Под белым небом. Как человек меняет природу

Примечания

1

Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi, reprint ed. (New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001), 54.

2

Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness and The Secret Sharer, reprint ed. (New York: Signet Classics, 1950), 102.

3

The New York Times (Jan. 14, 1900), 14.

4

Libby Hill, The Chicago River: A Natural and Unnatural History (Chicago: Lake Claremont Press, 2000), 127.

5

Cited in Hill, The Chicago River, 133.

6

Roger Le B. Hooke and José F. Martín-Duque, «Land Transformation by Humans: A Review», GSA Today, 22 (2012), 4–10.

7

Katy Bergen, «Oklahoma Earthquake Felt in Kansas City, and as Far as Des Moines and Dallas», The Kansas City Star (Sept. 3, 2016), kansascity.com/news/local/article99785512.html.

8

Yinon M. Bar-On, Rob Phillips, and Ron Milo, «The Biomass Distribution on Earth», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115 (2018), 6506–6511.

9

«Historical Vignette 113—Hide the Development of the Atomic Bomb», U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Headquarters, usace.army.mil/About/History/Historical-Vignettes/Military-Construction-Combat/113-Atomic-Bomb/.

10

P. Moy, C. B. Shea, J. M. Dettmers, and I. Polls, «Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal Aquatic Nuisance Species Dispersal Barriers», доклад, доступный для скачивания, на сайте: glpf.org/funded-projects/aquatic-nuisance-species-dispersal-barrier-for-the-chicago-sanitary-and-ship-canal/.

11

Цит. по: Thomas Just, «The Political and Economic Implications of the Asian Carp Invasion», Pepperdine Policy Review, 4 (2011), digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/ppr/vol4/iss1/3.

12

Patrick M. Kočovský, Duane C. Chapman, and Song Qian, «‘Asian Carp’ Is Societally and Scientifically Problematic. Let’s Replace It», Fisheries, 43 (2018), 311–316.

13

Цифры взяты из: the China Fisheries Yearbook 2016, и приводятся в: Louis Harkell, «China Claims 69m Tons of Fish Produced in 2016», Undercurrent News (Jan. 19, 2017), undercurrentnews.com/2017/01/19/ministry-of-agriculture-china-produced-69m-tons-of-fish-in-2016/.

14

William Souder, On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson (New York: Crown, 2012), 280.

15

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 40th anniversary ed. (New York: Mariner, 2002), 297.

16

Andrew Mitchell and Anita M. Kelly, «The Public Sector Role in the Establishment of Grass Carp in the United States», Fisheries, 31 (2006), 113–121.

17

Anita M. Kelly, Carole R. Engle, Michael L. Armstrong, Mike Freeze, and Andrew J. Mitchell, «History of Introductions and Governmental Involvement in Promoting the Use of Grass, Silver, and Bighead Carps», in Invasive Asian Carps in North America, Duane C. Chapman and Michael H. Hoff, eds. (Bethesda, Md.: American Fisheries Society, 2011), 163–174.

18

Henry David Thoreau, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, reprint ed. (New York: Penguin, 1998), 31.

19

Duane C. Chapman, «Facts About Invasive Bighead and Silver Carps», публикация United States Geological Survey, доступна по ссылке: pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3033/pdf/FS2010–3033.pdf.

20

Dan Egan, The Death and Life of the Great Lakes (New York: Norton, 2017), 156. Dan Chapman, A War in the Water, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, southeast region (March 19, 2018), fws.gov/southeast/articles/a-war-in-the-water/.

21

Egan, The Death and Life of the Great Lakes, 177.

22

Цит. по: Tom Henry, «Congressmen Urge Aggressive Action to Block Asian Carp», The Blade (Dec. 21, 2009), toledoblade.com/local/2009/12/21/Congressmen-urge-aggressive-action-to-block-Asian-carp/stories/200912210014.

23

«Lawsuit Against the U. S. Army Corpof Engineers and the Chicago Water District», Department of the Michigan Attorney General, michigan.gov/ag/0,4534,7-359-82915_82919_82129_82135–447414-,00.html.

24

The Great Lakes and Mississippi River Interbasin Study, или доклад GLMRIS доступный по ссылке, is available at: glmris.anl.gov/glmris-report/.

25

Перечень (по последним подсчетам) 187 инвазивных видов, обнаруженных в Великих озерах, представлен Национальным управлением океанических и атмосферных исследований США (NOAA) и доступен по ссылке: glerl.noaa.gov/glansis/GLANSISposter.pdf.

26

Phil Luciano, «Asian Carp More Than a Slap in the Face», Peoria Journal Star (Oct. 21, 2003), pjstar.com/article/20031021/NEWS/310219999.

27

Doug Fangyu, «Asian Carp: Americans’ Poison, Chinese People’s Delicacy», China Daily USA (Oct. 13, 2014), http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2014-10/13/content_18730596.htm.

28

Amy Wold, «Washed Away: Locations in Plaquemines Parish Disappear from Latest NOAA Charts», The Advocate (Apr. 29, 2013), theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/article_f60d4d55-e26b-52c0-b9bb-bed2ae0b348c.html.

29

Цит. по: John McPhee, The Control of Nature (New York: Noonday, 1990), 26.

30

Liviu Giosan and Angelina M. Freeman, «How Deltas Work: A Brief Look at the Mississippi River Delta in a Global Context», in Perspectives on the Restoration of the Mississippi Delta, John W. Day, G. Paul Kemp, Angelina M. Freeman, and David P. Muth, eds. (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2014), 30.

31

Christopher Morris, The Big Muddy: An Environmental History of the Mississippi and Its Peoples from Hernando de Soto to Hurricane Katrina (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 42.

32

Цит. по: Morris, The Big Muddy, 45.

33

Цит. по: Morris, The Big Muddy, 45.

34

Цит. по: Lawrence N. Powell, The Accidental City: Improvising New Orleans (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012), 49.

35

Morris, The Big Muddy, 61.

36

John M. Barry, Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America (New York: Touchstone, 1997), 40.

37

Donald W. Davis, «Historical Perspective on Crevasses, Levees, and the Mississippi River», in Transforming New Orleans and Its Environs, Craig E. Colten, ed. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2000), 87.

38

Цит. по: Richard Campanella, «Long before Hurricane Katrina, There Was Sauve’s Crevasse, One of the Worst Floods in New Orleans History», nola.com (June 11, 2014), nola.com/entertainment_life/home_garden/article_ea927b6b-d1ab-5462–9756-ccb1acdf092e.html.

39

Чтобы получить полную информацию о прорывах, произошедших с 1773 по 1927 г., см.: Davis, «Historical Perspectives on Crevasses, Levees, and the Mississippi River», 95.

40

Davis, «Historical Perspectives on Crevasses, Levees, and the Mississippi River», 100.

41

Оценки ущерба, нанесенного Великим наводнением 1927 г., сильно различаются; по некоторым из них, ущерб составил почти $15 млрд в нынешних деньгах.

42

Цит. по: Christine A. Klein and Sandra B. Zellmer, Mississippi River Tragedies: A Century of Unnatural Disaster (New York: New York University, 2014), 76.

43

D. O. Elliott, The Improvement of the Lower Mississippi River for Flood Control and Navigation: Vol. 2 (St. Louis: Mississippi River Commission, 1932), 172.

44

Elliott, The Improvement of the Lower Mississippi River: Vol. 2, 326.

45

Отрывок приводится по: Michael C. Robinson, The Mississippi River Commission: An American Epic (Vicksburg, Miss.: Mississippi River Commission, 1989).

46

Davis, «Historical Perspectives on Crevasses, Levees, and the Mississippi River», 85.

47

John Snell, «State Takes Soil Samples at Site of Largest Coastal Restoration Project, Despite Plaquemines Parish Opposition», Fox8live (last updated Aug.23, 2018), ox8live.com/story/38615453/state-takes-soil-samples-at-site-of-largest-coastal-restoration-project-despite-plaquemines-parish-opposition/.

48

Cathleen E. Jones et al., «Anthropogenic and Geologic Influences on Subsidence in the Vicinity of New Orleans, Louisiana», Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 121 (2016), 3867–3887.

49

Thomas Ewing Dabney, «New Orleans Builds Own Underground River», New Orleans Item (May 2, 1920), 1.

50

Jack Shafer, «Don’t Refloat: The Case against Rebuilding the Sunken City of New Orleans», Slate (Sept. 7, 2005), slate.com/news-and-politics/2005/09/the-case-against-rebuildingthe-sunken-city-of-new-orleans.html.

51

Klaus Jacob, «Time for a Tough Question: Why Rebuild?» The Washington Post (Sept. 6, 2005).

52

Отчеты Комиссии по возвращению Нового Орлеана, назначенной мэром Рэем Нейджином, содержатся в архиве сайта: columbia.edu/itc/journalism/cases/katrina/city_of_new_orleans_bnobc.html.

53

Mark Schleifstein, «Price of Now-Completed Pump Stations at New Orleans Outfall Canals Rises by $33.2 Million», New Orleans Times-Picayune (last updated July 12, 2019), nola.com/news/environment/article_7734dae6-c1c9-559b-8b94-7a9cef8bb6d8.html.

54

Klein and Zellmer, Mississippi River Tragedies, 144.

55

Насколько заболоченная суша гасит штормовые волны — вопрос спорный. Оценки приводятся по: Klein and Zellmer, Mississippi River Tragedies, 141.

56

С историей группы «Остров Жан-Шарль», в которую входят потомки племен билокси, читимача и чокто, а также с последней информацией о программе переселения можно познакомиться на сайте: isledejeancharles.com.

57

Оценка стоимости «Проекта Морганза» постоянно меняется. Приведенные цифры относятся к 1990-м гг., когда специалисты Корпуса решили не включать остров в программу защиты от ураганов.

58

McPhee, The Control of Nature, 50

59

McPhee, The Control of Nature, 69.

60

Во времена Уильяма Мэнли эта гора еще не получила официального названия, Местоположение разведчика группы указывается в: Richard E. Lingenfelter, Death Valley & the Amargosa: A Land of Illusion (Berkeley: University of California, 1986), 42.

61

Death Valley in ’49: The Autobiography of a Pioneer, reprint ed. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: The Narrative Press, 2001), 105.

62

Lingenfelter, Death Valley & the Amargosa, 34–35.

63

Manly, Death Valleyin ’49, 106.

64

Manly, Death Valley in ’49, 99.

65

От этом рассказывается в: Manly, Death Valley in ’49, 113.

66

Цит. по: James E. Deacon and Cynthia Deacon Williams, Ash Meadows and the Legacy of the Devils Hole Pupfish, in Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish Management in the American West, W. L. Minckley and James E. Deacon, eds. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991), 69.

67

Manly, Death Valley in ’49, 107.

68

Christopher J. Norment, Relicts of a Beautiful Sea: Survival, Extinction, and Conservation in a Desert World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2014), 110.

69

Видео с камеры наблюдения было опубликовано в статье Veronica Rocha, «3 Men Face Felony Charges in Killing of Endangered Pupfish in Death Valley», Los Angeles Times (May 13, 2016), latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-pupfish-charges-20160513-snap-story.html.

70

Paige Blankenbuehler, «How a Tiny Endangered Species Put a Man in Prison», High Country News (Apr. 15, 2019).

71

Расчеты основаны на цифрах, приведенных в: Norment, Relicts of a Beautiful Sea, 120.

72

Manly, Death Valley in ’49, 13.

73

Manly, Death Valley in ’49, 64.

74

Henry David Thoreau, Thoreau’s Journals, Vol. 20 (запись от 23 марта, 1856), текст приведен на сайте: http://thoreau.library.ucsb.edu/writings_journals20.html.

75

Joel Greenberg, A Feathered River Across the Sky: The Passenger Pigeon’s Flight to Extinction (New York: Bloomsbury, 2014), 152–155.

76

William T. Hornaday, The Extermination of the American Bison with a Sketch of Its Discovery and Life History (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1889), 387.

77

Hornaday, The Extermination of the American Bison, 525.

78

Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, reprint ed. (New York: Ballantine, 1970), 117.

79

Anthony D. Barnosky et al., «Has the Earth’s Sixth Mass Extinction Already Arrived?» Nature, 471 (2011) 51–57.

80

Перечень, составленный Национальной инициативой по сохранению птиц Северной Америки, приведен на сайте: allaboutbirds.org/news/state-of-the-birds-2014-common-birds-in-steep-decline-list/.

81

Caspar A. Hallmann et al., «More than 75Percent Decline over 27 Years in Total Flying Insect Biomass in Protected Areas», PLoS ONE, 12 (2017), journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185809.

82

C. N. Waters et al., «Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Anthropocene Series: Where and How to Look for Potential Candidates», Earth-Science Reviews, 178 (2018), 379–429.

83

Proclamation 2961, 17 Fed. Reg. 691 (Jan. 23, 1952).

84

Полный перечень проведенных ядерных испытаний с указанием дат приводится в документе U. S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Safety Administration Nevada Field Office, United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992 (Alexandria, Va.: U. S. Department of Commerce, 2015), nnss.gov/docs/docs_LibraryPublications/DOE_NV-209_Rev16.pdf.

85

Этот план описывается в: Kevin C. Brown, Recovering the Devils Hole Pupfish: An Environmental History (National Park Service, 2017), 315. Электронная копия этой истории любезно предоставлена автором.

86

Brown, Recovering the Devils Hole Pupfish, 142.

87

Brown, Recovering the Devils Hole Pupfish, 145.

88

Brown, Recovering the Devils Hole Pupfish, 139.

89

Brown, Recovering the Devils Hole Pupfish, 303.

90

Edward Abbey, Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness, reprint ed. (New York: Touchstone, 1990), 126.

91

Abbey, Desert Solitaire, 21.

92

Norment, Relicts of a Beautiful Sea, 3–4.

93

Stanley D. Gehrt, Justin L. Brown, and Chris Anchor, «Is the Urban Coyote a Misanthropic Synanthrope: The Case from Chicago», Cities and the Environment, 4 (2011), digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol4/iss1/3/.

94

Последняя информация по спискам МСОП о «возможно исчезнувших» видах приведена здесь: iucnredlist.org/statistics.

95

J. Michael Scott et al., «Recovery of Imperiled Species under the Endangered Species Act: The Need for a New Approach», Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3 (2005), 383–389.

96

Henry David Thoreau, Walden, reprint ed. (Oxford: Oxford University, 1997), 10.

97

Mary Austin, The Land of Little Rain, reprint ed. (Mineola, N. Y.: Dover, 2015), 61.

98

Robert R. Miller, James D. Williams, and Jack E. Williams, «Extinctions of North American Fishes During the Past Century», Fisheries, 14 (1989), 22–38.

99

Edwin Philip Pister, «Species in a Bucket», Natural History (January 1993), 18.

100

C. Moon Reed, «Only You Can Save the Pahrump Poolfish», Las Vegas Weekly (March 9, 2017), lasvegasweekly.com/news/2017/mar/09/pahrump-poolfish-lake-harriet-spring-mountain/.

101

J. R. McNeill, Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century World (New York: Norton, 2000), 194.

102

Richard B. Aronson and William F. Precht, «White-Band Disease and the Changing Face of Caribbean Coral Reefs», Hydrobiologia, 460 (2001), 25–38.

103

Alexandra Witze, «Corals Worldwide Hit by Bleaching», Nature (Oct. 8, 2015), nature.com/news/corals-worldwide-hit-by-bleaching-1.18527.

104

Jacob Silverman et al., «Coral Reefs May Start Dissolving When Atmospheric CO₂Doubles», Geophysical Research Letters, 36 (2009), agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2008GL036282.

105

O. Hoegh-Guldberg et al., «Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification», Science, 318 (2007), 1737–1742.

106

Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle (New York: P. F. Collier, 1909), 406.

107

Darwin, Charles Darwin’s Beagle Diary, Richard Darwin Keynes, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1988), 418.

108

Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: Voyaging (New York: Knopf, 1995), 437.

109

Darwin, On the Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1964), 84.

110

Взято из: «Epitaph for a Favorite Tumbler Who Died Aged Twelve», подписанной именем Columba; полный текст поэмы приведен на сайте: darwinspigeons.com/#/victorian-pigeon-poems/4535732923.

111

Дарвин написал это в письме своему другу Томасу Эйтону; цит. по: Browne, Charles Darwin, 525.

112

Darwin, On the Origin of Species, 20–21.

113

Darwin, On the Origin of Species, 109.

114

Bill McKibben, The End of Nature (New York: Random House, 1989).

115

Эти данные предоставлены Нилом Кэнтином (Neal Cantin), интервью у которого я брала в Морском симуляторе Австралийского института морских исследований 15 ноября 2019.

116

Robinson Meyer, «Since 2016, Half of All Coral in the Great Barrier Reef Has Died», The Atlantic (Apr. 18, 2018), theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/04/since-2016-half-the-coral-in-the-great-barrier-reef-has-perished/558302/.

117

Terry P. Hughes et al., «Global Warming Transforms Coral Reef Assemblages», Nature, 556 (2018), 492–496.

118

Mark D. Spalding, Corinna Ravilious, and Edmund P. Green, World Atlas of Coral Reefs (Berkeley: University of California, 2001), 27.

119

Spalding et al., World Atlas of Coral Reefs, 27.

120

Laetitia Plaisance et al., «The Diversity of Coral Reefs: What Are We Missing?» PLoS ONE, 6 (2011), journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0025026.

121

Nancy Knowlton, «The Future of Coral Reefs», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98 (2001), 5419–5425.

122

Richard C. Murphy, Coral Reefs: Cities under the Sea (Princeton, N. J.: The Darwin Press, 2002), 33.

123

Roger Bradbury, «A World Without Coral Reefs», The New York Times (July 13, 2012), A17.106. Администрация морского парка «Большой Барьерный риф» в своем отчете обрисовала долгосрочные перспективы этого рифа: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2019 (Townsville, Aus.: GBRMPA, 2019), vi. Полная версия отчета представлена на сайте: http://elibrary.gbrmpa.gov.au/jspui/handle/11017/3474/.

124

«Adani Gets Final Environmental Approval for Carmichael Mine», Australian Broadcasting Corporation News (last updated June 13, 2019), abc.net.au/news/2019-06-13/adani-carmichael-coal-mine-approved-water-management-galilee/11203208.

125

Jeff Goodell, «The World’s Most Insane Energy Project Moves Ahead», Rolling Stone (June 14, 2019), rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/adani-mine-australia-climate-change-848315/.

126

Darwin, On the Origin of Species, 489.

127

Josiah Zayner, «How to Genetically Engineer a Human in Your Garage — Part I», Josiahzayner.com/2017/01/genetic-designer-part-i.html.

128

Jennifer A. Doudna and Samuel H. Sternberg, A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017), 119.

129

Waring Trible et al, «orco Mutagenesis Causes Loss of Antennal Lobe Glomeruli and Impaired Social Behavior in Ants», Cell, 170 (2017), 727–735.

130

Peiyuan Qiu et al., «BMAL1 Knockout Macaque Monkeys Display Reduced Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders», National Science Review, 6 (2019), 87–100.

131

Seth L. Shipman et al., «CRISPR-Cas Encoding of a Digital Movie into the Genomes of a Population of Living Bacteria», Nature, 547 (2017), 345–349.

132

Через несколько месяцев после нашего визита Австралийская лаборатория здоровья животных (AAHL) была переименована в Австралийский центр обеспечения готовности к болезням животных (Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness).

133

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, «Cane Toad (Rhinella marina) Ecological Risk Screening Summary», онлайн-версия (последнее обновление 5 апреля, 2018), fws.gov/fisheries/ans/erss/highrisk/ERSS-Rhinella-marina-final-April2018.pdf.

134

L. A. Somma, «Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758)», U. S. Geological Survey, Non-indigenous Aquatic Species Database (последнее обновление 11 апреля, 2019), nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=48.

135

Rick Shine, Cane Toad Wars (Oakland: University of California, 2018), 7.

136

Byron S. Wilson et al., «Cane Toads a Threat to West Indian Wildlife: Mortality of Jamaican Boas Attributable to Toad Ingestion», Biological Invasions, 13 (2011), link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-010-9787-7.

137

Shine, Cane Toad Wars, 21.

138

Benjamin L. Phillips et al., «Invasion and the Evolution of Speed in Toads», Nature, 439 (2006), 803.

139

Karen Michelmore, «Super Toad», Northern Territory News (Feb. 16, 2006), 1.

140

Shine, Cane Toad Wars, 4. См также: «The Biological Effects, Including Lethal Toxic Ingestion, Caused by Cane Toads (Bufo marinus): Advice to the Minister for the Environment and Heritage from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC) on Amendments to the List of Key Threatening Processes under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act)» (Apr. 12, 2005), environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/key-threatening-processes/biological-effects-cane-toads.

141

House of Representatives Standing Committee on the Environment and Energy, Cane Toads on the March: Inquiry into Controlling the Spread of Cane Toads (Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2019), 32.

142

Robert Capon, «Inquiry into Controlling the Spread of Cane Toads, Submission 8» (Feb. 2019). Available for download at: aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House/Environment_and_Energy/Canetoads/Submissions.

143

Naomi Indigo et al., «Not Such Silly Sausages: Evidence Suggests Northern Quolls Exhibit Aversion to Toads after Training with Toad Sausages», Austral Ecology,43 (2018), 592–601.

144

Austin Burt and Robert Trivers, Genes in Conflict: The Biology of Selfish Genetic Elements (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, 2006), 4–5.

145

Burt and Trivers, Genes in Conflict, 3.

146

Burt and Trivers, Genes in Conflict, 13–14.

147

James E. DiCarlo et al., «Safeguarding CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Drives in Yeast», Nature Biotechnology, 33 (2015), 1250–1255.

148

Valentino M. Gantz and Ethan Bier, «The Mutagenic Chain Reaction: A Method for Converting Heterozygous to Homozygous Mutations», Science, 348 (2015), 442–444.

149

По оценкам Дудна (Doudna) и Стернберг (Sternberg), если бы плодовые мушки с генным драйвом были бы выпущены на свободу, то ген желтой окраски распространился бы на 20–50 % всех плодовых мушек во всем мире. A Crack in Creation, 151.

150

Веб-сайт GBIRd, geneticbiocontrol.org.

151

Thomas A. A. Prowse, et al., «Dodging Silver Bullets: Good CRISPR Gene-Drive Design Is Critical for Eradicating Exotic Vertebrates», Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284 (2017), royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2017.0799.

152

Richard P. Duncan, Alison G. Boyer, and Tim M. Blackburn, «Magnitude and Variation of Prehistoric Bird Extinctions in the Pacific», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110 (2013), 6436–6441.

153

Elizabeth A. Bell, Brian D. Bell, and Don V. Merton, «The Legacy of Big South Cape: Rat Irruption to Rat Eradication», New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 40 (2016), 212–218.

154

Lee M. Silver, Mouse Genetics: Concepts and Applications (Oxford: Oxford University, 1995), adapted for the Web by Mouse Genome Informatics, The Jackson Laboratory (revised Jan. 2008), http://informatics.jax.org/silver.

155

Alex Bond, «Mice Wreak Havoc for South Atlantic Seabirds», British Ornithologists’ Union, bou.org.uk/blog-bond-gough-island-mice-seabirds/.

156

Rowan Jacobsen, «Deleting a Species», Pacific Standard (June — July 2018, updated Sept.7, 2018), psmag.com/magazine/deleting-a-species-genetically-engineering-an-extinction.

157

Jaye Sudweeks et al., «Locally Fixed Alleles: A Method to Localize Gene Drive to Island Populations», Scientific Reports, 9 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41598–019–51994–0.

158

Bing Wu, Liqun Luo, and Xiaojing J. Gao, «Cas9-Triggered Chain Ablation of Cas9as Gene Drive Brake», Nature Biotechnology, 34 (2016), 137–138.

159

Веб-сайт Revive & Restore, reviverestore.org/projects/.

160

Dr. Seuss, The Cat in the Hat Comes Back (New York: Beginner Books, 1958), 16.

161

Edward O. Wilson, The Future ofLife (New York: Vintage, 2002), 53.

162

Wilson, Half-Earth: Our Planet’s Fight for Life (New York: Liveright, 2016), 51.

163

Paul Kingsnorth, «Life Versus the Machine», Orion (Winter 2018), 28–33.

164

William F. Ruddiman, Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 2005), 4.

165

Данные по выбросам СО₂ приводятся по: Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, «CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions», Our World in Data (last revised Aug. 2020), ourworldindata.org/CO2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions.

166

Benjamin Cook, «Climate Change Is Already Making Droughts Worse», Carbon Brief (May 14, 2018), carbonbrief.org/guest-post-climate-change-is-already-making-droughts-worse.

167

Kieran T. Bhatia et al., «Recent Increases in Tropical Cyclone Intensification Rates», Nature Communications,10 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41467–019–08471-z.

168

W. Matt Jolly et al., «Climate-Induced Variations in Global Wildfire Danger from 1979 to 2013», Nature Communications, 6 (2015), doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8537.

169

A. Shepherd et al., «Mass Balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017», Nature, 558 (2018), 219–222.

170

Curt D. Storlazzi et al., «Most Atolls Will Be Uninhabitable by the Mid-21st Century Because of Sea-Level Rise Exacerbating Wave-Driven Flooding», Science Advances, 25 (2018), advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/4/eaap9741.

171

Полный текст Парижского соглашения приводится на сайте: unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf.

172

Есть много способов рассчитать количество выбрасываемого в атмосферу CO₂ чтобы глобальная температура не поднялась больше чем на 1,5° или 2 °C. Я использую цифры по «остаточному углеродному бюджету», представленные Научно-исследовательским институтом Меркатора по глобальному наследию и изменению климата (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change’s), с которыми можно познакомиться на сайте: mcc-berlin.net/en/research/CO2-budget.html.

173

K. S. Lackner and C. H. Wendt, «Exponential Growth of Large Self-Reproducing Machine Systems», Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 21 (1995), 55–81.

174

Wallace S. Broecker and Robert Kunzig, Fixing Climate: What Past Climate Changes Reveal About the Current Threat — and How to Counter It (New York: Hill and Wang, 2008), 205.

175

Klaus S. Lackner and Christophe Jospe, «Climate Change Is a Waste Management Problem», Issues in Science and Technology, 33 (2017), issues.org/climate-change-is-a-waste-management-problem/.

176

Lackner and Jospe, «Climate Change Is a Waste Management Problem».

177

Chris Mooney, Brady Dennis, and John Muyskens, «Global Emissions Plunged an Unprecedented 17 Percent during the Coronavirus Pandemic», The Washington Post (May 19, 2020), washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/05/19/greenhouse-emissions-coronavirus/?arc404=true.

178

Отдельные молекулы углерода постоянно циркулируют между атмосферой и океанами, а также между ними и зеленым покровом планеты. Однако уровень CO₂ в атмосфере зависит от более медленных процессов. Более полное обсуждение темы можно найти в: Doug Mackie, «CO₂ Emissions Change Our Atmosphere for Centuries», Skeptical Science (last updated July 5, 2015), skepticalscience.com/argument.php?p=1&t=77&&a=80.

179

Все цифры по совокупным выбросам взяты из: Hannah Ritchie, «Who Has Contributed Most to Global CO₂ Emissions?» Our World in Data (Oct. 1, 2019), ourworldindata.org/contributed-most-global-CO2.

180

Sabine Fuss et al., «Betting on Negative Emissions», Nature Climate Change, 4 (2014), 850–852.

181

J. Rogelj et al., «Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5 °C in the Context of Sustainable Development», in Global Warming of 1.5 °C: An IPCC Special Report, V. Masson-Delmotte et al., eds., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Oct. 8, 2018), ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SR15_Chapter2_Low_Res.pdf.

182

Рассчитать выбросы от авиационных перелетов чрезвычайно сложно. И разные группы ученых предлагают различные расчеты для одного и того же рейса. Я пользовалась калькулятором на сайте myclimate.org.

183

Jean-Francois Bastin et al., «The Global Tree Restoration Potential», Science, 364 (2019), 76–79.

184

Katarina Zimmer, «Researchers Find Flaws in High-Profile Study on Trees and Climate», The Scientist (Oct. 17, 2019), the-scientist.com/news-opinion/researchers-find-flaws-in-high-profile-study-on-trees-and-climate-66587. DOI: 10.1126/science.aay7976.

185

Joseph W. Veldman et al., «Comment on ‘The Global Tree Restoration Potential,’» Science, 366 (2019), science.sciencemag.org/content/366/6463/eaay7976.

186

Ning Zeng, «Carbon Sequestration Via Wood Burial», Carbon Balance and Management, 3 (2008), doi.org/10.1186/1750–0680–3–1.

187

Stuart E. Strand and Gregory Benford, «Ocean Sequestration of Crop Residue Carbon: Recycling Fossil Fuel Carbon Back to Deep Sediments», Environmental Science and Technology, 43 (2009), 1000–1007.

188

Zeng, «Carbon Sequestration Via Wood Burial».

189

Jessica Strefler et al., «Potential and Costs of Carbon Dioxide Removal by Enhanced Weathering of Rocks», Environmental Research Letters(March 5, 2018), dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748–9326/aaa9c4.

190

Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò, «ClimateColonialism and Large-Scale Land Acquisitions», C2G (Sept. 26, 2019), c2g2.net/climate-colonialism-and-large-scale-land-acquisitions/.

191

Clive Oppenheimer, Eruptions that Shook the World (New York: Cambridge University, 2011), 299.

192

Oppenheimer, Eruptions that Shook the World, 310.

193

Рассказ Раджи Санггара приводится в: Oppenheimer, Eruptions that Shook the World, 299.

194

Рассказ капитана корабля, принадлежащего Ост-Индской компании, приводится в: Gillen D’Arcy Wood, Tambora: The Eruption that Changed the World (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 2014), 21.

195

South Dakota State University, «Undocumented Volcano Contributed to Extremely Cold Decade from 1810–1819», Science Daily (Dec. 7, 2009), sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091205105844.htm.

196

Цит. по: Oppenheimer, Eruptions that Shook the World, 314.

197

William K. Klingaman and Nicholas P. Klingaman, The Year Without Summer: 1816 and the Volcano That Darkened the World and Changed History (New York: St. Martin’s, 2013), 46.

198

Wood, Tambora, 233.

199

Цит. по: Klingaman and Klingaman, The Year Without Summer, 64.

200

Klingaman and Klingaman, The Year Without Summer, 104.

201

Цит. по: Oppenheimer, Eruptions that Shook the World, 312.

202

James Rodger Fleming, Fixing the Sky: The Checkered History of Weather and Climate Control (New York: Columbia University, 2010), 2.

203

Это оценка Тима Флэннери (Tim Flannery), приведенная в: Mark White, «The Crazy Climate Technofix», SBS (May 27, 2016), sbs.com.au/topics/science/earth/feature/geoengineering-the-crazy-climate-technofix.

204

Holly Jean Buck, After Geoengineering: Climate Tragedy, Repair, and Restoration (London: Verso, 2019), 3.

205

Dave Levitan, «Geoengineering Is Inevitable», Gizmodo (Oct. 9, 2018), earther.gizmodo.com/geoengineering-is-inevitable-1829623031.

206

«Global Effects of Mount Pinatubo», NASA Earth Observatory (June 15, 2001), earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/1510/global-effects-of-mount-pinatubo.

207

William B. Grant et al., «Aerosol-Associated Changes in Tropical Stratospheric Ozone Following the Eruption of Mount Pinatubo», Journal of Geophysical Research, 99 (1994), 8197–8211.

208

President’s Science Advisory Committee, Restoring the Quality of Our Environment: Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel (Washington, D. C.: The White House, 1965), 126.

209

Restoring the Quality of Our Environment, 123.

210

Restoring the Quality of Our Environment, 127.

211

H. E. Willoughby et al., «Project STORMFURY: A Scientific Chronicle 1962–1983», Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 66 (1985), 505–514.

212

Fleming, Fixing the Sky, 180.

213

National Research Council, Weather & Climate Modification: Problems and Progress (Washington, D. C.: The National Academies Press, 1973), 9.

214

Цит. по: Fleming, Fixing the Sky, 202.

215

Nikolai Rusin and Liya Flit, Man Versus Climate, Dorian Rottenberg, trans. (Moscow: Peace Publishers, 1962), 61–63.

216

Rusin and Flit, Man Versus Climate, 174.

217

David W. Keith, «Geoengineering the Climate: History and Prospect», Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 25 (2000), 245–284.

218

Mikhail Budyko, Climatic Changes, American Geophysical Union, trans. (Baltimore: Waverly, 1977), 241.

219

Budyko, Climatic Changes, 236.

220

Joe Nocera, «Chemo for the Planet», The New York Times (May 19, 2015), A25.

221

David Keith, Letter to the Editor, The New York Times (May 27, 2015), A22.

222

David Keith, A Case for Climate Engineering (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT, 2013), xiii.

223

Wake Smith and Gernot Wagner, «Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Tactics and Costs in the First 15 Years of Deployment», Environmental Research Letters, 13 (2018), doi.org/10.1088/1748–9326/aae98d.

224

Согласно расчетам, расходы на ископаемое топливо в 2017 г. достигли $5.2 трлн; см.: David Coady et al., «Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies Remain Large: An Update Based on Country-Level Estimates», IMF (May 2, 2019), imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/05/02/Global-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidies-Remain-Large-An-Update-Based-on-Country-Level-Estimates-46509.

225

Smith and Wagner, «Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Tactics and Costs».

226

Smith and Wagner, «Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Tactics and Costs».

227

Ben Kravitz, Douglas G. MacMartin, and Ken Caldeira, «Geoengineering: Whiter Skies?» Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (2012), doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051652.

228

Alan Robock, «Benefits and Risks of Stratospheric Solar Radiation Management for Climate Intervention (Geoengineering)», The Bridge (Spring 2020), 59–67.

229

Dan Schrag, «Geobiology of the Anthropocene», in Fundamentals of Geobiology, Andrew H. Knoll, Donald E. Canfield, and Kurt O. Konhauser, eds. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2012), 434.

230

Цит. по: Erik D. Weiss, «Cold War Under the Ice: The Army’s Bid for a Long-Range Nuclear Role, 1959–1963», Journal of Cold War Studies, 3 (2001), 31–58.

231

The Story of Camp Century: The City Under Ice (U. S. Army film 1963, digitized version 2012).

232

Ronald E. Doel, Kristine C. Harper, and Matthias Heymann, «Exploring Greenland’s Secrets: Science, Technology, Diplomacy, and Cold War Planning in Global Contexts», in Exploring Greenland: Cold War Science and Technology on Ice, Ronald E. Doel, Kristine C. Harper, and Matthias Heymann, eds. (New York: Palgrave, 2016), 16.

233

Kristian H. Nielsen, Henry Nielsen, and Janet Martin-Nielsen, «City Under the Ice: The Closed World of Camp Century in Cold War Culture», Science as Culture, 23 (2014), 443–464.

234

Willi Dansgaard, Frozen Annals: Greenland Ice Cap Research (Odder, Denmark: Narayana Press, 2004), 49.

235

Jon Gertner, The Ice at the End of the World: An Epic Journey Into Greenland’s Buried Past and Our Perilous Future (New York: Random House, 2019), 202.

236

Dansgaard, Frozen Annals, 55.

237

W. Dansgaard et al., «One Thousand Centuries of Climatic Record from Camp Century on the Greenland Ice Sheet», Science, 166 (1969), 377–380.

238

Richard B. Alley, The Two-Mile Time Machine: Ice Cores, Abrupt Climate Change, and Our Future (Princeton: Princeton University, 2000), 120.

239

Alley, The Two-Mile Time Machine, 114.

240

Эти цифры предоставлены Конрадом Стеффеном (Konrad Steffen), который трагически погиб на ледниковом щите незадолго до того, как книга была отправлена в печать; цит. по: Gertner, «In Greenland’s Melting Ice, A Warning on Hard Climate Choices», e360 (June 27, 2019), e360.yale.edu/features/in-greenlands-melting-ice-a-warning-on-hard-climate-choices.

241

A. Shepherd et al., «Mass Balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018», Nature, 579 (2020), 233–239.

242

Marco Tedesco and Xavier Fettweis, «Unprecedented Atmospheric Conditions (1948–2019) Drive the 2019 Exceptional Melting Season over the Greenland Ice Sheet», The Cryosphere, 14 (2020), 1209–1223.

243

Ingo Sasgen et al., «Return to Rapid Ice Loss in Greenland and Record Loss in 2019 Detected by GRACE-FO Satellites», Communications Earth & Environment, 1 (2020), doi.org/10.1038/s43247–020–0010–1.

244

Eystein Jansen et al., «Past Perspectives on the Present Era of Abrupt Arctic Climate Change», Nature Climate Change, 10 (2020), 714–721.

245

Peter Dockrill, «U. S. Army Weighs Up Proposal For Gigantic Sea Wall to Defend N. Y. from Future Floods», Science Alert (Jan. 20, 2020), sciencealert.com/storm-brewing-over-giant-6-mile-sea-wall-to-defend-new-york-from-future-floods.

246

John C. Moore et al., «Geoengineer Polar Glaciers to Slow Sea-Level Rise», Nature, 555 (2018), 303–305.

247

Слова Энди Паркера (Andy Parker) приводятся в: Brian Kahn, «No, We Shouldn’t Just Block Out the Sun», Gizmodo (Apr. 24, 2020), earther.gizmodo.com/no-we-shouldnt-just-block-out-the-sun-1843043812.