Notes
Introduction:
Searching Inside Yourself
1. The full story on the adventures of Matthieu Ricard in the lab is available in the first chapter of the book Destructive Emotions: How Can We Overcome Them?: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama, by Daniel Goleman (New York: Random House, 2004). It is also available as a story titled “The Lama in the Lab” in the March 2003 issue of Shambhala Sun. Highly recommended read.
2. Richard Davidson and William Irwin, “The Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotion and Affective Style,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3, no. 1 (1999): 11–21. If you would like to learn more about the scientific research on that topic, the references in this more recent paper are also very useful: Richard Davidson, Alexander Shackman, and Jeffrey Maxwell, “Asymmetries in Face and Brain Related to Emotion,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8, no. 9 (2004): 389–391.
Chapter One:
Even an Engineer Can Thrive on Emotional Intelligence
1. Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer, “Emotional Intelligence,” Imagination, Cognition, and Personality 9, no. 3 (1990): 185–211.
2. This connection was first suggested to me by a short YouTube video titled “Scrooge and his Emotional Intelligence,” http://siybook.com/v/scrooge.
3. Daniel Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam, 1998). The said studies are described in Chapter 3 and Appendix 2.
4. Martin E. Seligman, Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1990).
5. Daniel Goleman, “Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relationships” (lecture, Authors@Google, Mountain View, CA, August 3, 2007), http://siybook.com/v/gtalk_dgoleman.
6. Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence. The data analysis is described in Chapter 8 and Appendix 2.
7. Wallace Bachman, “Nice Guys Finish First: A SYMLOG Analysis of U.S. Naval Commands,” in The SYMLOG Practitioner, ed. Polley, Hare, and Stone (New York: Praeger, 1988): 133–153.
8. Matthieu Ricard, Happiness: A Guide to Developing Life’s Most Important Skill (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2003).
9. Katherine Woollett, Hugo J. Spiers, and Eleanor A. Maguire, “Talent in the Taxi: A Model System for Exploring Expertise,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 8 364, no. 1522 (2009): 1407–1416. There is also a BBC News article, available at: http://siybook.com/a/taxibrain.
10. Unpublished data. Philippe Goldin, Ph.D. “Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion after Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder.” Presented at the annual conference of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Orlando, Fl, November 2008.
11. R. Christopher deCharms, et al., “Control Over Brain Activation and Pain Learned by Using Real-Time Functional MRI,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, no. 51 (2005): 18626–18631. Also see: R. Christopher deCharms, “Reading and Controlling Human Brain Activation Using Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11, no. 11 (2007): 473–481.
12. Jon Kabat-Zinn, Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life (New York: Hyperion, 1994).
13. Thich Nhat Hanh, The Miracle of Mindfulness: An Introduction to the Practice of Meditation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1999).
14. J. A. Brefczynski-Lewis, et al., “Neural Correlates of Attentional Expertise in Long-Term Meditation Practitioners,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, no. 27 (2007): 11483–11488.
15. Matthew Lieberman, et al., “Putting Feelings into Words: Affect Labeling Disrupts Amygdala Activity in Response to Affective Stimuli,” Psychological Science 18, no. 5 (2007): 421–428.
16. J. D. Creswell, et al., “Neural Correlates of Dispositional Mindfulness during Affect Labeling,” Psychosomatic Medicine 69, no. 6 (2007): 560–565.
17. Laura Delizonna and Ted Anstedt, “Enhancing Emotional Intelligence” (unpublished manuscript, 2011). Also relevant is the famous James-Lange theory (by William James and Carl Lange) suggesting that changes in bodily responses are a necessary condition for emotional experience to arise.
18. Malcolm Gladwell, Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2005).
19. Daniel Goleman, “Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relationships” (lecture, Authors@Google, Mountain View, CA, August 3, 2007), http://siybook.com/v/gtalk_dgoleman.
Chapter Two:
Breathing as if Your Life Depends on It
1. Brefczynski-Lewis, “Neural Correlates of Attentional Expertise.”
2. Actually, magic is at Platform 9¾ at King’s Cross station, but I wasn’t supposed to tell.
3. William James, The Principles of Psychology, vol. 1 (New York: MacMillan, 1890).
4. HH the Dalai Lama, The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006).
5. Richard Davidson, et al., “Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation,” Psychosomatic Medicine 65, no. 4 (2003): 564–570.
6. Heleen Slagter, et al., “Mental Training Affects Distribution of Limited Brain Resources,” PloS Biology 5, no. 6 (2007): e138.
7. Antoine Lutz, et al., “Long-Term Meditators Self-Induce High-Amplitude Gamma Synchrony during Mental Practice,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, no. 46 (2004): 16369–16373.
8. Jon Kabat-Zinn, et al., “Influence of a Mindfulness Meditation-Based Stress Reduction Intervention on Rates of Skin Clearing in Patients with Moderate to Severe Psoriasis Undergoing Phototherapy (UVB) and Photochemotherapy (PUVA),” Psychosomatic Medicine 60, no. 5 (1998): 625–632.
9. Sara Lazar, et al., “Meditation Experience Is Associated with Increased Cortical Thickness,” Neuroreport 16, no. 17 (2005): 1893–1897.
Chapter Three:
Mindfulness Without Butt on Cushion
1. James, The Principles of Psychology.
2. Thich Nhat Hanh, The Miracle of Mindfulness.
3. Norman Fischer, Taking Our Places: The Buddhist Path to Truly Growing Up (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2004).
4. Thich Nhat Hanh, Living Buddha, Living Christ (New York: Riverhead, 1997).
5. Personal communication.
Chapter Four:
All-Natural, Organic Self-Confidence
1. Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence.
2. Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence. See “Emotional Competence Framework” for the definition of self-awareness.
3. Cary Cherniss and Daniel Goleman, The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace: How to Select for, Measure, and Improve Emotional Intelligence in Individuals, Groups, and Organizations (Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass, 2001).
4. Cherniss and Goleman, The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace.
5. Fischer, Taking Our Places.
6. Richard Boyatzis, The Competent Manager: A Model for Effective Performance (New York: Wiley, 1982).
7. Alexander Stajkovic and Fred Luthans, “Self-Efficacy and Work-Related Performance: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 124, no. 2 (1998): 240–261.
8. Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ (New York: Bantam, 1995).
9. Kabat-Zinn, Wherever You Go, There You Are.
10. S. P. Spera, E. D. Buhrfeind, and J. W. Pennebaker, “Expressive Writing and Coping with Job Loss,” Academy of Management Journal 37, no. 3 (1994): 722–733.
11. “Know Thyself,” Very Short List (March 2, 2009), http://siybook.com/a/knowthyself.
Chapter Five:
Riding Your Emotions like a Horse
1. “Lekha Sutta,” the Discourse on Inscriptions, Anguttara Nikaya.
2. Xinxin Ming, Inscriptions on Trust in Mind. Also known as the Shinjinmei in Japanese.
3. Jon Kabat-Zinn, Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness (New York: Delacorte Press, 1990).
4. Philippe Goldin, “The Neuroscience of Emotions” (lecture, Google Tech Talks, Mountain View, CA, September 16, 2008), http://siybook.com/v/gtalk_pgoldin.
5. Kevin Ochsner and James Gross, “The Cognitive Control of Emotion,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9, no. 5 (2005): 242–249.
6. Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche, The Joy of Living: Unlocking the Secret and Science of Happiness (New York: Harmony, 2007).
Chapter Six:
Making Profits, Rowing Across Oceans, and Changing the World
1. Tony Hsieh, Delivering Happiness: A Path to Profits, Passion, and Purpose (New York: Business Plus, 2010).
2. John Geirland, “Go with the Flow,” Wired 4, no. 9 (1996).
3. Daniel Pink, Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us (New York: Riverhead, 2009).
4. Daniel Pink, “The Surprising Science of Motivation” (lecture, TEDGlobal, July 2009), http://siybook.com/v/ted_dpink.
5. According to BusinessWeek’s 2009 Customer Service Champs report—ranked by reader surveys and J. D. Power research—Zappos was ranked seventh while Four Seasons was ranked twelfth.
6. Marc Lesser, Less: Accomplishing More by Doing Less (Novato, CA: New World Library, 2009).
7. Michael Jordan on the Nike commercial, “Failure.”
8. Brent Schlender, “Gates without Microsoft,” Fortune Magazine (June 20, 2008).
9. Seligman, Learned Optimism.
10. Barbara Fredrickson, Positivity: Groundbreaking Research Reveals How to Embrace the Hidden Strength of Positive Emotions, Overcome Negativity, and Thrive (New York: Crown, 2009).
11. “Great Waves,” 101zenstories.com.
Chapter Seven:
Empathy and the Monkey Business of Brain Tangos
1. G. Rizzolatti and M. Fabbri-Destro, “Mirror Neurons: From Discovery to Autism,” Experimental Brain Research 200, no. 3–4 (2010): 223–237.
2. A very nice, readable quick guide by Christian Keysers on mirror neurons is available in Current Biology 19, no. 21(2009): R971–R973. Also available on the web at: http://siybook.com/a/keysers.
3. An excellent survey on these and other scientific studies relating to empathy is: Tania Singer, “Understanding Others: Brain Mechanisms of Theory of Mind and Empathy” in Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain, eds. P. W. Glimcher, et al. (Maryland Heights, MO: Academic Press, 2008): 251–268.
4. There is a collection of studies each addressing a different aspect of the relationship between emotional awareness, empathy, and the insula. [Craig 2004] and [Herbert 2007] suggest significant links between strong emotional awareness and awareness of inner-body feelings via activity in the insula, including perception of heartbeats, while [Singer 2008] describes many studies that link the insula to empathy. [Lutz 2008] suggests all these abilities are trainable with meditation. [Craig 2004]: A. D. Craig, “Human Feelings: Why Are Some More Aware Than Others?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8, no. 6 (2004): 239–41. [Herbert 2007]: B. M. Herbert, O. Pollatos, and R. Schandry, “Interoceptive Sensitivity and Emotion Processing: An EEG Study,” International Journal of Psychophysiology 65, no. 3 (2007): 214–227. [Lutz 2008]: A. Lutz, “Regulation of the Neural Circuitry of Emotion by Compassion Meditation: Effects of Meditative Expertise,” PLoS One 3, no. 3 (2008): e1897. [Singer 2008]: Singer, “Understanding Others.”
5. R. W. Levenson and A. M. Ruef, “Empathy: A Physiological Substrate,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63, no. 2 (1992): 234–246. More information on this topic is also available in R. W. Levenson and A. M. Ruef, “Physiological Aspects of Emotional Knowledge and Rapport” in Empathic Accuracy, ed. W. Ickes (New York: Guilford Press, 1997).
6. Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence.
7. A. Serino, G. Giovagnoli, and E. Làdavas, “I Feel What You Feel If You Are Similar to Me,” PLoS One 4, no. 3 (2009): e4930.
8. “Dvedhavitakka Sutta,” the Discourse on Two Kinds of Thoughts, Majjhima Nikaya, skillful thoughts that lead to long-term happiness and unskillful thoughts that lead to the type of trouble mom warned you about. And you thought mom was just being hysterical.
9. K. E. Buchanan and A. Bardi, “Acts of Kindness and Acts of Novelty Affect Life Satisfaction,” Journal of Social Psychology 150, no. 3 (2010): 235–237.
10. Patrick Lencioni, The Five Dysfunctions of a Team: A Leadership Fable (Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass, 2002).
11. C. M. Mueller and C. S. Dweck, “Praise for Intelligence Can Undermine Children’s Motivation and Performance,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75, no. 1 (1998): 33–52.
12. Carol S. Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (New York: Random House, 2006).
13. Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence, 160.
Chapter Eight:
Being Effective and Loved at the Same Time
1. James Kouzes and Barry Posner, Encouraging the Heart: A Leader’s Guide to Rewarding and Recognizing Others (Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass, 2003).
2. Bill George, True North: Discover Your Authentic Leadership (Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass, 2007).
3. Jim Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap … and Others Don’t (New York: HarperBusiness, 2001).
4. Barbara Fredrickson, Positivity, www.positivityratio.com.
5. John Gottman, Why Marriages Succeed or Fail … and How You Can Make Yours Last (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994).
6. All the studies relating to the SCARF model mentioned in this book, except for the fairness studies on chimpanzees, can be found in the Notes section of this very good book: David Rock, Your Brain at Work: Strategies for Overcoming Distraction, Regaining Focus, and Working Smarter All Day Long (New York: HarperBusiness, 2009).
7. Rock, Your Brain at Work.
8. K. Jensen, J. Call, and M. Tomasello, “Chimpanzees Are Rational Maximizers in an Ultimatum Game,” Science 318, no. 5847 (2007): 107–109.
9. Douglas Stone, Bruce Patton, and Sheila Heen, Difficult Conversations: How to Discuss What Matters Most (New York: Penguin, 1999).