CHAPTER I
And it hurries to live and it hastens to feel.
Prince Vyazemsky1
I
My uncle is a man of honour,
When in good earnest he fell ill,
He won respect by his demeanour
And found the role he best could fill.
Let others profit by his lesson,
But, oh my God, what desolation
To tend a sick man day and night
And not to venture from his sight!
What shameful cunning to be cheerful
With someone who is halfway dead,
To prop up pillows by his head,
To bring him medicine, looking tearful,
To sigh – while inwardly you think:
When will the devil let him sink?
2
Reflecting thus, a youthful scapegrace,
By lofty Zeus’s2 will the heir
Of all his kinsfolk, in a post-chaise,
Flew headlong through the dusty air.
Friends of Ruslan and of Lyudmila3
Let me acquaint you with this fellow,
The hero of my novel, pray,
Without preamble or delay:
My friend Onegin was begotten
By the Neva, where maybe you
Originated, reader, too
Or where your lustre’s not forgotten:
I liked to stroll there formerly,
But now the North’s unsafe for me.4
3
Having retired from noble service,
His father lived on borrowed cash,
He gave three balls a year, impervious
And lost all in a final crash.
Eugene was saved by fate’s decision:
Madame took on his supervision,
Then to Monsieur passed on her trust.5
The child had charm, though boisterous.
Monsieur l’Abbé, a threadbare Frenchman,
Made light of everything he taught
For fear of getting Eugene fraught;
Of stern morality no henchman,
He’d mildly check a boyish lark
And walked him in the Summer Park.6
4
But when young Eugene reached the morrow
Of adolescent turbulence,
Season of hopes and tender sorrow,
Monsieur was straightway driven hence.
Behold my Eugene’s liberation:
With hair trimmed to the latest fashion,
Dressed like a London dandy, he
At last saw high society.
In French, which he’d by now perfected,
He could express himself and write,
Dance the mazurka, treading light
And bow in manner unaffected.
What more? Society opined:
Here was a youth with charm and mind.
5
We’ve all learned through our education
Some few things in some random way;
Thank God, then, it’s no tribulation
To put our knowledge on display.
Onegin was to many people
(Who judged him by the strictest scruple)
A pedant, yet an able lad.
He was by fortune talented
At seeming always to be curious,
At touching lightly on a thing,
At looking wise and listening,
When argument became too serious,
And, with a sudden epigram,
At setting ladies’ smiles aflame.
6
Custom no longer favours Latin:
The truth, therefore, was plain enough –
That he was able with a smattering
To puzzle out an epigraph,
To talk of Juvenal7 or set a
Concluding vale to a letter;
From the Aeneid8 a verse or two,
Not without fault, he also knew.
He did not have the scholar’s temper
In dusty chronicles to trace
The story of the human race:
But anecdotes he did remember
Of bygone times, which he’d relay,
From Romulus until this day.
7
The lofty passion not possessing,
That sacrifices life to rhyme,
He could, no matter how we pressed him,
Not tell a trochee from an iamb,
Homer,9 Theocritus10 he rubbished,
But Adam Smith11 instead he relished,
And was a great economist.
That is, he knew how states subsist,
Acquire their wealth, and what they live on
And why they can dispense with gold,
When, in the land itself they hold
The simple product12 ready given.
His father could not understand,
And mortgaged, therefore, all his land.
8
What Eugene knew of in addition
I have no leisure to impart,
But where he showed true erudition,
More than in any other art,
What from his early adolescence
Had brought him bliss and painful lessons,
What all day long would occupy
His aching inactivity –
This was the art of tender passion,
That Ovid13 sang and paid for dear,
Ending his brilliant, wild career
In banishment and deportation
To far Moldavia’s steppes, where he
Pined for his native Italy.
[9]14
10
How soon he learned the skill of feigning,
Of seeming jealous, hiding hope,
Inspiring faith and undermining,
Appearing sombre and to mope,
Now acting proud and now submissive,
By turns attentive and dismissive!
How languid, when no word he said,
How fiery, when he spoke, instead,
In letters of the heart how casual!
Loving one thing exclusively,
How self-forgetting he could be!
How rapid was his look and bashful,
Tender and bold, while off and on
With an obedient tear it shone.
11
What talent for appearing novel,
Causing with feigned despair alarm,
Jesting to make the guileless marvel,
Flattering to entertain and charm,
Pouncing upon a moment’s weakness,
Subduing innocence and meekness
With passion and intelligence,
Expecting certain recompense,
Begging, demanding declarations,
Eavesdropping on the heart’s first sound,
Chasing his love, and, in a bound,
Snatching clandestine assignations…
And later in tranquillity
Giving her lessons privately!
12
How soon he knew how to bedevil
The heart of a professed coquette!
Or, to annihilate a rival,
How bitingly he would beget
A train of malice, spite and slander!
What snares he’d set to make him founder!
But you, blest husbands, you remained
His friends and kept him entertained:
The cunning spouse, a Faublas15 pupil,
Was eager to become his man,
So, too, the wary veteran,
And the grand cuckold, without scruple,
Forever satisfied with life,
His dinner and adoring wife.
[13, 14]
15
Sometimes, when still in bed he drowses,
Notelets are brought to greet the day –
What? Invitations? Yes, three houses
Inviting him to a soirée:
A ball here, there a children’s evening,
For which will my young scamp be leaving?
With which begin? It matters not:
He’ll be wherever on the dot.
Meanwhile, apparelled for the morning
And, donning a broad bolivar,16
Onegin to the boulevard
Drives out and strolls, at leisure swanning,
Until Bréguet17 with watchful chime
Rings out that it is dinner time.
16
It’s dark: into a sleigh he settles.
The cry resounds: ‘Away, away’;18
Upon his beaver collar, petals
Of frostdust form a silver spray.
Off to Talon’s:19 he’s sure that therein,
Waiting for him, he’ll find Kaverin.20
He enters: cork to ceiling goes
And comet wine21 spurts forth and flows,
Bloody roast beef22 is there to savour,
And truffles, young men’s luxury,
The bouquet of French cookery,
And Strasbourg pie, that keeps for ever,23
Between a golden ananas24
And Limburg cheese’s living mass.25
17
Thirst still replenishes the beakers
To down hot cutlets one by one,
But Bréguet tells the pleasure seekers
Of a new ballet that’s begun.
The theatre’s heartless legislator,
Fickle adorer and spectator
Of actresses, who are the rage,
An honoured citizen backstage,
Onegin flies off to the theatre,
Where liberty’s admirers26 are
Prepared to clap an entrechat,
To hiss off Cleopatra, Phaedra,
Call for Moëna27 (in a word,
Make sure their voices can be heard).
18
Enchanting world! There shone Fonvizin,28
Bold king of the satiric scene,
A friend of liberty and reason,
And there shone copycat Knyazhnin.29
There, Ozerov30 shared the elation
Of public tears and acclamation
With young Semyonova; there our
Katenin31 reproduced the power
of Corneille’s genius; there the scathing
Prince Shakhovskoy32 delivered his
Resounding swarm of comedies;
There was Didelot,33 in glory bathing;
There, in the wings that gave me shelter,
My youthful days sped helter-skelter.
19
My goddesses! Where now? Forsaken?
Oh hearken to my call, I rue:
Are you the same? Have others taken
Your place without replacing you?
When shall I listen to your chorus,
Behold in soul-filled flight before us
Russia’s Terpsichore34 again?
Or will my mournful gaze in vain
Seek a known face on dreary stages,
And, with my disabused lorgnette
Upon an alien public set,
Indifferent to its latest rages,
Shall I in silence yawn and cast
My mind back to a bygone past?
20
The house is full; the boxes brilliant;
Parterre and stalls – all seethe and roar;
Up in the gods they clap, ebullient,
And, with a swish, the curtains soar.
Semi-ethereal and radiant,
To the enchanting bow obedient,
Ringed round by nymphs, Istomina35
Stands still; one foot supporting her,
She circles slowly with the other,
And lo! a leap, and lo! she flies,
Flies off like fluff across the skies,
By Aeolus36 wafted hither thither;
Her waist she twists, untwists; her feet
Against each other swiftly beat.
21
Applause all round. Onegin enters,
Treading on toes at every stall,
Askew, his double eyeglass centres
On ladies whom he can’t recall;
At boxes, at the tiers he gazes;
With all the finery and faces
He’s dreadfully dissatisfied;
Bows to the men on every side
And, in profound abstraction pacing,
Looks at the stage, then turns away –
And yawns, exclaiming with dismay:
‘The whole damn lot there need replacing.
I’ve suffered ballets long enough,
And even Didelot’s boring stuff.’37
22
Still cupids, devils, snakes keep leaping
Across the stage with noisy roars;
And weary footmen still are sleeping
On furs at the theatre doors;
There’s coughing still and stamping, slapping,
Blowing of noses, hissing, clapping;
Still inside, outside, burning bright,
The lamps illuminate the night;
And still in harness shivering horses
Fidget, while coachmen round a fire,
Beating their palms together, tire,
Reviling masters with their curses;
Already, though, Onegin’s gone
To put some new apparel on.
23
Shall I attempt to picture truly
The secret and secluded den
Where fashion’s model pupil duly
Is dressed, undressed and dressed again?
Whatever trinket-dealing London
To satisfy our whims abundant
Exports across the Baltic flood,
Exchanging it for tallow, wood;
Whatever Paris, in its hunger,
Having made taste an industry,
Invents for our frivolity,
For luxury and modish languor –
These graced, at eighteen years of age,
The study of our youthful sage.
24
Pipes from Tsargrad,38 inlaid with amber,
Bronzes and china on a stand,
Perfumes39 in crystal vials to pamper
The senses of a gentleman;
Combs, little files of steel, and scissors,
Straight ones and curved, and tiny tweezers,
And thirty kinds of brush to clean
The nails and teeth, and keep their sheen.
Rousseau40 (I’ll note with your permission)
Could not conceive how solemn Grimm41
Dared clean his nails in front of him,
The madcap sage and rhetorician.
Champion of rights and liberty,
In this case judged wrong-headedly.
25
One still can be a man of action
And mind the beauty of one’s nails:
Why fight the age’s predilection?
Custom’s a despot and prevails.
My Eugene, like Chaadaev,42 fearful
Of jealous censure, was most careful
About his dress – a pedant or
A dandy, as we said before.
At least three hours he spent preparing
In front of mirrors in his lair,
And, stepping out at last from there,
Looked like a giddy Venus wearing
A man’s attire, who, thus arrayed,
Drives out to join a masquerade.
26
Having diverted you concerning
The latest taste in toiletry,
I could regale the world of learning
With his sartorial repertory;
An enterprise that’s bold, I know it,
Yet, after all, I am a poet:
But pantalons, frac and gilet43
Are still not Russian words today.
Indeed, I offer my excuses,
Since my poor style, such as it is,
Could well forgo the vanities
Of foreign words and like abuses,
Though I dipped into, formerly,
The Academic Dictionary.
27
But to continue with our story:
We’d better hurry to the ball
To which Onegin in his glory
Has sped by coach to make his call.
Through sleeping streets, past houses darkened
Twin carriage lamps pour out a jocund
Illumination row on row,
Projecting rainbows on the snow;
With lampions around it scattered,
A splendid house is brightly lit,
Past whole-glass windows shadows flit
And profiled heads are silhouetted
Of ladies, and outlandish men –
Fashion’s most recent specimen.
28
Behold our hero at the doorway;
Past the hall porter like a dart
He flies, ascends the marble stairway,
Flicking his straying hair apart,
Enters. The ballroom’s full to brimming;
The music now is tired of dinning;
Mazurkas entertain the crowd;
The room is packed, the noise is loud;
The spurs of Chevalier Gardes44 jangle,
The little feet of ladies fly;
Their charming tracks are followed by
Glances that fly from every angle,
And jealous female whisperings
Are deafened by the howling strings.
29
In days of revelries and passions
I’d go insane about a ball:
For billets doux and declarations
There’s no securer place at all,
Respected husbands! May I offer
My service to you lest you suffer;
I beg you, note my every word,
I want you always on your guard.
And you, mammas, pay more attention,
Observe your daughters’ etiquette
And keep a hold on your lorgnette!
Or else… you’ll need God’s intervention!
I’m only writing this to show
That I stopped sinning long ago.
30
Alas, much life I have neglected
For every pastime thinkable,
Yet were my morals not affected,
I to this day would love a ball.
I love the youthfulness and madness,
The crush, the glitter and the gladness,
The care with which the women dress;
I love their little feet, yet guess
You’d be unlikely to discover
Three shapely pairs of women’s feet
In all of Russia. Long indeed
Have two small feet caused me to suffer…
Sad, cold, I still recall their smart,
And in my sleep they stir my heart.
31
To what far desert will you wander,
Madman, to overcome their sting?
Ah, little, little feet! I wonder
Where now you crush the flowers of spring?
Born to the softness of the orient,
On our sad snows you left no imprint:
You loved the sumptuous feel instead
Of rugs that yielded to your tread,
You lived in luxury, refinement.
For you how long ago did I
Forget renown and eulogy,
My native land and my confinement?
The happiness of youth has passed
Like your light trace on meadow grass.
32
Diana’s45 breast, the cheeks of Flora,46
Are charming, friends, I do agree,
But somehow what enchant me more are
The small feet of Terpsichore.
To all who gaze on them magnetic,
Of priceless recompense prophetic,
Their classic gracefulness inspires
A wilful swarming of desires.
I love them, dear Elvina,47 under
A lengthy tablecloth or pressed
On grass in spring or when they rest
In winter on a cast-iron fender,
Upon the parquet floors of halls,
Beside the sea on granite walls.
33
Once by the sea, a storm impending,
I recollect my envy of
The waves, successively descending,
Collapsing at her feet with love.
Oh how I wished to join their races
And catch her feet in my embraces!
No, never did I in the fire
Of my ebullient youth desire
To kiss with so much pain and hunger
A young Armida’s48 lips or seek
The rose upon a flaming cheek
Or touch a bosom full of languor;
No, never did a passion’s squall
So rend and tear apart my soul.
34
Another memory comes, revealing
A cherished dream in which I stand
Holding a happy stirrup… feeling
A tiny foot inside my hand.
Imagination seethes, excited,
Once more its contact has ignited
The blood within my withered heart,
Once more I love, once more I smart!…
But why should I think it my duty
To praise these proud ones with my lyre,
Who don’t deserve the passions or
The songs engendered by their beauty.
Their charming words and glances cheat
As surely as… their little feet.
35
But my Onegin? Home to bed he
Drives sleepily through city streets,
While restless Petersburg already
Is wakened by the drummer’ beats.
The merchant’s up, the hawker’s calling,
And to his stand the cabman’s crawling,
The Okhta49 girl, her jug held tight,
Crunches the snow in hurried flight.
The early-morning noise is cheering,
Shutters unlock, in columns high
Blue chimney smoke ascends the sky,
The baker, punctual German, wearing
His cotton cap, already has
Opened and shut his vasisdas.50
36
But, turning morning into nighttime,
Exhausted by the ballroom’s din,
The child of luxury and pastime
In blissful shade sleeps quietly in.
He’ll wake past noon, and till next morning
His selfsame life will go on turning
In its unchanging, motley way,
Tomorrow just like yesterday.
And yet how happy was my Eugene –
A free man in the bloom of years
‘midst splendid conquests and affairs,
‘midst daily pleasures to indulge in?
Was it in vain that, feasting, he
Displayed such health and levity?
37
No: soon a coldness numbed his feeling;
The social hubbub left him bored;
The fair sex ceased to be appealing,
To dominate his every thought.
Betrayals no more entertained him,
While friends and friendships simply pained him,
Since he, not always, it was plain,
Could drink a bottle of champagne,
To down a Strasbourg pie and beef-steaks,
And scatter caustic words of wit,
While thinking that his head might split;
And he, a fiery rake, his leave takes
Of that exhilerating life
Of sabre, lead and martial strife.
38
A malady, whose explanation
Is overdue, and similar
To English spleen – the Russian version,
In short, is what we call khandra –51
Possessed him bit by bit; not tempted,
Thank God, to shoot himself, but, emptied
Of all attachment to this life,
He, like Childe Harold,52 would arrive
In drawing rooms, dejected, languid;
Neither the worldly gossiping,
Nor game of boston,53 then in swing,
Immodest sighs or glances candid,
Naught touched Onegin to the core
He noticed nothing any more.
[39, 40, 41]
42
Capricious ladies of society!
You were the first ones he forswore,
And, in our years, bon ton,54 propriety
Have, it is true, become a bore;
While you may find a dame among them,
Elucidating Say and Bentham,55
Their conversation, all in all,
While harmless, is nonsensical;
On top of that, they are so gracious,
Majestic and intelligent,
So full of pious sentiment,
So circumspect, precise and precious,
So inaccessible to men,
The sight of them brings on the spleen.56
43
And even you, young beauties, gracing
The droshkies that career away,
Over the city’s pavements racing
From late at night to break of day,
You, too, he left in equal measure.
An apostate from stormy pleasure,
He locked himself inside his den,
Yawning, he reached out for a pen,
He wished to write – but could not manage
The pain of persevering toil,
Nothing proceeded from his quill,
Nor did he join that cocky parish
Or guild of which I’ll speak no wrong,
Since it’s among them I belong.
44
And once more given to inaction,
Empty in spirit and alone,
He settled down – to the distraction
Of making other minds his own;
Collecting books, he stacked a shelfful,
Read, read, not even one was helpful:
Here, there was dullness, there pretence;
This one lacked conscience, that one sense;
All were by different shackles fettered;
And, past times having lost their hold,
The new still raved about the old.
Like women, books he now deserted,
And mourning taffeta he drew
Across the bookshelf’s dusty crew.
45
Disburdened of the world’s opinions,
Like him, disdaining vanity,
At that time we became companions.
I liked his personality,
The dreams to which he was addicted,
The oddness not to be depicted,
The sharp, chilled mind and gloomy bent
That rivalled my embitterment.
We both had known the play of passions,
By life we both had been oppressed;
In each the heart had lost its zest;
Each waited for the machinations
Of men, and blind Fortuna’s gaze,
Blighting the morning of our days.
46
He who has lived and thought can never
Help in his soul despising men,
He who has felt will be forever
Haunted by days he can’t regain.
For him there are no more enchantments,
Him does the serpent of remembrance,
Him does repentance always gnaw.
All this will frequently afford
A great delight to conversations.
Initially, I was confused
By Eugene’s speech, but I grew used
To his abrasive disputations,
His humour halfway mixed with bile
And epigrams in sombre style.
47
How often did the summer court us,
When skies at night are limpid, bright57
And when the cheerful, glass-like waters
Do not reflect Diana’s light;
Recalling former years’ romances,
Recalling love that time enhances,
With tenderness, with not a care,
Alive, at liberty once more,
We drank, in mute intoxication,
The breath of the indulgent night!
Just as a sleepy convict might
Be carried from incarceration
Into a greenwood, so were we
Borne to our youth by reverie.
48
Leaning upon a ledge of granite,
His soul full of regrets and woes,
Eugene stood pensively (the Poet58
Himself appears in such a pose).
All round was silent, save a sentry
Hailing another, or the entry,
With sudden clip-clop from afar,
Of droshkies in Millionaya.59
Upon the sleeping river, gliding,
Sailed one lone boat with waving oars,
Bold song and horn from distant shores
Charmed us… but what is more delighting
Than on a merry night to hear
Toquato’s octaves drawing near!
49
O Adriatic waves, o Brenta!60
Nay, I shall see you and rejoice,
With inspiration new I’ll enter
And hearken to your magic voice!
To grandsons of Apollo sacred,
I know it well, to me it’s kindred
From Albion’s proud poetry.61
The nights of golden Italy
I’ll spend with a Venetian daughter,
Now talkative, now mute; with her
In a mysterious gondola
Voluptuously through the water
My lips will study how to move
In Petrarch’s62 tongue, the tongue of love.
50
My hour of freedom, is it coming?
I call to it: it’s time, it’s time!
Above the sea, forever roaming,63
I beckon every sail and clime.
Mantled by storms, with waves contending,
Upon the sea’s free crossway wending,
When shall I start my freedom’s flight?
Dull shore that gives me no delight,
It’s time to leave you for the ocean,
That swells beneath a Southern sky,
And in my Africa64 to sigh
For sombre Russia, for the portion
Of love and suffering I incurred
And where I left my heart interred.
51
Onegin was prepared to travel
To foreign parts with me, but fate
Was soon to part us and unravel
Our plans until a future date.
His father died upon the instant.
Before Onegin an insistent
Brigade of creditors appeared,
Each wanting something different cleared:
Eugene, detesting litigation,
Contented with his lot, at once
Abandoned his inheritance,
In this perceiving no privation,
Or was it that he could foretell
His ageing uncle’s death as well?
52
Indeed, quite suddenly the steward
Reported uncle gravely ill
And on his deathbed, looking forward
To bidding Eugene a farewell.
No sooner had he finished reading
This woeful note than to this meeting
Upon a post-chaise Eugene sped,
And yawned, as he prepared ahead
For sighs and boredom and deception
For money’ sake (and it was here
My novel started its career);
But he, instead of this reception,
Found uncle on a table laid,
Earth’s tribute ready to be paid.
53
He found the grounds full of attendants;
Arriving from all sides to call,
Friends, enemies were in attendance,
All lovers of a funeral.
The dead man buried, feasting followed,
The priests and guests imbibed and swallowed,
And, gravely, afterwards dispersed
As if some business they’d rehearsed.
Now our Onegin, country dweller,
Of land, wood, water, factory
Is master (former enemy
Of order and a wasteful fellow),
And very glad to change his lot
For something new, no matter what.
54
For two whole days the lonely meadows,
The bubbling brook’s tranquillity,
The oak wood’s leafy cool and shadows,
Appeared to him a novelty;
The third day he could no more muster
Delight in grove or hill or pasture;
Already they put him to sleep;
Clearly he saw he could not keep
Out boredom in a country setting,
Though not a palace, street or ball
Or cards or verse were there at all.
Khandra was there, on guard and waiting,
And dogged him like a faithful wife
Or shadow fixed to him for life.
55
But I was born for peaceful pleasures,
For country quiet: there I thrive:
There sounds the lyre with clearer measures.
Creative dreams are more alive.
In innocent pursuits I wander,
By a deserted lake I ponder
And far niente is my law.
I wake each morning ready for
Sweet comfort and a free existence:
I sleep a great deal, little read,
To wanton glory pay no heed.
Casting my mind into the distance,
Did I not spend my happiest days
In idleness and shaded ways?
56
O flowers, country, love, inaction,
O fields! I am your devotee!
I always note with satisfaction
Onegin’s difference from me,
Lest somewhere a sarcastic reader
Or publisher or such-like breeder
Of complicated calumny
Discerns my physiognomy
And shamelessly repeats the fable
That I have crudely versified
Myself like Byron, bard of pride,
As if we were no longer able
To write a poem and discuss
A subject not concerning us.
57
Poets, I’ll note, in this connection
Are friends of amorous reverie.
It used to be my predilection
To dream of objects dear to me;
My soul retained their secret image
Until the Muse gave them a language:
Carefree, I’d sing of my ideal,
Maid of the mountains, and of all
The captive maids of Salgir’s65 waters.
Now, friends, I hear you put to me,
The question not infrequently:
For whom among these jealous daughters
Sighs most your lyre? To which of these
Did you devote its melodies?
58
‘Whose gaze, exciting inspiration,
Rewarded with caressing eyes
Your pensive song and adoration?
Whom did your verses idolize?’
Friends, not a single one, believe me!
Love’s mad alarms will not deceive me,
I’ve been through them with little joy.
Happy is he who can alloy
Them with a fevered rhyme: he doubles
The poet’s sacred frenzy, strides
In Petrarch’s footsteps, and besides
Relieves the heart of all its troubles,
And captures glory’s palm to boot;
But I, in love, was stupid, mute.
59
Love passed, the Muse resumed dominion
And cleared the darkness from my mind,
Free now, I seek again the union
Of feelings, thoughts and magic sound.
I write, my heart’s no longer pining,
My pen no longer wanders, making
Sketches of female heads or feet
Alongside verses incomplete.
Dead ashes cannot be replenished,
I’m sad still, but the tears are gone,
And soon, soon when the storm is done
And in my soul all trace has vanished,
Then will I start a poem – oh,
In cantos, twenty-five or so.
60
I have a plan already for it,
And how the hero will be known;
But for the moment I’ll ignore it,
Having completed Chapter One.
I’ve scrutinized it all for any
Discrepancies – and there are many,
But I’ve no wish to change them yet;
I’ll pay the censorship my debt;
My labour’s fruits I shall deliver
To the reviewers to devour;
Depart then, newborn work this hour,
Off to the banks of Nevsky river
And earn for me the prize of fame:
Falsification, noise and blame!