History of England 1-6

cigarettes, ref1, ref2

cinema, ref1, ref2, ref3; Rock Around the Clock, ref1; The Italian Job, ref1; Carry On series, ref1

Citizen’s Charter, ref1

City of London, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Civil Rights Bill, ref1

civil service: open competition for places, ref1; ‘marriage bar’, ref1; preparations for war, ref1; enlargement, ref1

Clark, Alan, ref1

Clarke, Kenneth, ref1

class (social): divisions, ref1, ref2; see also aristocracy; middle class; working class

Clean Air Act (1955), ref1

Clegg, Lee, ref1

Clinton, Bill, ref1

clothes: women’s, ref1, ref2, ref3; flappers, ref1; bright young men, ref1; youth in the Thirties, ref1; Teddy boys, ref1; Mods, ref1; Sixties fashion, ref1, ref2

Clynes, John, ref1, ref2

coal: industry, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; WWI, ref1; strikes, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; working conditions, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; nationalization of royalties, ref1; fall in price, ref1; unemployment, ref1; fall in production, ref1; stocks, ref1, ref2, ref3; pit closures, ref1, ref2; National Coal Board, ref1, ref2, ref3

Coal Act (1938), ref1

Coal Mines Act (1930), ref1

cocaine, ref1, ref2, ref3

coffee bars, ref1, ref2

Cold War, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Collins, Michael, ref1, ref2

Combat ref1, ref2

Committee of Imperial Defence, ref1

Common Agricultural Policy, ref1

Common Fisheries Policy, ref1, ref2

Common Market see European Economic Community

Commons, House of: unpaid MPs, ref1; salary for MPs, ref1; cash for questions, ref1, ref2; MPs’ declaration of benefits, ref1; Sinn Féin MPs refuse seats, ref1

Commonwealth: troops, ref1; queen’s title, ref1; role in Britain’s European policy, ref1, ref2; smaller nations, ref1; South Africa withdrawal, ref1; immigration, ref1; relationship with Britain, ref1

Communist party, British, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

community charge (poll tax), ref1, ref2, ref3

Concorde supersonic aeroplane, ref1

Condon, Sir Paul, ref1

Conservative party: coalition with Liberal Unionists, ref1, ref2; policies, ref1, ref2; ‘values’, ref1; protectionism issue, ref1; ‘onenation’ Toryism, ref1, ref2, ref3; ‘die-hards’, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; name, ref1, ref2; Irish policy, ref1; support for war declaration, ref1; attacks on conduct of war, ref1; new men with new ideas, ref1; attitude to central government, ref1; electoral base, ref1; National Government, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; view of disarmament, ref1; views of Hitler, ref1; view of League of Nations, ref1; opposition to NHS, ref1; by-election defeats (1962), ref1; leadership election (1979), ref1; ‘Back to Basics’ campaign, ref1, ref2; ‘sexual shenanigans’, ref1, ref2; ‘cash for questions’, ref1, ref2, ref3; by-election defeats, ref1, ref2, ref3; defections, ref1; loss of majority, ref1; Hague leadership, ref1

Cook, Peter, ref1, ref2

Cook, Robin, ref1, ref2, ref3

Cooper, Tommy, ref1

Corbyn, Jeremy, ref1

cotton industry: free-trade issues, ref1; magnates, ref1; international competition, ref1; strikes, ref1; decline, ref1; unemployment, ref1; mills in 1963, ref2

Council of Ireland, ref1

Country Life, ref1

Countryside Alliance, ref1, ref2, ref3

Cousins, Frank, ref1

Coventry, bombing, ref1

Coward, Noël, ref1, ref2

Cowley, Sir John, ref1

Crick, Francis, ref1

cricket, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Criminal Justice and Public Order Bill (1994), ref1

Cripps, Stafford: appearance and character, ref1, ref2; chancellor, ref1, ref2; rationing under, ref1; influence, ref1

Crisp, Quentin, ref1

Croatia, fascist state, ref1

Croke Park massacre (Bloody Sunday, 1920), ref1

Crosland, Anthony: The Future of Socialism, ref1; education proposals, ref1; on IMF, ref1

Crossman, Richard, ref1, ref2

Crowley, Aleister, ref1

currency see sterling

Currie, Edwina, ref1

Curzon, Lord, ref1, ref2, ref3

Cyprus: EOKA, ref1, ref2

Czechoslovakia: German population, ref1, ref2, ref3; British policy, ref1, ref2; borders guaranteed, ref1, ref2; Sudetenland ceded to Germany, ref1; new borders guaranteed, ref1; Czechia annexed by Germany, ref1; leaves eastern bloc, ref1

Dáil Éireann, ref1, ref2, ref3

Daily Express, ref1, ref2, ref3

Daily Herald, ref1

Daily Mail: on Lloyd George, ref1; support for Conservatives, ref1, ref2; on suffragettes, ref1; on munitions, ref1; publication of fake Russian letter, ref1; readership, ref1; sales, ref1; praise for Hitler, ref1; pro-Franco views, ref1; support for BUF, ref1; Macmillan reshuffle leak, ref1; on Stephen Lawrence case, ref1

Daily Mirror, ref1, ref2, ref3

Daily Telegraph, ref1

Dalton, Hugh: appearance and character, ref1; chancellor, ref1; resignation, ref1

dancing, ref1, ref2

Dangerfield, George: The Strange Death of Liberal England, ref1

Danzig: German claim, ref1, ref2; Chamberlain’s offer, ref1

Dardanelles campaign, ref1, ref2, ref3

Dave Clark Five, ref1, ref2

Davies, Ray and Dave, ref1, see also Kinks

Davison, Emily, ref1

Dawes Plan, ref1

Dawson, Lord, ref1

Dawson, W. H., ref1

Day-Lewis, Cecil: The Otterbury Incident, ref1

de Gaulle, Charles: liberation of Paris, ref1; hostility to Britain, ref1; vetoes Britain’s EEC membership, ref1, ref2; view of EEC, ref1

de Sancha, Antonia, ref1

de Valera, Éamon, ref1

Defence Force, ref1

Defence of the Realm Act (1914), ref1

defence spending: reduced, ref1, ref2; recommended increase, ref1; Chamberlain’s effort, ref1

Dehaene, Jean-Luc, ref1

Delors, Jacques, ref1, ref2, ref3

Delors Report, ref1, ref2

Democratic Unionist party, ref1

devolution, Scottish and Welsh, ref1, ref2

Diana, Princess, ref1, ref2

Dickens, Charles, ref1, ref2

disarmament: Versailles Treaty, ref1; promoting, ref1, ref2; World Disarmament Conference, ref1; public belief in, ref1, ref2; nuclear, ref1

DNA, discovery, ref1

Dobson, Frank, ref1

‘Dr Death’ (Paul Lincoln), ref1

Doctor Who (TV series), ref1, ref2

Dodd, Ken, ref1

Donegan, Lonnie, ref1

Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, ref1

Dowding, Lord, ref1

D’Oyly Carte Opera Company, ref1

Dreadnought, HMS, ref1

Dresden, bombing, ref1, ref2

drugs, recreational, ref1, ref2, ref3

Dublin parliament, ref1, ref2

Dunblane massacre, ref1

Dunlop, John Boyd, ref1

Durrell, Lawrence: Bitter Lemons, ref1

Dyer, Colonel, ref1

Easter Rising (1916), ref1, ref2

Eccles, David, ref1

Economic Advisory Council, ref1

Economist, The, ref1, ref2

Eden, Anthony: opinion of Churchill, ref1; foreign secretary, ref1; on appeasement policy, ref1; prime minister, ref1; appearance and character, ref1, ref2, ref3; political views, ref1, ref2; election (1955), ref1; Macmillan’s financial warning, ref1; Suez crisis (1956), ref1; resignation, ref1, ref2

education: Caribbean immigrants, ref1; first comprehensive school, ref1; grammar schools, ref1, ref2, ref3; secondary-modern schools, ref1; technical colleges, ref1; public schools, ref1; eleven-plus exam, ref1, ref2; Eton, ref1; attitudes to, ref1; new universities, ref1; Wilson government’s expenditure, ref1; polytechnics, ref1; fully comprehensive system proposals, ref1; comprehensive boom, ref1; free school milk, ref1; left-wing, ref1; corporal punishment, ref1

Education Acts: (1902), ref1; (1910), ref1; (1918), ref1; (1944, Butler Act), ref1

Edward VII, King: appearance and character, ref1; accession, ref1; popularity, ref1, ref2; ‘Edwardian age’, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; ‘Entente Cordiale’, ref1; view of Germans, ref1, ref2; Labour MPs, ref1; People’s Budget crisis, ref1; death, ref1, ref2

Edward VIII, King (duke of Windsor): accession, ref1; appearance and character, ref1; relationship with Wallis Simpson, ref1; abdication, ref1

Edward, Prince, ref1

Egypt, German forces expelled, ref1

Eisenhower, Dwight D., ref1

elections: ‘first-past-the-post’ system, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; right to vote, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; see also general elections

electoral reform, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

electricity: engineering, ref1; transport, ref1, ref2, ref3; nationalization, ref1; production, ref1, ref2; industry, ref1; domestic use, ref1, ref2, ref3; post-war, ref1; supply, ref1; union, ref1; cuts, ref1

Electricity (Supply) Act (1926), ref1

Elgar, Edward, ref1

Eliot, T. S.: The Waste Land, ref1; verse drama, ref1

Elizabeth II: wedding, ref1; accession, ref1; coronation, ref1; opens nuclear power station, ref1; meetings with Wilson, ref1; MBEs for Beatles, ref1; Wilson’s resignation, ref1; silver jubilee, ref1; ‘annus horribilis’, ref1; visits Russia, ref1; son Charles’s marriage, ref1

Ellis, Ruth, ref1

Emergency Powers Act (1920), ref1

empire: public attitudes, ref1, ref2; immigration from outside, ref1; Joseph Chamberlain’s plan, ref1, ref2; overstretched, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; Lloyd George’s plan, ref1; Ireland’s position, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; supply of troops, ref1; expansion during WWI, ref1; Baldwin’s policy, ref1, ref2, ref3; Conservative policy in coalition government, ref1; Churchill’s view, ref1, ref2; League of Nations role, ref1; Neville Chamberlain’s position, ref1; queen’s titles, ref1; value of, ref1; loss of, ref1, ref2; African nationalism, ref1

Empire Windrush, HMT, ref1

employment: urban and suburban, ref1; rural, ref1; women in wartime, ref1, ref2; ‘marriage bar’ for women, ref1; see also unemployment

Employment of Women, Young Persons, and Children Act (1920), ref1

Employment Protection Bill (1975), ref1

Endurance, HMS, ref1

Enfield, Harry, ref1

Engels, Friedrich, ref1

English, Michael, ref1

Enigma code, ref1

Entente Cordiale (1904), ref1, ref2

environmental concerns, ref1

Epstein, Brian, ref1

Esher, Lord, ref1

Establishment Club, ref1

Ethiopia, famine, ref1

Eton College, ref1

European Commission, ref1, ref2, ref3

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), ref1, ref2, ref3

European Court of Human Rights, ref1, ref2, ref3

European Economic Community (Common Market, EEC): British views of, ref1, ref2; British negotiations, ref1; de Gaulle’s veto, ref1, ref2; Heath’s policy, ref1; Labour view, ref1, ref2, ref3; acceptance of Britain, ref1, ref2; sovereignty issue, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; Clause Eleven of Treaty of Accession, ref1, ref2; Foot’s doubts, ref1, ref2; British entry (1973), ref1; Conservative view, ref1, ref2; referendum (1975), ref1, ref2; Thatcher’s view, ref1, ref2, ref3; Single Market, ref1, ref2; eastern Europe, ref1, ref2; Wilson’s attitude, ref1; federalism, ref1, ref2, ref3; Howe’s speech, ref1; Maastricht Treaty (1992), ref1, ref2

European Union (EU): established, ref1; Thatcher’s view, ref1; ERM crisis, ref1; directives, ref1; single currency (euro), ref1, ref2; ‘benefit tourism’, ref1; BSE crisis, ref1

Eurosceptics: National Front, ref1; Communist party, ref1; term, ref1; Thatcher’s position, ref1; Major’s position, ref1; response to Maastricht, ref1; aims, ref1; response to Black Wednesday, ref1; Portillo’s position, ref1, ref2; Major’s relationship with, ref1, ref2; Britain’s use of veto, ref1; leadership challenge, ref1; ECHR issue, ref1; Santer’s message to, ref1

evacuation of children (1939), ref1, ref2

Evans, Moss, ref1

Eve magazine, ref1

Evening Standard, ref1

Everett, Kenny, ref1

Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): Thatcher’s policy, ref1, ref2; Britain’s entry, ref1, ref2; Major’s position, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; effects, ref1; fall of sterling, ref1, ref2; Britain’s suspension from, ref1, ref2

Fabian Society, ref1, ref2

Factories Act (1937), ref1

Falklands War (1982), ref1

Family Income Supplement, ref1

Faulkner, Brian, ref1

Fayed, Dodi, ref1

feminists: groups, ref1; post-war, ref1, ref2

Fergusson, Sir James, ref1

Festival of Britain (1951), ref1

Financial Times, ref1

Fisher, Sir Warren, ref1

FitzGerald, Garret, ref1

flappers, ref1

Flynn, Errol, ref1

food: imports, ref1; rationing (1917–19), ref1, ref2; mass-produced, ref1; tinned, ref1; families below the poverty line, ref1, ref2; rationing (1940–54), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; BSE and beef exports, ref1, ref2

Foot, Isaac, ref1

Foot, Michael: on healthy rationing diet, ref1; on Enoch Powell, ref1; on EEC entry terms, ref1; background and character, ref1, ref2; Social Contract, ref1, ref2; Tribune editor, ref1; Guilty Men, ref1; elected MP (1945), ref1; loses seat (1955), ref1; unilateral disarmament, ref1; in Wilson’s cabinet (1974), ref1; Lib–Lab pact, ref1; Labour leadership candidacy (1976), ref1; Labour leadership (1980), ref1; speech on strikes (1978), ref1; election defeat (1983), ref1; EEC policy, ref1

football: in General Strike, ref1; popularity, ref1; seaside, ref1; fans, ref1; World Cup (1966), ref1

Forster, E. M.: Howards End, ref1

France: ‘Entente Cordiale’, ref1; defence strategy, ref1; African colonies, ref1; mobilization, ref1; Germany declares war on, ref1, ref2; desire for vengeance after WWI, ref1; occupation of Ruhr, ref1; Stresa declaration (1935), ref1; response to Manchurian incident, ref1; response to Spanish civil war, ref1; Czechoslovakia policy, ref1, ref2, ref3; pledges support for Poland, ref1; war with Germany (1939), ref1; response to invasion of Poland, ref1; German invasion (1940), ref1; German occupation of Paris, ref1; trade agreement with Germany, ref1; Suez (1956), ref1; Heath’s negotiations, ref1; Falklands war, ref1

Franco, General, ref1, ref2, ref3

Frankie Goes to Hollywood, ref1

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, ref1

free trade, ref1, ref2; see also Tariff Reform

French, Sir John, ref1

Freud, Sigmund, ref1

Frost, David, ref1

Fry, Christopher, ref1

Gaitskell, Hugh: appearance and character, ref1; minister for fuel and power, ref1; introduction of prescription charges, ref1; on anti-Americanism, ref1; view of European Community, ref1; Profumo affair, ref1; nuclear policy, ref1

Galtieri, General Leopoldo, ref1, ref2

Gandhi, Mahatma, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Garbo, Greta, ref1

Gardner, Joy, ref1

Gardner, Llew, ref1

gas: lighting, ref1; poison, ref1, ref2, ref3; masks, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; supply, ref1; Russian, ref1, ref2

Geldof, Bob, ref1

General Belgrano, ARA, ref1

general elections: (1895), ref1; (1900; ‘khaki election’), ref1, ref2; (1906), ref1, ref2, ref3; (January 1910), ref1; (December 1910), ref1, ref2, ref3; (1918), ref1, ref2; (1922), ref1; (1923), ref1; (1924), ref1, ref2, ref3; (1929), ref1; (1931), ref1; (1935), ref1; (1945), ref1; (1950), ref1; (1951), ref1; (1955), ref1; (1959), ref1; (1964), ref1; (1966), ref1; (1970), ref1; (February 1974), ref1, ref2; (October 1974), ref1, ref2; (1979), ref1, ref2; (1983), ref1, ref2; (1987), ref1, ref2, ref3; (1992), ref1; (1997), ref1

General Omnibus Company, ref1

generations, conflict between, ref1

Geneva Protocol (1925), ref1

gentry, landed, ref1, ref2, ref3

George, Eddie, ref1

George V, King: accession, ref1, ref2; Lords reforms, ref1, ref2; appearance and character, ref1; opinion of Lloyd George, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; response to strikes (1910–11), ref1; coronation, ref1; view of suffragettes, ref1; Irish veto question, ref1; anti-German, ref1; changes name of royal family, ref1; fear of revolution, ref1; concern for Ireland, ref1, ref2; opens Belfast parliament (1921), ref1; concerned about sale of peerages and knighthoods, ref1; opinion of MacDonald, ref1, ref2, ref3; advice to Baldwin, ref1; first broadcast, ref1; sympathy for miners, ref1; formation of National Government, ref1; fear of another war, ref1; death, ref1

George VI, King: accession, ref1; appearance and character, ref1; naval career, ref1; political views, ref1; visit to Festival of Britain, ref1; death, ref1

Germany: industry and technology, ref1, ref2; expansion of armed forces, ref1, ref2, ref3; Morocco naval incident, ref1; African colonies, ref1; declares war on France, ref1, ref2, invades Belgium, ref1; Mons victory, ref1; army’s treatment of civilians, ref1; naval strategy, ref1, ref2, ref3; peace treaty with Russia, ref1, ref2; abdication of Kaiser, ref1; Republic, ref1; Armistice, ref1; colonies divided between Allies, ref1; reparations, ref1, ref2; terms of Versailles Treaty, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; communist movement, ref1, ref2; Weimar Republic, ref1; Nazism, ref1; withdrawal from League of Nations, ref1, ref2; naval agreement with Britain, ref1; conscription reintroduced, ref1; expansion of air force, ref1; Rhineland remilitarized, ref1; Anti-Comintern Pact, ref1; support for Franco, ref1; massacre of Jews (Kristallnacht), ref1; Pact of Steel with Italy, ref1; annexation of Czechia, ref1; Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939), ref1, ref2; invasion of Poland (1939), ref1; invasion of Belgium and France, ref1; invasion of Greece, ref1; invasion of Russia (1941), ref1; war with US, ref1; death camps, ref1; Allied air raids, ref1; Red Army advance on Berlin, ref1; trade agreement with France, ref1; post-war economic miracle, ref1; EEC role, ref1; IMF role, ref1; unification, ref1; interest rates, ref1; Bundesbank, ref1, ref2

Gerry and the Pacemakers, ref1

Ghana, independence, ref1, ref2

Gibraltar, IRA members shot (1988), ref1

Gielgud, John, ref1

Gladstone, William Ewart: Irish policy, ref1, ref2, ref3; Liberal party, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Goebbels, Joseph, ref1

gold standard: return to, ref1, ref2; maintaining, ref1; leaving, ref1, ref2

Gold Standard Act (1925), ref1

Goldsmith, James, ref1, ref2

Gollancz, Victor, ref1

Good Friday Agreement (1998), ref1, ref2

Goons, the, ref1, ref2, ref3

Goose Green, Battle of (1982), ref1

Gorbachev, Mikhail, ref1, ref2

Göring, Hermann, ref1, ref2, ref3

Gormley, Joe, ref1, ref2

Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), ref1

Government of India Acts: (1919), ref1; (1935), ref1

Government of Ireland Act (1920), ref1, ref2

Gow, Ian, ref1

Graham, Victoria, ref1

gramophones, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Grange Hill (TV series), ref1

Greece: invasions (1941), ref1

Greenham Common, women’s camp, ref1

Greenwood, Arthur, ref1

Greenwood, Walter: Love on the Dole, ref1

Grey, Sir Edward: pro-imperialist, ref1; naval policy, ref1; anti-German, ref1; attitude to war, ref1, ref2

Griffiths, Roy, ref1

Griffiths Report (1983), ref1

Grossmith, George and Weedon: The Diary of a Nobody, ref1

Guardian, ref1, ref2

Guernica, bombing, ref1

Gulf War (1990–91), ref1

Gulf War Syndrome, ref1

gun ownership, ref1

Hague, William, ref1

Haig, Douglas, ref1, ref2

Haley, Bill, ref1, ref2

Halifax, Lord, ref1, ref2, ref3

Halliwell, Kenneth, ref1

Hamilton, Neil, ref1

Hampshire, HMS, ref1

Hanley, Jeremy, ref1

Hardie, Keir, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Hare Krishna, ref1

Harman, Harriet, ref1

Harrison, George, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Harry Potter books, ref1

Healey, Denis: Labour leadership candidacy, ref1, ref2; sterling crisis, ref1

health: working classes, ref1, ref2; slum dwellers, ref1; benefits of food rationing, ref1, ref2; private medicine, ref1; diseases, ref1; National Health Service (NHS), ref1; ‘care in the community’, ref1

Health and Strength League, ref1

Heath, Edward: European negotiations, ref1, ref2; leader of opposition, ref1; appearance and character, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; election defeat (1966), ref1; on devaluation of pound, ref1; dismissal of Powell, ref1; election victory (1970), ref1, ref2; cabinet, ref1, ref2; states of emergency, ref1, ref2; relationship with unions, ref1, ref2, ref3; US relations, ref1; European negotiations, ref1; incomes policy, ref1, ref2, ref3; on welfare state, ref1; miners’ strike (1972), ref1; Northern Ireland internment, ref1; achievements, ref1; British membership of EEC, ref1, ref2; illness, ref1; miners’ second strike (1974), ref1, ref2; three-day week (1974), ref1; election defeats (1974), ref1, ref1; loses leadership election (1975), ref1

Heffer, Simon, ref1

Henderson, Arthur: career, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; on WWI, ref1; Labour leadership, ref1; resignation from coalition, ref1

Hennessy, Peter, ref1

heroin, ref1, ref2

Heseltine, Michael: career, ref1; leadership challenge, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; replaces poll tax with council tax, ref1; Black Wednesday, ref1; Millennium Dome, ref1

hiking, ref1

Hill, Dr Charles, ref1, ref2

Hindenberg, Paul von, ref1

hippies, ref1

hire purchase, ref1, ref2

Hiroshima, atomic bombing, ref1

Hitchcock, Alfred, ref1; The 39 Steps, ref1

Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, The (radio and TV series), ref1, ref2

Hitler, Adolf: coup attempt, ref1; Mein Kampf, ref1, ref2, ref3; anti-Semitism, ref1, ref2; political career, ref1; rise to power, ref1, ref2; reintroduces conscription, ref1; expansion of air force, ref1; relationship with Mussolini, ref1; remilitarization of Rhineland, ref1, ref2; ‘no further territorial ambitions’, ref1; Anti-Comintern Pact, ref1; grievances about Versailles Treaty, ref1; Chamberlain’s appeasement policy, ref1; persecution of Jews, ref1; assassination of political opponents, ref1; absorption of Austria, ref1; claim to Sudetenland, ref1; Chamberlain’s discussions with, ref1, ref2, ref3; Munich Agreement, ref1; massacre of Jews, ref1; annexation of Czechia, ref1; Polish policies, ref1; proposed attack on England, ref1; planning invasion of Britain, ref1; comic portrayal in England, ref1; bombing policies, ref1; invasion of Russia (1941), ref1; assassination attempt (1944), ref1; death, ref1

Hoare, Samuel, ref1

Hobbs, Jack, ref1

Hobson, J. A., ref1

Hockney, David, ref1

Hogg, Quintin (later Lord Hailsham), ref1

Hoggart, Richard, ref1

holidays, ref1

Holidays with Pay Act (1938), ref1, ref2

Holland, German invasion, ref1

Holly, Buddy, ref1

Homicide Act (1957), ref1

homosexuality: bright young men, ref1; Baldwin’s son, ref1; legalization ref1; gay groups, ref1; armed forces ban issue, ref1; age of consent lowered, ref1

Hong Kong, surrender (1941), ref1

Horder, Lord, ref1, ref2

House of Lords Act (1999), ref1

household appliances, ref1

Houses of Parliament see Parliament

housing: suburban, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; rural developments, ref1; ‘workers’ cottages’, ref1; slums, ref1, ref2; homelessness, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; cap on rents, ref1; tax relief on mortgage payments, ref1; ‘property-owning democracy’, ref1, ref2, ref3; slum clearances, ref1, ref2, ref3; housebuilding boom, ref1; suburban ‘sprawl’, ref1; home ownership, ref1; furnishings, ref1, ref2, ref3; suburban architecture, ref1; gardens, ref1; art nouveau, ref1; sale of council housing, ref1; local council-rates reform (community charge), ref1; negative equity, ref1; effect of high interest rates, ref1;

Housing Acts: (1919), ref1, ref2; (1924), ref1; (1930), ref1, ref2; (1938), ref1; (1988), ref1

Howard, Brian, ref1, ref2

Howard, Michael, ref1, ref2

Howarth, Alan, ref1

Howe, Geoffrey: character, ref1, ref2; dealing with EEC entry terms, ref1, ref2; chancellor, ref1; first budget, ref1; relationship with Thatcher, ref1, ref2, ref3; foreign secretary, ref1; ERM issue, ref1; resignation speech, ref1, ref2

Hughes, Robert, ref1

Hulanicki, Barbara, ref1

Human Rights Act (1998), ref1

Hungary: regime, ref1; Jews sent to Auschwitz, ref1; execution of Szálasi, ref1; leaves eastern bloc (1988), ref1

hunger marches, ref1, ref2, ref3

Hurd, Douglas: on Heath election, ref1; on miners’ strikes, ref1, ref2; leadership candidacy, ref1; Black Wednesday, ref1; foreign secretary, ref1

Hurst, Geoff, ref1, ref2

Huxley, Aldous, ref1

immigration: legislation (1905), ref1; Caribbean, ref1; public concern about (1997), ref1

Imperial Conference of British Empire (1926), ref1

‘In Place of Strife’ (White Paper), ref1

Independent Labour Party (ILP), ref1, ref2

India: political issues, ref1, ref2, ref3; industry, ref1; Amritsar massacre (1919), ref1, ref2; self-government, ref1; war with Germany (1939), ref1; partition, ref1; independence, ref1, ref2; war with Pakistan, ref1

Industrial Injuries Act (1946), ref1

Industrial Relations Act (1971), ref1, ref2

Industrial Training Board, ref1

inflation: Edwardian era, ref1; WWI, ref1; Twenties, ref1, ref2; Churchill’s policy, ref1; Fifties, ref1; stagflation, ref1; Seventies, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; Eighties, ref1, ref2, ref3; Nineties, ref1, ref2

influenza epidemic (1918–19), ref1

interest rates: raised (after WWI), ref1; Keynesian views, ref1; gold standard and, ref1, ref2; mortgage, ref1; tied to Germany’s, ref1; raised (1992), ref1

International Monetary Fund (IMF), ref1, ref2, ref3

Invincible, HMS, ref1

Iraq: Gulf war (1990–1), ref1; arms-to-Iraq affair, ref1; US bombing (1998), ref1

Ireland: home-rule question, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7; land ownership, ref1; history of British government, ref1; third Irish Home Rule Bill (1912), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; Ulster Protestants, ref1, ref2, ref3; no conscription, ref1; Easter Rising (1916), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; conscription (1918), ref1, ref2; election results (1918), ref1; Dáil Éireann, ref1, ref2; Irish Republic proclaimed, ref1; ‘War of Independence’, ref1; Croke Park massacre (Bloody Sunday, 1920), ref1; fourth Home Rule Bill (1920), ref1; elections (1921), ref1; partition, ref1; Irish Free State (1922), ref1; sovereign state (1937), ref1; neutrality (1939), ref1; negotiations, ref1; Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), ref1; see also Northern Ireland

Irish Citizen Army, ref1

Irish Free State, ref1

Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

Irish Republican Army (IRA): established, ref1; campaign against police force, ref1; terror attacks, ref1; atrocities, ref1; Official, ref1; Provisional, ref1; Aldershot bombing, ref1; Brighton Grand Hotel bombing (1984), ref1; mainland bombing campaign, ref1; funds from US, ref1; murder of Ian Gow, ref1; ceasefire (1994), ref1, ref2; decommissioning issue, ref1, ref2, ref3; members shot in Gibraltar (1988), ref1; mainland bombing resumed, ref1, ref2; suspect shot, ref1

Irish Republican Brotherhood, ref1

Irish Volunteers, ref1, ref2, ref3

Irwin, Lord, ref1

Isle of Wight Festival (1967), ref1

Italian Job, The (film), ref1

Italy: arms spending, ref1; African colonies, ref1; communist movement, ref1; Locarno Treaty, ref1; response to Versailles conference and Treaty, ref1; Fasci, ref1; Mussolini’s rise to power, ref1; Stresa declaration (1935), ref1; invasion of Abyssinia (1935), ref1, ref2, ref3; Anti-Comintern Pact, ref1; support for Franco, ref1; Pact of Steel with Germany, ref1; mediation question, ref1; invasion of Greece, ref1; Allied advance on Rome, ref1; fall of lira (1992), ref1

Jackson, Tom, ref1

Jagger, Mick, ref1, ref2

Japan: arms race, ref1; naval treaty (1922), ref1; invasion of Manchuria, ref1; withdrawal from League of Nations, ref1; Anti-Comintern Pact, ref1

Jarrow Crusade (1936), ref1

jazz, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Jenkins, Roy, ref1, ref2

Jews: immigration, ref1; Hitler’s view of, ref1; Hitler’s persecution, ref1, ref2; BUF blackshirts, ref1, ref2; Nazi massacres, ref1; in Poland, ref1; massacre in Romania, ref1; Borisov massacre, ref1; death camps, ref1, ref2; in Aegean islands, ref1

Joad, C. E. M., ref1

John, Elton, ref1

John Bull, ref1

Johnson, Paul, ref1

Jones, Brian, ref1

Jones, Colonel ‘H’, ref1

Jones, Jack, ref1, ref2, ref3

Joseph, Keith, ref1, ref2

Jutland, Battle of (1916), ref1, ref2

Kane, Sarah: Blasted, ref1

Keeler, Christine, ref1

Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928), ref1

Kennedy, John F., ref1

Kenya: Mau Mau, ref1, ref2; independence, ref1

Keyes, Sir Roger, ref1

Keynes, John Maynard, ref1, ref2, ref3; The General Theory of Unemployment, Interest and Money, ref1

Khrushchev, Nikita, ref1, ref2

Kilmuir, Lord, ref1

Kinks, the, ref1, ref2

Kinnock, Neil, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Kissinger, Henry, ref1

Kitchener, Lord, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Koestler, Arthur, ref1

Kohl, Helmut, ref1, ref2

Korean War, ref1

Labour party: origins, ref1; Lib–Lab pact (1903), ref1; MPs (1906), ref1; support for war declaration, ref1; coalition cabinet, ref1, ref2; supporters, ref1; membership, ref1; radical policy proposals, ref1; constitution (1918), ref1; socialism, ref1; main opposition party, ref1, ref2; MPs, ref1; leadership, ref1; free-trade policy, ref1; front bench, ref1; forms minority government (1923), ref1; relationship with Soviet Russia, ref1; response to National Government, ref1; response to Snowden’s budget, ref1; attitude to hunger marches, ref1; opposition to Nazis, ref1; view of League of Nations, ref1; response to Spanish civil war, ref1; joining wartime coalition, ref1; manifesto (1950), ref1; European policy, ref1, ref2, ref3; NEC rejects ‘In Place of Strife’, ref1; Social Contract, ref1, ref2, ref3; SDP split, ref1; death of John Smith, ref1; leadership election (1994), ref1; New Labour, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Labour Representation Committee (LRC), ref1

laissez-faire economics: Conservative position, ref1; Victorian values, ref1, ref2; debate (1902), ref1; Liberal position, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; Lloyd George’s programme, ref1

Lamont, Norman, ref1, ref2

land: ownership, ref1; rents, ref1; taxation, ref1, ref2

Lansbury, George, ref1, ref2

Law, Andrew Bonar: parliamentary style, ref1; background and character, ref1; Conservative leadership, ref1; Irish policy, ref1; war policy, ref1, ref2; attack on government’s conduct of war, ref1; coalition cabinet, ref1; opinion of Churchill, ref1; view of conscription, ref1; Irish Home Rule plan, ref1; declines to form government, ref1; career, ref1; general election (1918), ref1; Lord Privy Seal and Commons leader, ref1; retirement, ref1, ref2; election victory (1922), ref1

Lawrence, Stephen, ref1, ref2

Lawson, Nigel: on Thatcher, ref1, ref2; on privatization, ref1; ERM issue, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; resignation, ref1, ref2; Howe’s speech, ref1

Le Corbusier, ref1

League of Nations: established, ref1; US not a member, ref1; British policy, ref1, ref2; German policy, ref1; arbitration role, ref1, ref2; critics of, ref1; British public support for, ref1, ref2, ref3; Manchurian incident, ref1; Stresa declaration (1935), ref1; Italian invasion of Abyssinia, ref1, ref2, ref3; imposes sanction on Italy, ref1, ref2, ref3; Baldwin’s policy, ref1, ref2; recognizes Italian Abyssinia, ref1; discredited, ref1, ref2; British protests at government’s betrayal, ref1; Spanish civil war, ref1; obsolete, ref1; Germany’s occupation of Austria, ref1

League of St George, ref1

Left Book Club, ref1, ref2

Left News, ref1

leisure activities, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Lenin, ref1

Lennon, John, ref1, ref2, ref3

Levin, Bernard, ref1

Lewis, C. S., ref1

Liberal Democrats: by-election gain, ref1; defection to, ref1; leadership, ref1, ref2, ref3; name, ref1

Liberal party: split over Irish Home Rule, ref1, ref2; policies, ref1; effects of Labour emergence, ref1; Lib–Lab pact (1903), ref1; social legislation, ref1; radical wing, ref1; minority government, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; Irish issues (1914), ref1; declaration of war, ref1; ‘shells scandal’, ref1; wartime coalition (1915), ref1; in opposition (1916), ref1; fatal split, ref1, ref2; post-war, ref1; free-trade policy, ref1; split three ways, ref1; extinction, ref1; name, ref1

Liberal Unionist party: coalition with Conservatives, ref1, ref2, ref3

literature: popular reading, ref1; ‘dole literature’, ref1; earnestness and ideology, ref1; stylistic experimentation, ref1; ‘angry young men’, ref1; A Clockwork Orange, ref1, ref2; Harry Potter, ref1

Live Aid concert, ref1

Liverpool: riots (1911), ref1; cinemas, ref1; the ‘pools’, ref1; living below the poverty line, ref1; slums, ref1; evacuees, ref1; docks bombed, ref1; NHS rejected by doctors, ref1; Garston ‘blood baths’, ref1; slum clearance, ref1; football fans, ref1; Cavern Club, ref1, ref2; Beatles, ref1; influence on Foot, ref1; invigoration, ref1

Livingstone, Ken, ref1, ref2

Lloyd, Selwyn, ref1

Lloyd George, David: chancellor, ref1, ref2; background, character and career, ref1; relationship with Asquith, ref1; ‘People’s Budget’ (1909), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; George V’s view of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; response to strikes (1910–11), ref1, ref2; response to suffragettes, ref1; view of Law, ref1; view of Dardanelles plan, ref1; munitions department proposal, ref1; wartime reputation, ref1; minister of munitions, ref1; view of conscription, ref1; Irish Home Rule plan, ref1; war secretary, ref1; coalition government, ref1; supporters, ref1, ref2, ref3; war strategy, ref1, ref2; national coalition (1918), ref1, ref2; election victory (1918), ref1, ref2; cabinet (1918), ref1; Versailles peace conference and Treaty, ref1, ref2; unemployment insurance, ref1; action against strikers, ref1; public spending cuts, ref1; response to IRA campaign, ref1, ref2; fourth Irish Home Rule Bill (1920), ref1; sale of peerages and knighthoods, ref1; support for Greece, ref1; resignation, ref1, ref2; Liberal leadership (1926), ref1; election campaign (1929), ref1; public works programme, ref1, ref2, ref3; Independent Liberals, ref1; opinion of Chamberlain, ref1; on need for Russian support, ref1; calls for Chamberlain’s resignation, ref1; on Macmillan, ref1

local councils: women serving on, ref1; housing, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; elections, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; Thatcher’s view of, ref1; community charge (poll tax), ref1, ref2, ref3; obligation to asylum seekers, ref1

Locarno Treaty (1925), ref1, ref2, ref3

London: suburbs, ref1, ref2; transport, ref1, ref2; homelessness, ref1; traffic, ref1, ref2; Zeppelin raids, ref1, ref2; nightclubs, ref1; hunger marches, ref1, ref2; IRA terror attacks, ref1; general strike, ref1; expansion, ref1; housebuilding, ref1, ref2; BUF marches, ref1; preparations for war (1939), ref1, ref2, ref3; evacuation of children, ref1, ref2; Blitz, ref1, ref2, ref3; NHS rejected by doctors, ref1; hospitals, ref1; coffee bars, ref1; comprehensive education, ref1; smog, ref1, ref2; Notting Hill riots (1958), ref1; Brixton riots (1981), ref1; Harrods bombing, ref1; GLC, ref1, ref2; mugging, ref1; IRA bombs (1996), ref1; Assembly, ref1; Countryside Alliance march, ref1; Carnival against Capitalism, ref1

Loog Oldham, Andrew, ref1

Loos, Battle of (1915), ref1

Lords, House of: Tory-dominated, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; rejects People’s Budget, ref1; abolition suggested, ref1; veto issue, ref1; passes People’s Budget, ref1; veto restricted, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7; new peers, ref1; rejects third Home Rule Bill, ref1; leadership, ref1; vote on capital punishment, ref1; challenge to ban on homosexuals in armed forces, ref1; asylum legislation issue, ref1; number of hereditary peers reduced, ref1

LSD, ref1, ref2

Ludendorff, General, ref1

Luftwaffe, ref1, ref2, ref3

Lulu, ref1

Maastricht Treaty (1991–3), ref1, ref2; opt-outs, ref1, ref2, ref3

McCartney, Paul, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

MacDonald, Ramsay: background and political views, ref1, ref2; Lib–Lab pact, ref1; election (1906), ref1; on strikes (1910), ref1; pacifist principles, ref1, ref2, ref3; gradualist socialism, ref1; loses seat (1918), ref1; career, ref1; Labour leadership, ref1; administration, ref1, ref2; cabinet (1924), ref1; foreign policy, ref1; resignation, ref1; general strike (1926), ref1; election results (1929), ref1; administration, ref1; cabinet (1929), ref1; on Great Depression, ref1; economic policies, ref1, ref2; prime minister in emergency coalition (National Government), ref1, ref2; expelled from Labour party, ref1; election (1931), ref1; position in National Government, ref1, ref2, ref3; disarmament cause, ref1; relationship with Mussolini, ref1; old age, ref1; opinion of Edward VIII, ref1

McGuinness, Martin, ref1

McKenna, Reginald, ref1

Mackenzie, Kelvin, ref1

McLaughlin, Mitchell, ref1

MacLean, Donald, ref1

McLeigh, Sir John, ref1

MacLeod, Iain, ref1

Macmillan, Harold: on planned economy, ref1; opinion of Churchill, ref1; financial warning to Eden, ref1; prime minister, ref1; appearance and character, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; Ghana speech (1960), ref1; ‘wind of change’ speech in South Africa (1960), ref1; supporters, ref1; critics, ref1; ‘stop-go’ economics, ref1, ref2; cabinet reshuffle, ref1; nuclear policy, ref1; US relations, ref1; Profumo affair, ref1; resignation, ref1; passports for Ugandan Asians, ref1

Macpherson report (1999), ref1

Macstiofain, Sean, ref1

Major, John: chancellor, ref1, ref2; ERM entry, ref1, ref2, ref3; leadership election victory, ref1; character, ref1; background and career, ref1; prime minister, ref1; cabinet, ref1; Gulf war, ref1; Maastricht Treaty, ref1, ref2, ref3; on inflation, ref1; currency crisis (1992), ref1; ‘Back to Basics’ speech (1993), ref1, ref2, ref3; privatization of railways, ref1; dealing with Eurosceptics, ref1; vetoes Dehaene’s presidency, ref1; cabinet reshuffle, ref1; ‘anti-yob culture’ speech, ref1; on ERM, ref1; US relations, ref1; leadership resignation and re-election (1995), ref1; Vance–Owen Bosnian peace plan, ref1; resignation as Conservative leader, ref1

Malta: siege broken, ref1

Manchester: suburbs, ref1; transport, ref1; American slang, ref1; slums, ref1; docks bombed, ref1; NHS inauguration, ref1; in 1960s, ref1; education, ref1; ‘Darkness at Noon’, ref1; IRA bombing (1996), ref1

Manchester Guardian, ref1, ref2

Manchuria, Japanese invasion (1931), ref1

Mandelson, Peter, ref1

manufacturing: decline, ref1, ref2; boom after WWI, ref1; mass production, ref1; new industrial revolution, ref1; after crash (1929), ref1; decline (1996), ref1

Marcos, Ferdinand, ref1

Marne, Battle of the (1914), ref1

Marshall, T. H., ref1

Martin, George, ref1

Marx, Karl, ref1, ref2

Mass Observation, ref1

Masterman, Charles, ref1, ref2

Matteotti, Giacomo, ref1

Maudling, Reginald, ref1, ref2

Maxse, Leo, ref1

MCC (Marylebone Cricket Club), ref1

MDMA (‘ecstasy’), ref1

Mellor, David, ref1

Mental Deficiency Act (1913), ref1

Merchant, Piers, ref1

Metaxas, Ioannis, ref1

Meyer, Sir Anthony, ref1

Meyrick, Kate, ref1

Michael, George, ref1

middle class: suburban life, ref1; move to the country, ref1; view of working classes, ref1; Chamberlain’s appeal to, ref1; voting patterns, ref1, ref2; establishment views, ref1; taxation, ref1; MPs, ref1; powerful, ref1; peers, ref1; social mobility, ref1; women, ref1, ref2, ref3; Law’s background, ref1; flappers, ref1; extra vote, ref1; Labour’s appeal to, ref1, ref2; Labour MPs, ref1, ref2; lifestyle, ref1; class consciousness, ref1; homes, ref1; Conservative appeal to suburban lower middle class, ref1, ref2; Conservative voters, ref1, ref2; wireless listening, ref1; cinema going, ref1; hiking, ref1; view of means test, ref1; view of unemployment, ref1; involvement in Spanish civil war, ref1; BMA, ref1; in theatre and literature, ref1; Mods, ref1

Militant Tendency, ref1

Military Service Bill (1916), ref1

Millar, Ronald, ref1

Millennium Dome, ref1, ref2

Miller, Jonathan, ref1, ref2

Milligan, Spike, ref1

Mills, Percy, ref1

Mills & Boon, ref1

Mitterrand, François, ref1

Mods, ref1, ref2

Mons, Battle of (1914), ref1

Monster Raving Loony Party, ref1

Montgomery, Bernard, ref1

Moonies, ref1

Moore, Bobby, ref1

Moore, Dudley, ref1

Moorhouse, Geoffrey: The Other England, ref1, ref2; on Beatles, ref1

Moran, Lord, ref1

Morgan, Kenneth O., ref1

Morgan, Piers, ref1

Morley, John, ref1

Mormons, ref1

Morning Post, ref1, ref2

Morrison, Herbert, ref1

Mosley, Oswald, ref1, ref2

Motor Car Act (1903), ref1, ref2

motor cars, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

motorways, ref1, ref2

Mountbatten, Lord, ref1

Muggeridge, Malcolm: on unemployment research, ref1; on Macmillan, ref1; on state of England, ref1

Munich Agreement (1938), ref1, ref2, ref3

Murray, Len, ref1

Murray-Leslie, Dr R., ref1

music: rock ’n’ roll, ref1; guitars, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; skiffle, ref1; Sixties, ref1, ref2; British chart-toppers, ref1; New Romantics, ref1; synthesizers, ref1; ‘Acid house’, ref1; ‘Second Summer of Love’ (1988), ref1; raves, ref1

Muslim League, ref1

Mussolini, Benito: rise to power, ref1, ref2; approach to economics, ref1; Stresa declaration (1935), ref1, ref2; response to sanctions, ref1; invasion of Abyssinia (1935), ref1, ref2; relationship with Hitler, ref1, ref2, ref3; courted by British government, ref1; opinion of British government, ref1; Chamberlain’s policy toward, ref1, ref2, ref3; death, ref1

Nagasaki, atomic bombing, ref1

Nairn, Ian, ref1

Narvik, Battle of (1940), ref1

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, ref1

National Book Drive, ref1

National Coal Board, ref1, ref2, ref3

National Congress, India, ref1, ref2, ref3

National Farmers’ Union, ref1

National Front, ref1

National Government: formation, ref1; cabinet, ref1, ref2; Labour opposition, ref1; leaving the gold standard, ref1; election (1931), ref1; Tory-dominated, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; departure of free-trading Liberals, ref1; housing policy, ref1, ref2; unemployment issue, ref1, ref2, ref3; police powers, ref1; sympathy for Japan, ref1; naval agreement with Germany, ref1; rearmament concerns, ref1, ref2, ref3; Stresa declaration (1935), ref1; response to invasion of Abyssinia, ref1, ref2, ref3; election (1935), ref1; response to Spanish civil war, ref1; nonintervention policy, ref1, ref2; Public Order Act (1936), ref1

National Health Service (NHS): established, ref1; prescription charges, ref1

National Health Service Act (1946), ref1

National Insurance Acts: (1911), ref1, ref2; (1946), ref1

National Labour party, ref1, ref2

National Liberal party, ref1, ref2, ref3

National Lottery, ref1

National Minimum Wage Act (1998), ref1

National Peace Council, ref1

National Review, ref1, ref2

national service, ref1

National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis), ref1

National Unemployed Workers’ Movement (NUWM), ref1, ref2

National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies, ref1

National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association, ref1

nationalization: Labour policy for railways, ref1; Conservative policies, ref1; Labour proposals, ref1; demand for, ref1; ‘Socialisation of Industries’ committee, ref1; Crosland’s arguments, ref1; near-completion of, ref1; Labour party’s Clause IV, ref1

NATO, ref1

navy: arms race, ref1; dreadnought battleships, ref1; strike (1931), ref1; treaty (1922), ref1; Narvik defeat (1940), ref1

Nevill, Lady Dorothy, ref1

New Party, ref1

New Statesman, ref1

News of the World, ref1

newspapers: right-wing, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; motorist debate, ref1; readership, ref1, ref2; praise for Hitler, ref1; response to Munich Agreement, ref1; BMA press campaign, ref1; Profumo case, ref1

Nicholas II, Tsar, ref1

Nicholson, Emma, ref1

Nicolson, Harold, ref1, ref2

Nivelle, Robert, ref1

Nixon, Richard, ref1

Nonconformists: political representation, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; MPs, ref1, ref2; education issue, ref1; Asquith’s background, ref1, ref2; Lloyd George, ref1, ref2, ref3; Law, ref1

Normandy, Allied landings (1944), ref1, ref2

North Sea oil, ref1

Northcliffe, Lord: pro-motorist campaign, ref1; supports Lloyd George, ref1, ref2, ref3; influence, ref1

Northern Ireland: established, ref1; Special Powers Act, ref1; unrest, ref1; internment policy, ref1, ref2; the Troubles, ref1, ref2, ref3; army sent in, ref1; civil-rights marches banned, ref1; Bloody Sunday (1972), ref1; Direct Rule, ref1; Loyalist paramilitaries, ref1; RUC, ref1; IRA ceasefire (1994), ref1, ref2; peace talks between Loyalists and Sinn Féin, ref1; joint framework document, ref1; withdrawal of troops, ref1; paramilitary activity, ref1; Good Friday Agreement (1998), ref1

Norway, ref1, ref2

nuclear power, ref1, ref2

nuclear weapons: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ref1; hydrogen bomb test, ref1; Polaris, ref1; unilateralism, ref1; Greenham Common protest camp, ref1; SDI (‘Star Wars’), ref1; US–USSR treaty, ref1; SDI (‘Star Wars’), ref1

O’Connell, Daniel, ref1

O’Hadhmaill, Feilim, ref1

oil: sanctions on Italy, ref1, ref2; British reserves, ref1, ref2; supply route, ref1, ref2; prices, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; crisis, ref1; North Sea, ref1; Russian, ref1, ref2; Kuwait, ref1

Old Age Pensions Act (1908), ref1

Olivier, Laurence, ref1, ref2

Open University, ref1, ref2

Operation Desert Storm, ref1

Operation Dynamo, ref1

Operation Eagle Eye, ref1

Operation Irma, ref1

Operation Pied Piper, ref1

Operation Torch, ref1

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, ref1

Orgreave, Battle of (1984), ref1

Orton, Joe, ref1; Entertaining Mr Sloane, ref1; Loot, ref1; What the Butler Saw, ref1

Orwell, George: on WWI, ref1; on class, ref1; on property-owning democracy, ref1; Keep the Aspidistra Flying, ref1; The Road to Wigan Pier, ref1, ref2; style, ref1; on Left Book Club, ref1; Homage to Catalonia, ref1; on post-war mood, ref1; Foot comparison, ref1; quoted by Major, ref1

Osborne, John, ref1, ref2

Ottoman Empire, ref1, ref2, ref3

Owen, David, ref1

Oxford Union: pacifist motion (1933), ref1

pacifism: MacDonald’s, ref1, ref2; public attitudes, ref1, ref2, ref3; decline among socialists, ref1

Paisley, Ian, ref1, ref2, ref3

Pakistan: independence, ref1; war with India, ref1

Pankhurst, Emmeline, ref1, ref2

paper salvage, ref1

Parliament see Commons; Lords

Parliament Act (1911), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Passchendaele (third Battle of Ypres, 1917), ref1

patriotism, ref1

Pavelić, Ante, ref1

pawn shops, ref1, ref2

Peace Day celebrations (1919), ref1

Pearl Harbor (1941), ref1

Pearse, Patrick, ref1

Pentecostal movement, ref1

‘People’s Budget’ (1909), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Percy, Lord Eustace, ref1

Perón, Juan, ref1

Peyton, John, ref1

Philip, Prince (duke of Edinburgh), ref1, ref2

Philips, Morgan, ref1

Phillips, Mark, ref1

Pierrepoint, Albert, ref1

Pinochet, Augusto, ref1

Pinter, Harold: The Caretaker, ref1; The Homecoming, ref1; view of Thatcher, ref1

Poland: authoritarian rule, ref1; German population, ref1; pledges by Britain and France, ref1; Danzig position, ref1; German invasion (1939), ref1, ref2; Hitler’s Polish policies, ref1; death camps, ref1; leaves eastern bloc, ref1

Polaris missile, ref1

police: powers, ref1; acquittals, ref1; institutional racism, ref1

political correctness, ref1

pollution: concern, ref1; smog, ref1, ref2; motor vehicles, ref1

Pompidou, Georges, ref1, ref2

population, ref1

Portillo, Michael, ref1, ref2

Portsmouth, Lord, ref1

Portugal, ref1, ref2

Powell, Enoch: background, ref1, ref2; ‘rivers of blood’ speech, ref1; dismissal by Heath, ref1; view of Northern Ireland, ref1; Ugandan Asians issue, ref1; hostility to European project, ref1, ref2, ref3; called a fascist, ref1

Prescott, John, ref1, ref2

Presley, Elvis, ref1, ref2

press barons, ref1, ref2, ref3

Priestley, J. B.: on Edward VII, ref1; on officer class, ref1; on hikers and cyclists, ref1; English Journey, ref1, ref2, ref3; plays, ref1

Prior, Jim, ref1

prison issues, ref1, ref2

Private Eye, ref1, ref2

privatization: Thatcher’s policy, ref1, ref2; British Telecom, ref1, ref2; British Gas Corporation, ref1; National Coal Board, ref1; British Rail, ref1; National Power, ref1; Powergen, ref1; Post Office question, ref1; British Energy, ref1

Profitt, Russell, ref1

Profumo, John, ref1, ref2

prostitution, ref1

Protection from Eviction Act (1964), ref1

Protection of Children Act, ref1

protectionism: debate, ref1; Joseph Chamberlain’s plans, ref1, ref2; support for, ref1, ref2; Austen Chamberlain’s position, ref1; Law’s views, ref1; Baldwin’s position, ref1, ref2; lack of voter support for, ref1, ref2; ‘Empire Free Trade’, ref1; MacDonald’s position, ref1; Neville Chamberlain’s measures, ref1; Conservative policy, ref1, ref2; Thatcher’s view, ref1

Public Assistance Committee (PAC), ref1

Public Order Act (1936), ref1

pubs, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Punch magazine, ref1

Quant, Mary, ref1, ref2

Quisling, Vidkun, ref1

Race Relations Act (1965), ref1

racial attitudes and issues: skin colour, ref1; education, ref1; Notting Hill riots, ref1; Powell’s ‘rivers of blood’ speech, ref1; ‘sus’ laws, ref1; Bristol riots (1980), ref1; Brixton riots (1981), ref1; Stephen Lawrence case, ref1, ref2

Radcliffe, Cyril, ref1

radio (wireless): dance music, ref1; BBC licence fee, ref1; Baldwin’s broadcasts, ref1; electric sockets for sets, ref1; cost of sets, ref1; class listening styles, ref1; life on the dole, ref1; death of George V, ref1; Edward VIII’s farewell broadcast, ref1; news of coming war, ref1, ref2; Chamberlain’s broadcast, ref1; comedy, ref1, ref2; news of German surrender, ref1; banning Sex Pistols, ref1

railways: suburban links, ref1; commuting, ref1; strike averted, ref1; carrying livestock, ref1; strikes, ref1, ref2, ref3; nationalization proposal, ref1; privatization, ref1

Ramsay, Peggy, ref1

Ramsey, Alf, ref1

rationing: suggested (1915), ref1; food (1917–19), ref1, ref2; start of (1940), ref1; food (1940–54), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; healthy diet, ref1, ref2; grain, ref1; bread (1946), ref1; responses to, ref1; clothes, ref1; fat, ref1; meat rationing ended (1954), ref1

Rattigan, Terence, ref1, ref2

Ravenhill, Mark: Shopping and F**king, ref1

Reading, Lady, ref1

Reagan, Ronald: Anglo-Irish Agreement role, ref1; appearance and character, ref1, ref2; relationship with Thatcher, ref1, ref2; SDI (‘Star Wars’), ref1; Delors’s view of, ref1; relationship with Gorbachev, ref1; special relationship, ref1

Redmond, John: IPP leadership, ref1; Irish autonomy demand, ref1, ref2; negotiations, ref1; withdraws support for Liberals, ref1; Irish Volunteers, ref1; response to Easter Rising executions, ref1; Irish Home Rule plan, ref1

Redwood, John, ref1

Reece, Gordon, ref1

Rees-Mogg, William, ref1

Referendum party, ref1, ref2

Reid, Vince, ref1

religion: church attendance, ref1, ref2; working classes, ref1; movements (cults), ref1

Representation of the People Act (1918), ref1, ref2

Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act (1928), ref1

Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act (1918), ref1

Rhys-Jones, Sophie, ref1

Rice-Davies, Mandy, ref1

Richards, Keith, ref1, ref2, ref3

Richardson, Sir Ralph, ref1

Ridley, Nicholas, ref1

riots: Liverpool (1911), ref1; Notting Hill (1958), ref1; Bristol (1980), ref1; Brixton (1981), ref1; Leeds, Luton, Bradford (1995), ref1

Robbins Report (1963), ref1

Robinson, Geoffrey, ref1

Rogers, Ginger, ref1

Rolling Stones, ref1, ref2

Rolls-Royce, ref1, ref2

Romania: massacre of Jews, ref1; execution of Antonescu, ref1

Rommel, Erwin, ref1

Rosebery, Lord, ref1

Rothermere, Lord, ref1, ref2, ref3

Rothschild, Lord, ref1

Rowling, J. K., ref1

Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm, ref1, ref2

Royal Air Force (RAF), ref1, ref2, ref3

Royal College of Physicians, ref1

Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, ref1

Royal Court Theatre, ref1, ref2

Royal Institute of British Architects, ref1

Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), ref1

Runciman, Walter, ref1

Ruskin, John, ref1, ref2

Russell, Bertrand, ref1, ref2

Russell, Dora, ref1

Russia: Triple Alliance, ref1; Germany declares war on, ref1: February Revolution (1917), ref1; peace treaty with Germany, ref1; oil and gas, ref1; disintegration of Soviet Union, ref1

Saddam Hussein, ref1

Saki (H. H. Munro), ref1

Salisbury, Lord, ref1, ref2

Saltley coke plant, Battle of (1972), ref1

Samuel, Herbert, ref1, ref2

Santer, Jacques, ref1

Sayers, Dorothy L., ref1

Scanlon, Hugh, ref1

Scargill, Arthur, ref1, ref2, ref3

Schlesinger, Helmut, ref1, ref2

Scotland: community charge (poll tax), ref1, ref2; devolution, ref1, ref2

Scott, Nicholas, ref1

Scott Report (1996), ref1

scrap metal and salvage collection, ref1

Screaming Lord Sutch, ref1

SDP (Social Democratic Party), ref1

Secombe, Harry, ref1

Sedition Bill (1934), ref1

Sellers, Peter, ref1

Serbia: WWI, ref1; occupation of (WWII), ref1; bombing of (1999), ref1

Sex Pistols, ref1, ref2

Sexual Disqualification Act (1919), ref1

Sexual Offences Act (1967), ref1, ref2

Shaffer, Peter, ref1

Shaw, George Bernard, ref1, ref2

Sheffield, HMS, ref1

Sheffield: slums, ref1

shopping, ref1

Shore, Peter, ref1

Sierra Leone: intervention, ref1

Silkin, Jon, ref1

Simpson, George, ref1

Simpson, Wallis, ref1

Sinclair, Iain, ref1

Single European Act (1985), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Sinn Féin: formation of Irish Volunteers, ref1; political status, ref1; arrests for collusion with Germany, ref1; MPs refuse to take seats in Westminster, ref1, ref2; dominates Dáil, ref1; electoral supporters, ref1; declared illegal, ref1; election results (1921), ref1; split, ref1; negotiations issues (1994–6), ref1, ref2

Skinner, Dennis, ref1

Sloane Rangers, ref1

Slovakia, ref1, ref2

Smith, John, ref1, ref2

Smith, Tim, ref1

Smuts, Jan, ref1

Snowden, Philip: background and political views, ref1, ref2; chancellor, ref1; budget (1924), ref1; response to Great Depression, ref1; in National Government, ref1; budget (1931), ref1; on Labour election programme, ref1; replaced as chancellor, ref1; resignation, ref1

Soames, Nicholas, ref1, ref2

Sobibor death camp, ref1

Social Chapter, ref1, ref2

Social Contract, ref1, ref2, ref3

socialism, ref1, ref2, ref3

Socialist Medical Association, ref1

Somme, Battle of the (1916), ref1

Soros, George, ref1

South Africa: Chinese workers, ref1; industry, ref1; Macmillan’s speech (1960), ref1; Sharpeville massacre, ref1; withdrawal from Commonwealth, ref1; BOSS, ref1

Soviet Union: supports Spanish Republic against Franco, ref1; Czechoslovakia policy, ref1; British discussions (1939), ref1; Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939), ref1, ref2; war against Finland, ref1; German invasion (1941), ref1; Gulag, ref1; rise of Gorbachev, ref1; disintegration, ref1

Spain: military government, ref1; Franco’s attempted coup, ref1; civil war, ref1, ref2, ref3; International Brigades, ref1; Franco’s victory, ref1; British recognition of Franco’s government, ref1

Special Defence Initiative (‘Star Wars’), ref1

Spectator, ref1

Speight, Johnny, ref1

spies, ref1

spin doctors, ref1

Spitting Image (TV series), ref1, ref2, ref3

spivs, ref1

sport, ref1, ref2

Stalin, Joseph: reputation, ref1; Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939), ref1, ref2; cull of officers, ref1; purges, ref1

Stalingrad, Russian defence, ref1

Stamp, Terence, ref1

Starr, Ringo, ref1

Steele, David, ref1

sterling: gold standard, ref1, ref2; devaluation suggested, ref1; gold standard abandoned, ref1, ref2; stabilizing, ref1; ‘balancing the budget’, ref1; European monetary union questions, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; collapse, ref1; Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), ref1, ref2; pegged to Deutschmark, ref1, ref2, ref3; fall of, ref1; suspension from ERM, ref1

Stevens, Cat, ref1

Stewart, Allan, ref1

stockbrokers, ref1

Stopes, Marie: Married Love, ref1

Stoppard, Tom, ref1

Strachey, Lytton: Eminent Victorians, ref1

Straw, Jack, ref1

Stresemann, Gustav, ref1

strikes: (1910–14), ref1, ref2; (1920–21), ref1; (1924), ref1; miners (1925–6), ref1; general strike (1926), ref1; seamen (1966), ref1; Ford (1969), ref1; miners (1972), ref1, ref2; dockers (1972), ref1; general strike (1972), ref1; ‘flying pickets’, ref1, ref2, ref3; miners (1974), ref1, ref2; miners (1984–5), ref1; underground train drivers, ref1

suburban life, ref1, ref2, ref3

Sudetenland: Hitler’s plan to annex, ref1; ceded to Germany, ref1; massacre of Jews, ref1

Suez crisis (1956), ref1

Suicide of a Nation (edited by Koestler), ref1

Sunday Times, ref1, ref2

Sunningdale Agreement (1973), ref1

Sutherland, ‘Bronco Bill’, ref1

Szálasi, Ferenc, ref1

Tariff Reform: suggestion, ref1; Joseph Chamberlain’s conversion to, ref1, ref2; opposition to, ref1; press support for, ref1; Conservatives divided over, ref1; Baldwin’s policy, ref1, ref2, ref3; ‘Empire Free Trade’, ref1, ref2; Mosley’s policy, ref1; Conservative policy, ref1; Neville Chamberlain’s introduction, ref1

taxation: death duties, ref1; land taxes in People’s Budget, ref1, ref2; wartime income tax, ref1; proposed VAT rise, ref1; income tax lowered, ref1, ref2; public attitudes to (1997), ref1

Taylor, George, ref1

Tebbit, Margaret, ref1, ref2

Tebbit, Norman: on Thatcher, ref1; Brighton bombing, ref1; leaves cabinet, ref1; on Heseltine, ref1

technology: innovation, ref1, ref2; election (1910), ref1; factory assembly lines, ref1; Benn’s view of Concorde, ref1

Teddy boys (Teds), ref1, ref2, ref3

television: satire, ref1; football, ref1; Mary Whitehouse’s views, ref1; Doctor Who, ref1, ref2; audiences, ref1; programmes, ref1, ref2; politicians on, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; colour, ref1; news, ref1; Spitting Image, ref1; comedy, ref1; revelations about royal family, ref1; Question Time, ref1

That Was the Week That Was (TV series), ref1

Thatcher, Denis, ref1, ref2

Thatcher, Margaret: education secretary, ref1, ref2; secret ballot suggestion, ref1; on Callaghan, ref1; election victory (1979), ref1, ref2; background, ref1; parliamentary career, ref1; monetarism, ref1, ref2; Conservative leadership election (1975), ref1; prime minister (1979), ref1; attitude to EEC, ref1, ref2; vision of Conservatism, ref1; appearance, ref1; economic policy, ref1; no U-turn, ref1; ‘right to buy’ for council tenants, ref1; union reform plans, ref1; taxation policy, ref1; Falklands war, ref1, ref2; character, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; election victory (1983), ref1; privatization, ref1, ref2; miners’ strike (1984–5), ref1; Brighton bombing (1984), ref1; Irish negotiations, ref1; relationship with Reagan, ref1, ref2; view of Gorbachev, ref1; attitude of artists to her, ref1, ref2; called a fascist, ref1; unpopularity, ref1, ref2, ref3; regime, ref1, ref2; Single European Act (1985), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; election victory (1987), ref1, ref2, ref3; relationship with Delors, ref1; Bruges speech (1988), ref1, ref2, ref3; ‘popular capitalism’, ref1; local council-rates reform (community charge), ref1; ERM debate, ref1; challenge to leadership, ref1; ERM entry, ref1, ref2; Howe’s resignation speech, ref1, ref2; Heseltine’s leadership challenge, ref1, ref2; community charge protests, ref1; resignation, ref1; response to Maastricht, ref1; on Black Wednesday, ref1; relationship with Major, ref1, ref2; on pit closures, ref1; effect of democratizing unions, ref1

theatre: Look Back in Anger, ref1; Joe Orton’s plays, ref1; Pinter’s plays, ref1; Stoppard’s plays, ref1; Shaffer’s plays, ref1; Blasted scandal, ref1; Nineties resurgence, ref1

think tanks, ref1

Thompson, E. P., ref1

Thompson, F. M. L., ref1

Thorpe, Jeremy, ref1, ref2

Till Death Us Do Part (TV series), ref1, ref2

Times, The: on death of Victoria, ref1; on wealth redistribution, ref1; supports Tariff Reform, ref1; on motor cars, ref1; on strikes, ref1; on Allied retreat, ref1; munitions campaign, ref1; content, ref1; on 1929, ref2; on death of George V, ref1; editors, ref1, ref2; on riots, ref1; serializes Cook memoir, ref1

Tirpitz, Admiral, ref1

Tiso, Jozef, ref1

Titmuss, Richard L., ref1

Tolkien, J. R. R., ref1, ref2; The Lord of the Rings, ref1

Town Planning Act (1909), ref1

Townshend, Pete, ref1

Toynbee, Arnold, ref1

Trade Boards Bill, ref1

Trade Disputes Acts: (1906), ref1; (1966), ref1

Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act (1927), ref1, ref2

trade unions: flourishing, ref1; membership, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; Labour party, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; legislation, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; strikes (1910–14), ref1; status of women, ref1, ref2; wartime concessions, ref1; general strike (1926), ref1; political levy abolished, ref1; working hours, ref1; campaign for paid holidays, ref1; ‘In Place of Strife’ (1969), ref1, ref2; Heath’s policies, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; Industrial Relations Act (1971), ref1, ref2; Social Contract, ref1, ref2, ref3; ‘free collective bargaining’ for wages, ref1; print unions, ref1; ‘Winter of Discontent’ (1978–9), ref1; English tradition, ref1; rivalry between, ref1; Thatcher’s policies, ref1, ref2; Blair’s policies, ref1

Trades Union Congress (TUC): miners’ strike (1925–6), ref1; general strike (1926), ref1; Heath’s view of, ref1; rejects Industrial Relations Bill, ref1; mining industry issues, ref1, ref2; Social Contract, ref1; Delors speech (1988), ref1; manufacturing closures, ref1

transport: commuting, ref1, ref2; trams, ref1, ref2, ref3; buses, ref1, ref2, ref3; trains, ref1, ref2, ref3; motor cars, ref1, ref2; bicycles, ref1, ref2; speeding, ref1; electric trolley buses, ref1

Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU), ref1, ref2, ref3

Tredegar Medical Aid Society, ref1, ref2

Tribune, ref1

Trimble, David, ref1

Triple Alliance, ref1, ref2, ref3

Turing, Alan, ref1

Twiggy (Lesley Hornby), ref1, ref2

2i club, The, ref1

U-boats, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Ugandan Asians: passports, ref1; expelled by Idi Amin, ref1; arrival in Britain, ref1

UKIP (United Kingdom Independence Party), ref1

Ukraine: NKVD killings, ref1; famine, ref1

Ulster: four Protestant-majority counties, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; six counties, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Ulster Unionist Council, ref1

Ulster Unionists: leader, ref1; relationship with Conservative party, ref1, ref2; opposition to Irish Home Rule, ref1, ref2; importing arms, ref1, ref2; living under Dublin administration, ref1; recognize Belfast parliament, ref1; remaining in UK as ‘Northern Ireland’, ref1; Good Friday Agreement (1998), ref1

Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), ref1, ref2

Ultra code, ref1

Unemployed Workmen Act (1903), ref1

unemployment: fear of, ref1; consequences of, ref1, ref2; blamed on women, ref1; after WWI, ref1; Twenties, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; benefits, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; Thirties, ref1, ref2; means test, ref1; violence, ref1; suicides, ref1; in Jarrow, ref1; in 1980, ref2; in black communities, ref1; predictions (1988), ref1

Unemployment Act (1934), ref1

Unionist Alliance, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Unionists: name, ref1, ref2; Irish Home Rule Bill, ref1, ref2; leadership, ref1; support for declaration of war, ref1; wartime coalition, ref1, ref2; waning support for war (1917), ref1; blaming women for unemployment, ref1; peacetime coalition, ref1, ref2; election (1918), ref1, ref2; Versailles Treaty, ref1; austerity programme, ref1; Irish nationalism concern, ref1; response to Anglo-Irish treaty, ref1

United States: coal and iron production, ref1; arms race, ref1; UK alliance, ref1, ref2; declares war on Germany, ref1; Wilson’s peace settlement plan, ref1, ref2; isolation, ref1; technological revolution, ref1; Wall Street crash (1929), ref1; naval treaty (1922), ref1; Pearl Harbor, ref1; war with Germany, ref1; withdrawal of Lend-Lease, ref1; Suez crisis, ref1; special relationship, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; support for Britain’s EEC membership, ref1; funds for IRA, ref1

University Challenge (TV quiz), ref1

Upper Clyde Shipbuilders, ref1

Ure, Midge, ref1

V1s and V2s, ref1

Vaughan Williams, Ralph, ref1, ref2

Versailles: peace conference, ref1, ref2; Treaty (1919), ref1, ref2, ref3

Victoria, Queen, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Vietnam War, ref1, ref2

villages, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

wages: agricultural labourers, ref1; working classes, ref1; strikes, ref1, ref2; rise (WWI), ref1, ref2; miners (1925), ref1, ref2; public-sector cuts (1931), ref1; purchasing power, ref1; post-war, ref1; miners (1972), ref1; Seventies, ref1

Waigel, Theodor, ref1, ref2

Wain, John: Hurry On Down, ref1

Wakeham, John, ref1

Wales: evacuees, ref1; devolution, ref1, ref2

Wall Street crash (1929), ref1

Walters, Sir Alan, ref1

Ward, Stephen, ref1

Waterhouse, Keith, ref1

Waters, Susan, ref1

Watkinson, Harold, ref1

Watson, James, ref1

Waugh, Alec, ref1

Waugh, Evelyn: Vile Bodies, ref1, ref2, ref3; on left-wing youth, ref1

Waymouth, Nigel, ref1

Webb, Beatrice, ref1, ref2

Webb, Sidney, ref1, ref2

welfare state: foundations, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; cost, ref1; approach to education, ref1; expansion, ref1, ref2; Heath’s policy, ref1

Weller, Irene, ref1

Wells, H. G.: on Queen Victoria, ref1; Mr Britling Sees it Through, ref1; influence, ref1

Wembley Stadium, ref1

West, Fred and Rosemary, ref1

West, Rebecca, ref1

Western Front: casualties, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; BEF, ref1; trench warfare, ref1, ref2, ref3; arrival of US troops, ref1; post-war effects of experiences, ref1

Wham!, ref1

White, T. H.: The Once and Future King, ref1

White Wolves, ref1

Whitehouse, Mary, ref1

Whitelaw, William ‘Willie’: on miners’ strike, ref1; character, ref1; Sunningdale Agreement, ref1; dealing with second miners’ strike, ref1; European policy, ref1; advice to Heath, ref1; party leadership candidacy, ref1; illness, ref1

Who, the, ref1, ref2

Wilberforce report (1972), ref1

Wilde, Oscar: The Importance of Being Earnest, ref1; imprisonment, ref1, ref2

Wilhelm II, Kaiser, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Wilkinson, ‘Red’ Ellen, ref1

William of Wykeham, ref1

Williams, Alan, ref1

Williams, Marcia, ref1

Williams, Percy, ref1

Willoughby de Broke, Lord, ref1

Wills, John, ref1

Wilson, Edmund, ref1

Wilson, Harold: on Common Market entry, ref1; election victory (1964), ref1; prime minister, ref1; character, ref1, ref2; MBEs for Beatles, ref1, ref2; reforming achievements, ref1, ref2; re-election (1966); response to seamen’s strike, ref1; six-month price and pay freeze, ref1; ‘July plot’ against, ref1; devaluation of the pound (1967), ref1; reputation, ref1; US relations, ref1, ref2; industrial-relations policy, ref1; election defeat (1970), ref1; election victory (1974), ref1, ref2; EEC referendum (1975), ref1; mental decline, ref1; resignation, ref1, ref2; Callaghan’s tribute, ref1

Wilson, Mary, ref1

Wilson, Woodrow, ref1, ref2

Windrush generation, ref1, ref2, ref3

Windsor Castle, fire, ref1

Winstanley, Gerrard, ref1

Wolfenden report (1957), ref1, ref2

Woman and Woman’s Own, ref1

women: demands for vote, ref1; local government participation, ref1; suffragettes, ref1; wartime employment, ref1, ref2; clothes, ref1, ref2, ref3; vote for women over thirty, ref1, ref2; post-war dismissal from employment, ref1, ref2; ‘marriage bar’ in employment, ref1, ref2; flappers, ref1; fashions, ref1, ref2; vote for all women over twenty-one, ref1; first female cabinet minister, ref1; housewives, ref1; reading, ref1; ‘Great Saucepan Offensive’, ref1; employment opportunities, ref1; Greenham Common camp, ref1; MCC membership, ref1

Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps, ref1

Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), ref1

Wood, Ursula, ref1

Woolf, Virginia: Bloomsbury Group, ref1; Mrs Dalloway, ref1

Woolton, Lord, ref1

working hours, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Workmen’s Compensation Act (1906), ref1

World Cup (1966), ref1, ref2

World Disarmament Conference, ref1

World War, First: outbreak, ref1, ref2; Armistice, ref1; Versailles peace conference, ref1; causes of, ref1

World War, Second: declared, ref1; Dunkirk, ref1; Normandy landings, ref1, ref2; VE day, ref1, ref2

Wyndham Land (Purchase) Act (1903), ref1

Yardbirds, ref1, ref2

Yeats, W. B.: ‘Easter, 1916’, ref1

Yeo, Tim, ref1

York, Duke and Duchess of, ref1

Zeppelins, ref1, ref2

1. Edward VII. He was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and was considered to be the most popular monarch since Charles II.

2. King George at the opening of the Festival of Empire at the Crystal Palace in 1911.

3. A tram in Yarmouth. It was the cheapest form of travel, even along the seashore.

4. The Boy Scouts in 1909. By the following year, there were over 100,000 of them.

5. Emmeline Pankhurst in 1914. One of the first suffragettes, who also established the Women’s Social and Political Union.

6. Herbert Henry Asquith, prime minister from 1908 to 1916. He was also known as ‘Squiffy’ because of his habit of over-drinking.

7. David Lloyd George, prime minister from 1916 to 1922. His passion for social reform was matched only by his energy and ambition.

8. The British Empire Exhibition, 1924. A vast and expensive propaganda exercise to promote the unity of Britain and its dominions.

9. Flappers in 1925: young women determined to dance and drink away the memories of wartime Britain.

10. The General Strike of 1926. It heightened the sense of revolution hanging over the country.

11. A Butlin’s poster from the 1930s. The first ever commercial holiday camp was established at Skegness in 1936.

12. Members of the Bloomsbury Group in 1928, a set of writers and artists who fostered radical innovation in the post-war world. From left to right : Frances Partridge, Quentin and Julian Bell, Duncan Grant, Clive Bell and Beatrice Mayor; kneeling: Roger Fry; sitting: Raymond Mortimer.

13. Charlie Chaplin in The Great Dictator, a 1940 film in which he parodied Adolf Hitler.

14. George VI on the day of his coronation, 12 May 1937. He was a reluctant king, who nevertheless fulfilled his duties as monarch in war and peace.

15. Winston Churchill in 1940. Implacable and strong-willed, he guided his country to victory in 1945.

16. The Empire Windrush in 1948. Passengers from the West Indies disembarking in Tilbury.

17. The birth of the National Health Service. Guided by Nye Bevan, it came into operation on Monday, 5 July 1948.

18. Rationing in 1949. The long lines proclaim that, even four years after the war, tea, sugar and eggs were still in short supply.

19. The coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953. She was to become the longest reigning monarch in English history.

20. The Suez Canal in October 1956. The newspaper headlines emphasize the significance of what turned out to be a British disaster.

21. Harold Wilson, in October 1964, entering Downing Street after his election victory. The defeated Conservatives had been in power for thirteen years.

22. A scene outside the Royal Court in June 1956. It marked the premiere of John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger.

23. Mary Quant in April 1964. She became known as ‘the queen of fashion’ in a fashion-conscious era.

24. The 1966 World Cup final. The victory of England in the final was perhaps the summit of the country’s sporting achievement.

25. The Beatles in August 1966. The four members of the group were at the pinnacle of their success, but the tour of 1966 was their last.

26. The queen watching television in 1969. A relaxed family scene, suggesting that the royal family was becoming more ‘open’ to the public.

27. A British family watching television in the 1970s. The ‘box’ was now essential and ubiquitous.

28. The three-day week, 1973, imposed by Edward Heath at the end of that year to minimize the use of electricity.

29. The miners’ strike of 1984. Arthur Scargill, president of the National Union of Mineworkers, confronts the police.

30. Margaret Thatcher, prime minister, in 1986. She had already gained recognition as the Iron Lady.

31. Princess Diana being interviewed in November 1995 about her life apart from the royal family, which led to her divorce from the Prince of Wales.

32. Tony Blair, on the day after the election of 1 May 1997, when he defeated John Major and the Conservatives.

33. The Millennium Dome, now known as the O2 Arena for music and entertainment.

About the Author

Peter Ackroyd is an award-winning novelist, as well as a broadcaster, biographer, poet and historian. He is the author of the acclaimed non-fiction bestsellers Thames: Sacred River and London: The Biography. He holds a CBE for services to literature and lives in London.

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

Non-Fiction

The History of England Vol. I: Foundation

The History of England Vol. II: Tudors

The History of England Vol. III: Civil War

The History of England Vol. IV: Revolution

The History of England Vol. V: Dominion

London: The Biography

Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination

The Collection: Journalism, Reviews, Essays, Short Stories

Lectures Edited by Thomas Wright

Thames: Sacred River Venice: Pure City Queer City

Fiction

The Great Fire of London

The Last Testament of Oscar Wilde

Hawksmoor Chatterton First Light

English Music The House of Doctor Dee

Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem Milton in America

The Plato Papers The Clerkenwell Tales

The Lambs of London The Fall of Troy

The Casebook of Victor Frankenstein Three Brothers

Biography

Ezra Pound and his World T. S. Eliot

Dickens Blake The Life of Thomas More

Shakespeare: The Biography Charlie Chaplin

Brief Lives

Chaucer J. M. W. Turner

Newton Poe: A Life Cut Short

First published 2021 by Picador

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