Stalin: A Biography

INDEX

Abakumov, Viktor

Abashidze (Seminary Inspector)

Abkhazia

Academy of Sciences Affair

Achinsk

Adelkhanov, Emile

Adelkhanov Shoe Factory, Tbilisi

Agitprop Department (Secretariat)

agriculture: Lenin’s policy on; Stalin’s policy on; increased output under Second Five-Year Pan; in war; see also peasants

Akhkazia

Akhmatova, Anna

Albania,

Alexander I, Tsar

Alexandra, Empress of Nicholas II

Alexandrov, Alexander

Alexeev, General Mikhail

Alexei, Tsarevich

Alikhanov, General

All-People’s Union for the Struggle for Russia’s Regeneration

Alliluev family: Stalin and Sverdlov stay with after escape; and Stalin’s exile to Siberia; Lenin and Stalin move in with; and Stalin’s marriage to Nadya; on Stalin’s vindictiveness; relations with Stalin after Nadya’s death

Alliluev, Fëdor (Fedya; Nadya’s brother)

Alliluev, Pavel (Nadya’s brother); death

Alliluev, Sergei (Nadya’s father): Stalin meets in St Petersburg; arrested; and Stalin’s exile in Siberia; and Stalin’s return from exile; stays at Zubalovo; and arrest of Redens; death; memoir of Stalin

Alliluev, Vladimir (Stalin’s nephew)

Allilueva, Anna (Nadya’s sister): imprisoned in Lubyanka; attracted to Stalin; and Stalin’s readiness for revolution; marriage to Redens; and Nadya’s effects after suicide; tells Svetlana of mother’s suicide; husband arrested; memoir of Stalin; arrested and sentenced

Allilueva, Kira (Alexander/Yevgenia’s daughter)

Allilueva, Nadezhda (Stalin’s second wife; Nadya): mental problems; and Stalin’s exile in Siberia; Stalin meets on return from exile; attracted to Stalin; and Stalin’s stay in home of; works as Stalin’s secretary; accompanies Stalin on grain-procurement mission; marriage to Stalin; appearance and character; career ambitions; marriage relations; children and home life; excluded from Party membership; temperament; works for Lenin; and Stalin’s flirting and romances; studies at Industrial Academy; Bukharin visits; health difficulties; trip to Germany for treatment; suicide and funeral; letters from Stalin; housekeeping

Allilueva, Olga (Nadya’s mother): and Stalin’s exile in Siberia; Stalin visits on return from exile; looks after Stalin in hiding; and Nadya’s home life; depression and death

Allilueva, Svetlana (Stalin’s daughter): and father’s upbringing; birth; and mother’s suicide; takes ride on Metro; writes memoirs; relations with father; upbringing; romances; marriage to Morozov; congratulates Stalin on victory over Germany; dacha; marriage to Yuri Zhdanov; at Stalin’s 73rd birthday party; and Stalin’s stroke and death; changes surname after Stalin’s death

Allilueva, Yevgenia (Pavel’s wife)

Andreev, Andrei

Anglo-Soviet Treaty (March 1921)

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)

anti-semitism; see also Jews

Anti-Soviet Trotskyist-Zinovievite Centre

Antonov, General Alexei

Arcos (trading company)

Arctic convoys

Armenia: subdued; as Soviet republic; borders disputed

atheism

atomic bomb: USA develops and uses; USSR plans to develop; USSR acquires

Attlee, Clement: replaces Churchill as Prime Minister; Stalin unimpressed by; policy of coexistence; noninterference in eastern Europe; denigrated in USSR; protests at potential US nuclear weapons in Korea

Auschwitz

Austria: Germany annexes; post-war occupation

autonomous republics: established

Axelrod, Pavel

Azerbaijan: subdued; as Soviet republic; borders disputed; Bolshevik appeasement of; leaders deported (1926)

Babel, Isaak

Bacon, Arthur

Badaev, Alexander

Bagashvili, Spartak

Bagration, Operation

Baibakov, Nikolai

Baikalov, Anatoli

Bakinski rabochi (newspaper)

Baku: Marxism in; ethnic hatreds in; Stalin in; Menshevik-Bolshevik rivalry in

Baltic states: resist Soviet expansionism; USSR occupies; and Soviet advance; armed resistance in; dissenters sent to Gulag; see also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania

Barbarossa, Operation: surprises Stalin; planned; successes

Barbusse, Henri

Barrio, Diego

Bashkirs

Basic Law (1905)

Batumi

Bauer, Otto

Bauman, Nikolai

Bazhanov, Boris

Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron

Bedny, Demyan

Belorussia: and autonomisation; established as Soviet state; nationhood; Germans overrun; resistance to Soviet rule in

Beneš, Eduard

Berdzvenishvili, V.

Beria, Lavrenti: cruelty; visits Stalin on Black Sea; publishes article on Bolsheviks in Transcaucasus; career; heads NKVD; association with Stalin; reports on economic success of Gulag; and Nazi-Soviet pact (1939); actions in Poland; at German invasion of USSR; in conduct of war; repressive measures in war; and women; trouble-making in Stavka; heads Soviet atomic research programme; on counter-productive effect of repression; Stalin entertains; status and power; investigates Zhdanov’s death; favours post-war reforms; refuses to wear tie; Stalin turns against; Stalin suspects of conspiracy; at Nineteenth Party Congress; fears of denunciation by Stalin; executed; and Stalin’s stroke; at Stalin’s death; position after Stalin’s death; suspected of murdering Stalin; eulogy at Stalin’s funeral; reforms after Stalin’s death; collects tape recordings of Stalin’s instructions to police agencies; arrested (1953)

Beria, Nina

Beria, Sergo: on Stalin’s mother; relations with Svetlana; on Tehran conference; learns to fly

Berlin: Stalin visits; conquest of; occupation zones; blockade and airlift (1948–9)

Berman, Jakub

Berzins, R.

Bierut, Bolesław

Birobidzhan

‘Black Hundreds’

Blizhnyaya dacha

Blum, Léon

Bobrovski, Vladimir

Bogdanov, Alexander; Short Course in Economic Science

Bolsheviks: formed by Party split; in Georgia; Stalin’s commitment to; differences with Mensheviks; funding by criminal means; idealise revolution; win seats in Fourth Duma; as threat to Imperial rule; oppose participation in First World War; conflict with Provisional Government; and national question; discuss revolutionary seizure of power from April 1917; revolutionary doctrine; attempt to call off protest demonstration (July 1917); at Democratic State Conference (1917); control Petrograd and Moscow Soviets; policy unformulated; commitment to centralism; use of terror; attacked by Cossack armies; internal opposition; fear of counter-revolution; factionalism and inefficiency; unpopularity; membership numbers; and state-directed economy; and ‘cultural revolution’; and political repression; and crisis of capitalism;

Conferences: Seventh Party (1917); Ninth Party (1920); Thirteenth Party (1924)

Congresses: Sixth Party (1917); Eighth Party (1919); Tenth Party (1921); Eleventh Party (1922); Twelfth Party (1923); Thirteenth Party (1924); Fourteenth Party (1925); Fifteenth Party (1927); Sixteenth Party (1930); Seventeenth Party (1934); Eighteenth Party (1939); Nineteenth Party (1952); Twentieth Party (1956); Twenty-Second Party (1961)

Book of Delicious and Healthy Food, The

Borotbists

Brdzola (Marxist newspaper)

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918)

Brezhnev, Leonid

Britain: calls for negotiations in 1920 Soviet war with Poland; Politburo perceives as threat; severs relations with USSR (1927); neutrality in Spanish Civil War; pre-war coolness towards USSR; and German invasion threat (1940); withstands Germany; Stalin’s post-war view of; abandons treaty with Sovnarkom (1921); post-war decline; reluctance to fight war with USSR

Brooke, General Alan (later Viscount Alanbrooke)

Brusilov, General Alexei

Bryukhanov, N.P.

Bubnov, Andrei

Budënny, Semën

Bukharin, Nikolai: character; as thinker; status and fame; opposes gratuitous violence; in Civil War; and control of Cheka; considers forming government without Lenin; attempts conciliation in trade union crisis; health problems; and Lenin’s request for poison; and national question; in Lenin’s Testament; Zinoviev meets; appointed to Orgburo; at Lenin’s funeral; attacks Stalin; peasant policy; promoted to Politburo; supports Stalin against Zinoviev and Kamenev; supports NEP; writes on Leninism; hostility to Trotski; Stalin complains about; defeats United Opposition; economic reforms; relations with Stalin; and Stalin’s international policy; and elimination of market in economy; Stalin accuses of Right Deviation; ejected from Politburo; in opposition; Stalin sees as threat; ejected from Comintern Executive Committee; pleads for reconciliation with Stalin; and culture; hopes of return to power; contributes to new Constitution (1935–6); hopes for leadership changes; campaign against; tried and sentenced; and worldwide socialist revolution; on Hitler as threat; final pleas to Stalin; ‘Notes of an Economist’

Bulgakov, Mikhail: decline and death; The Days of the Turbins; The Master and Margarita

Bulganin, Marshal Nikolai: and women; membership of Politburo; beard; Stalin suspects of conspiracy; in Presidium; fears Stalin’s disfavour; Stalin entertains; and Stalin’s stroke

Bulgaria: Soviet demands on; in eastern bloc; monarchy removed; communist dominance in

Bulletin of the Opposition (Trotski’s)

Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia

Caucasian Bureau

Caucasus: ethnic and national problems in; grain shortages; famine

Central Committee: Stalin elected to; expanded; Zinoviev seeks to return to; and Lenin’s revolutionary demands; pre-October revolution meetings; reluctance to negotiate separate peace in First World War; Lenin seeks control of; disagreements in; reorganisation and composition; joint meetings with Central Control Commission; plenum sanctions attack on Bukharin; International Department; and succession to Stalin

Central Control Commission: organisation and composition; Stalin controls

Charkviani, Kote

Chavchavadze, Ilya

Chayanov, Alexander

Cheka (Extraordinary Commission for the Struggle with Counterrevolution and Sabotage): formed; control of

Chernov, Viktor

Chervenkov, Valko

Chiang Kai-shek

Chiaureli, Mikhail

Chicherin, Georgi

Chichinadze, Zakaria

Chikobava, Arnold

China: Soviet relations with; Japan invades; and Soviet entry into war against Japan; communists seize power in; treaty with USSR (1945); economic dependence on USSR; as rival to USSR; intervention in Korean War; potential war with USA; rift with Khrushchëv’s USSR; Stalin’s posthumous reputation in

Chinese Communist Party

Chkheidze, Nikolai

Chkhenkeli, Akaki

Chou En-lai

Chukovski, Kornei

Churchill, (Sir) Winston: warns Stalin of German invasion of USSR; condemns Nazi atrocities; Stalin entertains; meets Stalin at Tehran; broadcasts; view of Stalin; offers wartime assistance to USSR; wartime travels; relations with Stalin; ‘percentages agreement’ with Stalin in Moscow (1944); and post-war European settlement; at Yalta Conference; and Soviet inaction during Warsaw rising; and prospective capture of Berlin; at Potsdam Conference; loses 1945 election and premiership; Stalin’s regard for; Stalin accuses of resentfulness; Fulton ‘iron curtain’ speech; commitments to Stalin; speeches reproduced in Moscow; sends condolences on Stalin’s death

cinema: Stalin’s interest in

Circle, Operation

Civil War (1918–19)

Cold War: beginnings; intensifies; causes budgetary strains

collectivisation: peasant deaths under; Stalin introduces; and tractor supply; spread of; percentage of households in; of Cossacks; resistance to; of Kazakhs and Ukrainaians; post-war in eastern Europe

Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance): formed

Cominform (Informational Bureau): First Conference (1947); hostility to; Second Conference (1948)

Comintern (Communist International): formed; and proposed German rising; in Asia; expansion; and China; Sixth Congress (July 1928); and Stalin’s European policy; Stalin dominates1; Dimitrov appointed to head Executive Committee; campaign against ‘rightism’; and German threat; Stalin criticises for being over-centralised; and Spanish Civil War; purged; and Chinese Communist Party; weakness; dissolved

communism: weakness outside USSR; as worldwide movement; post-war spread; in east European countries

concentration camps; see also Gulag

Congress of Peoples of the Terek (1920)

Congress of Soviets: Second (1917); Third (1918)

Congress of Writers, First (1934)

Conquest, Robert

Constitutional-Democratic Party (Kadets): organisation and doctrines; in Provisional Government; leaves Provisional Government; Stalin attacks; ceases political activity

Cossacks: in Civil War; Stalin’s hostility to; in Caucasus; collectivisation

Council of Ministers (formerly Sovnarkom),

Council of People’s Commissars see Sovnarkom

Crimea: in war with Germany

culture: Stalin’s attitude to and interest in

‘curators’

Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess,

Curzon Line

Czechoslovakia: Stalin woos; Germany annexes; hostility to USSR; and Marshall Aid; communist weakness in; democratic tradition; communists achieve dominance in

Darien (Dalni)

Dashnaks

Davitashvili, M.

Davrishevi, Damian

Davrishevi, Joseph

Davydov (Georgian police agent)

Deborin, Abram

Democratic Centralists

Democratic State Conference (1917)

Denikin, General Anton

Department of Agitation and Propaganda (Central Committee)

Deutscher, Isaac

Dimitrov, Georgi: flatters Stalin; Stalin appoints to head Executive Committee of Comintern; and Nazi threat; and Stalin’s foreign policy; and treatment of foreign communist parties; and abolition of Comintern; as Prime Minister of Bulgaria; and Stalin’s underestimation of China

Diomidis, Alexandros

Djilas, Milovan

doctors (medical): purged

Doctors Plot

Dolgoruki, Prince Yuri

Don Basin: seized by Germans

Dostoevski, Fedor

Dubrovinski, Innokenti

Duclos, Jacques

Dukhobors (religious sect)

Duma (State): proposed; socialist contingent in; Mensheviks exploit; Fourth; dispersed (February 1917)

Dzeradze, Mikhail

Dzhibladze, Silva

Dzhughashvili family

Dzhughashvili, Besarion (Vissarion; Stalin’s father): and Stalin’s birth and childhood; violence; and Stalin’s schooling; death; Stalin’s attitude to

Dzhughashvili, Ketevan (née Geladze; Stalin’s mother; ‘Keke’): and Stalin’s birth; marriage; character and rumoured profligacy; and Stalin’s upbringing and education; works as seamstress; Stalin’s attachment to; Stalin’s separation from; refuses to move to Moscow; Stalin visits; mentioned in Pravda

Dzhughashvili, Ketevan (née Svanidze; Stalin’s first wife): Stalin courts and marries; birth of son; death

Dzhughashvili, Yakob (Stalin’s son by Ketevan): birth; fostered by inlaws at mother’s death; Stalin’s separation from; Stalin visits as youth; home life with Stalin and Nadya; attempted suicide; as prisoner-of-war; shot by Germans

Dzhugheli, Severian

Dzierzyński, Felix: Stalin attacks on national question; employs state terror methods; co-writes report with Stalin on party/state institutions; in Lenin’s Testament; and Lenin’s health decline; at Lenin’s funeral; as head of GPU; and threat of rival parties; relations with Stalin; and Stalin’s vengefulness

Eastman, Max

Eden, Anthony

Egnatashvili, Yakob

Ehrenburg, Ilya

Eisenhower, General Dwight D.

Eismont, Nikolai

Eizenshtein, Sergei

El-Registan, Garold

Emancipation Edict (1861)

Engels, Friedrich

Enukidze, Abel

Eristavi, Count Rapael

Eshba, Yefrem

Estonia: revolutionary unrest in; resists Soviet expansionism; as Soviet republic; reclaims independence; Stalin demands and occupies; Germans conquer; reannexed by USSR; Stalin’s post-war aims in; armed resistance in; deportations from; see also Baltic states

Ethiopia

Europe: post-war settlement negotiated; east under Soviet control; Marshall Aid for; economic policy in east; national independence in east; effect of Khrushchëv’s Stalin denunciation in east

Fadeev, Alexander; The Young Guard

famines,

Fascism

Finland: hostility to Russia; self-rule proposed for; secedes from Russia (1918); as potential invader of USSR; Soviet war with (1939–40)

Five-Year Plans: First; Second

forced labour; see also Gulag; labour camps

Fotieva, Lidia

France: Politburo perceives as threat; attitude to USSR; Stalin woos; neutrality in Spanish Civil War; pre-war relations with USSR; Germans defeat (1940); Stalin’s concern for

Franco, General Francisco,

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria

French Communist Party

Fried, Eugen

Galperin, Lev

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma)

Gegechkori, Yevgeni

Genghis Khan

Georgia: under Russian control; social life; traditions and culture; Marxism in; unrest in; peasants in; nationalism in; Bolshevik-Menshevik differences in; Stalin’s preoccupation with; in Stalin’s Marxism and the National Question; and federal union; as Soviet republic; borders disputed; conquered by Red Army (1921); ethnic problems in; and Abkhazia; Stalin revisits (1921); uprising (1924); and Stalin’s national feelings in the 1930s; repressions in; blood feuds and revenge in; wines; Stalin’s reputation in

Georgiu-Dej, Gheorghe

Germans (ethnic): killed in Great Terror

Germany: Soviet post-war policy in; in First World War; allows Lenin to return to Russia, ref; peace ultimatum to Russia; Lenin plans intervention in; Lenin favours understanding with; military cooperation with Soviet Union; Kautsky’s influence in; economic development; Communist Party in; prospective war with USSR; and Nazi repressions; finds Soviet collaborators after invasion; economic disruption in; Stalin’s pre-war policy on; as threat; intervenes in Spanish Civil War; annexes Austria and Czechoslovakia; signs Anti-Comintern Pact; expansionism; non-aggression pact with USSR (1939); invades and conquers Poland; advance in West (1940); invades USSR (Operation Barbarossa); conquests and advance in USSR; wartime atrocities; advance halted; successes in North Africa; casualties at Stalingrad; retreats before Red Army; antipathy to Panslavism; post-war treatment by Allies; USSR demands reparations from; Allied advances against; defeat and surrender (1945); postwar denazification policy on; occupation zones; Democratic Republic (East Germany) formed; Federal Republic (West Germany) formed; Stalin proposes united government in; see also Hitler, Adolf

Germogen (Rector of Tiflis Spiritual Seminary)

Getty, J. Arch

Gio, Artëm

Glavlit

Glurzhidze, Grigol

Goebbels, Josef

Gogebashvili, Yakob

Golovanov, General A.E.

Gomułka, Władysław

Gorbachëv, Mikhail

Gorbatov, Boris

Gori, Georgia

Gorki, Maxim

Gosplan (State Planning Committee): established; controls economy; under pressure from Stalin; success

Gottwald, Klement

GPU (formerly Cheka): on succession to Lenin; Bolsheviks’ dependence on; see also NKVD

grain: post-Revolution shortages; and procurement; and peasant hoarding; and Stalin’s economic policy; prices; exports; quotas

Great Terror: and Stalin’s despotism; Stalin’s responsibility for questioned; and Stalin’s supposed work for Okhrana; foreshadowed in Civil War; Khrushchëv’s part in; effect on intellectuals; and Bolshevist values; sanctioned and practised; ends; Khrushchëv denounces; effects

Greece: post-war unrest in; communism in

Grek, Mitka

Gromyko, Andrei

Groza, Petru

Guchkov, Alexander

Gulag: expanded; Trotskyists dispatched to; ethnic Russians avoid; conditions in; economic effects of; intransigence in; mineral production; prisoners-of-war in

Gumilëv, Lev

Gumilëv, Nikolai

Harbin: Great Terror in

Harriman, Averell,

Hervieu, Mme (Tbilisi dressmaker)

Herzen, Alexander: General Philosophy of the Soul

Hingley, Ronald

Hirohito, Emperor of Japan

Hiroshima

Hitler, Adolf: Jewish policy; becomes Chancellor; Stalin admires for brutality; repressions; cult of; rise to power; intervenes in Spanish Civil War; as threat; Communist opposition to; Stalin considers deal with; and non-aggression pact with USSR (1939); Stalin’s view of; concedes Baltic States to Stalin; Stalin appeases; aggressiveness; plans to attack USSR; invades USSR; and initial German successes in USSR; despises Slavs; occupation policy in USSR; and German isolation in USSR; orders offensive against Stalingrad; and Stalingrad defeat; and imprisonment of Stalin’s son Yakov; interferes in conduct of Russian campaign; Stalin’s rivalry with; and Soviet advance; retains army support; suicide; remains removed to Moscow; Stalin compared with; posthumous reputation; Mein Kampf; see also Germany

Hoxha, Enver

Hümmet organisation (Azerbaijan)

Hungary: and Panslavism; USSR demands reparations from; anti-communist majority in; Soviet interference in

Ibárruri, Dolores (‘La Pasionaria’)

Ignatev, Sergei

Ilichëv, Leonid

Ilovaiski, D.I.

Indian National Congress

Industrial Academy, Moscow

Industrial Party (fictitious)

industrialisation: Stalin introduces forced-rate; and labour force; advanced; and worker unrest; growth targets reduced; and increased output

Institute of Red Professors

International Brigades (Spain)

International, Fourth

Ioffe, Adolf

Irakli II, ruler of Georgia

Iran: wartime supplies to USSR through; Soviet forces in

Iremashvili, Joseph

Iskra (journal)

Israel: Stalin quarrels with

Istomina, Valentina,

Italian Communist Party

Italy: in Spanish Civil War; signs Anti-Comintern Pact; Stalin’s concern for; Eurocommunism in

Ivan IV (the Terrible), Tsar: Stalin’s view of; and Russian nationhood

Ivan the Terrible (film)

Ivanovo

Iveria (newspaper)

Japan: war with Russia (1904–5); as threat to USSR; US policy towards; occupies Manchuria; invades China; signs Anti-Comintern Pact; war with USSR (1939–40); in Second World War; Stalin promises to enter war against; Allied ultimatum to from Potsdam; surrender after atom-bomb attacks; US post-war hegemony in; and Korean War

Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

Jewish Bund,

Jews: in Menshevik party; Stalin’s attitude to; and nationality question; repressed and persecuted; in foreign communist parties; post-war policy of hostility to; see also anti-semitism

Kadets see Constitutional-Democratic Party

Kaganovich, Lazar: supports Stalin in Orgburo; as First Secretary of Communist Party of Ukraine; deports Poles; shares Stalin’s assumptions; in Politburo; Stalin orders to shave off beard; Stalin devolves power to; as Stalin’s confidant; and growth of state power; approves Nadya Allilueva’s travel abroad; speaks at Nadya’s funeral; on effect of Nadya’s suicide on Stalin; pleads for industrial slowdown; requests lowering of Ukraine grain quotas; engineers Stalin’s re-election at 17th Party Congress; orders demolition of Moscow cathedral; and Stalin’s family ride on Metro; and Stalin’s views on Nakhaev; writes memoirs; shares Stalin’s class attitudes; and Stalin’s belief in decisive action; on Stalin’s fear of ‘fifth column’; and Yezhov’s appointment to NKVD; Stalin accuses; participates in Great Terror; Stalin asks to prevent publication of articles; association with Stalin; and sister’s supposed relations with Stalin; reponsibilities for transport in war; imitates Stalin; Jewishness; and Stalin’s wish to retire; and succession to Stalin; and Stalin’s death; approves reforms after Stalin’s death

Kaganovich, Maya

Kaganovich, Moisei

Kaganovich, Rosa

Kalashnikov (of Industrial Academy)

Kaledin, General Alexei

Kalinin, Mikhail: and Stalin’s return to work after appendectomy; and agrarian policy; as head of state; and popular unrest; and Stalin’s rule; wife arrested and detained; fondness for ballerinas

Kalinina, Yelena

Kamenev, Lev: character; leads Marxist group in Tbilisi; internationalism; Stalin meets in Kraków; Lenin demands punishment of; in exile; tried (1915); and Grand Duke Mikhail’s refusal to take crown; supports Provisional Government0; rejected for membership of Russian Bureau; returns to Petrograd; appointed to editorial board of Pravda; combative programme; Lenin attacks; and First World War; follows Lenin’s strategy; Lenin supports for election to Central Committee; arrested by Provisional Government; in Central Committee; opposes Lenin’s revolutionary policy; status and fame; Jewishness; opposes gratuitous violence; supports separate peace in First World War; in Civil War; and control of Cheka; and revolutions abroad; heart problems; and Stalin’s appointment as General Secretary of Party; and dispute between Stalin and Lenin on autonomisation; opposes incorporation of Soviet republics; in Lenin’s Testament; Krupskaya writes to on Stalin’s abuse; protects and allies with Stalin; authority in Politburo; administrative duties; at Lenin’s funeral; fails to press Testament charges against Stalin; defeats Left Opposition; mistaken reference to nepman; Stalin turns against; economic policy; leadership ambitions; opposes Stalin and Bukharin; writes on Leninism; excluded from Central Committee; and Bukharin’s peasant policy; as continuing threat; evidence of disloyalty to Stalin; taken into NKVD custody and sentenced; confession and execution; Voroshilov disparages; and Svetlana’s love affairs

Kamenev, Sergei

Kameneva, Olga

Kaminski, G.M.

Kaminski, V.

‘Kamo’ see Ter-Petrosyan, Semën

Kanner, Grigori

Kapanadze, Peter

Kapler, Alexei

Karamzin, Nikolai

Karpov, B.

Karpov, G.

Katyn forest massacre (1940)

Kautsky, Karl; The Driving Forces and Prospects of the Russian Revolution

Kavtaradze, Sergei

Kazakhstan: famine in; supposed genocide in; agricultural reforms in

Kemal Pasha (Ataturk)

Kennan, George

Kerenski, Alexander: in Provisional Government; and conduct of First World War; premiership; calls Democratic Conference; Lenin demands overthrow of; and Bolshevik threat; defeated in move against Petrograd

Ketskhoveli, Lado

Ketskhoveli, Vano

Ketskhoveli, Vladimir

Kharkov

Khazan, Tamara (wife of Andrei Andreev)

Khazanova, Tamara

Khlevnyuk, Oleg

Kholodnaya Rechka

Khrennikov, Tikhon

Khrushchëv, Nikita: denounces Stalin; on Stalin’s early modesty; in Great Terror; Stalin accuses of being Pole; on ‘cult of personality’; association with Stalin; womanising and drinking; rebuked for congratulating Stalin on victory over Germany; on counter-productive effect of repression; desires agricultural reform; and famine in Ukraine (1947); Stalin teases for corpulence; at Nineteenth Party Congress; fears Stalin’s disfavour; at Stalin’s 73rd birthday party; watches film with Stalin; and succession to Stalin; reforms after Stalin’s death; rise to power; removed from power (1964); reputation

Khrustalëv, Ivan

Kiev: falls to Germans

Kim Il-Sung

Kirov, Sergei: supports Stalin on status of republics; in Caucasian Bureau; allies with Stalin; and grain procurement; friendship with Stalin; asked to take over from Stalin; assassinated; and national identity

Kishkin, Nikolai

Kislovodsk episode

Kleiner, I.N.

Klimov, M. (Svetlana’s bodyguard)

Knorin, V.G.

Knunyants, Bogdan

Kobulov, Bogdan

Kolchak, Admiral Alexander

Kolkhoz Model Statute (1935)

kolkhozes (collective farms); markets

Kollontai, Alexandra

Komsomol: militancy; support for Stalin

Kondratev, Nikolai

Konev, General Ivan

Königsberg,

Konovalov, Alexander

Korchagina, Alexandra

Korean War (1950–53)

Kornev (acquaintance of Stalin)

Kornilov, General Lavr

Korshunova, Fekla

Kosior, Stanislav

Kovalëv, Ivan

Kraków

Krasin, Lev

Krasnov, General P.N.

Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk Party Regional Committee

Kravchenko (prison guard)

Krestinski, Nikolai,

Kronstadt; naval mutiny (1921)

Kruglov, Sergei

Krupskaya, Nadezhda (Lenin’s wife): invites Stalin to dine; dispute with Stalin; and Lenin’s health decline; Stalin abuses; objects to embalming and display of Lenin; as Lenin’s biographer; and Lenin’s Testament; relations with Nadya Allilueva; asks Nadya Allilueva to intervene in Georgian affair; supports Zinoviev and Kamenev; and culture

Kseshinskaya, Matilda

Kuban area (north Caucasus)

Kuibyshev

Kuibyshev, Valeryan

kulaks: Stalin persecutes; Bukharin supports; wish for commercial opportunities; taxed; flourish; excluded from collective farms; repressed in Ukraine; see also peasants

Kulikov, Yevgeni

Kun, Miklós

Kuntsevo

Kuomintang,

Kurchatov, Igor

Kureika (hamlet), Turukhansk District

Kurile Islands

Kursk, battle of (1943)

Kushner, Professor

Kutaisi Prison

Kutuzov, Mikhail

Kuzakova, Maria

Kuznetsov, Alexei

Kuznetsov, Admiral N.G.

Kvali (Tbilisi newspaper)

labour camps; see also Gulag

Labouring Peasant Party (fictitious)

Lagidze, Mitrofan

Lakoba, Nestor

Landau, Lev

Largiashvili (seminarist)

Largo Caballero, Francisco

Lashevich, Mikhail,

Latvia: resists Soviet expansionism; as Soviet republic; nationhood in; reclaims independence; German-Soviet conflict over; Stalin demands and occupies; Germans conquer; reannexed by USSR; Stalin’s post-war aims in; armed resistance in; deportations from; see also Baltic states

Latvians: killed in Great Terror

Lazurkina, Dora

League of the Militant Godless,

League of Nations: excludes USSR; USSR applies for admission; ineffectiveness against Japan

Left Opposition: supports Trotski; criticises economic policy; Stalin defeats

Left Socialist-Revolutionaries

Lend-Lease

Lenin in October (film)

Lenin, Vladimir: founds USSR; Stalin’s early impressions, of; Stalin’s attitude to; agrarian policy; and founding of Iskra; Stalin meets in Finland; at 1905 Stockholm conference; at London conference (1907); offers deal to Georgian Mensheviks; accepts criminal funding; breaks with Mensheviks; forms new Central Committee; co-opts Stalin onto Central Committee; praises Stalin; Stalin meets in Kraków; convenes conference in Prague; as thinker; Stalin’s disagreements with; and national question; attacks Jews; opposes Russian participation in First World War; letter from Stalin in exile; demands overthrow of Provisional Government; returns to Russia; revolutionary policy; in hiding following arrest warrant; regard for Trotski; drafts decrees on land and peace; forms Sovnarkom; disfavours coalition of socialist parties; foreign policy; forms Cheka; and separate peace with Central Powers; and state terror; in Civil War; and Stalin’s authority in Volga region; and control of Cheka; Stalin defers to; prestige; and war with Poland (1920); attends Ninth Party Conference; and Trotski’s condemnation of trade unions; introduces New Economic Policy; seeks control of central party apparatus; approves appointment of Stalin as General Secretary of Party; health problems; administrative duties; assassination attempt on; view of and relations with Stalin; renewed alliance with Trotski; favours federal structure; Testament (‘Letter to the Congress’); and Stalin’s abuse of Krupskaya; death and funeral; posthumous cult; Stalin writes on; Nadya Allilueva works for; speaks at Tenth Party Congress; and Stalin’s personality; on capitalist competitiveness; and Mayakovski; belief in outside interference; and promotion of professionally competent; rebukes Stalin for violence; on decisive action; compared with Stalin; cult; in Stalinist Short Course; and world revolution; proposed evacuation of corpse in war; view of foreign hostility; on end of capitalism; ideological influence on Stalin; Stalin invokes in Nineteenth Party Congress speech; communist state policy; April Theses; ‘Better Fewer But Better’; ‘Marxism and Insurrection’; Materialism and Empiriocriticism; The State and Revolution; What Is To Be Done?

Leningrad see St Petersburg

Leningrad Affair (1948)

Leningrad Opposition

Levitan, Isaak

Libya: as Soviet protectorate

Lie, Trygve

linguistics: Stalin’s interest in

literacy and numeracy: increased

Lithuania: resists Soviet expansionism; regains Vilnius; established as Soviet republic; reclaims independence; and German expansionism; Stalin demands and occupies; Germans conquer; reannexed by USSR; Stalin’s post-war aims in; armed resistance in; deportations from; see also Baltic states

Litvinov, Maxim

Livanova, V.

Lominadze, Vissarion

London: Stalin attends 1907 Party conference in

Longjumeau, near Paris

Low, (Sir) David

Lozgachëv, Pavel

Ludwig, Emile

Lunacharski, Anatoli

Luxemburg, Rosa

Lvov, Prince Georgi

Lysenko, Timofei

MacArthur, General Douglas

Machavariani, David

Machiavelli, Niccolò, The Prince,

Maclean, Donald

McNeal, Robert

Mach, Ernst

Magnitogorsk

Maiski, Ivan

Makharadze, Pilipe

Malenkov, Georgi: opposes Great Terror; class background; association with Stalin; and Nazi-Soviet pact (1939); and conduct of war; wartime responsibilities; on counter-productive effect of repression; encourages light industry; at Cominform Conference; visits Stalin; and administrative reforms; status and appointments; regains favour; in Leningrad Affair; and Stalin’s 70th birthday celebrations; studies political economy; Stalin teases for corpulence; delivers Central Committee political report at Nineteenth Party Congress; Stalin suspects of conspiracy; heads permanent commission on foreign affairs; fears Stalin’s disfavour; Stalin entertains; and Stalin’s stroke; and succession to Stalin; at Stalin’s funeral; reforms after Stalin’s death; rivalry with Khrushchëv

Malinovski, Roman

Malkina, Yekaterina

Manchuria (Manchukuo): Japan occupies; Stalin orders invasion of; Soviet dominance of

Mandelshtam, Osip

Manstein, General Erich von

Manuilski, Dmitri

Mao Tse-tung

Marchlewski, Julian

Markizova, Gelya

Marr, Nikolai

Marshall, General George: European recovery plan

Martov, Yuli: in Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party split; at 1905 Stockholm conference; at 1907 London conference; exiled to Turukhansk; Stalin charges with slander

Marx, Karl: Bogdanov on; on capitalist competitiveness; on global revolution; on end of capitalism; influence on Stalin

Marxism-Leninism: Stalin’s commitment to; in Georgia; appeal to intellectuals; predicts class war; and national question; in Finland; propagated; and foreign policy; reasserted in war; and dictatorship of proletariat; promoted

Masaryk, Jan

Maslov, Pëtr

Matsesta

Mayakovski, Vladimir

Mdivani, Budu

Medvedev, Roy

Meir, Golda

Mekhlis, Lev

Mendeleev, Dmitri

Mensheviks: ridicule Stalin; formed by Party split; in Georgia; differences with Bolsheviks; Lenin breaks with; excluded from Central Committee; and national question; support Provisional Government; Kamenev and Stalin attack; members transfer to Bolsheviks; and Democratic State Conference; control soviets; walk out from Second Congress of Soviets; Bolsheviks’ fear of rivalry; as potential opposition to Stalin

Menzhinski, Vladimir

Mercader, Ramón

Merkulov, V.N.

Merzhanov, Miron

Meyer, Ernst

Meyerkhold, Vsevolod

MGB (Ministry of State Security); see also NKVD

Mgeladze, Akaki

Michels, Roberto

Mikhail, Grand Duke

Mikhalkov, Sergei

Mikhoels, Solomon

Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw

Mikoyan, Anastas: dacha; Stalin’s assessment of; and grain procurement; in Politburo; relations with Stalin; Armenian origins; writes memoirs; and Stalin’s admiration for Hitler; and Nazi-Soviet pact (1939); in conduct of war; on Stalin’s treatment of Molotov; on Stalin’s timorousness in war; responsibilities for food in war; telephones bugged; status and power; Stalin’s hostility to; and Stalin’s hostility to Voznesenski; proposes list of successors to Stalin; demoted and out of favour

Mikoyan, Ashken (Anastas’s wife)

Milyukov, Pavel

Milyutin, Vladimir

Mingrelians,

Minin, Sergei,

Mnatobi (newspaper)

Mogren (Swedish Police Commissioner)

Molochnikov, Nikolai

Molotov, Vyacheslav: snubs Stalin on return from exile; removed from Russian Bureau; Stalin moves in with; position in Party Secretariat; quarrel with Trotski; Lenin proposes promoting; omitted from Lenin’s Testament; at Lenin’s funeral; supports Stalin in Orgburo; and Stalin’s experience with beggar; recreations; and Stalin’s view of Krupskaya; Stalin complains of Bukharin to; and Stalin’s industrialisation policy; shares Stalin’s assumptions; and Stalin’s demand for export of grain; in Politburo; Stalin devolves power to; and Stalin’s mistrust of colleagues; as Stalin’s confidant; Stalin complains to about Rykov; and growth of state power; approves Nadya Allilueva’s travel abroad; attempts to understand Stalin; argues for industrial slow-down; accompanies Stalin family on Metro ride; Stalin’s correspondence with; writes memoirs; shares Stalin’s class attitudes; on Stalin’s fears of ‘fifth column’; and Yezhov’s appointment to NKVD; argues with Pyatnitski; participates in Great Terror; Stalin asks to prevent publication of articles; and Yezhov’s decline; class background; disagreements with Stalin; wife arrested; in People’s Commissariat of External Affairs; signs 1939 nonaggression pact with Germany; and Stalin’s view of Hitler; and Baltic States; on Stalin’s war preparations; attempts to delay war with Germany; at German invasion of USSR; on Stalin’s reaction to German invasion; in wartime Stavka; supports Stalin in conduct of war; musical abilities; social life with Stalin5; Stalin’s treatment of; responsibility for tanks in war; in Berlin (1940); entertains Churchill in Moscow; and German-Polish border; demands continuing offensive; and post-war Soviet influence in world; negotiates Soviet role in UN; readiness to accept Marshall Aid; in antiTito campaign; and exploitation of eastern Europe; singing with Stalin; loyalty to Stalin; Stalin humiliates; self-control; telephones bugged; demoted and out of favour; and withering away of state; rejects socialism in one country doctrine; and succession to Stalin; wine-drinking; position after Stalin’s death; eulogy at Stalin’s funeral; approves reforms after Stalin’s death

Molotova, Polina (Zhemchuzhina)

Monastyrskoe, Turukhansk District

Montgomery, General Bernard Law (later 1st Viscount)

Morozov, Grigori: marriage to Svetlana

Morris, William

Moscow: Soviet government transfers to from Petrograd; wartime defence of; victory parade (1945)

Moscow Metro: Stalin rides on with family

Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal

Moshentseva, Dr P.

Mother Tongue (Georgian anthology)

Murakhovski, A.A.

Muranov, Matvei

Murmansk

Musavatists

Mussolini, Benito,

MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs)

Nagasaki

Nagy, Ferenc

Nakhaev, General A.S.

Nalchik

Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French

Narym: Stalin exiled to

national question: Stalin on; and Stalin’s commissarship; Party policy on; and autonomous republics

Nazaretyan, Amakyan

Nazism: Stalin’s attitude to rise of; see also Germany; Hitler, Adolf

Nenni, Pietro

Neumann, Franz

New Economic Policy (NEP): introduced (1921); Trotski’s reservations on; and Stalin’s socialism; Bukharin supports; Stalin destroys; achievements

Nicholas II, Tsar: war with Japan; issues October Manifesto (1905); and composition of Duma; in First World War; disperses Duma (February 1917); abdicates; behaviour; coronation

Nietzsche, Friedrich

Nikolaev, Leonid

NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs): expanded; OGPU incorporated in; arrests; purges Leningrad; and Constitution (1936); Yezhov heads0; and forced labour; in Great Terror; reports on public opinion; Beria replaces Yezhov as head; liquidates Spanish Trotskyists; purges Polish Communist Party exiles; and foreign communist activities; operations in Poland; in Baltic States; scorched-earth policy; in wartime Leningrad; repressions in wartime; post-war activities and records; see also GPU; MGB; OGPU

Nogin, Viktor

Nomonhan

Normandy invasion (1944)

North Africa: German successes in

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Novaya Uda, Irkutsk Province

Novaya zhizn (newspaper)

nuclear weapons see atomic bomb

Nutsubidze, Shalva,

October Manifesto (1905)

October Revolution (1917): and working class motivation; effect on world order

Ogarëv, Yakov

OGPU (earlier GPU): repressions; power; and Shakhty trial; and dekulakisation; interrogates army officers; and Nadya Allilueva’s funeral; incorporated in NKVD; see also NKVD

Okhrana: Stalin suspected of being agent for; investigates demonstrations in Batumi; ineffectiveness against political unrest; arrests Stalin; infiltrates revolutionary parties; informed of Bolshevist Central Committee; monitors Stalin; and Stalin’s exile in Turukhansk; acts against Bolsheviks

Okulov, Alexei

Onufrieva, Pelageya

Ordzhonikidze, Sergo: Lenin recruits to Central Committee; and Soviet expansionism; supports Stalin on status of republics; in Caucasian Bureau; in Stalin’s Testament; allies with Stalin; and Stalin’s deference to mother; takes charge of Central Control Commission; occasional disloyalty to Stalin; in Politburo; and Stalin’s fears of conspiracies; as Stalin’s confidant; letter from Nadya Allilueva; supports industrial expansion; Georgian origins; opposes Stalin’s strategic ideas; disbelieves campaign against Pyatakov; suicide; and popular adulation of Stalin

Orgburo: composition; changes postings; role

Orwell, George: Homage to Catalonia

Osinski, Nikolai

Overlord, Operation

Panslavism

Pasternak, Boris

Patolichev, Nikolai

Patolichev, N.S.

Pauker, Ana

Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich von

Pavlov, Dmitri,

Pavlov, Ivan

peasants: Lenin’s policy on; unrest in Imperial Russia; and Stolypin’s reforms; demands on Provisional Government; in Civil War; and forced grain procurement; grain hoarding; Bukharin’s conciliatory policy on; and NEP; Stalin’s policy on; incorporated in industrial labour force; in administrative posts; risings and resistance; hatred of Soviet agricultural system; trading; punished; starvation; hatred of Stalin; defect during war; wartime trading; see also collectivisation; kulaks

People’s Commissariat of Enlightenment

People’s Commissariat of External Affairs

People’s Commissariat of Nationalities’ Affairs: Stalin heads; offices and organisation; Jewish section; and structure of Soviet Union

people’s democracies: in eastern Europe

Pereprygin family

Perm: military disaster at

Pervukhin, Mikhail

Pestkowski, Stanislaw

Peter I (the Great), Tsar

Petkov, Nikola

Petrograd see St Petersburg

Petrov (photographer)

Petrovski, G.I.

Philby, Kim

Piłsudski, Josef

Piotrovski, V.V.: In the Steps of Ancient Cultures

Platform of the Forty-Six

Platonov, Andrei

Platonov, Sergei

Plekhanov, Georgi: influence; at Stockholm conference (1905); Stalin criticises; at London conference (1907); as thinker

Pokrovski, Mikhail

Poland: Stalin meets Lenin in; independence accepted; Soviet war with (1920); as potential invader; Stalin dominates; Stalin pressurises (1939); Hitler plans conquest of; defeated by Germany (1939); Soviet part-occupation and regime in; historic hostility to USSR; post-war settlement; Soviet advance in; Stalin’s post-war aims in; elections in; Provisional Government; refuses execution of Gomulka; anti-Soviet demonstrations in

Poles (ethnic): killed in Great Terror

Poletaev, Nikolai

Polish Communist Party: Stalin persecutes exiles

Politburo: and Civil War; and national question; composition and unity in; Kamenev chairs after Lenin’s death; internal factions and disputes; and Stalin’s aggressive agrarian policy; and grain shortage; approves elimination of kulaks; power and status; membership numbers; and Marxist idealism; and suppression of opponents; under 1936 Constitution; treatment of Kazakhs and Ukrainians; sanctions purge of anti-Soviet elements; Stalin purges; reforms; and Stalin’s foreign policy; on Hitler’s rise to power; and Nazi-Soviet pact (1939); Stalin manipulates members; and succession to Stalin

Popkov, Pëtr

Popov, Nikolai

popular fronts

Port Arthur

Poskrëbyshev, Alexander

Pospelov, P.N.

Postyshev, Pëtr

Potsdam Conference (1945)

POUM (Spanish party)

Prague Conference (1912)

Pravda (newspaper): founded; Stalin writes for; Molotov and Shlyapnikov edit; and national question; Stalin appointed to editorial board; Stalin gives up editorship; on Nadya Allilueva’s death; and non-aggression pact with Germany (1939); reporting of war; cultic writings on Stalin; denigrates Western leaders; on Doctors’ Plot; limits posthumous praise of Stalin; prepares laudatory editorial on Stalin

Preobrazhenski, Yevgeni: urges Europe-wide revolution; sympathises with Trotski; opposes Stalin’s appointment as General Secretary; criticises economic policy; writings; allies with Stalin

Presidium (Bolshevik Party): internal Bureau established; and Stalin’s stroke; and succession to Stalin

Prokofiev, Sergei

Proletari (journal)

Proletarians Brdzola (journal)

proletariat, dictatorship of

Prosveshchenie (journal)

Provisional Government (Russian): formed (1917); Russian Bureau opposition to; Lenin demands overthrow of; rule and reforms; and conduct of First World War; break-up; unpopularity; conflict with Bolsheviks

Prussia: Soviet dominance in

Przewalski, Nikolai

Pugachëv revolt (1773–5)

Pushkin, Alexander

Putin, Vladimir

Pyatakov, Georgi

Pyatnitski, Osip

Qazbegi, Alexander: The Patricide

Rabochii put (newspaper)

Radek, Karl: and war with Poland; tried

Radzinski, Edvard

Rajk, László

Rakovski, Christian,

Ramishvili, Isidore,

Ramzin, Leonid

Rapallo, Treaty of (1922)

Rappoport, Yakov

Rasputin, Grigori

Red Army: beginnings; in Civil War; Perm defeat; Lenin proposes for actions in Europe; triumphs in Civil War; and Lenin’s European strategy; in war against Poland (1920); exercises control of outlying regions; conquers Georgia (1921); powers; and economic development; threatened trial of commanders; suppresses peasant risings; hatred of collectivisation; campaign against religion; collaboration with German army; reinforced in Far East; and Nazi threat; and Spanish Civil War; clash with Japanese; Stalin addresses (1941); recovers from first German onslaught; prisoners-of-war; wartime conscription; scorched-earth policy; strategy against Germans; casualties at Stalingrad; Kursk victory; westward advance against Germans; appeal in east-central Europe; and Western Allies; final offensive; inactivity in Warsaw Rising; unrestrained behaviour in European advance; experience of Western civilisation; occupation of eastern Europe; redesignated Soviet Army; Stalin sees as threat

Redens, Stanisław

Reisner, M.A.

religion: persecuted

Renner, Karl

Revolutionary-Military Council

Reznikov (informer)

Rhee, Syngman

Ribbentrop, Joachim von

Riga

Right Deviation

Robespierre, Maximilien

Rodionov, Mikhail

Rodzaevski, Konstantin

Rodzyanko, Mikhail

Röhm, Ernst

Rokossovski, Marshal Konstantin

Romania: as potential invader of USSR; Stalin woos; Soviet demands on; troops in USSR; and Panslavism; USSR demands reparations from; communist regime in; monarchy removed

Roosevelt, Franklin D.: condemns Nazi atrocities; Stalin entertains; meets Stalin at Tehran; broadcasts; cooperation with Stalin; Churchill meets; agrees wartime supplies to USSR; relations with Stalin; and post-war European settlement; at Yalta conference; requests United Nations Organisation; death; and prospective capture of Berlin; commitments to Stalin

Rozanov, Vladimir

Rudzutak, Yan

Rukhimovich, Moisei

Russia (post-1991): conditions; see also Soviet Union

Russian Bureau of Central Committee: differences in; Stalin admitted to; welcomes return of Lenin

Russian Empire: national question in; in First World War; popular unrest in; and sense of nationhood; see also Provisional Government

Russian language: honoured; Stalin’s views on

Russian Orthodox Church: attacked; maintains some autonomy; restrictions relaxed in war; post-war position

Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party: in Georgia; Iskra campaigns for; and ethnic considerations; Second Party Congress (Brussels and London, 1903); and popular unrest (1905); Third Party Congress (London, 1905); Fourth Party Congress (Stockholm, 1905); Fifth Party Congress (London, 1907); Bolshevik-Menshevik differences in; leaders return to Switzerland; membership numbers; Mensheviks excluded; new Central Committee formed

Russian Socialist Federal Republic

(RSFSR): Constitution; within Soviet federation; lacks own communist party; and Leningrad ambitions

Russians (ethnic): elevated; Stalin honours at war’s end

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5)

Rustaveli, Shota; Knight in the Panther’s Skin

Ryazanov, David

Rybin, A.I.

Rykov, Alexei: and Democratic State Conference; membership of Sovnarkom; Lenin proposes promoting; attacks Stalin; Stalin offers resignation to; supports Bukharin’s agrarian policy; Stalin proposes dismissing; Stalin vilifies; reprimanded; tried

Ryutin, Maremyan,

St Petersburg (sometime Petrograd; Leningrad): massacre (1905); Stalin operates in; renamed Petrograd; industrial unrest in (February 1917); Soviet; between February and October revolutions; protest demonstration (July 1917); in October Revolution; renamed Leningrad; NKVD purges in; Germans threaten and besiege; supposed conspiracy; local patriotism in

Sakhalin

Samoilov, F.

Saturn, Operation

Schmidt sisters: legacies to Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party

Schulenburg, Count Friedrich Werner von der

science: controlled by Stalin

‘scissors crisis’

Sebag-Montefiore, Simon

‘second front’

Serebryakov, Leonid

Sergeev, Artëm (Stalin’s adopted son)

Sergei, Acting Patriarch

Shakhty coal mine, Don Basin

Shamil (Islamist rebel)

Shaumyan, Stepan

Shepilov, D.T.

Shevchenko, Taras

Shlyapnikov, Alexander

Shneidorovich, Dr M.G.

Sholokhov, Mikhail

Shostakovich, Dmitri

show trials; in post-war eastern Europe

Shreider, A.

Shumyatski, Boris

Shvernik, Nikolai

Siberia: grain supplies from; see also Turukhansk District

Simonov, Konstantin

Siqueiros, David Alfaro

Sklarska Poreba, Poland

Skobelev, Mikhail

Skrypnik, Mykola

Slánsky, Rudolf

Slovakia: reparations to USSR

Smilga, Ivan

Smirnov, A.P.

Smirnov, Ivan

Smolny Institute, Petrograd

Smyrba, Hashim

Snesarev, Andrei

Sochi

Social-Federalists

socialism: as Marxist ideal

‘socialism in one country’

Socialist-Revolutionaries: ridicule Stalin; little appeal in Caucasus; leaders return to Switzerland; oppose Kerenski; and Democratic State Conference; support Provisional Government; walk out from Second Congress of Soviets; as potential rivals; arrested and sentenced

Sokolnikov, Grigori

Solomin, V.G.

Solvychegodsk

Sorge, Richard

Sotsial-Demokrat (newspaper)

Souvarine, Boris

Soviet Union: isolation; federal structure; title adopted (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics); and threat of outside intervention; and autonomous republics; economic development; modernity in; citizens’ rights in; Constitutions: (1924); (1936); and nationhood; political patronage and cliental groups; excluded from League of Nations; foreign policy; armaments production; USA recognises; non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany (1939); Winter War with Finland; Hitler plans to attack; Germans invade (Operation Barbarossa); German conquests and advance in; wartime scorched-earth policy; wartime economic organisation and production; Western Allies support for; wartime refugees in; national anthem; patriotism emphasised; Western Allies’ supplies to; victory over Germany; post-war power; human and material losses in war; post-war regime and repressions; devaluation and economic regeneration; student unrest in; post-war relations with Western Allies; and beginnings of Cold War; and Western containment policy; develops nuclear weapons; corruption and maladministration in; hostility to West; foreign influences excluded; reforms after Stalin’s death; collapse (1991); totalitarianism in; see also Russia (post-1991)

Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies (Petrograd)

soviets (councils): formed; as source of power

sovkhozes (collective farms)

Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Commissars): composition; Stalin’s role in; and national question; and Gosplan’s control of economy; redesignated Council of Ministers; see also Council of Ministers

Spain: Eurocommunism in

Spandaryan, Suren

Spanish Civil War

Spanish Communist Party

specialists: Stalin’s hostility to; tried; and Stakhanovite movement; Ordzhonikidze protects

Stakhanov, Alexei

Stakhanovites

STALIN, JOSEPH

CHARACTERISTICS: reputation and image; reading; mental state; cultivates conciliatory manner; vindictiveness; rebelliousness at seminary; isolation; speechmaking; physical bravery; liking for children; as thinker and theorist; need to dominate; uncouth manner; joking and mimicry; suspects conspiracies and plots; resentment and sense of being undervalued; impatience in Sovnarkom meetings; outfaces rivals in Party meetings; conspiratorial practices; leadership qualities; flirting; gives money to beggar; lacks interests outside politics; national identity; behaviour as ruler; mental processes and moral values; multifaceted nature; smoking; personal austerity; rivalry with Hitler; remoteness from public in war; manner with colleagues and subordinates; aloofness from post-war conditions; daily routine; intellectual interests; pride in Soviet achievements; unpredictability in old age

PERSONAL LIFE: birth date; official biography (1938); baptised; rumoured illicit ancestry; childhood and upbringing; smallpox as child; schooling; works in Tbilisi shoe factory; attitude to father; injured in accident with carriage; youth in Gori; adopts name Koba; witnesses hangings in Gori; attends Tiflis Spiritual Seminary; learns Russian; singing; knowledge of ancient Greek; early poetry in Georgian; leaves Tiflis Seminary; abandons religious faith; works at Physical Observatory in Tbilisi; dress; on run in Tbilisi; in Batumi; detained in prison; journalism and writings; exiles in Siberia; appearance; courtship and marriage to Ketevan; birth of children; and death of wife Ketevan; visits Berlin; attitude to Jews; begins to write in Russian; learns Esperanto; sexual conquests and illegitimate children; moves to Vologda; adopts pseudonym Stalin; escapes to St Petersburg; in Vienna; fishing; rejected for military service; returns to Petrograd (1917); in hiding with Alliluevs in Petrograd; shaves off Lenin’s beard and moustache; edits Rabochii put; marriage to Nadezhda Allilueva; appendicitis; health problems and treatments; revisits Georgia (1921); abuses Krupskaya; Krupskaya softens attitude to; criticised for inadequate Russian; marriage relations; adopts Artëm Sergeev; diet; homes and family life; holidays; hunting; improves languages and studies Marxist philosophy; unpopularity; personal security concerns; and Nadya’s suicide and funeral; builds new dacha at Kuntsevo; recreations; cultural values and reforms; socialist ideals; and films; accompanies Svetlana on Metro ride; avoids contacts with people; writing; biographies of; remains in wartime Moscow; relations with sons and daughter; sends money to former Georgian friends; ill-health in war; drinking; social life with male friends; and women; billiards playing; Western adulation of; use of nicknames; relations with Churchill and Roosevelt; exchange with Alan Brooke; and Roosevelt’s death; postwar public view of; collected works published; death; persecutes members of family; seventieth birthday celebrations; Western disparagement of; on linguistics; mistrust of medical doctors; health decline; entertaining in old age; seventy third birthday party; suffers stroke; autopsy document lost; embalmed; funeral; book collection dispersed after death; reburied below Kremlin Wall

POLITICAL LIFE: Khrushchëv denounces; operates within Soviet system; opposition to; embraces Marxism in Tbilisi; suspected of being Okhrana agent; revolutionary activities in Georgia; circulates ‘Credo’ on return to Tbilisi; and national question; commitment to Bolshevism; attends Fourth Party Congress (Stockholm, 1905); in London for 1907 Party Congress; preeminence as Georgian Bolshevik; arrested in Baku and imprisoned; accused of organising armed robberies; Lenin co-opts onto Central Committee; arrested (1912) and sent to Narym District; issues proclamation (May Day 1912); Lenin praises; meets Lenin in Poland; rearrested (1913); questions Lenin’s policies; initial support for Provisional Government; denied place on Russian Bureau on return from exile; admitted to Russian Bureau; attitude to Mensheviks; follows Lenin’s leadership; attitude to First World War; elected to Central Committee at April 1917 conference; at Sixth Party Congress (1917); Party work in Petrograd; policy of ‘socialism in one country’; supports Lenin’s revolutionary policy; in Executive Committee of Petrograd Soviet; hostility with Trotski; and Kerenski’s actions against Bolsheviks; role and standing in Central Committee; activities in October Revolution; improved reputation and acceptance; Lenin favours; as People’s Commissar for Nationalities’ Affairs; helps draft RSFSR Constitution; advocates and practises state violence and dictatorship; and revolutionary activities abroad; claims full military powers in Volga region; supports separate peace in First World War; assigned to procure grain (1918); in Civil War; official appointments and activities; and war with Poland; threatens resignation; criticised at Ninth Party Conference; supports Lenin in dispute with Trotski over trade unions; Lenin asks to secure control over party apparatus; appointed General Secretary of Party; foreign policy; supports NEP; Lenin’s view of and relations with; disputes with dying Lenin; favours dominance of RSFSR over republics; and recognition of Baltic republics; and Caucasian national and ethnic settlement; and formation of autonomous republics; in Lenin’s Testament; Kamenev and Zinoviev protect and support; reports at 12th Party Congress; Zinoviev acts against; at Thirteenth Party Conference; organises and officiates at Lenin’s funeral; encourages cult of Lenin; escapes reading of Lenin’s Testament at 13th Party Congress; reports at 13th Party Congress; requests to be released from posts; builds up supporters; defeats Left Opposition; in Politburo disputes with Zinoviev and Kamenev; outlines programme and purpose; defeats United Opposition; and NEP; abandons NEP; aggressive agrarian policy; and collectivisation; forced industrialisation; organises trial of Shakhty engineers and specialists; adapts to change; radical policy changes; represses ‘anti-Soviet’ groups; proclaims patriotism; despotism in rule; title as General Secretary; mistrust of factional groups; demands capital punishment for adversaries; aims and ideals; and industrial unrest; dominates economic policy; near-exclusion at 17th Party Congress; and Kirov’s assassination; eliminates opponents; oversees new Constitution (1935–6); peasant hatred of; and Soviet patriotism; appointments and promotions of functionaries; threatens to annihilate enemies of state; comments on Lenin’s Materialism and Empiriocriticism; instigates and supervises Great Terror; cult and public image; dominance; redesignated Secretary of the Party Central Committee; attempts to eradicate political patronage; and pre-war Germany; intervenes in Spanish Civil War; ethnic deportations and executions; and foreign Communist Party activities; overtures to Nazi Germany; and war in Far East; and assassination of Trotski; receives reports from foreign sources; and non-aggression pact with Germany (1939); annexes Baltic republics; and Winter War in Finland; and German military successes in West; and German threat; surprised by German invasion of USSR; recovers control after German invasion; as Supreme Commander in war with Germany; withdraws in early days of war; wartime strategy; and German atrocities; orders no retreat at Stalingrad; co-operates with wartime commanders; and Stalingrad victory; argues for major offensive after Stalingrad; and conduct of war after Kursk; relaxes cultural rules in war; wartime concessions to Church; dissolves Comintern; wartime policy changes; encourages Slavophilia; broadcasts to nation after start of war; avoids fighting front in war; Western Allies confer with; attends conferences with Churchill and Roosevelt; demands Allies open second front; and post-war European settlement; and Warsaw Uprising; and capture of Berlin; justifies Red Army brutalities; at Potsdam Conference; knowledge of US atomic bomb; broadcasts on victory over Germany; victory celebrations (1945); view of world leaders; awareness of post-war dissatisfactions; resists post-war reform; post-war foreign policy; policy of coexistence; maintains east European territories; and Truman’s policy; and development of Soviet A-bomb; attitude to China and Mao; control of countries in eastern Europe; anti-Tito campaign; and ‘people’s democracies’ in eastern Europe; manipulates and humiliates colleagues; intelligence and information reaches; appoints ‘curators’; postwar political control; retrospective view of war; and Korean War; concern for Italy and France; excludes foreign influences; ideological motivation; succession question; purges Jews; reorganises Party structure at Nineteenth Congress; posthumous reputation; achievements assessed

WORKS: ‘Anarchism or Socialism’; ‘Dizzy with Success’; The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR; Foundations of Leninism; History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks): A Short Course; Marxism and the National Quesion (earlier The National Question and Social-Democracy); Marxism and Problems of Linguistics; On Questions of Leninism (or Problems of Leninism)

Stalin Prizes

Stalin, Vasili (Stalin’s son): birth; upbringing; on father’s Georgian origins; accompanies sister Svetlana on Metro; war service; relations with father; behaviour; disgraced after Stalin’s death

Stalin, Yakob (Stalin’s son by Ketevan) see Dzhughashvili, Yakob

Stalingrad: battle of; see also Tsaritsyn

Starostin, Mikhail

State Committee of Defence: proposed; powers; Stalin in

Stavka (wartime Supreme Command): formed; strategy; meetings; disagreements in

Sten, Jan

Stepanov, General

Stockholm: Stalin visits (1905)

Stolypin, Pëtr

Stroev, Lieut. Pëtr

Struve, Pëtr

Sukhanov, Nikolai

Sukhova, Tatiana

Sultan-Galiev, Mirza Said

Supreme Command see Stavka

Surin, Semën

Suvorov, Alexander

Suvorov, S.A.

Svanidze, Maria

Svanidze, Alexander (Ketevan’s brother)

Svanidze, Alexandra

Svanidze, Ketevan see Dzhughashvili, Ketevan

Sverdlov University: Stalin lectures at

Sverdlov, Yakov: with Stalin in Narym; attempted escape; in exile with Stalin in Turukhansk District; heads Central Committee Secretariat; Party work in Petrograd; supports Lenin’s revolutionary policy; and national question; supports separate peace in First World War; prestige; and revolutions abroad; death; Nadya Allilueva requests better accommodation from

Syrtsov, Sergei

Taiwan

Tambov province

Tampere Conference (Finland, 1905),

Tarle, Yevgeni

Tatar-Bashkir Republic

Tatars

Tbilisi: location and status; Stalin’s father works in; Stalin works in; Stalin attends seminary in; racial/cultural composition; Stalin leaves seminary; Stalin works at Physical Observatory; Stalin addresses meetings (1921)

Tehran conference (1943)

Ter-Petrosyan, Semën (‘Kamo’)

terror see Great Terror

Thorez, Maurice

Tiflis see Tbilisi

Tikhonov, Alexander

Til, Katerina

Timashuk, Dr Lidia

Time magazine: features Stalin as Man of the Year

Timoshenko, Semën: appointed to head People’s Commissariat of Defence; plans pre-emptive offensive against Germany; and German invasion of USSR; denied intelligence on Germany; leads Stavka (Supreme Command); in defence of Moscow; considers withdrawing from Kiev

Tito, Josip Broz

Titvinidze, M.

Togliatti, Palmiro,

Tolmachev, Vladimir

Tolstoi, Alexei

Tolstoi, Count Lev: Hadji Murat

Tomski, Mikhail

Tovstukha, Ivan; biographical sketch of Stalin

tractors: supply of

trade unions: Trotski attacks

Transcaucasian Federation

Tretyakov, A.F.

Trieste

Trotski, Lev: ridicules Stalin; leads St Petersburg soviet (1905); as thinker; criticises Stalin; speechmaking; arrested; returns to Central Committee; revolutionary policy; hostility with Stalin; denigrates Stalin as marginal; omitted from Central Committee assignments; military role in October Revolution; forms Sovnarkom; opposes coalition with other socialist parties; as People’s Commissar for External Affairs; Lenin’s attitude to; controls funds; Lenin overshadows; and revolutionary war outside Russia; and separate peace in First World War; assassinated; as People’s Commissar for Military Affairs; advocates state terror; and Stalin’s activities in Tsaritsyn; believes in conspiracies; Lenin supports as Red Army head; indifference to Party; public appearances; and 1920 war with Poland; in Civil War; attacks trade unions; loses Lenin’s favour; suppresses Kronstadt mutiny; quarrel with Molotov; administrative duties; and Lenin’s health decline; renewed alliance with Lenin; and Stalin’s policy on national question; in Lenin’s Testament; outspokenness with Lenin; at Twelfth Party Congress; unpopularity in Party; appointed to Orgburo; opposes NEP; on ‘scissors crisis’; misses Lenin’s funeral; attacked at Thirteenth Party Conference; Jewishness; as rival leader to Stalin; demands industrial growth; defeated; writings; and socialism in other countries; Stalin and Bukharin act against; in United Opposition; excluded from Central Committee; and economic reform; mocks Stalin’s international policy; and Stalin’s 1922 dispute with Lenin; as continuing threat; Stalin vilifies; exile and deportation; and culture; reviled; supporters arrested; accused of anti-Soviet actions; writes recollections; promotes on basis of competence; Voroshilov disparages; and worldwide socialist revolution; accuses Stalin of betraying October Revolution; Stalin pursues; and Fourth International; Art and Revolution; The Lessons of October; ‘The New Course’

Truman, Harry S.: succeeds Roosevelt; at Potsdam Conference; and use of nuclear weapons; and defeat of Japan; Stalin unimpressed by; accepts coexistence; mistrusts Soviet intentions; policy on USSR; and Cold War; non-interference in eastern Europe; denigrated in USSR; and Korean War; sends Coca-Cola to Stalin; sends condolences on Stalin’s death

Tsaritsyn (later Stalingrad; then Volgograd): Stalin procures grain and wages war in; renamed Volgograd; see also Stalingrad, battle of

Tsereteli, Giorgi

Tsereteli, Irakli

Tskhakaya, Mikha

Tsushima, battle of (1905)

Tucker, Robert

Tukhachevski, Mikhail: in war against Poland; Stalin suspects of conspiracy; arrest and execution,

Tupolev, Andrei

Turkey: as potential invader of USSR; supports national liberation in colonies; Stalin makes territorial demands on

Turukhansk District, Siberia

Uglanov, Nikolai

Ukraine: hostility to Russia; self-rule proposed for; regional authority (Rada); Germans occupy; Piłsudski invades; Wrangel threatens; and autonomisation; established as Soviet state; treaty with RSFSR; nationhood; grain shortages and quotas; Poles deported from; famine; supposed genocide in; frontiers closed; Stalin’s integration plans for; Germans overrun; plundered by Germans; Soviet failed offensive in (1942); resistance to Soviet rule in; post-war conditions; dissenters sent to Gulag

Ukrainian Autocephalous Church

Ulam, Adam

Ulrikh, Vasili

Ulyanova, Maria (Lenin’s sister)

Unforgettable 1919 (film)

Union of Writers

United Front

United Nations Organisation,

United Opposition,

United States of America: economic development; foreign policy; diplomatic recognition of USSR; Stalin encourages commercial relations with; wartime supplies to USSR; wartime relations with Allies; develops atomic bomb; post-war power and influence; Stalin suspects of post-war hostility; Stalin seeks state loan from; containment policy on USSR; and Cold War; Soviet hostility to; and Korean War; Stalin’s views on political economy in; Soviet post-Stalin relations with

Uranus, Operation

Uratadze, Grigol

USSR see Soviet Union

Ustinov, Marshal D.F.

Valedinski, Dr Ivan

Varga, Jeno

Vasilevski, General Alexander

Vatutin, General Nikolai

Vavilov, Nikolai

Vereshchagin, I.

Vereshchak, Semën,

Versailles, Treaty of (1919)

Vienna: Stalin in

Vinogradov, Dr Vladimir

Vipper, R.

Vladimir, Archbishop, Exarch of Georgia

Vlasik, Nikolai,

Vlasov, Lieut.-General Andrei

Volga region: collectivisation in

Volga! Volga! (film)

Volgokonov, Dmitri

Volodicheva, Maria,

Vologda

Volunteer Army (White Russian)

Vorontsov-Dashkov, I.I.

Voroshilov, Kliment: attends 1905 Party Congress (Stockholm); supports Stalin in Volga region; Bukharin meets; allies with Stalin; and agrarian policy; proposes Stalin head Sovnarkom; as Stalin’s confidant; rumoured to have killed Stalin; entertaining; disparages opponents; argues with Pyatnitski; participates in Great Terror; and Yezhov’s decline; association with Stalin; and Finnish war; at German invasion of USSR; in wartime Stavka; and conduct of war; singing with Stalin; and Stalin’s death

Vostorgov, Archpriest Ioann

Voznesenski, Nikolai: and conduct of war; stands up to Stalin; responsibilities in war; promoted to Politburo; shot

Vyshinski, Andrei

Wall Street Crash (1929)

War Communism,

Warsaw: in war of 1920; rising (1944)

Weber, Max

Weimar Republic

White Sea-Baltic Canal

witchcraft

Witte, Count Sergei

Workers’ Opposition

Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate (Rabkrin): Stalin heads

World War I (1914–18): outbreak; Russian participation in; conduct of; Stalin’s view of

Wrangel, General Pëtr

Xenofontov, F.

Yagoda, Genrikh

Yakir, Marshal Iona

Yakubov, Kamil

Yalta conference (1945)

Yaroslavski, Yemelyan

Yefimov, Boris

Yegorov, Marshal Alexander

Yegorova, Natalya

Yeltsin, Boris: opens up archives; denounces Stalin

Yeremenko, General Andrei

Yermolov, General

Yevdokimov, E.G.

Yevdomikov, Professor (dental physician)

Yezhov, Nikolai: viciousness; heads NKVD; and attack on Bukharin; testifies to existence of anti-state organisations; in Great Terror; Stalin asks to prevent publication of articles; removed from NKVD; sexual excesses; arrest and execution; suspects Polish exile community; purges Comintern members from Spain

Yugoslavia: delays Hitler’s invasion of USSR; self-liberation from Germany; communism in; Stalin’s interest in; at First Cominform Conference; causes trouble for Stalin; Soviet hostility to; breach with USSR; rapprochement with

Zakharov, Filip

Zalutski, Pëtr

Zamenhoff, Ludwig

Zasulich, Vera

Zbarski, Boris

Zelenski, I.A.

Zhdanov, Andrei: and grain procurement; and national identity; in Great Terror; and recruitment of functionaries; class background; association with Stalin; in Baltic region; drinking; accompanies Stalin’s singing on piano; at Sklarska Poreba conference founding Cominform; on ‘two camps’; in anti-Tito campaign; at Second Cominform Conference; advocates strengthening power of Party; status and authority; death; praises Yugoslavs

Zhdanov, Yuri: marries Svetlana

Zhemchuzhina, Polina (Molotov’s wife) see Molotova, Polina

Zhirinovski, Vladimir

Zhiruli, Giorgi

Zhizn natsionalnostei (newspaper)

Zhordania, Noe

Zhukov, Marshal Georgi: command in Far East; plans war with Germany; and German invasion of USSR; denied intelligence on Germany; on Stalin’s recovery after German invasion; in Stavka, ref; in defence of Moscow; strategy; appointed Deputy Supreme Commander; and defence of Stalingrad; plans counter-offensive; awarded Order of Suvorov; on Stalin’s smoking; stands up to Stalin; Stalin mistrusts; on Stalin’s learning mastery of military matters; final offensive; and Red Army pause in Warsaw Rising; and capture of Berlin; vows to parade Hitler in cage; leads 1945 victory parade; Stalin suspects and relegates

Zinoviev, Grigori: character; controls Leningrad press; in Central Committee; internationalism, ref; Lenin demands punishment of; supports Stalin over national question; speechmaking; in hiding; asks to return to work; opposes Lenin’s revolutionary policy; status and fame; Jewishness; supports separate peace in First World War; in Civil War; and revolutions overseas; supports Lenin in trade unions dispute; health problems; administrative duties; encourages German armed rising; in Lenin’s Testament; protects and allies with Stalin; and Georgian nationalism; objects to Stalin’s ambitiousness; appointed to Orgburo; at Lenin’s funeral; fails to press Testament charges against Stalin; defeats Left Opposition; Stalin turns against; economic policy; as potential successor to Lenin; opposes Stalin and Bukharin; writes on Leninism; dismissed from Politburo; excluded from Central Committee; and Bukharin’s agrarian policy; as continuing threat; evidence of disloyalty to Stalin; arrested and sentenced; on Stalin’s exploiting Kirov’s assassination; confession and execution; Voroshilov disparages

Zola, Émile: Germinal

Zubalov family

Zubalovo (dacha)

Zvezda (newspaper)

Zyuganov, Gennadi