A. Toulis, D. Mccorry, et al. “Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Incident Epilepsy: A Population-Based, Open-Cohort Study.” Diabetologia 60(2) (2017): 258–261. doi: 10.1007/ s00125-016-4142-x.
33. I. C. Chou, C. H. Wang, W. D. Lin, F. J. Tsai, C. C. Lin, and C. H. Kao. “Risk of Epilepsy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Cohort Study.” Diabetologia 59 (2016): 1196–1203. doi: 10.1007/ s00125-016-3929-0.
34. M. Baviera, M. C. Roncaglioni, M. Tettamanti, et al. “Diabetes Mellitus: A Risk Factor for Seizures in the Elderly – A Population-Based Study.” Acta Diabetol 54 (2017): 863. doi: 10.1007/s00592-017-1011-0.
35. S. Gao, J. Juhaeri, and W. S. Dai. “The Incidence Rate of Seizures in Relation to BMI in UK Adults.” Obesity 16 (2008): 2126–2132. doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.310.
36. N. Razaz, K. Tedroff, E. Villamor, and S. Cnattingius. “Maternal Body Mass Index in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Epilepsy in Offspring.” JAMA Neurol 74(6) (2017): 668–676. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.6130.
1. Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld. The Evolution of Physics. Edited by C. P. Snow. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938).
2. F. A. Azevedo, L. R. Carvalho, L. T. Grinberg, J. M. Farfel, R. E. Ferretti, R. E. Leite, W. J. Filho, R. Lent, and S. Herculano-Houzel. “Equal Numbers of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells Make the Human Brain an Isometrically Scaled-Up Primate Brain.” J Comp Neurol 513 (2009): 532–541. doi: 10.1002/cne.21974.
1. J. D. Gray, T. G. Rubin, R. G. Hunter, and B. S. McEwen. “Hippocampal Gene Expression Changes Underlying Stress Sensitization and Recovery.” Mol Psychiatry 19(11) (2014): 1171–1178. doi: 10.1038/ mp.2013.175.
2. K. Hughes, M. A. Bellis, K. A. Hardcastle, D. Sethi, A. Butchart, C. Mikton, L. Jones, and M. P. Dunne. “The Effect of Multiple Adverse Childhood Experiences on Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Lancet Public Health 2(8) (August 2017): e356–e366. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4.
3. D. W. Brown, R. F. Anda, H. Tiemeier, V. J. Felitti, V. J. Edwards, J. B. Croft, and W. H. Giles. “Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Premature Mortality.” Am J Prev Med 37(5) (2009): 389–396. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.021.
4. M. Sato, E. Ueda, A. Konno, H. Hirai H, Y. Kurauchi, A. Hisatsune, H. Katsuki, and T. Seki. “Glucocorticoids Negatively Regulates Chaperone Mediated Autophagy and Microautophagy.” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 528(1) (July 12, 2020): 199–205. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.132.
5. N. Mizushima and B. Levine. “Autophagy in Human Diseases.” N Engl J Med 383(16) (October 15, 2020): 1564–1576. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2022774; Tamara Bar-Yosef, Odeya Damri, and Galila Agam. “Dual Role of Autophagy in Diseases of the Central Nervous System.” Front Cellular Neurosci 13 (2019): 196. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00196.
6. Daniel J. Klionsky, Giulia Petroni, Ravi K. Amaravadi, Eric H. Baehrecke, Andrea Ballabio, Patricia Boya, José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro, et al. “Autophagy in Major Human Diseases.” The EMBO Journal 40(19) (2021): e108863. doi: 10.15252/embj.2021108863.
7. J. R. Buchan and R. Parker. “Eukaryotic Stress Granules: The Ins and Outs of Translation.” Mol Cell 36(6) (2009): 932–941. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.11.020.
8. J. M. Silva, S. Rodrigues, B. Sampaio-Marques, et al. “Dysregulation of Autophagy and Stress GranuleRelated Proteins in Stress-Driven Tau Pathology.” Cell Death Differ 26 (2019): 1411–1427. doi: 10.1038/ s41418-018-0217-1.
9. E. S. Epel, E. H. Blackburn, J. Lin, F. S. Dhabhar, N. E. Adler, J. D. Morrow, and R. M. Cawthon. “Accelerated Telomere Shortening in Response to Life Stress.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(49) (2004): 17312–17315.doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407162101.
10. B. L. Miller. “Science Denial and COVID Conspiracy Theories: Potential Neurological Mechanisms and Possible Responses.” JAMA 324(22) (2020): 2255–2256. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.21332.
11. K. Maijer, M. Hayward, C. Fernyhough, et al. “Hallucinations in Children and Adolescents: An Updated Review and Practical Recommendations for Clinicians.” Schizophr Bull 45(45 Suppl 1) (2019): S5–S23.doi: 10.1093/schbul/sby119.
12. M. Ohayon, R. Priest, M. Caulet, and C. Guilleminault. “Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations: Pathological Phenomena?” British Journal of Psychiatry 169(4) (1996): 459–467. doi: 10.1192/ bjp.169.4.459.
13. C. Zhuo, G. Li, X. Lin, et al. “The Rise and Fall of MRI Studies in Major Depressive Disorder.” Transl Psychiatry 9(1) (2019): 335. doi: 10.1038/s41398-019-0680-6.
14. B. O. Rothbaum, E. B. Foa, D. S. Riggs, T. Murdock, and W. Walsh. “A Prospective Examination of PostTraumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Victims.” J. Trauma Stress 5 (1992): 455–475. doi: 10.1002/ jts.2490050309.
1. Nick Lane. Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
2. Siv G. E. Andersson, Alireza Zomorodipour, Jan O. Andersson, Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén, U. Cecilia M. Alsmark, Raf M. Podowski, A. Kristina Näslund, Ann-Sofie Eriksson, Herbert H. Winkler, and Charles G. Kurland. “The Genome Sequence of Rickettsia Prowazekii and the Origin of Mitochondria.” Nature 396(6707) (1998): 133–40. doi: 10.1038/24094.
3. Lane. Power, Sex, Suicide.
4. Lane. Power, Sex, Suicide.
5. X. H. Zhu, H. Qiao, F. Du, et al. “Quantitative Imaging of Energy Expenditure in Human Brain.” Neuroimage 60(4) (2012): 2107–2117. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.013.
6. R. L. Frederick and J. M. Shaw. “Moving Mitochondria: Establishing Distribution of an Essential Organelle.” Traffic 8(12) (2007): 1668–1675. doi: 10.1111/j.1600–0854.2007.00644.x.
7. D. Safiulina and A. Kaasik. “Energetic and Dynamic: How Mitochondria Meet Neuronal Energy Demands.” PLoS Biol 11(12) (2013): e1001755. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001755.
8. R. L. Frederick and J. M. Shaw. “Moving Mitochondria: Establishing Distribution of an Essential Organelle.” Traffic 8(12) (2007): 1668–1675. doi: 10.1111/j.1600–0854.2007.00644.x.
9. R. Rizzuto, P. Bernardi, and T. Pozzan. “Mitochondria as All-Round Players of the Calcium Game.” J Physiol 529 Pt 1(Pt 1) (2000): 37–47. doi: 10.1111/j.1469–7793.2000.00037.x.
10. Z. Gong, E. Tas, and R. Muzumdar. “Humanin and Age-Related Diseases: A New Link?” Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 5 (2014): 210. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00210.
11. S. Kim, J. Xiao, J. Wan, P. Cohen, and K. Yen. “Mitochondrially Derived Peptides as Novel Regulators of Metabolism.” J Physiol 595 (2017): 6613–6621. doi: 10.1113/JP274472.
12. L. Guo, J. Tian, and H. Du. “Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Synaptic Transmission Failure in Alzheimer’s Disease.” J Alzheimers Dis 57(4) (2017): 1071–1086. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160702.
13. Sergej L. Mironov and Natalya Symonchuk. “ER Vesicles and Mitochondria Move and Communicate at Synapses.” Journal of Cell Science 119(23) (2006): 4926. doi: 10.1242/jcs.03254.
14. Sanford L. Palay. “Synapses in the Central Nervous System.” J Biophys and Biochem Cytol 2(4) (1956): 193.doi: 10.1083/jcb.2.4.193.
15. Alexandros K. Kanellopoulos, Vittoria Mariano, Marco Spinazzi, Young Jae Woo, Colin McLean, Ulrike Pech, Ka Wan Li, et al. “Aralar Sequesters GABA into Hyperactive Mitochondria, Causing Social Behavior Deficits.” Cell 180(6) (2020): 1178–1197.e20. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.044.
16. A. West, G. Shadel, and S. Ghosh. “Mitochondria in Innate Immune Responses.” Nat Rev Immunol 11(6) (2011): 389–402. doi: 10.1038/nri2975.
17. A. Meyer, G. Laverny, L. Bernardi, et al. “Mitochondria: An Organelle of Bacterial Origin Controlling Inflammation.” Front Immunol 9 (2018): 536. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00536.
18. Sebastian Willenborg, David E. Sanin, Alexander Jais, Xiaolei Ding, Thomas Ulas, Julian Nüchel, Milica Popović, et al. “Mitochondrial Metabolism Coordinates Stage-Specific Repair Processes in Macrophages During Wound Healing.” Cell Metab 33(12) (2021): 2398–2414. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.10.004.
19. L. Galluzzi, T. Yamazaki, and G. Kroemer. “Linking Cellular Stress Responses to Systemic Homeostasis.» Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 19(11) (2018): 731–745. doi: 10.1038/s41580-018-0068-0.
20. M. Picard, M. J. McManus, J. D. Gray, et al. “Mitochondrial Functions Modulate Neuroendocrine, Metabolic, Inflammatory, and Transcriptional Responses to Acute Psychological Stress.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(48) (2015): E6614–E6623. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1515733112.
21. M. P. Murphy. “How Mitochondria Produce Reactive Oxygen Species.” Biochem J 417(1) (2009): 1–13. doi: 10.1042/BJ20081386.
22. Edward T. Chouchani, Lawrence Kazak, Mark P. Jedrychowski, Gina Z. Lu, Brian K. Erickson, John Szpyt, Kerry A. Pierce, et al. “Mitochondrial ROS Regulate Thermogenic Energy Expenditure and Sulfenylation of UCP1.” Nature 532(7597) (2016): 112. doi: 10.1038/nature17399.
23. S. Reuter, S. C. Gupta, M. M. Chaturvedi, and B. B. Aggarwal. “Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer: How Are They Linked?” Free Radic Biol Med 49(11) (2010): 1603–1616. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006.
24. A. Y. Andreyev, Y. E. Kushnareva, and A. A. Starkov. “Mitochondrial Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species.” Biochemistry (Mosc.) 70(2) (2005): 200–214. doi: 10.1007/s10541-005-0102-7.
25. M. Schneeberger, M. O. Dietrich, D. Sebastián, et al. “Mitofusin 2 in POMC Neurons Connects ER Stress with Leptin Resistance and Energy Imbalance.” Cell 155(1) (2013): 172–187. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.003; M. O. Dietrich, Z. W. Liu, and T. L. Horvath. “Mitochondrial Dynamics Controlled by Mitofusins Regulate Agrp Neuronal Activity and Diet-Induced Obesity.” Cell 155(1) (2013): 188–199. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.004.
26. Petras P. Dzeja, Ryan Bortolon, Carmen Perez-Terzic, Ekshon L. Holmuhamedov, and Andre Terzic. “Energetic Communication Between Mitochondria and Nucleus Directed by Catalyzed Phosphotransfer.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(15) (2002): 10156. doi: 10.1073/pnas.152259999.
27. E.A. Schroeder, N. Raimundo, and G. S. Shadel. “Epigenetic Silencing Mediates Mitochondria Stress-Induced Longevity.” Cell Metab 17(6) (2013): 954–964. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.003.
28. M. D. Cardamone, B. Tanasa, C. T. Cederquist, et al. “Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling in Mammals Is Mediated by the Transcriptional Cofactor GPS2 via Direct Mitochondria-to-Nucleus Translocation.” Mol Cell 69(5) (2018): 757–772.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.01.037.
29. K. H. Kim, J. M. Son, B. A. Benayoun, and C. Lee. “The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic Stress.” Cell Metab 28(3) (2018): 516–524.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.008.
30. M. Picard, J. Zhang, S. Hancock, et al. “Progressive Increase in mtDNA 3243A>G Heteroplasmy Causes Abrupt Transcriptional Reprogramming.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(38) (2014): E4033–E4042. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1414028111.
31. A. Kasahara and L. Scorrano. “Mitochondria: From Cell Death Executioners to Regulators of Cell Differentiation.” Trends Cell Biol 24(12) (2014): 761–770. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.08.005.
32. A. Kasahara, S. Cipolat, Y. Chen, G. W. Dorn, and L. Scorrano. “Mitochondrial Fusion Directs Cardiomyocyte Differentiation via Calcineurin and Notch Signaling.” Science 342(6159) (2013): 734–737. doi: 10.1126/science.1241359.
33. Nikolaos Charmpilas and Nektarios Tavernarakis. “Mitochondrial Maturation Drives Germline Stem Cell Differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans.” Cell Death Differ 27(2) (2019). doi: 10.1038/s41418-019-0375-9.
34. Ryohei Iwata and Pierre Vanderhaeghen. “Regulatory Roles of Mitochondria and Metabolism in Neurogenesis.” Curr Opin Neurobiol 69 (2021): 231–240. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.05.003.
35. A. S. Rambold and J. Lippincott-Schwartz. “Mechanisms of Mitochondria and Autophagy Crosstalk.” Cell Cycle 10(23) (2011): 4032–4038. doi: 10.4161/cc.10.23.18384.
36. Lane. Power, Sex, Suicide.
37. Jerry Edward Chipuk, Jarvier N. Mohammed, Jesse D. Gelles, and Yiyang Chen. “Mechanistic Connections Between Mitochondrial Biology and Regulated Cell Death.” Dev Cell 56(9) (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.033.
38. Lane. Power, Sex, Suicide.
1. O. Lingjaerde. “Lactate-Induced Panic Attacks: Possible Involvement of Serotonin Reuptake Stimulation.” Acta Psychiatr Scand 72(2) (985): 206–208. doi: 10.1111/j.1600–0447.1985.tb02596.x. PMID: 4050513.
2. M. B. First, W. C. Drevets, C. Carter, et al. “Clinical Applications of Neuroimaging in Psychiatric Disorders.” Am J Psychiatry 175(9) (2018): 915–916. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.1750701.
3. D. C. Wallace. “A Mitochondrial Etiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders.” JAMA Psychiatry 74(9) (2017): 863–864. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0397.
4. T. Kozicz, A. Schene, and E. Morava. “Mitochondrial Etiology of Psychiatric Disorders: Is This the Full Story?” JAMA Psychiatry 75(5) (2018): 527. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0018.
5. M. D. Brand and D. G. Nicholls. “Assessing Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cells [published correction appears in Biochem J 437(3) (August 1, 2011): 575]. Biochem J 435(2) (2011): 297–312. doi: 10.1042/ BJ20110162.
6. I. R. Lanza and K. S. Nair. “Mitochondrial Metabolic Function Assessed In Vivo and In Vitro.” Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 13(5) (2010): 511–517. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833cc93d.
7. A. H. De Mello, A. B. Costa, J. D. G. Engel, and G. T. Rezin. “Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Obesity.” Life Sci 192 (2018): 26–32. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.019.
8. P. H. Reddy and M. F. Beal. “Amyloid Beta, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Synaptic Damage: Implications for Cognitive Decline in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease.” Trends Mol Med 14(2) (2008): 45–53. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.12.002.
9. Estela Area-Gomez, Ad de Groof, Eduardo Bonilla, Jorge Montesinos, Kurenai Tanji, Istvan Boldogh, Liza Pon, and Eric A. Schon. “A Key Role for MAM in Mediating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer Disease.” Cell Death Dis 9(3) (2018): 335. doi: 10.1038/s41419-017-0215-0; R. H. Swerdlow. “Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Cascades in Alzheimer’s Disease.” J Alzheimers Dis 62(3) (2018): 1403–1416. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170585.
10. Fei Du, Xiao-Hong Zhu, Yi Zhang, Michael Friedman, Nanyin Zhang, Kâmil Uğurbil, and Wei Chen. “Tightly Coupled Brain Activity and Cerebral ATP Metabolic Rate.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(17) (2008): 6409. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0710766105.
11. K. Todkar, H. S. Ilamathi, M. Germain. “Mitochondria and Lysosomes: Discovering Bonds.” Front Cell Dev Biol 5 (2017):106. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00106.
12. Q. Chu, T. F. Martinez, S. W. Novak, et al. “Regulation of the ER Stress Response by a MITOCHONDRIAL MICROPROTEIN.” Nat Commun 10 (2019): 4883. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12816-z.
13. B. Kalman, F. D. Lublin, and H. Alder. “Impairment of Central and Peripheral Myelin in Mitochondrial Diseases.” Mult Scler 2(6) (1997): 267–278. doi: 10.1177/135245859700200602; E. M. R. Lake, E. A. Steffler, C. D. Rowley, et al. “Altered Intracortical Myelin Staining in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Severe Mental Illness.” Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 267 (2017): 369–376. doi: 10.1007/s00406-0160730-5; J. Rice and C. Gu. “Function and Mechanism of Myelin Regulation in Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.” Bioessays 41(7) (2019): e1800255. doi: 10.1002/bies.201800255. Epub May 16, 2019; Gerhard S. Drenthen, Walter H. Backes, Albert P. Aldenkamp, R. Jeroen Vermeulen, Sylvia Klinkenberg, and Jacobus F. A. Jansen. “On the Merits of Non-Invasive Myelin Imaging in Epilepsy, a Literature Review.” J Neurosci Methods 338 (2020): 108687. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108687; E. Papuć and K. Rejdak. “The Role of Myelin Damage in Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology.” Arch Med Sci 16(2) (2018): 345–351. doi: 10.5114/ aoms.2018.76863; G. Cermenati, F. Abbiati, S. Cermenati, et al. “Diabetes-Induced Myelin Abnormalities Are Associated with an Altered Lipid Pattern: Protective Effects of LXR Activation.” J Lipid Res 53(2) (2012): 300–310. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M021188; M. Bouhrara, N. Khattar, P. Elango, et al. “Evidence of Association Between Obesity and Lower Cerebral Myelin Content in Cognitively Unimpaired Adults.” Int J Obes (Lond) 45(4) (2021): 850–859. doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-00749-x.
14. A. Ebneth, R. Godemann, K. Stamer, S. Illenberger, B. Trinczek, and E. Mandelkow. “Overexpression of Tau Protein Inhibits Kinesin-Dependent Trafficking of Vesicles, Mitochondria, and Endoplasmic Reticulum: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease.” J Cell Biol 143(3) (1998): 777–794. doi: 10.1083/jcb.143.3.777.
15. A. Cheng, J. Wang, N. Ghena, Q. Zhao, I. Perone, T. M. King, R. L. Veech, M. Gorospe, R. Wan, and M. P. Mattson. “SIRT3 Haploinsufficiency Aggravates Loss of GABAergic Interneurons and Neuronal Network Hyperexcitability in an Alzheimer’s Disease Model.” J Neurosci 40(3) (2020): 694–709. doi: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.1446-19.2019.
16. J. Mertens, et al. “Differential Responses to Lithium in Hyperexcitable Neurons from Patients with Bipolar Disorder.” Nature 527(7576) (2015): 95–99. doi: 10.1038/nature15526.
17. J. A. Rosenkranz, E. R. Venheim, and M. Padival. “Chronic Stress Causes Amygdala Hyperexcitability in Rodents.” Biol Psychiatry 67(12) (2010): 1128–1136. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.008.
18. Marco Morsch, Rowan Radford, Albert Lee, Emily Don, Andrew Badrock, Thomas Hall, Nicholas Cole, and Roger Chung. “In Vivo Characterization of Microglial Engulfment of Dying Neurons in the Zebrafish Spinal Cord.” Front Cell Neurosci 9 (2015): 321. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00321.
19. D. Alnæs, T. Kaufmann, D. van der Meer, et al. “Brain Heterogeneity in Schizophrenia and Its Association with Polygenic Risk.” JAMA Psychiatry 76(7) (published online April 10, 2019): 739–748. doi: 10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2019.0257.
20. J. Allen, R. Romay-Tallon, K. J. Brymer, H. J. Caruncho, and L. E. Kalynchuk. “Mitochondria and Mood: Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Key Player in the Manifestation of Depression.” Front Neurosci 12 (June 6, 2018): 386. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00386.
21. D. Ben-Shachar and R. Karry. “Neuroanatomical Pattern of Mitochondrial Complex I Pathology Varies Between Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Major Depression.” PLoS One 3(11) (2008): e3676. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003676.
22. J. Pu, Y. Liu, H. Zhang, et al. “An Integrated Meta-Analysis of Peripheral Blood Metabolites and Biological Functions in Major Depressive Disorder.” Mol Psychiatry 26 (2020): 4265–4276. doi: 10.1038/ s41380-020-0645-4.
23. C. Nasca, B. Bigio, F. S. Lee, et al. “Acetyl-L–Carnitine Deficiency in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115(34) (2018): 8627–8632. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1801609115.
24. Ait Tayeb, Abd El Kader, Romain Colle, Khalil El-Asmar, Kenneth Chappell, Cécile Acquaviva-Bourdain, Denis J. David, Séverine Trabado, et al. “Plasma Acetyl-L–Carnitine and L–Carnitine in Major Depressive Episodes: A Case – Control Study Before and After Treatment.” Psychol Med (2021): 1–10. doi: 10.1017/ S003329172100413X.
25. E. Gebara, O. Zanoletti, S. Ghosal, J. Grosse, B. L. Schneider, G. Knott, S. Astori, and C. Sandi. “Mitofusin-2 in the Nucleus Accumbens Regulates Anxiety and Depression-like Behaviors Through Mitochondrial and Neuronal Actions.” Biol Psychiatry 89(11) (2021): 1033–1044. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.12.003.
26. M. D. Altschule, D. H. Henneman, P. Holliday, and R. M. Goncz. “Carbohydrate Metabolism in Brain Disease. VI. Lactate Metabolism After Infusion of Sodium d-Lactate in Manic-Depressive and Schizophrenic Psychoses.” AMA Arch Intern Med 98 (1956): 35–38. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1956.00250250041006.
27. Gerwyn Morris, Ken Walder, Sean L. McGee, Olivia M. Dean, Susannah J. Tye, Michael Maes, and Michael Berk. “A Model of the Mitochondrial Basis of Bipolar Disorder.” Neurosci Biobehav Rev 74 (2017): 1–20. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.014.
28. Anna Giménez-Palomo, Seetal Dodd, Gerard Anmella, Andre F. Carvalho, Giselli Scaini, Joao Quevedo, Isabella Pacchiarotti, Eduard Vieta, and Michael Berk. “The Role of Mitochondria in Mood Disorders: From Physiology to Pathophysiology and to Treatment.” Front Psychiatry 12 (2021): 977. doi: 10.3389/ fpsyt.2021.546801.
29. D. Wang, Z. Li, W. Liu, et al. “Differential Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Three Mood States of Bipolar Disorder.” BMC Psychiatry 18 (2018): 149. doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-1717-8.
30. G. Preston, F. Kirdar, and T. Kozicz. “The Role of Suboptimal Mitochondrial Function in Vulnerability to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.” J Inherit Metab Dis 41(4) (2018): 585–596. doi: 10.1007/ s10545-018-0168-1.
31. S. Ali, M. Patel, S. Jabeen, R. K. Bailey, T. Patel, M. Shahid, W. J. Riley, and A. Arain. “Insight into Delirium.” Innov Clin Neurosci 8(10) (2011): 25–34. PMID: 22132368.
32. A. J. Slooter, D. Van, R. R. Leur, and I. J. Zaal. “Delirium in Critically Ill Patients.” Handb Clin Neurol 141 (2017): 449–466. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63599-0.00025-9.
33. G. L. Engel and J. Romano. “Delirium, a Syndrome of Cerebral Insufficiency.” J Chronic Dis. 9(3) (1959): 260–277. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(59)90165-1.
34. J. E. Wilson, M. F. Mart, C. Cunningham, et al. “Delirium.” Nat Rev Dis Primers 6 (2020): 90. doi: 10.1038/ s41572-020-00223-4.
35. L. R. Haggstrom, J. A. Nelson, E. A. Wegner, and G. A. Caplan. “2-(18)F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Delirium.” J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab 37(11) (2017): 3556–3567. doi: 10.1177/0271678X17701764.
36. A. J. Slooter, D. Van, R. R. Leur, and I. J. Zaal. “Delirium in Critically Ill Patients.” Handb Clin Neurol 141 (2017): 449–466. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63599-0.00025-9; T. E. Goldberg, C. Chen, Y. Wang, et al. “Association of Delirium with Long-Term Cognitive Decline: A Meta-analysis.” JAMA Neurol. Published online July 13, 2020. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2273.
37. G. Naeije, I. Bachir, N. Gaspard, B. Legros, and T. Pepersack. “Epileptic Activities and Older People Delirium.” Geriatr Gerontol Int 14(2) (2014): 447–451. doi: 10.1111/ggi.12128.
38. Jorge I. F. Salluh, Han Wang, Eric B. Schneider, Neeraja Nagaraja, Gayane Yenokyan, Abdulla Damluji, Rodrigo B. Serafim, and Robert D. Stevens. “Outcome of Delirium in Critically Ill Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” BMJ 350 (2015). doi: 10.1136/bmj.h2538.
39. Sharon K. Inouye. “Delirium in Older Persons.” N Engl J Med 354(11) (2006): 1157–65. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMra052321.
40. Robert Hatch, Duncan Young, Vicki Barber, John Griffiths, David A. Harrison, and Peter Watkinson. “Anxiety, Depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder after Critical Illness: A UK-Wide Prospective Cohort Study.” Crit Care 22(1) (2018): 310. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2223-6.
41. O. Plana-Ripoll, C. B. Pedersen, Y. Holtz, et al. “Exploring Comorbidity Within Mental Disorders Among a Danish National Population.” JAMA Psychiatry (published online January 16, 2019). doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3658ArticleGoogle Scholar.
1. S. Umesh and S. H. Nizamie. “Genetics in Psychiatry.” Indian J Hum Genet 20(2) (2014): 120–128. doi: 10.4103/0971-6866.142845.
2. Richard Border, Emma C. Johnson, Luke M. Evans, Andrew Smolen, Noah Berley, Patrick F. Sullivan, and Matthew C. Keller. “No Support for Historical Candidate Gene or Candidate Gene-by-Interaction Hypotheses for Major Depression Across Multiple Large Samples.” Am J Psychiatry 176(5) (2019): 376–387. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18070881.
3. G. Scaini, G. T. Rezin, A. F. Carvalho, E. L. Streck, M. Berk, and J. Quevedo. “Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Bipolar Disorder: Evidence, Pathophysiology and Translational Implications.” Neurosci Biobehav 68 (Rev. September 2016): 694–713. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.040.
4. S. Michels, G. K. Ganjam, H. Martins, et al. “Downregulation of the Psychiatric Susceptibility Gene Cacna1c Promotes Mitochondrial Resilience to Oxidative Stress in Neuronal Cells.” Cell Death Dis 4(54) (2018): 54. doi: 10.1038/s41420-018-0061-6.
5. Lixia Qin, Zhu Xiongwei, and Robert P. Friedland. “ApoE and Mitochondrial Dysfunction.” Neurology 94(23) (2020): 1009. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009569.
6. Y. Yamazaki, N. Zhao, T. R. Caulfield, C. C. Liu, and G. Bu. “Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer Disease: Pathobiology and Targeting Strategies.” Nat Rev Neurol 15(9) (2019): 501–518. doi: 10.1038/ s41582-019-0228-7.
7. J. Yin, E. M. Reiman, T. G. Beach, et al. “Effect of ApoE Isoforms on Mitochondria in Alzheimer Disease.” Neurology 94(23) (2020): e2404–e2411. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009582.
8. E. Schmukler, S. Solomon, S. Simonovitch, et al. “Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics and Function in APOE4-Expressing Astrocytes.” Cell Death Dis 11(7) (2020): 578. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-02776-4.
9. A. L. Lumsden, A. Mulugeta, A. Zhou, and E. Hyppönen. “Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Genotype-Associated Disease Risks: A Phenome-Wide, Registry-Based, Case-Control Study Utilising the UK Biobank.” EBioMedicine 59 (2020):102954. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102954.
10. M. S. Sharpley, C. Marciniak, K. Eckel-Mahan, M. McManus, M. Crimi, K. Waymire, C. S. Lin, S. Masubuchi, N. Friend, M. Koike, D. Chalkia, G. MacGregor, P. Sassone-Corsi, and D. C. Wallace. “Heteroplasmy of Mouse mtDNA Is Genetically Unstable and Results in Altered Behavior and Cognition.” Cell 151(2) (2012): 333–343. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.09.004. PMID: 23063123; PMCID: PMC4175720.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “What Is Epigenetics?” CDC, US Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/epigenetics.htm. Retrieved 10/30/21.
12. T. J. Roseboom. “Epidemiological Evidence for the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Effects of Prenatal Undernutrition in Humans.” J Endocrinol 242(1) (July 1, 2019): T135–T144. doi: 10.1530/ JOE-18-0683.
13. J. P. Etchegaray and R. Mostoslavsky. “Interplay Between Metabolism and Epigenetics: A Nuclear Adaptation to Environmental Changes.” Mol Cell 62(5) (2016): 695–711. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.05.029.
14. P. H. Ear, A. Chadda, S. B. Gumusoglu, M. S. Schmidt, S. Vogeler, J. Malicoat, J. Kadel, M. M. Moore, M. E. Migaud, H. E. Stevens, and C. Brenner. “Maternal Nicotinamide Riboside Enhances Postpartum Weight Loss, Juvenile Offspring Development, and Neurogenesis of Adult Offspring.” Cell Rep 26(4) (2019): 969–983.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.007.
15. R. Yehuda and A. Lehrner. “Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma Effects: Putative Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms.” World Psychiatry 17(3) (2018): 243–257. doi: 10.1002/wps.20568.
16. D. A. Dickson, J. K. Paulus, V. Mensah, et al. “Reduced Levels of miRNAs 449 and 34 in Sperm of Mice and Men Exposed to Early Life Stress.” Transl Psychiatry 8 (2018): 101. doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0146-2.
17. S. Lupien, B. McEwen, M. Gunnar, et al. “Effects of Stress Throughout the Lifespan on the Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition.” Nat Rev Neurosci 10 (2009): 434–445. doi: 10.1038/nrn2639.
1. Julian M. Yabut, Justin D. Crane, Alexander E. Green, Damien J. Keating, Waliul I. Khan, and Gregory R. Steinberg. “Emerging Roles for Serotonin in Regulating Metabolism: New Implications for an Ancient Molecule.” Endocr Rev 40(4) (2019): 1092–1107. doi: 10.1210/er.2018-00283.
2. Sashaina E. Fanibunda, Deb Sukrita, Babukrishna Maniyadath, Praachi Tiwari, Utkarsha Ghai, Samir Gupta, Dwight Figueiredo, et al. “Serotonin Regulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function in Rodent Cortical Neurons via the 5-HT2A Receptor and SIRT1–PGC-1α Axis.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116(22) (2019): 11028. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1821332116.
3. M. Accardi, B. Daniels, P. Brown, et al. “Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate the Strength of Inhibitory GABA-Mediated Synaptic Transmission.” Nat Commun 5 (2014): 3168. doi: 10.1038/ ncomms4168.
4. A. K. Kanellopoulos, V. Mariano, M. Spinazzi, Y. J. Woo, C. McLean, U. Pech, K. W. Li, J. D. Armstrong, A. Giangrande, P. Callaerts, A. B. Smit, B. S. Abrahams, A. Fiala, T. Achsel, and C. Bagni. “Aralar Sequesters GABA into Hyperactive Mitochondria, Causing Social Behavior Deficits.” Cell 180(6) (March 19, 2020): 1178–1197.e20. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.044.
5. Ryutaro Ikegami, Ippei Shimizu, Takeshi Sato, Yohko Yoshida, Yuka Hayashi, Masayoshi Suda, Goro Katsuumi, et al. “Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Signaling in Brown Adipose Tissue Promotes Systemic Metabolic Derangement in Obesity.” Cell Rep 24(11) (2018): 2827–2837.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.024.
6. S. M. Graves, Z. Xie, K. A. Stout, et al. “Dopamine Metabolism by a Monoamine Oxidase Mitochondrial Shuttle Activates the Electron Transport Chain.” Nat Neurosci 23 (2020): 15–20.
7. D. Aslanoglou, S. Bertera, M. Sánchez-Soto, et al. “Dopamine Regulates Pancreatic Glucagon and Insulin Secretion via Adrenergic and Dopaminergic Receptors.” Transl Psychiatry 11(1) (2021): 59. doi: 10.1038/ s41398-020-01171-z.
8. M. van der Kooij, F. Hollis, L. Lozano, et al. “Diazepam Actions in the VTA Enhance Social Dominance and Mitochondrial Function in the Nucleus Accumbens by Activation of Dopamine D1 Receptors.” Mol Psychiatry 23(3) (2018): 569–578. doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.135.
9. M. van der Kooij, et al. “Diazepam Actions in the VTA Enhance Social Dominance and Mitochondrial Function in the Nucleus Accumbens by Activation of Dopamine D1 Receptors.»
10. T. L. Emmerzaal, G. Nijkamp, M. Veldic, S. Rahman, A. C. Andreazza, E. Morava, R. J. Rodenburg, and T. Kozicz. “Effect of Neuropsychiatric Medications on Mitochondrial Function: For Better or for Worse.” Neurosci Biobehav 127 (Rev. August 2021): 555–571. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.001.
11. Martin Lundberg, Vincent Millischer, Lena Backlund, Lina Martinsson, Peter Stenvinkel, Carl M. Sellgren, Catharina Lavebratt, and Martin Schalling. “Lithium and the Interplay Between Telomeres and Mitochondria in Bipolar Disorder.” Front Psychiatry 11 (2020): 997. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586083.
12. M. Hu, R. Wang, X. Chen, M. Zheng, P. Zheng, Z. Boz, R. Tang, K. Zheng, Y. Yu, and X. F. Huang. “Resveratrol Prevents Haloperidol-Induced Mitochondria Dysfunction Through the Induction of Autophagy in SH-SY5Y Cells.” Neurotoxicology 87 (2021): 231–242. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.007.
13. D. C. Goff, G. Tsai, M. F. Beal, and J. T. Coyle. “Tardive Dyskinesia and Substrates of Energy Metabolism in CSF.” Am J Psychiatry 152(12) (1995): 1730–6. doi: 10.1176/ajp.152.12.1730. PMID: 8526238.
14. M. Salsaa, B.Pereira, J. Liu, et al. “Valproate Inhibits Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Increases Glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.” Sci Rep 10(1) (2020): 11785. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68725-5.
15. J. F. Hayes, A. Lundin, S. Wicks, G. Lewis, I. C. K. Wong, D. P. J. Osborn, and C. Dalman. “Association of Hydroxylmethyl Glutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors, L-Type Calcium Channel Antagonists, and Biguanides with Rates of Psychiatric Hospitalization and Self-Harm in Individuals with Serious Mental Illness.” JAMA Psychiatry 76(4) (2019): 382–390. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3907.
16. S. Martín-Rodríguez, P. de Pablos-Velasco, and J. A. L. Calbet. “Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition by Metformin: Drug-Exercise Interactions.” Trends Endocrinol Metab 31(4) (April 2020): 269–271. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.02.003.
1. P. Maechler. “Mitochondrial Function and Insulin Secretion.” Mol Cell Endocrinol 379(1–2) (2013): 12–18. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.019.
2. W. I. Sivitz and M. A. Yorek. “Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetes: From Molecular Mechanisms to Functional Significance and Therapeutic Opportunities.” Antioxid Redox Signal 12(4) (2010): 537–577. doi: 10.1089/ars.2009.2531.
3. C. S. Stump, K. R. Short, M. L. Bigelow, J. M. Schimke, and K. S. Nair. “Effect of Insulin on Human Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial ATP Production, Protein Synthesis, and mRNA Transcripts.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(13) (2003): 7996–8001. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1332551100.
4. A. Kleinridders, H. A. Ferris, W. Cai, and C. R. Kahn. “Insulin Action in Brain Regulates Systemic Metabolism and Brain Function.” Diabetes 63(7) (2014): 2232–2243. doi: 10.2337/db14-0568.
5. E. Blázquez, E. Velázquez, V. Hurtado-Carneiro, and J. M. Ruiz-Albusac. “Insulin in the Brain: Its Pathophysiological Implications for States Related with Central Insulin Resistance, Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease.” Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 5 (2014): 161. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00161.
6. Z. Jin, Y. Jin, S. Kumar-Mendu, E. Degerman, L. Groop, and B. Birnir. “Insulin Reduces Neuronal Excitability by Turning on GABA(A) Channels That Generate Tonic Current.” PLoS One 6(1) (2011): e16188. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016188.
7. Ismael González-García, Tim Gruber, and Cristina García-Cáceres. “Insulin Action on Astrocytes: From Energy Homeostasis to Behaviour.” J Neuroendocrinol 33(4) (2021): e12953. doi: 10.1111/jne.12953.
8. A. Kleinridders, W. Cai, L. Cappellucci, A. Ghazarian, W. R. Collins, S. G. Vienberg, E. N. Pothos, and C. R. Kahn. “Insulin Resistance in Brain Alters Dopamine Turnover and Causes Behavioral Disorders.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(11) (2015): 3463–3468. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1500877112.
9. Virginie-Anne Chouinard, David C. Henderson, Chiara Dalla Man, Linda Valeri, Brianna E. Gray, Kyle P. Ryan, Aaron M. Cypess, Claudio Cobelli, Bruce M. Cohen, and Dost Öngür. “Impaired Insulin Signaling in Unaffected Siblings and Patients with First-Episode Psychosis.” Mol Psychiatry 24 (2018). doi: 10.1038/ s41380-018-0045-1.
10. B. I. Perry, J. Stochl, R. Upthegrove, et al. “Longitudinal Trends in Childhood Insulin Levels and Body Mass Index and Associations with Risks of Psychosis and Depression in Young Adults.” JAMA Psychiatry 78(4) (2021): 416–425. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4180.
11. B. J. Neth and S. Craft. “Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer’s Disease: Bioenergetic Linkages. Front Aging Neurosci 9 (2017): 345. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00345; Y. An, V. R. Varma, S. Varma, R. Casanova, E. Dammer, O. Pletnikova, C. W. Chia, J. M. Egan, L. Ferrucci, J. Troncoso, A. I. Levey, J. Lah, N. T. Seyfried, C. Legido-Quigley, R. O’Brien, and M. Thambisetty. “Evidence for Brain Glucose Dysregulation in Alzheimer’s Disease.” Alzheimers Dement 14(3) (2018): 318–329. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.09.011.
12. S. Craft, L. D. Baker, T. J. Montine, et al. “Intranasal Insulin Therapy for Alzheimer Disease and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Clinical Trial.” Arch Neurol 69(1) (2012): 29–38. doi: 10.1001/ archneurol.2011.233.
13. S. Craft, R. Raman, T. W. Chow, et al. “Safety, Efficacy, and Feasibility of Intranasal Insulin for the Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease Dementia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” JAMA Neurol 77(9) (2020): 1099–1109. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1840.
14. R. S. McIntyre, J. K. Soczynska, H. O. Woldeyohannes, A. Miranda, A. Vaccarino, G. Macqueen, G. F. Lewis, and S. H. Kennedy. “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effect of Intranasal Insulin on Neurocognitive Function in Euthymic Patients with Bipolar Disorder.” Bipolar Disord 14(7) (2012): 697–706. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12006.
15. Jamaica R. Rettberg, Jia Yao, and Roberta Diaz Brinton. “Estrogen: A Master Regulator of Bioenergetic Systems in the Brain and Body.” Front Neuroendocrinol 35(1) (2014): 8–30. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.08.001.
16. L. Mosconi, V. Berti, C. Quinn, P. McHugh, G. Petrongolo, R. S. Osorio, C. Connaughty, A. Pupi, S. Vallabhajosula, R. S. Isaacson, M. J. de Leon, R. H. Swerdlow, and R. D. Brinton. “Perimenopause and Emergence of an Alzheimer’s Bioenergetic Phenotype in Brain and Periphery.” PLoS One 12(10) (2017): e0185926. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185926 17 Y. Hara, F. Yuk, R. Puri, W. G. Janssen, P. R. Rapp, and J. H. Morrison. “Presynaptic Mitochondrial Morphology in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex Correlates with Working Memory and Is Improved with Estrogen Treatment.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(1) (2014): 486–491. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1311310110.
18. Charlotte Wessel Skovlund, Lina Steinrud Mørch, Lars Vedel Kessing, and Øjvind Lidegaard. “Association of Hormonal Contraception with Depression.” JAMA Psychiatry 73(11) (2016): 1154–1162. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387.
19. C. W. Skovlund, L. S. Mørch, L. V. Kessing, T. Lange, and Ø. Lidegaard. “Association of Hormonal Contraception with Suicide Attempts and Suicides.” Am J Psychiatry 175(4) (2018): 336–342. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17060616.
20. Federica Cioffi, Rosalba Senese, Antonia Lanni, and Fernando Goglia. “Thyroid Hormones and Mitochondria: With a Brief Look at Derivatives and Analogues.” Mol Cell Endocrinol 379(1) (2013): 51–61. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.006.
21. Rohit A. Sinha, Brijesh K. Singh, Jin Zhou, Yajun Wu, Benjamin L. Farah, Kenji Ohba, Ronny Lesmana, Jessica Gooding, Boon-Huat Bay, and Paul M. Yen. “Thyroid Hormone Induction of Mitochondrial Activity Is Coupled to Mitophagy via ROS-AMPK-ULK1 Signaling.” Autophagy 11(8) (2015): 1341–1357. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1061849.
22. S. Chakrabarti. “Thyroid Functions and Bipolar Affective Disorder.” J Thyroid Res 2011 (2011): 306367. doi: 10.4061/2011/306367; N. C. Santos, P. Costa, D. Ruano, et al. “Revisiting Thyroid Hormones in Schizophrenia.” J Thyroid Res 2012 (2012): 569147. doi: 10.1155/2012/569147.
1. Steven W. Cole, John P. Capitanio, Katie Chun, Jesusa M. G. Arevalo, Jeffrey Ma, and John T. Cacioppo. “Myeloid Differentiation Architecture of Leukocyte Transcriptome Dynamics in Perceived Social Isolation.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(49) (2015): 15142–15147. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1514249112.
2. Y. Luo, L. C. Hawkley, L. J. Waite, and J. T. Cacioppo. “Loneliness, Health, and Mortality in Old Age: A National Longitudinal Study.” Soc Sci Med 74(6) (2012): 907–914. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028.
3. J. Wang, D. Xiao, H. Chen, et al. “Cumulative Evidence for Association of Rhinitis and Depression.” Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 17(1) (2021): 111. doi: 10.1186/s13223-021-00615-5.
4. O. Köhler-Forsberg, L. Petersen, C. Gasse, et al. “A Nationwide Study in Denmark of the Association Between Treated Infections and the Subsequent Risk of Treated Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents.” JAMA Psychiatry 76(3) (2019): 271–279. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3428.
5. A. West, G. Shadel, and Ghosh. “Mitochondria in Innate Immune Responses.” Nat Rev Immunol 11 (2011): 389–402. doi: 10.1038/nri2975
6. Z. Liu and T. S. Xiao. “Partners with a Killer: Metabolic Signaling Promotes Inflammatory Cell Death.” Cell 184(17) (2021): 4374–4376. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.036.
7. D. N. Doll, S. L. Rellick, T. L. Barr, X. Ren, and J. W. Simpkins. “Rapid Mitochondrial Dysfunction Mediates TNF-Alpha-Induced Neurotoxicity.” J Neurochem 132(4) (2015): 443–451. doi: 10.1111/jnc.13008.
8. B. Shan, E. Vazquez, and J. A. Lewis. “Interferon Selectively Inhibits the Expression of Mitochondrial Genes: A Novel Pathway for Interferon-Mediated Responses.” EMBO J 9(13) (1990): 4307–4314. doi: 10.1002/j.1460–2075.1990.tb07879.x.
9. S. B. Minchenberg and P. T. Massa. “The Control of Oligodendrocyte Bioenergetics by Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) and Src Homology Region 2 Domain-Containing Phosphatase-1 (SHP-1).” J Neuroimmunol 331 (2019): 46–57. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.10.015.
10. H. G. Coman, D. C. Herţa, and B. Nemeş. “Psychiatric Adverse Effects Of Interferon Therapy.” Clujul Med 86(4) (2013): 318–320.
11. B. J. S. Al-Haddad, B. Jacobsson, S. Chabra, D. Modzelewska, E. M. Olson, R. Bernier, D. A. Enquobahrie, H. Hagberg, S. Östling, L. Rajagopal, K. M. Adams Waldorf, and V. Sengpiel. “Long-Term Risk of Neuropsychiatric Disease After Exposure to Infection In Utero.” JAMA Psychiatry 76(6) (2019): 594–602. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0029. PMID: 30840048; PMCID: PMC6551852.
12. A. H. Miller and C. L. Raison. “Are Anti-inflammatory Therapies Viable Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders? Where the Rubber Meets the Road.” JAMA Psychiatry 72(6) (2015): 527–528. doi:10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2015.22.
1. Jaqueline B. Schuch, Julia P. Genro, Clarissa R. Bastos, Gabriele Ghisleni, and Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues. “The Role of CLOCK Gene in Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Human and Animal Research.” Am J Med Genet Part B 177(2) (2018): 181–198. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32599.
2. Karen Schmitt, Amandine Grimm, Robert Dallmann, Bjoern Oettinghaus, Lisa Michelle Restelli, Melissa Witzig, Naotada Ishihara, et al. “Circadian Control of DRP1 Activity Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics and Bioenergetics.” Cell Metab 27(3) (2018): 657–666.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.01.011.
3. Ana C. Andreazza, Monica L. Andersen, Tathiana A. Alvarenga, Marcos R. de-Oliveira, Fernanda Armani, Francieli S. Ruiz, Larriany Giglio, José C. F. Moreira, Flávio Kapczinski, and Sergio Tufik. “Impairment of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Due to Sleep Deprivation in Mice.” J Psychiatr Res 44(12) (2010): 775–780. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.01.015.
4. Martin Picard, Bruce S. McEwen, Elissa S. Epel, and Carmen Sandi. “An Energetic View of Stress: Focus on Mitochondria.” Front Neuroendocrinol 49 (2018): 72–85. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.01.001.
5. Chongyang Chen, Chao Yang, Jing Wang, Xi Huang, Haitao Yu, Shangming Li, Shupeng Li, et al. “Melatonin Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits Through Improving Mitophagy in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease.” J Pineal Res 71(4) (2021): e12774. doi: 10.1111/jpi.12774.
6. H. Zhao, H. Wu, J. He, et al. “Frontal Cortical Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Mitochondria-Related β-Amyloid Accumulation by Chronic Sleep Restriction in Mice.” Neuroreport 27(12) (2016): 916–922. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000631.
7. C. B. Peek, A. H. Affinati, K. M. Ramsey, H. Y. Kuo, W. Yu, L. A. Sena, O. Ilkayeva, B. Marcheva, Y. Kobayashi, C. Omura, D. C. Levine, D. J. Bacsik, D. Gius, C. B. Newgard, E. Goetzman, N. S. Chandel, J. M. Denu, M. Mrksich, and J. Bass. “Circadian Clock NAD+ Cycle Drives Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism in Mice.” Science 342(6158) (2013): 1243417. doi: 10.1126/science.1243417.
8. A. Kempf, S. M. Song, C. B. Talbot, et al. “A Potassium Channel β-subunit Couples Mitochondrial Electron Transport to Sleep.” Nature 568(7751) (2019): 230–234. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1034-5.
9. Keri J. Fogle, Catherina L. Mobini, Abygail S. Paseos, and Michael J. Palladino. “Sleep and Circadian Defects in a Drosophila Model of Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy.” Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythm 6 (2019): 44–52. doi: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2019.01.003.
10. Guido Primiano, Valerio Brunetti, Catello Vollono, Anna Losurdo, Rossana Moroni, Giacomo Della Marca, and Serenella Servidei. “Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Adult Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases.” Neurology 96(2) (2021): e241. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011005.
11. N. N. Osborne, C. Núñez-Álvarez, S. Del Olmo-Aguado, and J. Merrayo-Lloves. “Visual Light Effects on Mitochondria: The Potential Implications in Relation to Glaucoma.” Mitochondrion 36 (2017): 29–35. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.11.009. Epub 2016 Nov 24. PMID: 27890822.
12. A. Sreedhar, L. Aguilera-Aguirre, and K. K. Singh. “Mitochondria in Skin Health, Aging, and Disease.” Cell Death Dis 11(6) (2020): 444. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-2649-z.
13. H. Zhu, N. Wang, L. Yao, Q. Chen, R. Zhang, J. Qian, Y. Hou, W. Guo, S. Fan, S. Liu, Q. Zhao, F. Du, X. Zuo, Y. Guo, Y. Xu, J. Li, T. Xue, K. Zhong, X. Song, G. Huang, and W. Xiong. “Moderate UV Exposure Enhances Learning and Memory by Promoting a Novel Glutamate Biosynthetic Pathway in the Brain.” Cell 173(7) (2018): 1716–1727.e17. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.014.
14. F. Salehpour, J. Mahmoudi, F. Kamari, S. Sadigh-Eteghad, S. H. Rasta, and M. R. Hamblin. “Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Narrative Review.” Mol Neurobiol 55(8) (2018): 6601–6636. doi: 10.1007/ s12035-017-0852-4.
15. P. D. Campbell, A. M. Miller, and M. E. Woesner. “Bright Light Therapy: Seasonal Affective Disorder and Beyond.” Einstein J Biol Med 32 (2017): E13–E25. PMID: 31528147; PMCID: PMC6746555.
16. R. Noordam, et al. “Bright Sunlight Exposure May Decrease the Risk for Diabetes and CVD.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104(7) (2019): 2903–2910. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-02532.
17. J. F. Gottlieb, F. Benedetti, P. A. Geoffroy, T. E. G. Henriksen, R. W. Lam, G. Murray, J. Phelps, D. Sit, H. A. Swartz, M. Crowe, B. Etain, E. Frank, N. Goel, B. C. M. Haarman, M. Inder, H. Kallestad, S. Jae Kim, K. Martiny, Y. Meesters, R. Porter, R. F. Riemersma-van der Lek, P. S. Ritter, P. F. J. Schulte, J. Scott, J. C. Wu, X. Yu, and S. Chen. “The Chronotherapeutic Treatment of Bipolar Disorders: A Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations from the ISBD Task Force on Chronotherapy and Chronobiology.” Bipolar Disord 21(8) (2019): 741–773. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12847.
1. N. D. Volkow, R. A. Wise, and R. Baler. “The Dopamine Motive System: Implications for Drug and Food Addiction.” Nat Rev Neurosci 18(12) (2017): 741–752. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2017.130.
2. W. Li, Z. Wang, S. Syed, et al. “Chronic Social Isolation Signals Starvation and Reduces Sleep in Drosophila.” Nature 597(7875) (2021): 239–244. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03837-0.
3. G. Xia, Y. Han, F. Meng, et al. “Reciprocal Control of Obesity and Anxiety – Depressive Disorder via a GABA and Serotonin Neural Circuit.” Mol Psychiatry 26(7) (2021): 2837–2853. doi: 10.1038/ s41380-021-01053-w.
4. E. Ginter and V. Simko. “New Data on Harmful Effects of Trans-Fatty Acids.” Bratisl Lek Listy 117(5) (2016): 251–253. doi: 10.4149/bll_2016_048.
5. C. S. Pase, V. G. Metz, K. Roversi, K. Roversi, L. T. Vey, V. T. Dias, C. F. Schons, C. T. de David Antoniazzi, T. Duarte, M. Duarte, and M. E. Burger. “Trans Fat Intake During Pregnancy or Lactation Increases Anxiety-like Behavior and Alters Proinflammatory Cytokines and Glucocorticoid Receptor Levels in the Hippocampus of Adult Offspring.” Brain Res Bull 166 (2021): 110–117. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.11.016.
6. Theodora Psaltopoulou, Theodoros N. Sergentanis, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Ioannis N. Sergentanis, Rena Kosti, and Nikolaos Scarmeas. “Mediterranean Diet, Stroke, Cognitive Impairment, and Depression: A Meta-analysis.” Ann Neurol 74(4) (2013): 580–91. doi: 10.1002/ana.23944.
7. M. P. Mollica, G. Mattace Raso, G. Cavaliere, et al. “Butyrate Regulates Liver Mitochondrial Function, Efficiency, and Dynamics in Insulin-Resistant Obese Mice.” Diabetes 66(5) (2017): 1405–1418. doi: 10.2337/ db16-0924.
8. É. Szentirmai, N. S. Millican, A. R. Massie, et al. “Butyrate, a Metabolite of Intestinal Bacteria, Enhances Sleep.” Sci Rep 9(1) (2019): 7035. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43502-1.
9. S. M. Matt, J. M. Allen, M. A. Lawson, L. J. Mailing, J. A. Woods, and R. W. Johnson. “Butyrate and Dietary Soluble Fiber Improve Neuroinflammation Associated with Aging in Mice.” Front Immunol 9 (2018): 1832. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01832.
10. R. Mastrocola, F. Restivo, I. Vercellinatto, O. Danni, E. Brignardello, M. Aragno, and G. Boccuzzi. “Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Brain Mitochondria of Diabetic Rats.” J Endocrinol 187(1) (2005): 37–44. doi: 10.1677/joe.1.06269.
11. A. Czajka and A. N. Malik. “Hyperglycemia Induced Damage to Mitochondrial Respiration in Renal Mesangial and Tubular Cells: Implications for Diabetic Nephropathy.” Redox Biol 10 (2016): 100–107. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.007.
12. A. J. Sommerfield, I. J. Deary, and B. M. Frier. “Acute Hyperglycemia Alters Mood State and Impairs Cognitive Performance in People with Type 2 Diabetes.” Diabetes Care 27(10) (2004): 2335–2340. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.10.2335.
13. M. Kirvalidze, A. Hodkinson, D. Storman, T. J. Fairchild, M. M. Bała, G. Beridze, A. Zuriaga, N. I. Brudasca, and S. Brini. “The Role of Glucose in Cognition, Risk of Dementia, and Related Biomarkers in Individuals Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or the Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.” Neurosci Biobehav 135 (Rev. April 2022): 104551. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104551.
14. C. Toda, J. D. Kim, D. Impellizzeri, S. Cuzzocrea, Z. W. Liu, S. Diano. “UCP2 Regulates Mitochondrial Fission and Ventromedial Nucleus Control of Glucose Responsiveness.” Cell 164(5) (2016): 872–883. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.010.
15. A. Fagiolini, D. J. Kupfer, P. R. Houck, D. M. Novick, and E. Frank. “Obesity as a Correlate of Outcome in Patients with Bipolar I Disorder.” Am J Psychiatry 160(1) (2003): 112–117. doi: 10.1176/appi. ajp.160.1.112.
16. Noppamas Pipatpiboon, Wasana Pratchayasakul, Nipon Chattipakorn, and Siriporn C. Chattipakorn. “PPARγ Agonist Improves Neuronal Insulin Receptor Function in Hippocampus and Brain Mitochondria Function in Rats with Insulin Resistance Induced by Long Term High-Fat Diets.” Endocrinology 153(1) (2012): 329–338. doi: 10.1210/en.2011–1502.
17. H. Y. Liu, E. Yehuda-Shnaidman, T. Hong, et al. “Prolonged Exposure to Insulin Suppresses Mitochondrial Production in Primary Hepatocytes.” J Biol Chem 284(21) (2009): 14087–14095. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M807992200.
18. K. Wardelmann, S. Blümel, M. Rath, E. Alfine, C. Chudoba, M. Schell, W. Cai, R. Hauffe, K. Warnke, T. Flore, K. Ritter, J. Weiß, C. R. Kahn, and A. Kleinridders. “Insulin Action in the Brain Regulates Mitochondrial Stress Responses and Reduces Diet-Induced Weight Gain.” Mol Metab 21(2019): 68–81. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.01.001.
19. J. D. Kim, N. A. Yoon, S. Jin, and S. Diano. “Microglial UCP2 Mediates Inflammation and Obesity Induced by High-Fat Feeding.” Cell Metab 30(5) (2019): 952–962. e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.010.
20. M. O. Dietrich, Z. W. Liu, and T. L. Horvath. “Mitochondrial Dynamics Controlled by Mitofusins Regulate Agrp Neuronal Activity and Diet-Induced Obesity.” Cell 155(1) (2013): 188–199. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.004; M. Schneeberger, M. O. Dietrich, D. Sebastián, et al. “Mitofusin 2 in POMC Neurons Connects ER Stress with Leptin Resistance and Energy Imbalance.” Cell 155(1) (2013): 172–187. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.003.
21. A. S. Rambold, B. Kostelecky, N. Elia, and J. Lippincott-Schwartz. “Tubular Network Formation Protects Mitochondria from Autophagosomal Degradation During Nutrient Starvation.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(25) (2011): 10190–10195. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1107402108.
22. A. Keys, J. Brozek, A. Henshel, O. Mickelson, and H. L. Taylor. The Biology of Human Starvation, vols. 1–2 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1950).
23. C. Lindfors, I. A. Nilsson, P. M. Garcia-Roves, A. R. Zuberi, M. Karimi, L. R. Donahue, D. C. Roopenian, J. Mulder, M. Uhlén, T. J. Ekström, M. T. Davisson, T. G. Hökfelt, M. Schalling, and J. E. Johansen. “Hypothalamic Mitochondrial Dysfunction Associated with Anorexia in the Anx/Anx Mouse.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(44) (2011): 18108–18113. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1114863108.
24. V. M. Victor, S. Rovira-Llopis, V. Saiz-Alarcon, et al. “Altered Mitochondrial Function and Oxidative Stress in Leukocytes of Anorexia Nervosa Patients.” PLoS One 9(9) (2014): e 106463. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106463.
25. P. Turnbaugh, R. Ley, M. Mahowald, et al. “An Obesity-Associated Gut Microbiome with Increased Capacity for Energy Harvest.” Nature 444(7122) (2006): 1027–1031. doi: 10.1038/nature05414.
26. D. N. Jackson and A. L. Theiss. “Gut Bacteria Signaling to Mitochondria in Intestinal Inflammation and Cancer.” Gut Microbes 11(3) (2020): 285–304. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1592421.
27. C. M. Palmer. “Diets and Disorders: Can Foods or Fasting Be Considered Psychopharmacologic Therapies?” J Clin Psychiatry 81(1) (2019): 19ac12727. doi: 10.4088/JCP.19ac12727. PMID: 31294934.
28. C. T. Hoepner, R. S. McIntyre, and G. I. Papakostas. “Impact of Supplementation and Nutritional Interventions on Pathogenic Processes of Mood Disorders: A Review of the Evidence.” Nutrients 13(3) (2021): 767.doi: 10.3390/nu13030767; National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. June 3, 2020. “Dietary Supplements for Primary Mitochondrial Disorders.” NIH, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ PrimaryMitochondrialDisorders-HealthProfessional/. Retrieved 7/24/21.
29. M. Berk, A. Turner, G. S. Malhi, et al. “A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Mitochondrial Therapeutic Target for Bipolar Depression: Mitochondrial Agents, N-acetylcysteine, and Placebo.” BMC Med 17(1) (2019): 18. [Published correction appears in BMC Med 17(1) (2019): 35.] doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1257-1.
30. F. N. Jacka, A. O’Neil, R. Opie, et al. “A Randomised Controlled Trial of Dietary Improvement for Adults with Major Depression (the ‘SMILES’ Trial).” BMC Med 15(1) (2017): 23. doi: 10.1186/ s12916-017-0791-y.
31. K. A. Amick, G. Mahapatra, J. Bergstrom, Z. Gao, S. Craft, T. C. Register, C. A. Shively, and A. J. A. Molina. “Brain Region-Specific Disruption of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Cynomolgus Macaques Fed a Western Versus a Mediterranean Diet.” Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 321(5) (2021): E652–E664. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00165.2021.
32. Y. Liu, A. Cheng, Y. J. Li, Y. Yang, Y. Kishimoto, S. Zhang, Y. Wang, R. Wan, S. M. Raefsky, D. Lu, T. Saito, T. Saido, J. Zhu, L. J. Wu, and M. P. Mattson. “SIRT3 Mediates Hippocampal Synaptic Adaptations to Intermittent Fasting and Ameliorates Deficits in APP Mutant Mice.” Nat Commun 10(1) (2019): 1886. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09897-1.
33. M. Mattson, K. Moehl, N. Ghena, et al. “Intermittent Metabolic Switching, Neuroplasticity and Brain Health.” Nat Rev Neurosci 19(2) (2018): 81–94. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2017.156.
34. K. J. Martin-McGill, R. Bresnahan, R. G. Levy, and P. N. Cooper. “Ketogenic Diets for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6(6) (2020): CD001903. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001903.pub5.
35. K. J. Bough, J. Wetherington, B. Hassel, J. F. Pare, J. W. Gawryluk, J. G. Greene, R. Shaw, Y. Smith, J. D. Geiger, and R. J. Dingledine. “Mitochondrial Biogenesis in the Anticonvulsant Mechanism of the Ketogenic Diet.” Ann Neurol 60(2) (2006): 223–235. doi: 10.1002/ana.20899; J. M. Rho. “How Does the Ketogenic Diet Induce Anti-Seizure Effects?” Neurosci Lett 637 (2017): 4–10. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.07.034.
36. C. M. Palmer, J. Gilbert-Jaramillo, and E. C. Westman. “The Ketogenic Diet and Remission of Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Two Case Studies.” Schizophr Res 208 (2019): 439–440. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.019. Epub April 6, 2019. PMID: 30962118.
37. M. C. L. Phillips, L. M. Deprez, G. M. N. Mortimer, et al. “Randomized Crossover Trial of a Modified Ketogenic Diet in Alzheimer’s Disease.” Alzheimer’s Res Ther 13(1) (2021): 51. doi: 10.1186/ s13195-021-00783-x.
1. H. K. Seitz, R. Bataller, H. Cortez-Pinto, B. Gao, A. Gual, C. Lackner, P. Mathurin, S. Mueller, G. Szabo, and H. Tsukamoto. “Alcoholic Liver Disease.” Nat Rev Dis Primers 4(1) (2018): 16. doi: 10.1038/s41572-0180014-7. Erratum in: Nat Rev Dis Primers 4(1) (2018): 18. PMID: 30115921.
2. C. Tapia-Rojas, A. K. Torres, and R. A. Quintanilla. “Adolescence Binge Alcohol Consumption Induces Hippocampal Mitochondrial Impairment That Persists During the Adulthood.” Neuroscience 406 (2019): 356–368. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.018.
3. Nora D. Volkow, Sung Won Kim, Gene-Jack Wang, David Alexoff, Jean Logan, Lisa Muench, Colleen Shea, et al. “Acute Alcohol Intoxication Decreases Glucose Metabolism but Increases Acetate Uptake in the Human Brain.” NeuroImage 64 (2013): 277–283. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.057.
4. N. D. Volkow, G. J. Wang, E. Shokri Kojori, J. S. Fowler, H. Benveniste, and D. Tomasi. “Alcohol Decreases Baseline Brain Glucose Metabolism More in Heavy Drinkers Than Controls but Has No Effect on Stimulation-Induced Metabolic Increases.” J Neurosci 35(7) (2015): 3248–3255. doi:10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.4877-14.2015.
5. C. E. Wiers, L. F. Vendruscolo, J. W. van der Veen, et al. “Ketogenic Diet Reduces Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms in Humans and Alcohol Intake in Rodents.” Sci Adv 7(15) (2021): eabf6780. doi: 10.1126/ sciadv.abf6780.
6. N. D. Volkow, J. M. Swanson, A. E. Evins, L. E. DeLisi, M. H. Meier, R. Gonzalez, M. A. Bloomfield, H. V. Curran, and R. Baler. “Effects of Cannabis Use on Human Behavior, Including Cognition, Motivation, and Psychosis: A Review.” JAMA Psychiatry 73(3) (2016): 292–297. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.3278.
7. T. Harkany and T. L. Horvath. “(S)Pot on Mitochondria: Cannabinoids Disrupt Cellular Respiration to Limit Neuronal Activity.” Cell Metab 25(1) (2017): 8–10. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.020.
8. M. D. Albaugh, J. Ottino-Gonzalez, A. Sidwell, et al. “Association of Cannabis Use During Adolescence with Neurodevelopment.” JAMA Psychiatry 78(9) (2021): 1031–1040. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1258.
9. D. Jimenez-Blasco, A. Busquets-Garcia, et al. “Glucose Metabolism Links Astroglial Mitochondria to Cannabinoid Effects.” Nature 583(7817) (2020): 603–608. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2470-y.
10. E. Hebert-Chatelain, T. Desprez, R. Serrat, et al. “A Cannabinoid Link Between Mitochondria and Memory.” Nature 539(7630) (November 24, 2016): 555–559. doi: 10.1038/nature20127.
1. S. R. Chekroud, R. Gueorguieva, A. B. Zheutlin, M. Paulus, H. M. Krumholz, J. H. Krystal, and A. M. Chekroud. “Association Between Physical Exercise and Mental Health in 1.2 Million Individuals in the USA Between 2011 and 2015: A Cross-Sectional Study. Lancet Psychiatry 5(9) (2018): 739–746. doi: 10.1016/ S2215-0366(18)30227-X.
2. G. A. Greendale, W. Han, M. Huang, et al. “Longitudinal Assessment of Physical Activity and Cognitive Outcomes Among Women at Midlife.” JAMA Netw Open 4(3) (2021): e213227. doi: 10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2021.3227.
3. J. Krogh, C. Hjorthøj, H. Speyer, C. Gluud, and M. Nordentoft. “Exercise for Patients with Major Depression: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.” BMJ Open 7(9) (2017): e014820. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014820.
4. World Health Organization. Motion for Your Mind: Physical Activity for Mental Health Promotion, Protection, and Care. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2019. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/physical-activity/publications/2019/motion-for-your-mind-physical-activity-for-mental-health-promotion, – protection-and-care-2019.
5. K. Contrepois, S. Wu, K. J. Moneghetti, D. Hornburg, et al. “Molecular Choreography of Acute Exercise.” Cell 181(5) (2020): 1112–1130.e16. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.043.
6. A. R. Konopka, J. L. Laurin, H. M. Schoenberg, J. J. Reid, W. M. Castor, C. A. Wolff, R. V. Musci, O. D. Safairad, M. A. Linden, L. M. Biela, S. M. Bailey, K. L. Hamilton, and B. F. Miller. “Metformin Inhibits Mitochondrial Adaptations to Aerobic Exercise Training in Older Adults.” Aging Cell 18(1) (2019): e12880.doi: 10.1111/acel.12880.
7. Kathrin Steib, Iris Schäffner, Ravi Jagasia, Birgit Ebert, and D. Chichung Lie. “Mitochondria Modify Exercise-Induced Development of Stem Cell-Derived Neurons in the Adult Brain.” J Neurosci 34(19) (2014): 6624. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4972-13.2014.
1. H. T. Chugani, M. E. Behen, O. Muzik, C. Juhász, F. Nagy, and D. C. Chugani. “Local Brain Functional Activity Following Early Deprivation: A Study of Postinstitutionalized Romanian Orphans.” Neuroimage 14(6) (2001): 1290–1301. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0917.
2. M. Picard, A. A. Prather, E. Puterman, A. Cuillerier, M. Coccia, K. Aschbacher, Y. Burelle, and E. S. Epel. “A Mitochondrial Health Index Sensitive to Mood and Caregiving Stress.” Biol Psychiatry 84(1) (2018): 9–17.doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.012.
3. Frankl, V. E. Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984).
4. A. Alimujiang, A. Wiensch, J. Boss, et al. “Association Between Life Purpose and Mortality Among US Adults Older Than 50 Years.” JAMA Netw Open 2(5) (2019): e194270. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4270.
5. R. Cohen, C. Bavishi, and A. Rozanski. “Purpose in Life and Its Relationship to All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychosom Med 78(2) (2016): 122–133. doi: 10.1097/ PSY.0000000000000274.
6. L. Miller, R. Bansal, P. Wickramaratne, et al. “Neuroanatomical Correlates of Religiosity and Spirituality: A Study in Adults at High and Low Familial Risk for Depression.” JAMA Psychiatry 71(2) (2014): 128–135.doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3067.
7. T. J. VanderWeele, S. Li, A. C. Tsai, and I. Kawachi. “Association Between Religious Service Attendance and Lower Suicide Rates Among US Women.” JAMA Psychiatry 73(8) (2016): 845–851. doi: 10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2016.1243.
8. H. G. Koenig. “Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications.” ISRN Psychiatry 2012 (2012): 278730. doi: 10.5402/2012/278730
9. C. Timmermann, H. Kettner, C. Letheby, et al. “Psychedelics Alter Metaphysical Beliefs.” Sci Rep 11(1) (2021): 22166. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01209-2.
10. J. A. Dusek, H. H. Otu, A. L. Wohlhueter, M. Bhasin, L. F. Zerbini, M. G. Joseph, H. Benson, and T. A. Libermann. “Genomic Counter-Stress Changes Induced by the Relaxation Response.” PLoS One 3(7) (2008): e2576. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002576.
11. M. K. Bhasin, J. A. Dusek, B. H. Chang, M. G. Joseph, J. W. Denninger, G. L. Fricchione, H. Benson, and T. A. Libermann. “Relaxation Response Induces Temporal Transcriptome Changes in Energy Metabolism, Insulin Secretion and Inflammatory Pathways.” PLoS One 8(5) (2013): e62817. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062817.
1. M. Búrigo, C. A. Roza, C. Bassani, D. A. Fagundes, G. T. Rezin, G. Feier, F. Dal-Pizzol, J. Quevedo, and E. L. Streck. “Effect of Electroconvulsive Shock on Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain in Rat Brain.” Neurochem Res 31(11) (2006): 1375–1379. doi: 10.1007/s11064-006-9185-9.
2. F. Chen, J. Danladi, G. Wegener, T. M. Madsen, and J. R. Nyengaard. “Sustained Ultrastructural Changes in Rat Hippocampal Formation After Repeated Electroconvulsive Seizures.” Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 23(7) (2020): 446–458. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa021.
3. F. J. Medina and I. Túnez. “Mechanisms and Pathways Underlying the Therapeutic Effect of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.” Rev Neurosci 24(5) (2013): 507–525. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0024.
4. H. L. Feng, L. Yan, and L. Y. Cui. “Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Adenosine Triphosphate Content and Microtubule Associated Protein-2 Expression After Cerebral IschemiaReperfusion Injury in Rat Brain.” Chin Med J (Engl) 121(14) (2008): 1307–1312. PMID: 18713553.
5. X. Zong, Y. Dong, Y. Li, L. Yang, Y. Li, B. Yang, L. Tucker, N. Zhao, D. W. Brann, X. Yan, S. Hu, and Q. Zhang. “Beneficial Effects of Theta-Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Stroke Injury via Improving Neuronal Microenvironment and Mitochondrial Integrity.” Transl Stroke Res 11(3) (2020): 450–467. doi: 10.1007/s12975-019-00731-w.
6. C. L. Cimpianu, W. Strube, P. Falkai, U. Palm, and A. Hasan. “Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Psychiatry: A Systematic Review of the Available Evidence.” J Neural Transm (Vienna) 124(1) (2017): 145–158. doi: 10.1007/s00702-016-1642-2.