Index
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NOTE: Government Departments and Ministries are grouped together under the heading Departments and Ministries
Abdul Rahman, Tunku, 502–3
ABM treaty (1972), 465, 467, 471, 473
Abrahamson, General James, 476
Abu Dhabi, MT’s visit (1981), 163
Abu Nidal, 442
Acland, Sir Antony (Permanent Under Secretary of State FCO 1981-86, British Ambassador to Washington 1986–91), 192, 214, 817
‘Action for Jobs’ programme, 421
Adams, Gerry, 408
Adefope, Major-General H.E.O., 76
Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS), 113, 367–8
Aerospatiale, 428
Afghanistan: Soviet invasion, 65, 69, 87–8, 91, 160, 478; refugees, 167–8; Soviet withdrawal, 772, 773, 774
Africa, MT’s visits, 523, 524–9
African National Congress (ANC), 519, 520, 531–2, 533–4
Agriculture Council, see EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Agriculture Policy Group, 565
Agusta, 428, 429
Ahtisaari, Martti, 528, 529
Albakin, Leonid, 802
Aldermaston Atomic Weapons Establishment, 716
Alexandra, Princess, 331
Alison, Michael, 380, 382
Alliance: opinion polls (1981–2), 264, 265; policies, 265; ‘Falklands factor’, 265–6; by-election gains (1982–3), 266; election campaign (1983) 287, 291, 303–4; gains (1985), 416; leadership, 573; policies, 573; assault on (1987), 574, 577; manifesto (1987), 576; election campaign (1987), 578, 581
Alliance Party (Northern Ireland), 387
Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers (AUEW), 116, 117
American Economist, 715
Amersham International, 678
Amin, Hafizullah, 87
Anaya, Admiral Jorge, 176
Ancram, Michael, 647
Andreotti, Giulio (Italian Prime Minister 1972–73, 1976–79, 1989–92), 70, 549–51, 762, 765, 766
Andrew, Prince, 181
Andrew, Sir Robert, 399
Andropov, Yuri (Soviet President 1082–84), 321, 450, 453, 455–6, 458, 469
Anglo-Irish Agreement, 385, 402–6, 410, 413, 415, 421
Anglo-Irish Inter-Governmental Council, 393
Anguilla, ‘invasion’, 8
Annenberg, Walter, 36
Antall, Jozsef (Prime Minister of Hungary 1990–), 809
Antelope, HMS, 226
Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM), 464–5
anti-satellite (ASAT) capability, 462
Antrim, HMS, 205, 330
Arab-Israeli dispute, 322, 487, 507–12, 526, 827
Arab League, 816
Archer, Jeffrey, 422
Ardent, HMS, 225
Argentina: Falklands policy, 174–6; Falklands invasion, 177, 187; US relations, 176–7, 179–80, 188, 323; embargo, 190–1, 223; Haig negotiations, 193–200, 202–4, 206–8, 210–11, 217, 222, 224, 229–30; Belgrano sinking, 214–16, 217; Falklands engagement, 225–35; Falklands surrender, 235
Argonaut, HMS, 225
Armed Forces Pay Review Body, 32
Armenia, MT’s visit (1990), 807
Armilla Patrol, 91, 164, 506, 816
arms sales, 163
Armstrong, Sir Robert (Cabinet Secretary 1979–87 and Head Home Civil Service 1981–87), 395, 396, 398
arts, 632–4
Arts Council, 633
Ascension Island, 187, 200, 201, 202, 208, 213
Aspen, Colorado: MT’s speech (1990), 800, 819–20; MT-Bush Kuwait talks, 816–20
Assisted Places Scheme, 39
Associated British Ports, 678
Astiz, Captain, 208
A-Team, see Strategy Group
Atkins, Humphrey (Northern Ireland Secretary 1979–81, Lord Privy Seal 1981–82), 151, 179, 186, 387, 394
Atlantic Conveyor, 227–8
Attali, Jacques, 734, 759
Attlee, Clement (Labour Prime Minister 1945–51), 5
Audit Commission, 616, 643n
Austin, General Hudson, 328
Austin Rover, 438, 439, 440
Australia: MT’s visit (1988), 410- 11, 504, 505–6; role, 501–2
Autocue, 258, 286, 382, 468, 568
Autumn Statement (1982), 271
Aviation Weekly, 464
Babangida, General Ibrahim (President Nigeria 1985-), 524, 525, 526
Bagehot, Walter, 446–7
Baker, James (US Secretary of State 1989–92) MT’s meeting (1988), 782; European policies, 783, 795; NATO, 785, 788, 811; Gulf War build-up, 820–1, 826, 828
Baker, Kenneth (Education Secretary 1986–89, Conservative Party Chairman 1989–90): Industry, 131; IT, 271; Environment, 420; local authority propaganda battle, 562; community charge, 563, 647, 650–1, 652, 656, 657, 658; Education, 563, 589, 651; ‘opted-out’ schools, 578; election campaign (1987), 578, 580; national curriculum, 593–7; teacher training, 598; Party Chairman, 656, 714, 756, 758, 836; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Gorbachev meeting, 773; Howe’s resignation, 835; by-election results discussion, 838; leadership election campaign (1990), 841, 846–7, 849, 851, 853–4; MT’s resignation, 856, 857
balance of payments deficit (1988–9), 706
Balfour, Arthur (Conservative Prime Minister 1902–5), 5
Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD), 464–5, 467
ballots, trade union, 99, 274, 276, 284, 572, 669
Ballygawley bomb (1988), 411
Baltic States, 767, 801
Bancroft, Sir Ian (Permanent Secretary Civil Service Department and Head Home Civil Service 1978–81), 47–8
Banda, Dr Hastings (President of Malawi 1966-), 527–8
Bank of England: ‘corset’, 125; Polish crisis, 254; Westland, 426; Hong Kong currency, 489–90; ERM question, 691, 695; exchange rate intervention, 702; Lawson’s proposals, 706–7
bankruptcies, 52
Barnett, Joel, Lord, 637
Basnett, David, 372
BBC: pay levels, 102; Falklands reporting, 181, 214; unilateralism, 267; Milltown Cemetery film, 408; election results forecast (1987), 588; licence fee, 634–7; advertising question, 636; independent producers, 636, 638
Begin, Menachem (Israeli Prime Minister 1977–83), 510n
Begun, Iosif, 484
Beirut bombings (1983), 327–8
Belgium, cruise missiles, 241, 243
Belgrano, see General Belgrano
Belize, British presence, 248
Bell, Tim: election campaign (1983), 287–8; miners’ strike (1984–5), 354; election campaign (1987), 570, 585; community charge discussions, 658; leadership election campaign (1990), 841
Belstead, Lord, 851
benefits, see social security benefits
Berlin disco bomb (1986), 443
Berlin Wall, 263, 759, 789, 793
Berrill, Sir Kenneth, 30
Berry, Sir Anthony, 381
Beswick, Lord, 108
Biffen, John (Chief Secretary 1979–81, Trade Secretary 1981–82, Leader HC 1982–87): Chief Secretary to Treasury, 26; public spending cuts, 50; BL, 117; MTFS attitude, 130; Trade, 131; Leader of House, 187; relationship with Howe, 420; quoted, 422, 440, 589; BL, 440; leaves Cabinet, 589
‘Big Bang’, 311
bill mountain, 695, 696
Birmingham Six, 409
Birt, John, 637
Bishop, Maurice (Prime Minister of Grenada 1979–83), 166, 328–9
Bismarck, Otto von, 791
Blackhawk helicopters, 428
Black Monday, 700, 710
Bluff Cove, 226, 233
Boomibol, King of Thailand, 506
Botha, P.W. (South African Prime Minister 1978–84, State President 1084–89), 514–15, 520, 522, 529
Botha, R.F. (‘Pik’) (South African Foreign Minister 1977-), 514, 529, 532
Boundary Commission, 286
Brandt Commission, 169
Bretton Woods system, 703
Brezhnev, Leonid (Soviet General Secretary 1964–82): invasion of Afghanistan, 88; arms control proposals (1981), 159, (1979), 241–2; SALT II Agreement, 245; ‘Brezhnev Doctrine’, 258, 790; cartoon, 324; rise of Gorbachev, 453; Reagan correspondence, 455, 462; era, 458
Brighton Grand Hotel bomb (1984), 368, 371, 379–83, 399, 414
Brilliant, HMS, 225
Bristow, Alan, 425–6
British Aerospace (BAe), 428, 433, 678, 679–80
British Airways, 283, 678, 679
British Antarctic Survey, 180, 640
British Association of Colliery Managers (BACM), 366
British Gas, 284, 681–2
British Leyland (BL): steel supplies, 101, 112; Edwardes Chairmanship, 114; Corporate Plan, 115–17, 118–19, 120–1; industrial relations, 117–18, 119–20; Wakeham involvement, 311; privatization, 284, 419, 437–41, 678; Varley-Marshall assurances, 438, 679; Rover Group, 679–80
British Medical Association (BMA), 616–17
British Museum, 632
British Nationality Bill, 161, 260
British Petroleum (BP), 50, 316
British Rail (BR), 347, 353, 686–7
British Rail Hotels, 678
British Shipbuilders, 284, 678
British Steel Corporation (BSC): coal supplies, 101; strike (1980), 103, 108–14; costs, 127; privatization programme, 283–4, 678, 679; Ravenscraig steel works, 361–2, 622; miners’ strike (1984–5), 342, 347, 353; dock strikes (1984), 355, 361
British Telecom (BT), 283, 306, 678, 680–1
Britoil, 678
Brittan, Leon (Chief Secretary 1981–83, Home Secretary 1983–85, Trade and Industry Secretary 1985–86, Vice-President EC Commission 1989-): Chief Secretary, 131, 309; Home Secretary, 307–8, 418; ‘end-year flexibility’ suggestion, 317; miners’ strike (1984–5), 345–6; Party Conference (1984), 368; Brighton bomb (1984), 381; DTI, 419, 426; Westland affair, 426–36; BL, 438–9; broadcasting, 646; attitude to ERM, 693, 710
Brittan, Samuel, 138
Britto, Keith, 266
Brixton riots (1981), 143–4
broadcasting, 634–8
Broadcasting Act (1989), 636
Broadcasting Standards Council, 636–7
Brogan, Colm, 12
Brooke, Peter (Conservative Party Chairman 1987–89, Northern Ireland Secretary ’989–92), 414, 749, 756, 852
Brown, Harold, 246
Brownlow, Lord, 23
Bruges speech (1988), 742–6, 749, 755, 833
Buckton, Ray, 372
budgets: (1979), 41–5, 50; (1980), 55, 95–6; (1981), 132–9; (1982), 270–1; (1983), 271; (1984), 673, 694; (1985), 673; (1986), 673; (1987), 673; (1988), 673–4; (1989), 674–5; (1990). 622, 675
Bukovsky, Vladimir, 452, 480, 813
Bundesbank, 690, 696, 720, 740, 763, 814
Burke, Edmund, 26, 753, 859
Burnet, Sir Alastair, 291
Burnham, Forbes (Prime Minister then President of Guyana 1964–85), 167
Bush, Barbara, 845
Bush, George (US Vice-President 1981–89, President 1989–93): Hungarian visit, 455; nuclear talks, 473; G7, 754, 763–4; relationship with MT, 754, 782–3, 793, 794, 820; Presidential election (1988), 768; administration, 782–4; German reunification, 793, 794, 795, 798–9; attitude to Yeltsin, 804; MT Bermuda meeting (1990), 810; NATO discussions, 810–11; achievements, 813; Kuwait invasion response, 816–21; Gulf War build-up, 823–4, 826; CSCE Conference (1990), 842, 845; MT’s resignation, 857
Buthelezi, Chief Gatsha, 532, 533
Butler, Sir Michael, 720n Butler, R.A., 6n, 12, 43
Butler, Robin (Prime Minister’s Principal Private Secretary 1982–85, Cabinet Secretary and Head Home Civil Service 1988-), 289, 379, 380, 458, 633
Butskellism, 6
by-elections: Crosby (1981), 153; ‘Falklands factor’, 265; Glasgow Hillhead (1982), 266; Beaconsfield (1982), 266; Mitcham and Morden (1982), 266; Peckham (1982), 266; Birmingham (Northfield) (1982), 266; Bermondsey, 266 (1983); Darlington, 266 (1983); MT’s role, 266–7; Cardiff possibility (1983), 289; Brecon and Radnor (1985), 416–17; Mid-Staffordshire (1990), 658; Eastbourne (1990), 832; Bootle (1990), 838; Bradford North (1990), 838
Byelorussia, 801–2
Cabinet, 25–9; confidentiality, 33; public spending arguments, 123–8; reshuffle (January 1981), 130–1; further dissent, 147–50; reshuffle (September 1981), 150–3; reshuffle (1985), 418–23; reshuffle (1986), 562–3; reshuffle (1989), 754–8; changes after Howe’s resignation (1990), 835; leadership election (1990), 850–5
Cable and Wireless, 678
cable television, 635
Cairns Group, 739
Callaghan, James (Labour Prime Minister 1976–79): government defeat, 3–4; election campaign (1979), 10, 288; election defeat, 17–18; Policy Unit, 30n; relationship with Schmidt, 35; leadership resignation, 41; Falklands, 190; election campaign (1983), 296; civil service pay, 417
Camden, London Borough of, 646
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), 267, 293, 424
Campaign Guide, 286
Camp David, MT’s visit (1984), 466–8; MT’s visit (1986), 472–3
Canada: MT’s visit (1983), 320–2; Constitution, 320; South African sanctions issue, 523
Canberra, 189, 225
Cancún, ‘North-South’ summit, 167, 168–70, 754
capital punishment, 307, 308, 315
CARICOM, 328
Carlisle, Mark (Education Secretary 1979–81), 151
Carlton Club bomb (1990), 414
Carlton Lecture (1984), 370
Carrington, Peter, Lord (Foreign Secretary 1979–82): Foreign Secretary, 27; Rhodesia, 73, 74, 76–7; EC budget, 85–6; Iran-Iraq war, 91; Cabinet reshuffle, 151; US visit (1981), 158; Falklands, 178–9, 185; resignation, 185–6; Defence Review, 249, 250; Polish crisis, 252, 253; attitude to EMS, 692; MT retirement suggestion, 832
Carter, Amy, 68
Carter, Jimmy (US President 1977–81): G7, 68, 71; MT’s assessment, 68–9; Rhodesia, 73; Iran hostage crisis, 86, 88, 156, 825; MT’s visit, 86–7; Afghanistan, 87–8; US economy, 123, 693; neutron bomb, 241; NATO, 242; Trident, 245–6, 248
Carter, Rosalynn, 68
Cartledge, Sir Brian (Ambassador to USSR 1985–88), 37, 470
Casaroli, Cardinal, 230
cash planning, 137
Castro, Fidel, 329
Catholic Church, 390, 392, 778, 779
Catto, Henry, 817
Cavaco Silva, Anibal (Portuguese Prime Minister 1985-), 752
Ceauşescu, Nicolae (President of Romania 1967–89), 790
Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB): coal stocks (1981), 142; coal stocks (1984), 341, 343; miners’ strike (1984–5), 347, 350, 353, 358–9, 373; oil- fired power stations, 341, 350; nuclear-powered stations, 341; privatization issues, 682–4
Central Office, 287, 288–9, 291, 421, 574
Central Policy Review Staff (CPRS), 30, 118, 277–8
Centre for Policy Studies, 14
Centre Forward, 416
Challenger tanks, 825, 828
Channel 4, 635, 636, 637
Channel Tunnel, 345
Channon, Paul (Trade and Industry Secretary 1986–87, Transport Secretary 1987–89): DTI, 437, 639; BL, 437, 440–1; Gorbachev meeting, 460; South Africa discussions, 515; leaves Cabinet, 756
Chatham, William Pitt, ist Earl, 10
Chatham dockyard, 251
Chelsea Barracks bomb (1981), 393
Cheltenham speech (1990), 661–2
Cheney, Dick (US Secretary for Defense 1989–93), 818, 821
Chequers, 21, 36–7, 860–1
Chernenko, Konstantin (Soviet General Secretary 1984–85), 458, 459, 461, 469, 546
Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 498
Chevaline, 244, 245
Cheysson, Claude (French Minister for External Relations 1981–84), 542
child: abuse, 626, 627; care, 630–1; benefit, 631
Child Support Act (1991), 630
China: MT’s visit (1982), 259–62, 488; Hong Kong sovereignty, 259–62; role, 487; Hong Kong negotiations, 488–95; Tiananmen Square massacre, 494
Chirac, Jacques (French Prime Minister 1974–76, 1986–88), 729–31, 734–7
Chissano, Joaquim, 527
Chope, Chris, 855
Church of England, 31
Church of Scotland, 704
churches: attitude to education reforms, 593; hostels for young people, 627
Churchill, Winston (Conservative Prime Minister 1940–5, 1951–5), 23, 193, 468, 481, 483, 829, 851
Cities Policy Group, 282
City Technology Colleges, 592, 593
Civil Contingencies Unit, 356
civil service: interventionist policy, 6; relationship with new government, 18; recruitment freeze, 32; reform, 45–9; strike (1981), 139; pay increase for top civil servants, 417
Civil Service College, 47
Civil Service Commission, 47
Civil Service Department (CSD), 47–8
Civil Service Pay Research Unit, 45
Clark, Alan, 853
Clark, Joe (Canadian Prime Minister 1979–80), 68
Clarke, Kenneth (Chancellor of the Duchy 1987–88, Health Secretary 1988–90, Education Secretary 1990–92): Cabinet position, 418; election campaign (1987), 584; Health, 614; Education, 614; Health review, 614–16, 756; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Education, 835; leadership election (1990), 852
Clegg, Hugh, 32
Clegg Commission, 32, 44, 44–5
closed shop, 98, 99, 272–3, 275, 669
clothes, MT’s, 80, 162, 164, 458, 575–6, 779. 845
coal industry: dispute (1981), 139–43; pit closure programme, 139–41, 342–3, 344. 357. 377. 686; overtime ban (1983), 342; coal stocks (1983), 343–4; miners’ strike (1984–5), 344–78; coal stocks (1984), 358; electricity privatization, 684, 685; privatization plans, 685–6; see also National Coal Board, National Union of Mineworkers
Cockfield, Arthur, Lord (Trade Secretary 1982–83, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1983–84, Vice-President European Commission 1985–88), 547
Coggan, Donald, Archbishop, 31
Cold War, 170–1, 450, 769, 799
Coleman, Professor Alice, 605
COMECON, 457
Common Agricultural Policy, see EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Commonwealth Games, Edinburgh, 520- 1
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGMs):
Lusaka (1979), 52, 67, 71, 73–6, 523
Melbourne (1981), 164, 166–7
New Delhi (1983), 332, 491
Nassau (1985), 504, 515, 516–19, 520, 521
London (Special Conference 1986), 520–4
Vancouver (1987), 522–4, 700
Kuala Lumpur (1989), 502, 530–1, 715, 716
communism: Eastern European collapse, 789–90; Soviet Union, 801; see also Marxism, socialism
Communist Party, 295
community charge: Baker’s role, 420, 650–1, 652; Ridley’s role, 563; Patten’s role, 602, 656–8; abolition, 642; defects of rating system, 642–7; origins, 647–51; Chequers seminar, 647–9; dual running, 650–2; abandonment of dual running, 651–5; preparing for introduction, 655–8; political crisis, 658–63; Trafalgar Square riot, 661; capping, 663–7; Heseltine and, 666–7; leadership election campaign (1990), 848–9
Community Housing Trusts, 605
Community Land Act, 39
Confederation of British Industry (CBI): Heath plans, 7; price controls, 39; trade union reform, 99, 104–5; MT’s relationship, 130, 271; Industrial Trends Survey, 149; Scottish, 621
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE): preparations for summit (1990), 764; role, 796, 799–800, 805; summit (1990), 802, 836, 842–3; German reunification, 814
Congdon, Professor Tim, 696
Conqueror, HMS, 214–15
Conquest, Robert, 451, 452
consensus, 167
Conservative Party: Shadow Cabinet, 4, 13n, 14–15; policies, 6–7, 276–80; general election (1979), 17; Conference (1979), 54, 101; Conference (1980), 122; Central Council, 138, 477; Conference (1981), 153–5; funding, 275; general election manifesto (1983), 281–5, 305–6; Conference (1984), 365, 367–8, 379–83; problem issues, 560, 564; Conference (1986), 566–9, 571; general election manifesto (1987), 570–5; Scottish antipathy, 619; Scottish, 621; 892 Conference (1989), 714; leadership election (1989), 830; Conference (1990), 831; leadership question, 832; leadership election (1990), 840–55, 860–1
Conservative Research Department, 12, 282–3, 286, 291, 567, 859
Conservative Trade Unionists (CTU), 101
Contingency Reserve, 49
Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) negotiations, 788, 799–800, 842
Cortonwood colliery, 344
Cossiga, Francesco (Italian Prime Minister 1979–80, President 1985–92), 82–3, 84, 241, 246
Costa Mendez, Nicanor (Argentinian Foreign Minister 1981–82), 193, 197, 199
Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (CATE), 598
Coventry, HMS, 227, 228
Cradock, Sir Percy (British Ambassador to Peking 1978–83, Prime Minister’s Foreign Policy Adviser 1984–92), 473, 492
Crawford, Cynthia (‘Crawfie’): Downing St arrival, 25; Brighton bomb (1984), 380–1; MT’s clothes, 575–6; MT’s toothache, 584; Lawson resignation, 716; leadership election, 843; Downing St departure, 858, 861; Chequers departure, 860
Craxi, Bettino (Italian Prime Minister 1983–7). 549–51
crime, see law and order
Criminal Justice Act (1988), 628
Cropper, Peter, 283, 287
cruise (and Pershing) missiles: deployment decision (1979), 156, 241, 243, 245, 300; deployment significance, 171; US development, 240; ‘dual track’ approach, 240; European attitudes to deployment, 241, 243–4, 258–9, 269, 318, 323, 335; opposition to deployment, 267–9, 332, 335; ‘dual key’ question’, 268, 332; deployment preparations, 450; Soviet response to deployment, 453; defence strategy, 472; INF treaty implications, 771–2; see also NATO, nuclear weapons Cuba, 158–9, 329
Cuckney, Sir John, 426, 429, 431, 434
current account deficit, 668
curriculum, national, 593–7, see also education
Czechoslovakia: Havel Presidency, 789–90; MT’s visit (1990), 808–9
Daily Express, 103
Daily Mail, 332, 714
Daily Mirror, 295
Davies, Edmund, Lord Justice, 32
Davies, John (Shadow Conservative Foreign Secretary 1976–78), 421
Davy Loewy, 170
Day, Graham (Chairman BL/Rover 1986–91), 679
Day, Sir Robin, 111, 293, 351, 586
Deal Music School bomb (1989), 414
defence: spending, 49, 51, 125, 128, 185, 237, 316; MT’s objectives, 237; political issue, 267–70; unilateralism, 267–8; policy group, 565; troops in Germany, 772; see also cruise, NATO, nuclear weapons, Trident
Defence Review (1981), 177, 185, 249–51
de Gaulle, Charles (French President 1958–69), 82, 85, 798, 802, 806, 815
Deidesheim, MT’s visit (1989), 746–8, 786–7
de Klerk, F.W. (South African State President 1989-), 529, 531–4
de la Billière, Sir Peter (Commander British Forces in the Middle East, 1990–1), 90, 825–6
Delors, Jacques (President of EC Commission 1985-): Finance minister, 338, 547; President of European Commission, 547, 740; EC objectives, 551, 555, 742, 759, 833; Luxemburg Council, 555, 556; Presidential style, 558–9; MT’s relationship, 558, 726, 740; EMU Report, 708, 709, 720, 721, 725, 750; Brittan conversation, 710; CAP, 736; TUC address, 742; Rome European Council, 766–7, 802; Gorbachev meeting, 767
‘demand side’ problems, 668–9
Democracy in Trade Unions (Green Paper), 275, 284
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 387, 394
Deng Xiaoping (Chinese ruler 1977-), 260–2, 488–9, 491, 492, 493–4
Denmark: economy, 7; farming subsidies, 731–2; EMU approach, 741
Agriculture, Ministry of, 729–30
Defence, Ministry of (MOD): overspending (1980), 125; Falklands media management, 230; overspending (1983), 316; Westland affair, 425, 427; ABM Treaty interpretation, 465
Education and Science, Department of (DES), 13, 51, 592, 594, 597
Employment, Department of, 51
Energy, Department of, 141, 350, 685
Environment, Department of the (DoE): housing policy, 602–6, 621; community charge, 648–50, 655, 658, 663
Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO): Falklands position, 175–6, 181–2; qualities, 309; Soviet seminar, 451; nuclear policies, 465; Hong Kong negotiations, 489; European policies, 559; ERM question, 691, 695; Walters currency proposals, 725; Soviet Union break-up, 801
Health, Department of, 614, 617
Health and Social Security, Department of (DHSS), 47, 50, 608–13, 614
Home Office, 628, 634, 636, 638
Industry, Department of, 26, 120
Northern Ireland Office (NIO), 399
Overseas Development Administration (ODA), 525
Scottish Office, 619–23
Social Security, Department of (DSS), 603, 614
Trade and Industry, Department of (DTI): Westland 425, 426, 429, 434; BL, 438; gas privatization, 681; rail privatization study, 687
Transport, Department of, 687, 756
Treasury: forecasts, 51; conduct of monetary policy, 134; public spending cuts, 148; ‘end-year flexibility’, 317; universities, 599; housing reforms, 602; NHS review, 609; attitude to NHS funding proposals, 610, 612, 615–16; child benefit debate, 631; broadcasting franchises, 637; community charge, 655–7, 662, 663; Lawson budget spies, 672; gas privatization, 681; rail privatization study, 687; ERM question, 691–2, 695, 721; exchange rate intervention, 702; inflation paper (1989), 710; Walters currency proposals, 725
dependency culture, 627
deutschmark (DM), 668, 675, 690, 697, 699–705, 722, 763
devaluation, 714
Diego Garcia, 246
Dimbleby, Jonathan, 585
Diplock, Lord, 106
dirty protest, 58, 389, 391
disarmament, see nuclear weapons
Disraeli, Benjamin, 37
District Health Authorities (DHAs), 608, 615, 617
divorce, 628, 630
dock strikes (1984), 355–7, 361–2
doctors, see British Medical Association, health
Dooge, James, 550
Douglas-Home, Sir Alec (Conservative Prime Minister 1963–64), 13, 20, 66, 829
Downing Street (No. 10): Policy Unit, 19, 30, 283, 428, 597, 605, 614, 617, 640, 831; Political Office, 19, 21; Press Office, 19; Private Office, 19, 20; staff, 19–20; hours of work, 20; living arrangements, 21; furnishing, 23–4
Druze, 327
Dubai: MT’s visit (1981), 163; MT’s visit (1988), 506–7
du Cann, Sir Edward, 296
Duff, Sir Antony, 76
Duport Steels, 103, 106
Eagleburger, Lawrence, 158
Eastern Europe, 769–70, 789–90
Eaton, Michael, 365
Eban, Abba, 511
E (Cabinet Committee), 39, 274, 394, 429, 639
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), see under EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY
Economist, 277, 446–7
Economy Policy Group, 565
Eden, Anthony (Conservative Prime Minister 1955–7), 66, 483, 851
Eden, Clarissa, 362
Eden, Sir John, 286
education: importance, 5; assisted places scheme, 39, 591; computers, 271; parent power, 278; vouchers, 278, 279, 578, 591–2, 614, 831; reform programme, 279–80, 306, 590–2; teacher training, 280; curriculum, 280, 570, 590–1, 593–7; Northern Ireland, 386; standards, 562; parental choice, 562, 591; testing, 570, 593–4; funding, 570, 591; open enrolment, 570, 591; grant-maintained schools, 570–1, 578, 592–3, 597; manifesto (1987), 570–1, 578, 590; selection, 578; centres of excellence, 578–9; City Technology Colleges, 592, 593; LMS, 592; national curriculum, 593–7; teacher training, 597–8; universities, 598–9; student loans, 598; Scotland, 620–1
Education Policy Group, 282
Education Reform Act (1988), 591
Edwardes, Sir Michael (Chairman BL 1977–82), 114–20
Edwards, Nicholas (Welsh Secretary 1979–87), 110, 565
Efficiency Unit, 30
Egypt, MT’s visit (1985), 508
EH 101 helicopter project, 425, 429
Eisenhower, USS, 227
Eksund, 406, 731
elderly people, 606
Election Call, 587
elections, general: (1979), 4–5, 15, 17; Conservative manifesto (1983), 281–5; campaign planning (1983), 285–9; campaign (1983), 291–304; Conservative manifesto (1987), 569–75; campaign (1987), 576–88; see also by-elections and European Parliament (under EUROPEAN COMMUNITY)
electricity: prices, 52; privatization, 682–4
Elizabeth II, Queen: MT’s audiences with, 17–18, 208, 850, 861; African tour (1979), 74; Falklands War, 180–1, 208; US invasion of Grenada, 330; Australian Bicentennial, 504
El Salvador, 158, 159, 322, 383
Eminent Persons Group (EPG), 518–19, 520
employment: new jobs, 668; labour mobility, 670–1; see also unemployment
Employment Acts: (1980), 97–108; (1982), 272–4; (1984), 279; (1988), 669; (1990), 669
Employment Policy Group, 565
Employment Protection Act (1975), 102
EMU, see Economic and Monetary Union under EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY
Enders, Thomas, 192
Endurance, HMS, 177, 178
Energy Act (1983), 682
Engineering Employers’ Federation (EEF), 98
Enniskillen bomb (1987), 406
Enterprise Policy Group, 282
Enterprise Zones, 44, 95
Enthoven, Professor Alain, 607
environment, 638–41; pollution issue, 563, 639
ERM, see Exchange Rate Mechanism under EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY
Estate Action programme, 605, 621
European Commission on Human Rights, 391
Agriculture Council, 85, 257, 732
budget issues: British contribution, 62–4, 83–6, 91, 257, 537–45; Financial Mechanism, 62; agreement (1980), 78–86; financing, 313–14; discussion (1983), 336–8; deficit (1987), 728
Central Bank proposals, 738, 740–1
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 728–37; Walker’s approach, 28; cost, 62, 336; wastefulness, 62; French approach, 62, 84; German approach, 62, 257. 313, 319, 544; British net contribution, 80, 257, 319; Bruges speech, 745
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), 690–1; Lawson’s views, 554, 691, 708, 716; Delors Report, 707–8, 720–1, 723, 746, 750; Major’s views, 719; discussions (1990), 719–21; no compromise, 724–6; EC discussions (1988), 740–2, (1989), 759–60, (1990), 763, 765–6
enlargement, 545–8, 769–70
European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 759
European Commission: budget settlement pressure, 80; Presidency, 547, 558–9, 740; water policies, 638; ERM, 691; federalist project, 728; rebate mechanism, 729; role, 743
European Councils:
Strasbourg (1979), 61–4, 79
Dublin (1979), 79–82
Luxemburg (1980), 83–5, 388, 390
Venice (1980), 90
Brussels (1982), 178
Stuttgart (1983), 312–14, 319
Athens (1983), 318, 319, 335–8, 537, 538
Brussels (1984), 346, 538–41
Fontainebleau (1984), 541–4, 728, 733
Dublin (1984), 545–6
Brussels (1985), 546–7
Milan (1985), 401, 548–51
Luxemburg (1985), 550, 551, 554–7
Hague (1986), 519, 522
London (1986), 557–9
Brussels (1987), 729–31
Copenhagen (1987), 729, 731–3, 736–7
Brussels (1988), 733, 735–7
Hanover (1988), 409–10, 707–8, 737, 740–1
Rhodes (1988), 746–7, 784–5
Madrid (1989), 710–13, 741, 750–2, 760
Strasbourg (1989), 759–60, 796–7
Dublin (1990), 726, 760–3
Rome (1990), 764–7, 832, 837
European Court of Justice (ECJ), 80, 743
European Currency Unit (ecu), 63; ‘hard’, 720, 741, 750, 762, 765, 833
European Democratic Group (EDG), 749
European Democratic Union (EDU), 500
European Magna Carta, 800, 808, 842
European Monetary Fund proposals, 720, 721, 750
European Monetary System (EMS), see Exchange Rate Mechanism
European Parliament: elections (1979), 60, 61; elections (1984), 537, 540; powers, 554; MT’s speech (1986), 558; elections (1989), 711, 748–50, 754
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): MT’s attitude, 63, 554; German views, 63, 83, 692; Lawson’s attitude, 554, 566, 691, 693–700, 709–13, 722; Major’s policy, 690; path to EMU, 690–1; discussions (1979–82), 691–3; arguments (1985), 693–8, (1989), 709–14; ‘Madrid conditions’, 712–13, 718, 719, 722, 723; discussion (1990), 719–21; entry of sterling, 721–4
Falklands crisis, Argentina embargo, 190–1, 223, 548
Franco-German axis, 61, 727–8, 759–63, 790, 814–15
Integrated Mediterranean Programmes, 545, 546
Inter-Governmental Conference (IGC), 549–51, 555, 711, 720, 725, 750–2, 759–61, 765–7
Monetary Committee, 721
monetary compensation amounts (MCAs), 336
Political Union (federalist project), 727–8, 742, 760–3, 814–15, 833
Single European Act, 555–7, 558, 741
Single Market, 551–4; MT’s hopes, 545, 547, 549, 745; implementing, 557; EMU, 708; progress, 727; Bruges speech, 745; Social Charter, 751
Social Charter, 750–2, 759–60
South Africa sanctions issue, 515- 16, 521–2, 534
sovereignty issue, 690
European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (ECST), 401, 402–3, 405
exchange controls, see MONETARY POLICY
exchange rate, see MONETARY POLICY
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), see EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY
Exocet missiles, 212, 216, 226–7, 233–4
EXPO ’88, 505
export markets, 5, 689
Ezra, Sir Derek (Chairman NCB 1971–82), 140–1
Face the Nation, 771
Face the People, 586
Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia (1982-), 818, 820–2
Fair Trading, Director-General of, 40
Falkland Islands: history, 174–5; Communications Agreement, 175, 197; lease-back proposals, 175–6; invasion, 177; retaken, 234–5; MT’s visit, 234
Falklands War: significance, 173–4, 235; task force, 179, 183, 189, 194, 201; War Cabinet, 188–9, 200, 209, 212, 221, 223, 224, 234–5; Haig negotiations, 188, 190, 191–200, 202–8, 210–11, 216, 217, 222–3, 224, 229–30; Haig proposals, 194–5; bombing of runway at Port Stanley, 212; Belgrano sinking, 214–16; Peruvian peace proposals, 215, 216, 217; Sheffield sinking, 216–17; SAS raid, 222; UK final proposals, 222–3; taskforce landing, 223–5; Harriers, 226, 227–8; Atlantic Conveyor loss, 227–8; Darwin and Goose Green retaken, 229–30; media reporting, 229–30; Bluff Cove, 233; Port Stanley assault and retaking, 233–5; ‘Falklands factor’, 264, 266; financing, 270; MT’s experience useful for Gulf War, 817, 826
Fallon, Michael, 856
Family Health Service Authorities, 608n
family policies, 282, 565, 628–32
Family Policy Group, 279
Fearless, HMS, 189, 248
Federal Reserve, US, 693
Fergusson, Sir Ewen (British Ambassador to France 1987–93), 843
Fianna Fail Party, 388
Fiat, 428, 430–1
Fieldhouse, Sir John (C-in-C Fleet 1981–82, Chief of Naval Staff and First Sea Lord 1982–85), 189, 205, 214, 226
Fieldhouse, Midge, Lady, 205
Figaro, Le, 82
Financial Services Act (1986), 311
Financial Times, 138, 701, 715
Finchley constituency: MT’s work, 22; work during Falklands crisis, 224–5; election campaign (1983), 302, 303; Jewish population, 509, 577; twinning, 512; Ugandan Asian population, 517; election campaign (1987), 577, 587–8; rates issue, 644
Fine Gael, 388
Fitt, Gerry (Leader SDLP 1970–79), 395
FitzGerald, Garret (Irish Prime Minister 1981–82, 1983–87): EC budget, 337, 544; compared with Haughey, 388, 393; hunger strikes, 392; MT’s relationship, 393, 410; Northern Ireland discussions, 395–6, 398–402; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 402–5, 407; VAT issue, 538
Fletcher, Michael, 371
Fletcher, WPC Yvonne, 351, 442
FI-II aircraft, 239, 443, 445, 447, 772
Foot, Michael (Leader, Labour Party 1980–83): Falklands, 210, 224; Labour leadership, 265–6, 360; unilateralism, 267; election campaign (1983), 287, 295, 296; Maze hunger strikers, 391
Ford of Europe, 439–41, 679
Foreign Affairs Policy Group, 565
Forsyth, Frederick, 362
Forsyth, Michael, 620–3, 856
Fowler, Norman (Transport Minister 1979–81, Health and Social Security Secretary 1981–87, Employment Secretary 1987–90): Transport, 29; DHSS, 151, 277; Family Policy Group, 279; BL debate, 440; health targets, 571; election campaign (’987), 583–4. 584; NHS discussions, 607; leadership election campaign (1990), 840
France: economy, 7; EC role, 61, 540–1; lamb imports, 80, 84, 85; nuclear energy, 140, 341; Polish crisis, 254; nuclear deterrent, 323; Lebanon involvement, 328, 333–4; Libya policy, 442–3, 446; educational system, 591; federalist project, 727–8, 760–3, 814–15; elections (1988), 731, 734; Revolution Bicentennial (1989), 752–4; German reunification, 796–7; attitude to US European presence, 815; Gulf crisis, 819; see also Mitterrand
Francis of Assisi, St, 19
Franks Committee, 177
Fraser, Malcolm, 71, 76, 191, 519
Frederick the Great, 191
free enterprise, 6–7
free trade, 739, 764
Freight Rover (FR), 438, 441
French Revolution, MT’s remarks (1989), 753
Friedman, Professor Milton, 618, 710n, 804
Frost, David, 584, 586
Fulton Committee Report, 47
Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar (Libyan ruler 1969-): NUM contact, 351, 368–9; IRA supporter, 384, 401; US bombing of Libya, 442–4, 446, 449
Gaisman, Tessa, 285
Gaitskell, Hugh, 6n
Galtieri, General Leopoldo (Argentine President 1981–82): comes to power, 176; Reagan contacts, 179–80, 201–2; Haig diplomacy, 193, 197–8; proposals, 224
Gandhi, Indira (Indian Prime Minister 1966–77, 1980–84), 161–2, 169, 368, 504
Gandhi, Rajiv (Indian Prime Minister 1984–89), 426, 504, 517, 521, 523
Gandhi, Sonia, 504
Garda, 397–8
Gardiner, Sir George, 855
Garel-Jones, Tristan, 830, 850, 854
gas: prices, 52; privatization, 681–2
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), 496, 732, 738–40, 745, 764–5
GCHQ, Cheltenham, 139n
Gdansk: Lenin Shipyard, 778, 779, 780–1; MT’s visit (1988), 780–2
GEC, 431
Gemayel, Amin (President of the Lebanon 1982–88), 327
General and Municipal Workers’ Union (GMWU), 111
General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, 704
General Belgrano, 214–16, 217, 296, 302
General Council of British Shipping, 356
General Motors (GM), 438, 439, 440–1
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich (German Foreign Minister and Deputy Chancellor 1974–92), 335, 736, 740, 774, 785, 793
George II, King, 24
Germany: economy, 5, 7, 94; EC role, 61, 313, 552; NATO nuclear policies, 240, 241, 258–9, 268, 323, 335, 771–2, 774–5, 784–7; Polish crisis, 254; Berlin Wall, 263, 759, 789, 793; MT’s visit (1983), 318, 319; South African sanctions issue, 522; farmers, 544, 731, 732–3, 734, 736, 766; reunification, 552, 759, 769, 783, 792–6, 813; monetary union (EMU) policy, 554, 555, 720; European objectives, 556, 760–1; Bundesbank, 690, 696, 720, 740, 763, 814; hyperinflation experience, 707; interest rates, 707, 714, 814; Social Charter, 751; US relationship, 768, 783–4, 789; MT’s attitude to ‘German Question’, 769, 790–1, 813–15; Gorbachev’s influence, 783; fall of Honecker, 789; border with Poland, 797, 799; see also Kohl, Schmidt
Gersons, 224
Gibraltar: shooting of IRA terrorists (1988), 407, 409; discussions with Spain, 746
Gilmour, Sir Ian (Lord Privy Seal 1979–81): Foreign Office, 28–9; EC budget, 86; trade union reform, 105; economic critique, 130; dismissed, 151
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry (French President 1974–81): Downing Street visit, 24; EC, 61–4, 552; G7, 69–70, 84; Trident, 246
Glamorgan, HMS, 233–4
glasnost, 475
Glemp, Cardinal, 778
Gleneagles Agreement, 166
Glenholmes, Evelyn, 405
global warming, 640
Glover, Eleanor, Lady, 845
González, Felipe (Spanish Prime Minister 1982-), 546, 746, 752, 767, 793
Goodlad, Alastair, 835
Goold, Sir James, 621, 647
Gorbachev, Mikhail (Soviet President 1985–91): Trudeau’s impression, 321; NUM connection, 369; public image, 437. 453; MT’S attitude, 452–3, 770, 774, 800–1, 813; embassy deal, 458; Chequers visit (1984), 459- 63, 468, 474; Soviet leadership, 469, 475; Geneva summit with Reagan, 470; Reykjavik, 470–2; MT’s Moscow visit (1987), 474, 478–85; Perestroika, 475, 773, 803–4; de Klerk comparison, 532; ‘Gorby-mania’, 747; Delors meeting, 767; INF treaty (1987), 771, 774; MT’s discussions (1987), 772–4; Reagan Washington summit (1987), 774; Afghanistan withdrawal, 774; influence on Germany, 783; UK visit (1989), 786; Soviet changes, 790; MT’s visit (1989), 792, 802; German reunification, 798–9, 805; Yeltsin opposition, 803–4; MT’s Soviet visit (1990), 805–6; CSCE summit (1990), 843, 845; MT’s resignation, 858
Gorbachev, Raisa, 459, 461, 470, 478, 480, 483–4, 773, 786
Gordievsky, Oleg, 470, 476, 774
Gormley, Joe (President NUM 1971–82), 140
Gould, Bryan, 581
Gow, Ian (PPS to Prime Minister 1979–83): PPS, 29–30; memo on backbench morale, 132;. Cabinet reshuffle, 151; frames quotations from Powell, 184n; Falklands, 185; election campaign (1983), 285, 288; Anglo-Irish proposals, 394; resignation, 403; murder, 414–15, 822; leadership election campaign (1989), 830
Gow, Jane, 414–15
Gowrie, Grey, Lord (Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1984–85), 420
Granada 500, 293
grant-maintained schools, 570–1, 578, 592–3, 597
grant-related expenditure assessments (GREAs), 643
Greater London Council (GLC), 284, 305
Greece: EC membership, 545–6; support for German EC proposals, 763
Greenham Common, 243
Grenada: Bishop government, 166; military coup, 328–9; US invasion, 328–32, 334–5, 818
Griffiths, Professor Brian (Head of Prime Minister’s Policy Unit 1985–90): Strategy Group, 565; education proposals, 570, 592, 597–9; Manifesto Committee, 572; education in Scotland, 620–1; ERM question, 700
Griffiths Report, 47
Gromyko, Andrei (Soviet Foreign Minister 1957–85), 242, 458, 451, 468, 469
G7 (Group of Seven) summits:
Tokyo (1979), 65–71
Ottawa (1981), 164–6, 739
Versailles (1982), 192, 231–2, 256–8
Williamsburg (1983), 290, 299–301, 586
Tokyo (1986), 498–9
Venice (1987), 586
Toronto (1988), 737, 738–40
Paris (1989), 752, 754, 759
Houston (1990), 762, 763–4
Guardian, 43, 52, 561
Guise, George, 640
Gulbenkian Collection, 633
Gulf: British withdrawal from (1970), 8, 162; Armilla Patrol, 91, 164, 816; MT’s visit (1981), 162–4, 817
Gulf Co-operation Council, 163
Gulf War: Belgian policy, 414; scud missile attacks on Israel, 507; Anglo-American relations, 769; build-up to, 822–8
Gummer, John (Party Chairman 1983–85, Agriculture Minister 1989–92): election campaign (1983), 292; Party Chairman, 310, 311, 421; Brighton bomb (1984), 380, 381; local government finance review, 646; Agriculture Minister, 757, 758; leadership election campaign (1990), 849, 851; MT’s resignation, 856
Gummer, Penny, 379, 380
Habibie, Professor BJ., 503
Hadfields, 107, 112
Hague, Professor Douglas, 126
Haig, Alexander (Supreme Allied Commander in Europe 1974–79, US Secretary of State 1981–82): MT’s Washington visit (1981), 158; Falklands crisis, 176, 178; shuttle diplomacy, 181; Falklands negotiations, 188, 190, 191–200, 202–8, 210–11, 216, 217, 222–3, 224, 229–30; Falklands proposals, 194–8; Peruvian peace plan, 216, 217; British Falklands landings, 229, 230; UN vote, 232; NATO, 240; Polish crisis, 253, 255
Hailsham, Quintin Hogg, Lord (Lord Chancellor 1979–87), 28, 37
Hamilton, Archie (PPS to the Prime Minister 1987–88), 411, 822
Hammond, Eric, 363
Hanna, Vincent, 588
Hanrahan, Brian, 214
Harlech, Lord, 72–3
Harper, Ross, 621
Harris, Robin, 565, 570, 572
Harrison, Margaret, 630
Harrods bomb (1983), 397
Hart, David, 365
Hassan, King of Morocco (1961-), 526
Hastings, Sir Stephen, 212
Haughey, Charles (Irish Prime Minister 1979–81, 1982–83, 1987–92): relationship with MT, 388, 410; compared with FitzGerald, 388, 393; hunger strikers, 390; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 405, 409- 10; extradition issue, 407; US speech (1988), 408–9; EC, 760, 762
Havel, Václav (President of Czechoslovakia 1989–92), 789–90, 808–9, 813, 826
Havers, Michael (Attorney General 1979–87, Lord Chancellor 1987): picketing issue, 107, 346, 348; Falklands, 189, 214, 228–9; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346–8, 374; NUM funds, 374
Hawke, Bob (Australian Prime Minister 1983–91), 504–5, 516–17, 519, 521, 530–1
Hayek, Friedrich von, 12, 618, 716
Healey, Denis (Chancellor of the Exchequer 1974–79), 26, 53, 210, 296, 301, 576
health: hospitals, 47, 581–2, 608, 611, 613–14, 615–16, 617; MT’s approach to people’s concerns, 562; manifesto (1987), 571, 577; election campaign (1987), 585; private care, 585, 607; reform programme, 606–17; elderly people, 606; review (1988), 608–9; private insurance schemes, 610, 612; self-governing (trust) hospitals, 611, 613–14, 615–16, 617; medical audit, 613; GP budget holders, 614–15; see also National Health Service
Heath, Edward (Conservative Prime Minister 1970–74): government, 7, 13–14, 20, 108, 162, 692; defeat, 14, 17; interventionist policies, 14, 167; CPRS, 30; Party Conference speech, 154–5; attack on MT, 167; Falklands Communications Agreement, 175; BL debate, 440; rates abolition pledge, 644; EC membership, 700; EMU approach, 741; European elections (1989), 749–50; leadership, 829
Helms, Jesse, 160
Helsinki Final Act (1975), 478, 794, 795
Henderson, Sir Nicholas (Ambassador to Washington 1979-82), 182, 188, 191, 204, 211, 221–2
Her Majesty’s Inspectorate (HMI), 593–4, 597
Hermes, HMS, 179, 185, 202, 228
Heseltine, Michael (Environment Secretary 1979–83, Defence Secretary 1983–86): Merseyside work, 144, 424; ‘dual key’ option, 268; Family Policy Group, 279; election campaign (1983), 296–7; Lebanon MNF, 326, 327; Grenada, 330, 331; Environment, 420, 424; Westland affair, 423–37; MT’s relationship with, 423–4, 829–30; Defence, 424; Gorbachev visit, 460; US visit (1985), 469; local government finance review, 643–4; community charge, 666–7; council tax, 667; suitability as successor to MT, 755; leadership challenge, 829, 834, 835–8, 839, 840; leadership campaign, 840, 841, 844, 847–50, 852–3, 860–1
Heysel Football Stadium riot, 413
Hindawi, Nezar, 510
History Working Group (National Curriculum), 595–6
homelessness, 603–4
Homestart, 630
Honda, 116, 438, 439
Honecker, Erich (East German Head of State 1976–89), 789
Hong Kong: MT’s China visit (1982), 259–62; Joint Declaration, 466; concern for future, 487; Executive Council (EXCO), 491, 492; Joint Liaison Group, 491–2
Hoskyns, John: Policy Unit, 30; ‘Stepping Stones’, 42; quoted, 56; trade union reform, 104; monetary policy, 133, 135; Central Council, 138; Cabinet reshuffle, 152; successor, 278
hospitals, see health
housing: council house sales, 39, 279, 306, 563, 602, 604, 605, 623; private rented sector, 39, 563, 600, 601, 605, 670–1; mortgages, 315, 600, 602, 671, 674, 698; benefit, 563, 600–1; tenancy reforms, 571, 599–601, 671; manifesto (1987), 571, 577, 589, 600, 602; reforms, 599–601; home ownership, 600, 601, 604, 605, 623, 671; local authority housing accounts, 600, 601; ‘flexi-ownership’, 602, 604; Scotland, 602, 621, 623; ‘Rents to Mortgages’, 602, 604, 623; homelessness, 603; Estate Action programme, 605, 621; council estate unemployment culture, 671; market (1988), 674, 706
Housing Action Trusts (HATs), 571, 600–1, 605
Housing Associations, 571, 599, 604
Housing Corporation, 599
Howard, Michael (Employment Secretary 1990–92), 422, 755, 849, 852
Howe, Derek, 285
Howe, Elspeth, 37, 380, 381, 757
Howe, Sir Geoffrey (Chancellor of the Exchequer 1979–83, Foreign Secretary 1983–89, Leader HC 1989–90): Shadow Chancellor, 15; Chancellor of Exchequer, 26; budget (1979), 31, 42–5, 50; Chequers lunch, 37; public spending cuts, 51, 53, 127, 149; budget (1980), 55, 95; trade union reform, 100, 104; BL, 118, 120–1; economic strategy, 123, 125–6; friendship with Leon Brittan, 131; budget (1981), 132–7; Cabinet discussions, 148; Party Conference (1981), 154–5; Falklands, 188; budget (1982), 270; public expenditure review (1982), 276–7; Family Policy Group, 279; election manifesto (1983), 281, 283, 284–5; election campaign (1983), 288, 293, 294, 297; Foreign Secretary, 309–10, 418; defence spending, 316; Lebanon MNF, 326, 333; Grenada, 330, 331; EC, 335, 736; Brighton bomb (1984), 380, 381; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 405; Northern Ireland speech, 409; Biffen relations, 420; Westland, 428; US bombing of Libya, 443, 445; Gorbachev visit (1984), 460, 461; US visit (1985), 469; Hong Kong negotiations, 489, 491–2; South African issues, 514, 515, 518; South Africa visit, 520; EC budget, 537; Milan Council, 548, 550–1; Strategy Group, 565; style as Chancellor, 672, 673; exchange rate concerns, 688–9; ERM question, 691–2, 693, 695, 697–8, 704, 709–12, 750; relations with MT, 704, 711–12, 718, 757, 758, 839–40; Madrid ambush, 710–12; resignation threat, 712; Leader of the House, 715, 757, 834; European elections (1989), 749; suitability as successor to MT, 755, 756; Foreign Secretary dismissal, 756, 757, 834; refuses Home Office, 757; Deputy PM, 757; single currency statement, 832–3; resignation, 834–7; Commons statement, 838, 839–40
Howell, David (Energy Secretary 1979–81, Transport Secretary 1981–83), 140–2, 151, 283, 307
Hua Guo Feng, 260
Huddleston, Bishop Trevor, 514
Hughes, Bill, 621
Hume, John (Leader SDLP 1979-), 404
Hungary: MT’s visit (1984), 454–8; Austrian border open, 789; MT’s visit (1990), 809
hunger strikes (Maze Prison), 388–93
Hunt, David, 657
Hunt, Sir John (Cabinet Secretary 1973–79), 31
Hunt, Mavis Amanda, 234
Hunt, Rex (Governor Falkland Islands (1980–82, Civil Commissioner 1982–85), 180, 187, 196, 234
Hurd, Douglas (Northern Ireland Secretary 1984–85, Home Secretary 1985–89, Foreign Secretary 1989-): Northern Ireland Secretary, 399; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 405; Home Secretary, 419; Foreign Secretary, 531; South Africa sanctions issue, 531; Strategy Group, 565; broadcasting policies, 636, 637; community charge, 666; EMU question, 726; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Kohl meeting, 765–6; German reunification, 793; Gulf crisis, 816–17, 822, 824, 827, 834; leadership election campaign (1990), 840, 844, 847, 850, 851, 852, 853, 858, 861; MT’s resignation, 856, 857
Hussein, King of Jordan (1933-): Falklands crisis, 183; MT’s visit (1985), 508–9; peace initiative, 508–9, 512; Gulf crisis, 816–17, 822, 824
Hussein, Saddam (Iraqi ruler 1979-), 91, 769, 817–22, 823–8, 831
Hussey, Marmaduke (Chairman BBC Board of Governors 1986-), 637
Hu Yaobang, 493
Hyde Park bomb (1982), 394
Ibbs, Robin (Prime Minister’s Adviser on Efficiency in Government 1983–88), 48, 118
ICI, help to USSR, 480
Iliescu, Ion (President of Romania 1990-), 802
immigration, 307, 553, 555
imports, 689
incomes policy, 14, 42, 93–4, 126
Independence, USS, 329–30
Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), 637
Independent Television Commission (ITC), 637–8
India, MT’s visit (1981), 161–2
individualism, 626–7
Indonesia, MT’s visit (1985), 503
Industrial Charter, 12
inflation: rise, 8; control, 33, 123, 673, 690, 694, 709; (1979), 42, 52, 53; (1980), 123–126; (1981), 136, 153; (1982), 272; (1983), 315; US, 322; role of taxation, 673–4; first term success, 688; effect of Lawson’s policies, 691; (1986), 698–9; (1988–9), 706–7, 710, 714–15, 718, 830; (1990), 675, 724, 831
information technology (IT), 271
Information Technology Year (1982), 271
INF treaty (1987), 771, 773, 774, 784
Ingham, Bernard (Chief Press Secretary 1979–90): relationship with MT, 20; public expenditure discussions (1980), 130; coal dispute (1981), 140; TSRB recommendations (1985), 417; Nigerian visit (1988), 525; leadership election (1990), 835, 843; MT’s resignation, 856
Inkatha, 533
Inner London Educational Authority (ILEA), 590, 650, 652–3
Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 465
interest rates, see MONETARY POLICY
International Democratic Union (IDU), 499–500
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 42, 169–70, 522, 525, 526–7
International Transport Workers’ Federation, 103
interventionist policies, 6, 8, 92–3
Intrepid, HMS, 248
investment: state direction, 8; opportunities, 671; state-owned industries, 677
Investment Income Surcharge, 673
Invincible, HMS, 179, 181, 185, 202, 228
IRA: Mountbatten murder, 56; Warrenpoint bomb (1979), 56–7; Irish-American support, 58, 166, 384, 415; Brighton bomb (1984), 368, 371, 379–83, 399, 414; terrorist problem, 383–4; hunger strikes, 389–93; Chelsea Barracks bomb (1981), 393; Hyde Park and Regent’s Park bombs (1982), 394- 5; Harrods bomb (1983), 397; Mill Hill bomb (1988), 410; Ballygawley bomb (1988), 411; broadcasting ban, 412; Deal bomb (1989), 414; Gow murder, 414–15
Iran: fall of Shah, 42, 156; US hostages, 69, 86–8, 156, 825; London embassy siege, 89–90, 826; war with Iraq, 91, 162, 163–4, 487, 824
Iraq: war with Iran, 91, 162, 163–4, 487, 824; invasion of Kuwait, 164; 816–22; British hostages, 823, 827
Ireland, see Irish Republic, Northern Ireland Irish Commission for Justice and Peace (ICJP), 392
Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), 396
Irish Republic: Falklands stance, 191, 216, 225, 394; EC, 337, 539; Anglo-Irish summit (1980), 390; Anglo-Irish relations, 393–6; Anglo-Irish Agreement background, 396–402; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 402–6, 409- 10, 413–415
Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (ISTC), 103, 106, 109–13
‘Iron Lady’, 65, 184
Israel: EC discussions, 90–1; peace talks, 322; Lebanon, 326–7; refuseniks, 460, 476, 484, 510; ‘land for peace’, 507, 511; Gulf War, 507; MT’s visit (1986), 510–12
Italy: economy, 7; Falklands crisis, 191, 223; nuclear policy, 241; IGC plans, 549–51, 555; Rome European Council, 765
ITV, 588, 634–7
Ivashko, Vladimir, 807
Jaguar, 438
Jakobovits, Immanuel, 510
Jankowski, Father, 781
Japan: trade balance, 64; G7, 164–5, 738–9; Falklands, 191, 231–2; MT’s visit (1982), 259, 496–7; role, 487; trade negotiations, 495–6; MT’s visit (1986), 498–9; MT’s visit (1989), 499–501; business investment, 668; agricultural policy, 738–9
Jaruzelski, General Wojciech (Polish Prime Minister 1981–85, President 1985–90), 251, 253. 777–82, 789
Jay, Douglas, 6
Jayewardene, Junius Richard (President of Sri Lanka 1978–88), 503–4, 517–18
Jenkin, Patrick (Health and Social Security Secretary 1979–81, Industry Secretary 1981–83, Environment Secretary 1983–85), 55n, 151, 294, 420, 644, 646
Jenkins, Roy, Lord (President European Commission 1977–81), 84, 266, 298
Jenkins, Simon, 841
John Brown Engineering, 254
John Paul II, Pope, 390, 778
Jones, Colonel ‘H’, 229
Jones, Michael, 840
Jopling, Michael (Chief Whip 1979–83, Agriculture Secretary 1983–87), 25, 151, 288, 460, 840–1
Jordan, MT’s visit (1985), 508–9
Joseph, Sir Keith (Industry Secretary 1979–81, Education Secretary 1981–86): political beliefs, 7, 14, 312; Industry, 26, 131; Chequers lunch, 37; monetary policy, 53, 135, 421; trade union reform, 104; steel strike, 107, 111; steel industry, 109, 113; BL, 115, 117–121; public spending debate, 149; Education, 151, 277, 279–80, 420; IT, 271; Family Policy Group, 279; manifesto (1983), 283; retirement plans, 420; departure, 562; education voucher system, 591; teacher training, 598; telecommunications reforms, 680; attitude to ERM, 691; Social Market pamphlet, 751
Jumblatt, Walid, 327
Kádár, János (Hungarian General Secretary 1956–88), 454–7
Kaifu, Toshiki (Japanese Prime Minister 1989–91), 499–501
Kano, Emir of, 525–6
Karmal, Babrak (President of Afghanistan 1979–86), 87
Kaunda, Kenneth (President Zambia 1964–91), 74, 76, 516, 520, 521–3, 530
Keating, Paul (Australian Prime Minister 1991-), 505
Keays, Sara, 310, 311
Kennedy, John F. (US President 1961–63), 517
Kenya, MT’s visit (1988), 524–5
Keyes, Bill, 113
Keynesian economics, 6, 51, 70, 123, 136
KGB, 776
Khalifa bin Hamad al-Thani, Sheik, 164
Khrushchev, Nikita, 453, 456
Kiev, ‘British Days’ Exhibition, 806
King, John, Lord (Chairman British Airways 1981–93), 679
King, Tom (Environment Secretary 1983, Employment Secretary 1983–85, Northern Ireland Secretary 1985–89, Defence Secretary 1989–92): election campaign (1983), 293; Employment, 312, 420; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346, 357, 372–3, 376; Northern Ireland Secretary, 403, 420–3; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 403, 405, 421; IRA options, 408; local government finance review, 646; Ballygawley bomb (1988), 411; Environment, 424, 644; Defence, 756, 812; Gulf crisis, 822, 825–6, 827; leadership election (1990), 854
Kingman Committee Report, 595
Kinnock, Glenys, 580– 1
Kinnock, Neil (Labour Leader 1983–92): election campaign (1983), 301; miners’ strike (1984–5), 359, 363, 367, 374; Labour leadership, 360; Westland debates, 434, 435; debate on US bombing of Libya, 448; nuclear defence policy, 568; election campaign (1987), 580–1, 583; attack on MT (1990), 837; speeches, 858; MT’s resignation, 858–9
Kinsley, Michael, 312
Kipling, Rudyard, 82
Kirkpatrick, Jeane (US Ambassador to UN 1981–83), 180, 232
Kissinger, Dr Henry (US National Security Adviser 1969–75, Secretary of State 1973–77), 488
Klaus, Václav, 808
Knight, Andrew, 447
Knight, Sir Arthur, 116
Kohl, Helmut (German Chancellor 1982-): EC, 61, 312–14, 337, 537–41, 552, 554, 555–6, 557, 760–1, 763, 767; Chancellor, 257; MT’s visit (1982), 263; MT’s visits (1983), 319, 335; nuclear policy, 323, 335, 587, 747, 774–5, 784–7; US bombing of Libya, 446; Soviet policy, 477; South African debate, 519, 534; Chequers visit (1985), 549; CAP and German farmers, 731, 732–3, 734, 736, 766; London visit (1988), 735; EMU discussions, 740; MT’s visit (1989), 747–8; German reunification, 759, 793–5, 796–7; Hurd meeting, 765–6; MT Frankfurt summit, 785–6; London visit (1990), 799; achievements, 813; CSCE Paris summit, 842–3; MT leadership question, 842–3
Kollek, Teddy, 510–11
Kosygin, Alexei (Soviet Prime Minister 1964–80), 65–6
Krenz, Egon (East German Head of State 1989–90), 793
Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 802
Kuwait, Iraqi invasion, 164, 769, 816–22
Labour Governments: Callaghan’s 3–4; Attlee’s, 5, 12, 355; incomes policy, 42, 126; public spending plans, 51
Labour Party: philosophy, 6; attitude to trade union reform, 40; leadership, 41; EC entry–‘renegotiation’ policy, 62; steel policies, 108, 109; SDP, 153, 265; Falklands policies, 210; Foot leadership, 265, 298; political levy, 274, 275; manifesto drafting, 281; election (1983), 290; manifesto (1983), 290–1, 295; election campaign (1983), 292, 296–7, 301; changes, 298; hard Left, 339; coal nationalization, 340; miners’ strike (1984–5), 359, 360, 362, 367, 374–5; Kinnock leadership, 360; attitude to Prevention of Terrorism Act, 415; opinion poll lead (1985), 416; US bombing of Libya, 446; defence policy, 449, 568, 580; opinion poll lead (1986), 560; public relations, 566; Party Conference (1986), 566, 567, 568; election campaign (1987), 576, 579–80, 583; education testing, 595; health policy, 617; Scottish support, 619; community charge, 661; view of Labour Party–cont. nationalization, 676; opinion poll lead (1990), 832, 836
Lambsdorff, Count Otto von, 68, 69
Lamont, Norman (Chief Secretary 1989–90), 755, 758, 849, 854. 860
Land Rover, 118, 121, 438–9, 441
Landsbergis, Vytautas (President of Lithuania 1990–92), 801
Law, Andrew Bonar (Conservative Prime Minister 1922–23), 34
law and order: spending, 49; urban riots (1981), 143–7; policy group, 282; increased violence, 626, 628; community charge riot (1990), 661; see also police
Law Commission, 630
Lawley, Sue, 296
Lawson, Chris, 287
Lawson, Nigel (Energy Secretary 1981–83, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1983–89): MTFS, 96, 151, 309, 566, 688; Energy, 151, 341; Party Conference (1981), 154; Chancellor of Exchequer, 308–9, 418, 693; public spending proposals, 316–17; EC budget, 336; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346; Chief Secretary relationship, 419–20; Westland, 425, 428; BL, 439, 440; Hong Kong negotiations, 489–90; ERM question, 554, 566, 691, 693–700, 709–3, 722, 750; Strategy Group, 565; policy group (1986), 566; speeches, 567; election campaign (1987), 570, 575–6; Health review, 609, 612; broadcasting policies, 636; local government finance, 647; community charge, 649–50, 652, 655, 667; shadowing deutschmark, 668, 675, 690, 697, 699–705, 710, 830; tax reforms, 672–6; relations with MT, 672, 688, 701–4, 705, 713–15, 726, 834; budget (1984), 673, 694; budgets (1985–9), 674–5, 694; gas privatization, 681; Energy Act (1983), 682; electricity privatization, 683, 684; attitude to EMU, 691, 708; resignation threat, 712; resignation, 715–18, 758, 834; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Dorneywood transfer, 757
Lázár, Gyorgy, 455, 457
Leach, Admiral Sir Henry (Chief of Naval Staff and First Sea Lord 1979–82), 179, 251
Leader’s Consultative Committee, 15
leaks, 50, 52, 129–32, 138, 277, 317, 440
Lebanon: crisis (1982–3), 322, 326–8; MNF, 326–8, 334; Beirut bombings (1983), 327–8; US intervention, 333–4; French hostages, 730
Le Carré, John, 362
Lee, Lord, 36
Lee Kuan Yew (Singapore Prime Minister 1959–90), 74, 491, 505
Leggatt, Andrew, 102
Leigh, Edward, 855
Leigh-Pemberton, Sir Robin (Governor of the Bank of England 1983–93), 708
Le Marchant, Spenser, 3
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 475
Lennox-Boyd, Alan, Viscount Boyd of Merton, 72, 212
Lennox-Boyd, Mark (PPS to Prime Minister 1988–90), 830
Leutwiler, Fritz, 515
Levene, Sir Peter (Chief of Defence Procurement 1985–91), 424
Lever, Lord, 113
Lewin, Sir Terence (Chief of Defence Staff 1979–82), 189, 192, 193, 214
Leyland Trucks, 438, 441
Liaison Committee, 149
Liberal Party: opinion polls (1981), 153; Alliance, 264–5; policies, 265, 578; by-election performance (1982–3), 266; supporters, 298, 578; US bombing of Libya, 446; tactics, 574
Libya: London Embassy shooting, 351, 442; NUM connection, 351, 368–9; IRA links, 384, 406, 411, 413; Fiat share ownership, 431; Abu Nidal connection, 442; US sanctions, 442; US naval action, 442; US raid, 443–9, 498, 510, 560, 564
Lilley, Peter (Trade and Industry Secretary 1990–92), 846, 849, 852, 860
Lithuania, 801, 805
Liverpool Garden Festival, 379
Lloyd George, David (Liberal Prime Minister 1916–22), 34, 36
Lloyds Merchant Bank, 431
Lloyd Webber, Sir Andrew, 580
local education authorities (LEAs), 592, 597
local government: controls, 32, 39; housing, 39, 279, 306, 563, 571, 599–601, 604–5, 671; direct labour organizations, 39; overspending, 123; manifesto proposals (1983), 284; hard Left, 339; propaganda battle, 562; finance (1987 manifesto), 572; education, 592, 597; finance, 642–7; GREAs, 643; rates, 644–7; origins of community charge, 647–51; competitive tendering, 651; spending increase (1990), 658; elections (1990), 662, 664; county councils, 663
Local Government Act (1988), 651
Local Management of Schools (LMS), 592, 593
London boroughs, 646, 650
López-Portillo, José (President of Mexico 1976–82), 169, 210, 218
Lord Mayor’s Banquet: MT’s speech (1984), 370; MT’s speech (1990), 838
Lord’s Taverners reception (1990), 835
lottery proposals, 610n
Louis Jnr, J.J. (US Ambassador to Britain 1981–83), 331
Louvre Accord (1987), 699, 783
Lubbers, Ruud (Dutch Prime Minister 1982-): MT’s visit (1983), 318–19; CAP, 733, 735–7; Commission Presidency, 740; GATT issues, 766; German reunification, 797; CSCE summit, 843
Luce, Richard, 179, 186, 330
Lygo, Sir Raymond, 433–4
Lynch, Jack (Irish Prime Minister 1966–73, 1977–79), 57–8
Lynk, Roy, 686
Maastricht Treaty (1991), 314, 720, 723
McAlpine, Alistair (Conservative Party Hon. Treasurer 1975–90), 37, 382, 414, 569, 841
Macfarlane, Neil, 279
McFarlane, Robert (US envoy to the Middle East 1983, National Security Adviser 1983–85), 467
McGibbon, Mrs (working miner’s wife), 365
MacGregor, Ian (Chairman BSC 1980–83, NCB 1983–86): BSC, 114, 342; NCB, 342; pit closure plans, 343, 344; miners’ strike, 352, 354, 360–1, 363–4, 366, 377
MacGregor, John (Chief Secretary 1985–87, Agriculture Secretary 1987–89, Education Secretary 1989–90, Leader HC 1990–92): Chief Secretary to Treasury, 420; manifesto (1987), 571–2; Education, 596–7, 756, 758; community charge, 666; Leader of the House, 835; leadership election campaign (1990), 846, 847–8, 854; MT’s resignation, 856
Machel, Samora, 77, 514
Mackay, James (Lord Chancellor 1987-), 851, 857
McLean, Muriel, 383
Macmillan, Harold (Conservative Prime Minister 1957–63): government, 13, 20; leadership style, 37, 66; Falklands advice, 188; critical of miners’ strike handling, 370; Polaris agreement, 517
McNee, Sir David (Commissioner Metropolitan Police 1977–82), 145
MacShane case, 100, 102–3, 105, 106
Maekawa, Haruo, 498
Maginnis, Ken, 406, 411
Magnox power stations, 685
Maguire, Frank, 3
Mahathir Bin Mohamad, Dr, 502, 530–1
Major, John (Chief Secretary 1987–89, Foreign Secretary 1989, Chancellor 1989–90, Prime Minister 1990-): Whips’ Office, 422; DHSS junior minister, 422–3; Foreign Secretary, 530, 757; Kuala Lumpur (1989), 530–1; Health review, 609; health funding proposals (‘top- slicing’), 612; budget (1990), 622, 675–6; community charge, 655–6, 659–60, 664, 666; monetary policy, 690; EMU question, 716, 720–1, 724–6; Chancellor of Exchequer, 717–19, 758; ERM approach, 719–20; ERM entry, 722–3; suitability as successor to MT, 755, 757, 831–2; leadership election campaign (1990). 840, 844, 847, 850–4, 856, 858, 860–1; MT’s resignation, 856
Malawi, MT’s visit (1989), 527–8
Malaysia, MT’s visit (1985), 502
Manchester, HMS, 506–7
Mandela, Nelson (Vice-President ANC 1989–91 President 1991-), 514, 520, 531–4
Manifesto Committee, 571–2
Manley, Michael (Jamaican Prime Minister 1972–80, 1989–92), 76
Manpower Services Commission (MSC), 31, 421
Maritime Exclusion Zone (MEZ), 190, 209
Marjai, Jozsef, 454
Marks and Spencer, 31
Marsh, Lord, 113
Marshall, Sir Walter (Chairman, CEGB 1982–89), 358–9, 683–4, 685
Martens, Wilfried (Belgian Prime Minister 1979–81, 1981–85, 1985–92), 241, 413–14, 729, 746
Marxism, 265, 339, 370–1, 801
Mates, Michael, 653
Maude, Angus (Paymaster General 1979–81): Cabinet post, 29; trade union reform, 104; leaves Cabinet, 131; election campaign (1983), 286
Maude, Francis, 851–2, 860
Maxwell, Robert, 362, 372
Mayhew, Sir Patrick (Solicitor General 1983–87, Attorney General 1987–92), 431, 434, 822
Maze Prison, 388, 389–92
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (Polish Prime Minister 1989–90), 799
MBB, 428
Meciar, Vladimir, 808
Medium Term Financial Strategy (MTFS): origins and aims, 96–7; Lawson’s role, 96, 309, 566, 688; money supply target exceeded, 125; Biffen’s views, 130; PSBR, 132, 673; £M3 problems, 694
Mercury, 680
Metal Box, 112
Metropolitan County Councils, 284, 305
Meyer, Sir Anthony, 830
Middle East, see under individual countries, also Arab-Israeli dispute, Gulf
Millar, Ronnie, 122, 292, 382, 379, 586
Mill Hill bomb (1988), 410
Mindszenty, Cardinal, 454, 813
miners’ strike (1984–5), 344–78, see also coal industry, National Coal Board, National Union of Mineworkers
Miners’ Wives Back to Work Campaign, 364
Minford, Professor Patrick, 138
Minimum Lending Rate (MLR), see interest rates under MONETARY POLICY
Mitterrand, François (French President 1981-): EC, 61, 337–8, 537–44, 546, 552, 736–7, 751, 760–1, 763, 766–7; G7, 164, 256–7, 300, 738, 754; Falklands, 182, 223, 227, 232, 548; Lebanon, 334; attitude to Libya, 442; hospitality, 476; Soviet policy, 476–7; Moscow visit, 540, 542; Fontainebleau European Council, 541–4, 733; socialist policies, 547; MT’s relationship, 557, 730, 733, 753; French elections (1988), 731, 734; London visit (1988), 734; MT’s visit (1988), 737; IGC deadlines, 751–2; EBRD, 759; Franco-German axis, 790; German reunification concerns, 793, 796–8; achievements, 813; Gulf crisis, 819; CSCE summit (1990), 843, 845
Moi, Daniel Arap (President of Kenya 1978-), 524–5
Moiseev, Marshal Mikhail, 805
Molesworth, 243
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 483
Molyneaux, James (Leader Ulster Unionist Party 1979-), 404, 406, 857
Monde, Le, 753
monetarism, see MONETARY POLICY monetary compensation amounts (MCAs), 336
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) 690–1; Lawson’s views, 554, 69, 7091, 708, 716; Delors Report, 707–8, 720–1, 723, 746, 750; Major’s views, 719; discussions (1990), 719–21; no compromise, 724–6; EC discussions (1988), 740–2; EC discussions (1989), 759–60; EC discussions (1990), 763, 765–6
European Currency Unit (ecu), 63; ‘hard’, 720, 741, 750, 762, 765, 833
European Monetary System (EMS), 63, 554, 691
exchange controls, abolition, 44, 741
exchange rate, 93, 272, 688–90, 694, 701, 705
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): MT’s attitude, 63, 554; German views, 63, 83, 692; Lawson’s attitude, 554, 566, 691, 693–700, 709–13, 722; Major’s policy, 690; path to EMU, 690–1; discussions (1979–82), 691–3; arguments (1985), 693–8; arguments (1989), 709–14; ‘Madrid conditions’, 712–13, 718, 719, 722, 723; discussion (1990), 719–21; entry of sterling, 721–4
interest rates: US, 165, 693; mortgages, 315, 698; influences, 673; controlling inflation, 690; under Major, 690; MT’s attitude, 698–9; Lawson’s attitude, 698–9, 701; nominal and real, 699n; German, 707, 714, 814; by year -
(1979), 42, 53, 54
(1980), 129
(1981), 137, 148, 153- 165, 693
(1982), 271–2
(1983). 315
(1985), 694
(1986), 698–9
(1988), 702, 705, 706, 713n
(1989), 707, 713n, 714, 718, 830
(1990), 718–19, 724, 831
Lawson budgets, 672–5
monetarism, 96–7n, 123, 688–90
monetary base, 126, 133–4
money supply, 96–7, 125–6, 272, 688–90
£M3, 96, 125–6, 134, 694–6
M3, 694
M0, 694, 699, 706
sterling: strength, 42, 126, 133–4; ERM question, 63, 83; exchange rate effects, 689; petro-currency, 692; speculative pressure, 694, 695; cost of defending, 696–7, 702; ERM entry, 721–4
Monopolies and Mergers Commission, 40, 343, 682
Moore, Charles, 840
Moore, Henry, 24, 557
Moore, Major-General Jeremy (Commander of Falklands Land Forces), 189, 232
Moore, John (Transport Secretary 1986–87, Health and Social Security Secretary 1987–88, Social Security Secretary 1988–89): Transport, 563; young people policy group, 566; election campaign (1987), 584; DHSS, 589; Health review, 608–14; illness, 608–14, 756; DSS, 614; gas privatization, 681; leaves Cabinet, 756, 758; leadership election campaign (1990), 840–1, 847, 849
Moore, Sir Philip, 18
Morning Star, 350, 365
Moro, Aldo, 83
Morocco, MT’s visit (1989), 526
Morrison, Sir Peter (PPS to the Prime Minister 1990), 572, 836–7, 840–1, 843–7, 856
mortgage: interest rates, 315, 698; tax relief, 600, 671, 672, 674
Mortimer, Jim, 298
Moss Side riots (1981), 144
Mount, Ferdinand, 278, 283, 288, 292
Mountbatten, Lord, 56, 57
Mozambique, 527
M3, £M3, see MONETARY POLICY
Mubarak, Hosni (President of Egypt 1981-), 509, 817
Mugabe, Robert (Prime Minister of Zimbabwe 1980-): Patriotic Front, 72–3; Rhodesia/Zimbabwe elections, 77–8; Melbourne CHOGM, 166; US Grenada invasion, 332; South Africa sanctions, 516, 521; MT’s visit (1989), 526–7
Muldoon, Robert (Prime Minister of New Zealand 1975–84), 166, 191, 290
Mulroney, Brian (Prime Minister of Canada 1984–93): MT’s Canadian visit (1983), 320, 321; South Africa debate, 516–17, 521, 522, 523, 531; G7, 738, 764
Murphy, Sir Leslie, 116
Murphy, Richard, 508
Murray, Len, 107, 111
Muscat, 163–4
Museums and Galleries Improvement Fund, 633
Muzorewa, Bishop Abel, 72–3, 75, 77–8
Nagy, Imre, 454
Nakasone, Yasuhiro (Japanese Prime Minister 1982–87), 299–300, 497–9
Nally, Dermot, 395
Namibia, 78, 158, 166, 514; MT’s visit (1989), 528–9
National Armaments Directors (NADs), 427–8, 430
National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers (NACODS), 363, 365–8, 375–6
National Bus Company, 284, 678
National Coal Board (NCB): coal dispute (1981), 139–42; pit closure plans, 139–41, 342–3, 344, 357, 377, 686; attitudes to industry, 340, 342; MacGregor Chairmanship, 340, 353; NUM strike (1984–5), 344, 347, 349, 351–2, 354, 357, 360, 363–5, 369, 373–6; NACODS dispute, 363, 365–8, 375–6; electricity privatization effects, 685
National Curriculum Council, 594
National Dock Labour Board, 355, 361
National Dock Labour Scheme (NDLS), 355–7, 669
National Economic Development Council (NEDC), 94
National Enterprise Board (NEB), 39, 115–16
National Freight Corporation, 678
National Front, 296
National Graphical Association (NGA), 98, 348
National Grid, 682–3
National Health Service (NHS): management, 47; spending, 49, 128; strike (1982), 275; finances, 277; question of reform, 571, 589; Fowler’s presentation, 581; reform, 606–17; press horror stories, 608; review, 608–9; funding proposals, 610; structure reform proposals, 610–11
National Insurance Contribution, 128
National Insurance Surcharge (NIS), 95, 133, 134, 271, 673
Nationality Bill, see British Nationality Bill nationalization, 6, 676
nationalized industries, 127; policy group, 282
National Reporting Centre (NRC), 347
National Rivers Authority, 682
National Union of Boilermakers (NUB), 110
National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 382
National Union of Journalists (NUJ), 102–3
National Union of Mineworkers (NUM): dispute (1981), 140–3, 341; Scargill leadership, 339–44; overtime ban (1983), 342; strike (1984–5), 344–78; sequestration of assets, 360, 368, 374
National Union of Teachers, 595
National Working Miners’ Committee, 365
Nationwide, 296
NATO: forces, 9; resistance to Soviet threat, 12; defence spending, 125; deployment of cruise and Pershing missiles, see cruise; MT’s policies, 237; military balance, 237–8; intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF), 239–43, 269–70, 322, 324, 771; Bonn summit (1982), 258–9; arms control policy, 269; strategy discussions, 472–3; Bruges speech, 745; Short-Range Nuclear Forces (SNF), 771, 775, 782, 784–9, 811; Brussels summit (1988), 774–5, 795; alternatives, 799; Eastern European NATO–cont. membership question, 809; Anglo-American differences, 810–12
Nawala Case, 103
Neale, Gerry, 840, 841
Neave, Airey (Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary 1975–79), 22, 56, 385–6, 414
Nelson, Lord, 24, 731
Nemeth, Miklos, 809
Netherlands: cruise missiles, 241, 242–4; MT’s visit (1983), 318–19; South African debate, 519; farming subsidies, 544; European objectives, 556
Neubert, Michael, 840, 841
Newcastle, MT’s visit (1987), 583
New Ireland Forum, 396, 400
Newton, Tony, 603, 609, 630, 756, 855
New York Times, 197, 462
Next Steps programme, 49
NH90 helicopter, 429
Niehans, Professor Jurg, 133–4
Nigeria: oil nationalization, 74; MT’s visit (1988), 525–6; MT’s visit (1989), 526
Nimrod Airborne Early Warning System, 424
1922 Committee, 33–4, 54, 130, 370, 435, 563, 848
Nissan, 300, 496–7
Nitze, Paul, 270
Nkomo, Joshua, 72–3, 77
NORAID, 166, 415
Northern Ireland: terrorism, 56–9, 383–4; NORAID, 166, 415; political situation, 385–7; devolution attempts, 387–8; all-party conference (1980), 387; hunger strikes, 388–93; Assembly elections (1982), 394; Anglo- Irish talks, 393–402; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 402–6, 409–10, 413, 415; Enniskillen bomb (1987), 406; extradition problems, 407; Milltown funeral, 407–8; Ballygawley bomb (1988), 411; broadcasting ban (1988), 412; Deal bomb (1989), 414; Gow murder (1990), 414–15
North Sea oil, 44, 63, 67n, 128, 678, 692
Nott, John (Trade Secretary 1979–81, Defence Secretary 1981–83): Trade, 26–7, 39; trade union reform, 104; BL, 117; Defence, 131; public spending cuts, 149; Falklands crisis, 179, 185; resignation offer, 186; War Cabinet, 188, 214; MEZ announcement, 190; Haig discussions, 192, 196; Falklands, 193, 201, 202, 205, 207, 208, 225, 227, 234; Defence Review, 249–51; ‘dual key’ question, 268; leaves Parliament, 424; attitude to ERM, 691–2
No Turning Back Group, 841
Novak, Michael, 627
nuclear energy, 140, 341, 640, 683–5
nuclear weapons: SALT II, 65, 245; cruise and Pershing missiles, see cruise; Soviet TNF proposals, 159; MT’s UN speech, 236–7; Soviet defences, 238; intermediate-range (INF), 239–44, 269–70, 321, 322, 324, 470–1, 771–2; ‘dual track’ approach, 240; ground-launched cruise missiles (GLCM), 240, 241, 242–3; unilateralism, 243, 265, 267–8, 290; Trident, 244–8, 267, 471; SDI, 247, 450, 462, 463–8, 470–1, 776, 782, 818; ‘dual key’ question, 268, 332; ‘nuclear winter’, 462; anti-satellite (ASAT) capability, 462; Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM), 464–5; Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD), 464–5, 467; MAD, 465; Reykjavik summit, 465, 470–2, 473, 482; ‘Air Breathing Systems’, 472; Labour Party policy, 568; Aldermaston, 716; INF treaty (1987), 771, 773, 774, 784; SS20 missiles, 771; Short-Range Nuclear Forces (SNF), 771–2, 775, 782, 784–9, 811; Follow-On to Lance (FOTL) missiles, 772, 785, 787–8, 810; Tactical Air to Surface Missile (TASM), 772, 810; MT’s attitude, 773; START Agreement, 773, 774–5; Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles (SLCMs), 776
Nujoma, Sam, 529
Nyerere, Julius (President of Tanzania 1964–85), 76, 77, 169–70
Obasanjo, General Olusegun, 519
O’Brien, Sir Richard, 31
Observer, 277
OD(SA) (Cabinet Committee), 188–9
Office of Telecommunications (OFTEL), 681
Official Unionist Party (OUP) now Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), 387, 394
O’Fiaich, Cardinal, 392
Ogilvy, Angus, 331
Ohira, Masayoshi (Japanese Prime Minister 1978–80), 68, 70, 71
oil: prices, 42, 54, 67, 123, 424; North Sea, 44, 63, 67n, 128, 678, 692; EC imports, 64; Nigerian nationalization, 74; Gulf crisis, 819–20, 823
Olympic Games, Moscow, 88
‘One Nation’, 8
Onslow, Sir Cranley (Chairman, 1922 Committee 1984–92), 448, 836, 840, 846, 847–9
Operation Hunger, 530
opinion polls: SDP-Liberal support (1981), 153; Falklands factor, 265; election campaign (1983), 291, 292, 297, 302, 303; Labour lead (1985), 416; Labour lead (1986), 560; ‘caring issues’, 562; Conservative rise, 567; fake, 574; election campaign (1987), 584, 585–6, 587; attitude to Soviet Union, 785; (1990), 832, 836
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 73
Organization of American States (OAS), 210, 229
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), 328, 330, 332
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 67
Orgreave Coke Works picketing, 352–3, 375
Orlov, Yuri, 476
Orme, Stan, 362
Ostia cargo, 361–2
O’Sullivan, John, 572, 579
Outer Space Treaty (1967), 467
overfunding, 695, 696
Owen, David (Leader SDP 1983–90), 332, 573–4, 578
Ozal, Turgut (Turkish Prime Minister 1983–89, President 1989–93), 819, 823, 843
Paisley, Ian (Leader Democratic Unionist Party 1972-), 387, 394, 403, 404
Paisley Grammar School, 620
Pakistan, MT’s visit (1981), 167–8
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 90, 508–9, 511
Palmerston, Lord, 461, 643
Panorama, 83, 111, 209, 291, 351
Papandreou, Andreas (Greek Prime Minister 1981–89), 336–7, 545, 746–7
parents, single, 628–9
Parents’ Charter (1980), 591
Paris, Charter of, 800
Parkinson, Ann, 311
Parkinson, Cecil (Conservative Party Chairman 1981–83, Trade and Industry Secretary 1983, Energy Secretary 1987–89, Transport Secretary 1989–90): junior minister, 29; Cabinet reshuffle (1981), 151; Party Chairman, 152, 287; War Cabinet, 188, 214; election manifesto (1983), 281, 283; election campaign (1983), 285, 288–9, 296, 302; Sara Keays affair, 310–11; DTI, 310, 311; resignation, 311; abilities, 418; question of return, 419; Energy, 589; electricity privatization, 683–5; coal industry, 686; BR privatization plans, 686; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Transport, 765; leadership election (1990), 851
Parliamentary pay, 315
Parsons, Sir Anthony (UK Permanent Representative to UN 1979–82 and Special Adviser to the Prime Minister 1982–83): Afghanistan invasion, 88; Falklands diplomacy, 182, 193, 202–3, 211, 218, 219–22; Belgrano sinking, 216; Security Council Resolution 505, 225; Security Council veto, 231–2
Patten, Chris (Environment Secretary 1989–90): Environment, 602, 756, 758; homelessness problem, 603; housing policy, 604, 605–6; community charge, 656–8, 664, 666; European elections (1989), 749; suitability as successor to MT, 755; leadership election (1990), 853
pay: bargaining, 32–3, 97; settlements (1979), 111; TSRB, 417; see also incomes policy
Peacock Committee, 636
Pearce, Sir Austin, 434
Peel, Sir Robert, 281
pensions, retirement, 49, 127, 315, 675
Peres, Shimon (Israeli Prime Minister 1977, 1984–86), 510–12
perestroika, 475
Perez de Cuellar, Javier (UN Secretary-General 1982–91), 210, 218, 220, 223–4, 229, 231
Perle, Richard, 449
Pershing missiles, see under cruise
Personal Equity Plans (PEPs), 673
Peter the Great, Tsar, 477
picketing, 99–100, 107–8, 345–6, 348, 351–3
Pienaar, Louis Alexander, 528
Plaza Agreement (1985), 694, 783
Pöhl, Karl Otto (President of the Bundesbank 1980–91), 708, 740–1
Poland: crisis (1981) 251–6; MT’s visit (1988), 777–82; elections (1989), 789; border with Germany, 797, 799
Polaris, 244, 517
police: pay, 32; dealing with picketing, 100, 345–6; riots, 144–5, 147; equipment, 145; miners’ strike (1984–5), 345–6, 347–9, 352–3; increased numbers, 626; Trafalgar Square riot (1990), 661
Police Act (1964), 347
Police and Criminal Evidence Bill, 290
Policy Unit, see under Downing Street
polls, see opinion polls
poll tax, see community charge
pollution: issue, 563; atmospheric, 639
Pol Pot, 506
Ponsonby, Amanda, 715
Popieluszko, Father Jerzy, 780
Popov, Gavriil, 804–5
Portillo, Michael, 855, 856
Port Talbot Steel Works, 351
Portugal, EC membership, 545–6
Post Office, 680
poverty, 627, 646
Poverty Trap Policy Group, 282
Powell, Sir Charles (Private Secretary to the Prime Minister 1984–91): Gorbachev visit, 461; nuclear strategy discussions, 473; Kohl conversations, 557, 748; Deidesheim visit, 747–8; Gulf crisis, 816–17, 820; leadership election, 843–4; MT’s resignation, 856
Powell, General Colin, 827
Powell, Enoch, 184, 386, 437
Prem Chand, General, 528, 529
prescription charges, 50
Press Association, 103
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 415
Price, Charles (US Ambassador to UK 1983–89), 380
Price Commission, 33, 39
Primakov, Yevgeny, 826–7
Prime Minister’s Question Time, 41, 560, 704, 716, 833, 858
Prior, James (Employment Secretary 1979–81, Northern Ireland Secretary 1981–84): Employment, 28, 40; trade union relations, 28, 40; public spending cuts, 54; pay talks suggestion, 94; trade union reform plans, 98–100, 104–5, 107–8, 150, 273; steel strike, 111; criticisms, 111, 130; coal dispute, 142; Northern Ireland Secretary, 151, 394, 396; Anglo-Irish proposals, 394; resignation, 399; GEC chairman, 431
prisons, increase in places, 626
Private Eye, 22
Private Office, see under Downing Street
privatization, 676–80; Conservative policy, 7, 672; receipts, 49; programme, 305–6, 563, 672; utilities, 680–5; future plans, 685–7
Privy Council, 29n
productivity, 92–3, 272, 668
Property Services Agency, 55
Prout, Sir Christopher, 749
Public Expenditure White Paper (1980–1), 52
public sector: uncontrolled, 6, 32; workforce size, 45–6; insatiable, 124
Public Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR), 31, 42, 50, 95, 126–8, 673–4; arguments about, 52–5, 124, 132–6; errors in predicting, 315–16, 699, 700
public spending, 49–56; Cabinet arguments, 123–9, 147–50; cuts or savings (1983), 315–16; Scottish, 619–20; levels, 676
Pugo, Boris, 802
Pym, Francis (Defence Secretary 1979–81, Leader HC 1981–82, Foreign Secretary 1982–83): Chequers lunch, 37; Defence, 123; Leader of House, 131; government information, 131, 149; economic forecast, 149–50; Foreign Secretary, 186–7; War Cabinet, 188; Haig negotiations, 192, 196, 199, 200, 204, 205–8, 210–11; Falklands, 193, 214; US/Peruvian peace plan, 217, 220; Falklands final proposals, 222, 224; Trident, 246; NATO, 249; election campaign (1983), 293, 294; return to backbenches, 306–7; Centre Forward, 416
Qaboos bin Said, Sultan, 163
Qatar, MT’s visit (1981), 164
QE2, 215, 228
Quayle, Dan (US Vice-President 1981–93), 782, 820
Question Time, 294
Rabin, Yitzhak (Israeli Prime Minister 1974–77, 1992-), 511
Rajk, Laszlo, 454
Rakowski, Mieczyslaw, 779
Ramphal, Sir Sonny (Commonwealth Secretary-General 1975–90), 76, 517
Rand Afrikaans University speech (1991), 599n
Rapid Deployment Force (RDF), 162
Rapier Air Defence Systems, 246
Rashid bin Said al-Maktum, Sheik, 163
rate-capping, 284, 644
rates, 644–5, 650–1
Rate Support Grant, 646
Ravenscraig steel works, 361–2, 622
Rayner, Sir Derek (Prime Minister’s Adviser on Efficiency in Government 1979–83), 30–1
Reagan, Nancy, 160, 470, 770
Reagan, Ronald (US President 1981–89): informality, 69, 164; election, 88, 156–7; MT’s relationship, 157–60, 165–6, 232, 324–5, 332–3, 435, 469, 587, 774, 820; G7, 164–5, 171, 299–301, 738;
Falklands, 179–80, 201–2, 211–12, 217, 220–1, 230–2; London visit (1982), 233, 258; Trident, 246–8; SDI, 247, 450, 462, 463–9, 470–1, 776, 782, 818; defence policies, 249, 768; European attitudes to, 251–2; Polish crisis, 253–5; G7 Versailles summit, 257–8; ‘Reagan Doctrine’ speech, 258; Autocue, 258; ‘dual key’ question, 268; INF negotiations, 26g-70, 470; supporters, 298; MT’s visit (1983), 322–5; Reaganomics, 322, 739; Grenada invasion, 330–1, 332; Westland affair, 435; British public opinion, 437; bombing of Libya, 443–9; letter to Brezhnev, 455, 462; Geneva meeting with Gorbachev, 470; Reykjavik, 470–2; attitude to Japan, 498; IDU, 500; South Africa sanctions, 515, 520; exchange rates, 694; MT’s visit (1987), 770–1; Irangate, 770; INF treaty (1987), 771, 774; Washington summit with Gorbachev (1987), 774; NATO Brussels summit (1988), 775; Moscow visit (1988), 776; London visit (1988), 776–7; achievements, 813
recession, 51, 52, 55, 92, 119, 123, 676, 678
Red Book, 96
Redwood, John (Head of Prime Minister’s Policy Unit 1983–85), 438n
Reece, Gordon, 286–7, 658, 841
Rees, Peter (Chief Secretary 1983–85), 419–20, 649
Rees-Mogg, William, Lord, 636
Regan, Donald, 15g Regional Health Authorities (RHAs), 608n
regulation, 6, 7
RENAMO, 527–8
Renton, Tim (Chief Whip 1989–90), 835, 846, 847–8
Renwick, Sir Robin (British Ambassador to South Africa 1987–91), 522, 531
research funding, 639
reshuffles, see Cabinet
Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP), 616
Retail Price Index (RPI), 43, 134, 654, 658, 659, 724, 831
Revenue Support Grant, 657
Reykjavik summit, 465, 470–2, 473, 482
Rhodesia, 64, 71, 72–8, 91
Ridley, Adam, 283
Ridley, Nicholas (Transport Secretary 1983–85, Environment Secretary 1986–89, Trade and Industry Secretary 1989–90): Foreign Office, 27, 29; Falklands discussions, 175–6; Transport, 312; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346; Environment, 563, 589, 651; speeches, 567; election campaign (1987), 570, 571, 577, 582; housing reforms, 571, 601, 606; painting, 632; Thyssen Collection, 633; housing and the environment, 638; community charge, 651–2, 653, 655–6; water privatization, 682; EMU question, 716, 726; possible Chancellor, 717; ERM approach, 722–3; resignation, 722; suitability as successor to MT, 755; DTI, 756, 758; leadership election (1990), 851
Rifkind, Malcolm (Scottish Secretary 1986–90): Scottish Secretary, 433, 620–3; Gorbachev visit, 460; Botha visit, 514; South Africa seminar, 515; community charge, 652, 655; leadership election campaign (1990), 852
Right Approach, The, 14
Right Approach to the Economy, The, 14, 94
riots: urban (1981), 143–7; community charge (1990), 661
Roberts, Alfred (MT’s father), 11, 23, 37
Robilliard, Joy, 22, 858
Robinson, Derek, 116, 117
Rocard, Michel (French Prime Minister 1988–91), 738
Rogers, General Bernard (Supreme Allied Commander in Europe 1979–87), 240
Rolls-Royce, 116, 678
Romania, fall of Ceauşescu, 790
Romanov, Grigory, 453
Rome, Treaty of, 546, 547, 549–50, 554
Rome Airport terrorists, 441–2
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (US President 1933–45), 236
Rossi, Hugh, 423
Rothschild, Victor, Lord, 563, 646–7
Rover Group, 679–80, see also British Leyland Royal Academy, 633
Royal Air Force (RAF), 250
Royal Navy, 250, 251
Royal Society, 640
Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 57–8, 397, 401, 411
Russian Orthodox Church, 478–9
Ryan, Father Patrick, 413–14, 746
Ryder, Caroline (née Stephens) 25, 297
Ryder, Richard: Downing St arrival, 24; election campaign (1983), 297; budget seminar (1990), 675; leadership election campaign (1989), 830; leadership election campaign (1990), 850, 854, 860
Ryder Plan, 115
Ryzhkov, Nikolai (Soviet Prime Minister), 483, 802, 804, 809
Saatchi & Saatchi, 295, 570, 585
Sadat, Anwar, 508
Sakharov, Andrei, 452, 475, 480
Saltley Coke Depot picketing (1972), 112, 340, 345
SALT II, 65, 245
Salvation Army, 627
Sanderson, Russell, Lord, 623
Sands, Bobby, 391
Santer, Jacques, 552
satellite broadcasting, 635, 638
Saudi Arabia: MT’s visit (1981), 162; Gulf crisis (1990), 818, 820–2
savings ratio (1988–9), 674
Scargill, Arthur: presidency of NUM, 140, 143, 340, 341; response to 1983 election, 339; Saltley pickets, 340; miners’ strike (1984–5), 349–52, 354–5, 360, 363–6, 373–6; fined for contempt, 368; Libyan connection, 351, 369
Scarman, Lord, 143, 144
Schild family, 83
Schluter, Poul (Danish Prime Minister 1982–93), 731, 740, 751
Schmidt, Helmut (German Chancellor 1979–82): visit (1979), 34–5; EC, 61–2, 79, 83–4, 552; G7, 67–70, 165, 257; visit (1980), 83; ERM question, 83, 692; Falklands, 191; nuclear policy, 240–2, 245, 246, 249, 258–9, 771; achievements, 813
Scholey, Bob, 112
schools, see education, grant-maintained
Schools Examination and Assessment Council, 594
science, 639–41
Scoon, Sir Paul, 330
Scotland: housing policy, 602, 621, 623; Health Boards, 608n; Thatcherism rebuffed, 618–24; rate revaluations, 645, 647; community charge, 651, 652, 653, 655; electricity industry, 682; Church of, 704
Scotland Act, 36
Scottish Conservative Conferences, 35–6, 221, 291, 561–2, 576, 704
Scowcroft, General Brent, 788, 820
Seccombe, Dame Joan, 582
Selsdon Group, 154
Selsdon Man, 13
Shackleton, Lord, 175
Shah, Eddie, 348
Shakespeare, William, 106
Shamir, Yitzhak (Israeli Prime Minister 1983–84, 1986–92), 510–12
Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, 802
Sheffield, HMS, 216–17
Shelton, Bill, 830
Shenfield, Arthur, 6
Sherbourne, Stephen: election campaign (1983), 291; MT-Tebbit meetings, 564; Strategy Group, 565; MT’s speeches, 567; manifesto (1987), 572–3; election campaign (1987), 579, 586–7, 588
Sherman, Alfred, 133
Shevardnadze, Eduard (Soviet Foreign Minister 1985–90), 773
Shrimsley, Tony, 285, 287
Shultz, George (US Secretary of State 1982–89), 256, 333, 461, 468, 473, 783
Sidewinder missiles, 226, 227
Sihanouk, Prince, 506
Sikorsky, 426–31, 436
Silkin, John, 296
Silkin, Sam, 98
Singapore, MT’s visit (1985), 504–5
Single European Act, 555–7, 558, 741
Sinn Fein, 394–5, 397, 401, 406, 408, 412
Sir Galahad, 233
Sirs, Bill, 103, 109, 111–12
Sir Tristram, 233
Skinner, Dennis, 859
SLADE, 98, 102
Smith, Adam, 291, 618
Smith, Hector, 111
Smith, Ian, 72
Soames, Christopher, Lord (Leader HL 1979–81), 27, 77–8, 79, 151
Soames, Mary, 78
Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), 387, 391, 394–5, 400, 403–4, 410
Social Democratic Party (SDP), 153, 264–5, 274, 298, 573–4
socialism: democratic, 6–7; debilitating effects, 9; appearance and reality, 12; Labour Party, 265, 566; ingrained, 306; failure, 625; reversal of, 687; Poland, 779
Socialist Workers Party, 293
social security benefits, 49, 55, 127
society, ‘no such thing’, 626
Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT), 119
Soeharto, Thojib N.J., 503
SOGAT, 113
Solidarity, 156, 252, 777–82, 789
Solzhenitzyn, Alexander, 290, 452, 813
South Africa: political issue, 78, 91, 487, 512–13; British relationship, 160, 512–13; sporting relations, 166; sanctions, 166, 515–16, 517–19, 532, 534; Commonwealth relations, 502–3, 512, 516–19, 520–4, 530–1; Botha’s Chequers visit, 514–15; debt repayment freeze, 515; Chequers seminar, 515–16; ‘Eminent Persons Group’, 518–19; changes, 522, 531–2; Namibia, 528–9; leadership, 529; MT’s visit, 533
Southall riots (1981), 143–4
Southern Thule, 176
South Georgia, 174, 177, 179, 196, 201, 204–5, 208–9, 219
South Sandwich Islands, 174, 176
South-West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO), 529
Sovietologists, 451, 474
Soviet Union: growing threat, 9; Iron Lady title, 65; Kosygin discussions, 65–6; Afghanistan invasion, 65, 69, 87–8; military spending, 238; nuclear capability, 239; Brezhnev’s arms reduction proposals, 242; West Siberian Gas Pipeline, 253–6; South Korean Airliner, 321, 322, 324, 450; US arms talks, 323–4, 453, 461, see also SALT; NUM support, 369; East-West relations, 450–3, 769; refuseniks, 460, 476, 484, 510; GALOSH, 465; Gorbachev leadership, 469–70, 768; Reykjavik, 470–2; perestroika, 475, 773, 803–4; MT’s visit (1987), 478–85; Baltic States, 767, 801; reforms, 768–9, 790, 800–1; INF treaty (1987), 771, 773, 774, 784; Reagan’s visit (1988), 776; German reunification, 790, 792, 798; MT’s visit (1989), 792; political situation (1989–90), 800–4; MT’s visit (1990), 804–7; Gulf crisis, 819, 826–7; see also Brezhnev, Gorbachev
Spain: US bombing of Libya, 446; EC membership, 545–6; economy, 668; Gibraltar discussions, 746
Special Air Service (SAS), 90, 205, 222
Special Boat Service, 222
Speed, Keith, 190, 250
Spicer, Michael, 285, 604, 605
Sri Lanka, MT’s visit (1985), 503–4
Stalin, Joseph, 459, 475, 483, 801
Stalker-Sampson Report, 409
START Agreement, 773, 774–5, 776
statism, 6–7
Steel, David (Leader Liberal Party 1976–88), 222, 573–4, 578
steel strike (1980), 108–14
Stepping Stones group, 42
sterling, see MONETARY POLICY
Stevas, Norman St John (Leader HC 1979–81), 130, 446–7
Stewart, Ian, 515
Stock Exchange, 311
Stock Market collapse (1987), 700, 710
Stormont, 386
Stowe, Sir Kenneth (Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister 1975–9, Permanent Secretary NIO 1979–81, then DHSS 1981–87), 18, 25
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, see SALT
Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), 247, 450, 462, 463–71, 776, 782, 818
Strategy Group, 565–6
Streator, Ed, 192
strikes: effects on PSBR, 53; steel, 54, 104–7; supplementary benefit, 55; problem, 92; engineering industry (1979), 98, 101; steel (1980), 108–14; civil service, 139; public sector, 274–5; NHS (1982), 275; water (1982), 275; miners (1984–5), 306, 344–78; coal (1926–7), 340; miners (1973–4), 340; dock (1984), 355–7, 361–2; reduction, 669
student loans, 598
Suez (1956), 8, 173, 437
Sukarno, Achmad, 8
Sunday Telegraph, 596, 840
Sunday Times, 132, 368, 840
Sununu, John (US Chief of Staff 1989–91), 820
supplementary benefit, 55
‘supply side’ reforms, 669, 672
Suzuki, Zenko (Japanese Prime Minister 1980–82), 232
Syria: Lebanon policy, 326–7, 334; El Al Heathrow bomb, 510; Gulf crisis, 823–4
Takeshita, Noboru (Japanese Prime Minister 1987–89), 499
Tamworth manifesto, 281
Taraki, Nur Muhammed, 87
Tax and Price Index (TPI), 43n
taxation: government approaches, 6, 7; Conservative policies, 7; VAT increases (1979), 42–3, (1991), 667; income tax cuts (1979), 43, (1986), 673, (1988), 673; tax allowances, 43; income tax policy, 136, 271, 570; husband and wife, 279, 570; Labour’s manifesto (1987), 579; mortgage tax relief, 600, 671, 672, 674; hypothecated (NHS), 610; private health insurance tax relief proposals, 610, 612–13; child care tax relief proposals, 630–1; local government finance proposals, 648–9; reform, 672; Lawson’s reforms, 672–5; see also VAT
teacher training, 597–8, see also education
Tebbit, Margaret, 383, 422, 587, 755, 835
Tebbit, Norman (Employment Secretary 1981–83, Trade and Industry Secretary 1983–85, Party Chairman 1985–87): junior minister, 29; BL, 120, 437, 440; Industry, 131; Employment, 151, 152; trade union reform, 272–4; Family Policy Group, 279; manifesto (1983), 283; election campaign (1983), 288, 293; DTI, 312; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346; dock strike (1984), 361; Party Conference (1984), 379; Brighton bomb (1984), 381, 383; abilities, 418; Conservative Party Chairman, 421–2; Westland, 425–6, 428; press criticism, 564; Strategy Group, 565; Bournemouth Party Conference, 567; election Tebbit, Norman–cont. campaign (1987), 569–70, 572, 574–5, 581, 584, 585, 587; opinion of Alliance, 573–4; departure plans, 587; leaves Cabinet, 589; quoted, 670; suitability as successor to MT, 755; views on single currency, 833; refuses Cabinet position, 835; leadership election campaign (1990), 840, 846, 847, 849–50, 855; MT’s resignation, 856
technology: impact on employment, 257; information (IT), 271
Telecommunications Bill, 290
television, handling, 286–7; see also BBC, broadcasting, Channel 4, ITV
Territorial Army, 250
Thailand, MT’s visit (1985), 506
Thatcher, Carol, 24, 37, 71, 285, 414, 841
Thatcher, Denis: Commons confidence debate (1979), 3, 4; election victory (1979), 17, 18–19; Downing Street, 21; character sketch, 22–3; birthday (1979), 34; Chequers lunch (1979), 37; oil industry expertise, 65; US visit (1981), 160; Parkinson plaque, 311; Brighton bomb (1984), 380, 381; Harrods bomb (1983), 397; Gorbachev visit (1984), 461; Edinburgh Commonwealth Games visit, 520–1; African visits, 524–6, 528; election campaign (1987), 583, 588; golf with Bush, 810; Lord’s Taverners, 835; leadership election campaign (1990), 841, 845, 846; MT’s resignation, 856, 858, 860–2
Thatcher, Mark, 37, 700, 841, 861
Thatcherism, 13, 561, 572, 579, 599, 618–24; ‘Social Thatcherism’, 147
Think-Tank, see Central Policy Review Staff Thomas, George, 34
Thomas, Harvey, 285–6, 468, 580
Thomas, Vera, 36
Thompson, Brigadier Julian, 189
Thorn, Gaston (Luxemburg Prime Minister 1974–79, President European Commission 1981–85), 538, 542
Thorneycroft, Peter, Lord (Party Chairman 1979–81), 37, 104, 149–50, 152
Thyssen Collection, 633–4
Tiananmen Square massacre (1989), 494
Tickell, Sir Crispin, 170, 640
Tilney, Sir John and Lady, 37
Time, 159
Times, The, 82, 105, 138, 152, 186, 277, 282, 311, 778, 841
Tito, Marshal, 88, 161
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 485
Today programme, 586
Top Salary Review Board (TSRB), 417
top-slicing, see health Total Exclusion Zone (TEZ), 209, 212
Townend, John, 855
Toxteth riots (1981), 144, 145–6
Trade Disputes Act (1906), 102
Trade Union and Labour Relations Act (1974), 273
trade unions: legislation, 8, 97–108, 272–3, 279, 669; Prior’s relationship, 28; reform programme, 39, 40, 97–108, 150, 272–6, 284, 306, 572, 669; political levy, 274, 275–6; hard Left, 306, 339
Trades Union Congress (TUC): Heath government proposals, 7; trade union reform attitude, 99–100; political levy question, 276; miners’ strike (1984–5), 363, 372–3, 375–6; Delors address, 742
Trafford, Tony, 383
training: importance, 5; MSC, 31; teacher, 597–8; vouchers, 670, 831
Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs), 670
Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU), 108–9, 355–7, 361–2
transport (urban) policy group, 282
Trident, 244–8, 267, 471, 472–3
Trollope, Anthony, 37
Trudeau, Pierre (Canadian Prime Minister 1968–79, 1980–84), 164, 169, 170, 300, 320–2, 453
Truman Doctrine, 481
Tsukuba Science City, 497
Turkey, Gulf crisis, 819, 823
Turnbull, Andrew (Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister 1988–92), 717, 856
Ukraine: status, 801–2; MT’s visit (1990), 806–7
Ulster, use of term, 385, see also Northern Ireland
Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), 57, 401
underclass, 627, 661
unemployment: (1950s), 7; (1979), 52; cost, 123; (1981), 148, 153; (1982), 272; policy group, 282; election campaign (1983), 292; (1983), 315; (1986), 567; election campaign (1987), 583; Scottish, 618; (1987), 618–19; council estate culture, 671; (1988), 706
Union of Democratic Miners (UDM), 686
Unipart, 438, 439, 440
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 163
United Nations (UN): Iran hostages, 87; self-determination principle, 174, 195; Falklands issue, 182–3, 211, 216, 821; Security Council Resolution 502, 182, 193, 203, 209, 210, 213, 226; Security Council Resolution 505, 225–6; Falklands cease-fire Resolution veto, 231–2; disarmament session, 236, 267; Grenada, 329; Security Council Resolution 242, 509; Namibia, 528; Gulf crisis, 818, 821, 827–8; Security Council Resolution 661, 821; Security Council Resolution 665, 823; UN Children’s Summit, 826
United States of America: economy, 7, 322, 693, 739, 782; Suez, 8, 437; Vietnam, 9; Irish-Americans, 58, 166, 384, 415; Iran hostages, 69, 86–8, 156, 825; MT’s visit (1979), 86–7; MT’s visit (1981), 158–60; interest rates, 165, 693; Argentina relations, 176–7, 179–80, 188, 323; Falklands crisis, 180, 187–8, 212; Falklands war, 226, 227, 229; NATO, 237–42, 810–12; Trident, 244–8, 267; Polish crisis, 253–6; ‘dual key’ question, 268, 332; MT’s visit (1983), 320, 322–5; Soviet arms talks, 323–4, 453, 461, see also SALT; Lebanon MNF, 326–8, 334; Grenada invasion, 328–32, 334–5; Lebanon retaliation, 333–4; Westland affair, 436–7; Libya sanctions, 442; raid on Libya, 443–9, 498, 510; National Security Council, 461; MT’s visit (1984), 466–8; MT’s visit (1985), 468–9; MT’s visit (1986), 472–3; Arab-Israeli dispute, 507–8; South Africa sanctions, 515, 520; European policies, 768, 783–4, 789, 794–5, 798–9; MT’s visit (1987), 770–2; INF treaty (1987), 771, 773, 774, 784; SNF negotiations, 788; MT’s visit (1989), 794; Gulf crisis, 816–28; see also Bush, Reagan
universities, 598–9, 639, see also education
Uno, Sousuke (Japanese Prime Minister 1989), 499
U-turn, 122
van Agt, Andries (Dutch Prime Minister 1977–82), 81, 241, 242–3
Van Den Broek, Hans, 319, 736
Van der Post, Laurens, 186, 521
Varley-Marshall assurances, 438, 679
VAT: increase (1979), 42–3; EC discussions, 313, 538, 544, 557, 728; increase (1991), 667
Vickers, 825
Victoria Dam Power Station, Sri Lanka, 75, 503, 506
Victorian values, 627
Vienna Airport terrorists, 441–2
Vietnam: War, 9; boat people, 64, 66
Viljoen, Gerrit, 531
Villiers, Sir Charles (Chairman BSC 1976–80), no, 112, 113–14
Volkswagen, 679
voluntary organizations, 603, 627
Vulcan bombers, 239
Waddington, David (Chief Whip 1987–89, Home Secretary 1989-go), 757, 854–5
Wakeham, Alison (née Ward), 25, 285
Wakeham, John (Chief Whip 1982–87, Leader HC 1987–89, Energy Secretary 1989–90): junior minister, 29; Chief Whip, 310–11; Brighton bomb (1984), 382, 383; Cabinet reshuffle (1985), 418, 419; Westland, 430; Strategy Group, 565; election campaign (1987), 583; electricity privatization, 683; nuclear power policy, 685; coal industry, 686; Gulf crisis, 822; Howe’s resignation (1990), 835; leadership election campaign (1990), 841, 846, 847, 850, 851, 853–5; MT’s resignation, 856
Wakeham, Roberta, 381
Waldegrave, William (Health Secretary 1990–92): community charge, 563, 646, 647, 649; Gulf crisis, 822; Health, 835; MT leadership question, 853
Waiden, Brian, 54, 105, 125, 293, 832
Waldheim, Kurt (UN Secretary General 1972–81, Austrian President 1986–92), 160
Wales, housing policy, 602
Walesa, Lech (Chairman Solidarity 1980–90, then President of Poland 1990-), 778, 780–1
Walker, Peter (Agriculture Secretary 1979–83, Energy Secretary 1983–87, Welsh Secretary 1987–90): Agriculture Minister, 28, 341; Energy, 341–2; miners’ strike (1984–5), 345, 346–7, 353–4, 357–8, 362, 364, 366, 370, 372–3, 376; Party Conference (1984), 368; Cabinet position, 418; BL, 440; housing schemes, 602–3; gas privatization, 681; electricity privatization, 683, 684
Wall Street Journal, 449
Walpole, Sir Robert, 24
Walters, Sir Alan: monetary policy, 97n, 126, 133–6, 696, 707, 713–14; advice to Lawson, 317; Hong Kong currency crisis, 489–90; nuclear power stations advice, 685; ERM question, 692, 693, 694, 695, 700, 709, 722; Lawson’s attitude, 715–17, 718; currency proposals, 725
Walters, General Vernon, 192, 445–6
Warry, Peter, 438n
Warsaw Pact, 237–8, 252, 454, 472, 800, 809, 810
Wass, Sir Douglas (Permanent Secretary Treasury 1974–83, Joint Head of Home Civil Service 1981–83), 136
water: pollution, 638–9; privatization, 682
Weekend World, 54, 105, 131, 293
Weinberger, Caspar (US Defence Secretary 1981–87), 188, 226, 227, 247–8, 449, 473
welfare benefits, effects, 8
Wellington, 1st Duke, 24
Welsh Nationalists, 289
Welt, Die, 84
Western European Union (WEU), 745, 809
Westland affair, 419, 423–37, 440, 560, 564
West Siberian Gas Pipeline, 253–6
wets, 50–1, 52, 54, 104, 123–4, 126, 128, 129, 149, 153–5; definition of term, 51n
Whitehall, 6, 619
Whitelaw, William (Home Secretary 1979–83, Leader HL 1983–88): relationship with MT 4, 25, 27; Home Secretary, 27; QL, 33; Iranian embassy siege, 89–90; trade union reform, 107; coal dispute, 143; urban riots, 143–5; public spending debate, 149; Cabinet reshuffle, 151; Falklands, 185, 207; War Cabinet, 188, 214; Family Policy Group, 279; election campaign (1983), 288; Leader of Lords, 307; Parkinson affair, 311; Grenada, 330; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346, 376; MT holiday communications, 362; Brighton bomb (1984), 381; Cabinet reshuffle (1985), 418, 419; Westland, 428; BL, 440; Gorbachev visit, 460; Strategy Group, 565; election campaign (1987), 572; opposition to Forsyth, 623; BBC policy, 636; illness and resignation, 757; leadership election campaign (1990), 848
Whitmore, Clive, 48, 192, 205
Whittingdale, John, 285, 586, 792, 841, 843
Wicks, Sir Nigel (Prime Minister’s Principal Private Secretary 1985–88, Second Permanent Secretary, Treasury 1989-), 433, 525
Wilkie, David, 371
Williams, Shirley, 153, 298
Williamson, David, 729
Willis, Norman, 372, 376
Wilson, Gordon, 406
Wilson, Harold (Labour Prime Minister 1964–70, 1974–76), 8, 13n, 30n, 162
Wilson, Marie, 406
Wimpey, 457
Windsor, Roger, 36g Winston Churchill Foundation speech, 325
Winston Churchill Memorial Lecture, 79
winter of discontent, 4, 8, 19
Woerner, Manfred, 810
Wolfson, David: Downing St arrival, 24; Chequers lunch, 37; civil service dinner, 48; PSBR discussions, 135; Cabinet reshuffle (September 1981), 152; election campaign (1983), 288, 293; Brighton bomb (1984), 380; election campaign (1987), 584; health policy, 617
Wolfson Foundation, 633
Woodhouse School, Finchley, 225
Woodward, Rear Admiral John ‘Sandy’, 189, 214
World Bank, 169, 170, 526–7
World Climate Conference, Geneva (1990), 836
World War, First, 5
World War, Second, 5, 11, 461
Wyatt, Woodrow, Lord, 370
Yakovlev, Alexander, 460, 772–3
Yazov, Marshal Dmitri, 805–6
Yeltsin, Boris (President of Russia 1991-), 773, 803–4
York, HMS, 816
York, MT’s visit (1984), 365
Young, David, Lord (Minister without portfolio 1984–85, Employment Secretary 1985–87, Trade and Industry Secretary 1987–89): Employment, 28, 420–1; DTI, 28, 505; speeches, 567; advice, 569; manifesto (1987), 572–3; election campaign (1987), 583, 584–5; broadcasting policies, 636; BAe Rover deal, 680; leaves Cabinet, 756
Young, Janet, Lady (Leader HL 1981–83)151–2, 279, 307
Younger, George (Scottish Secretary 1979–86, Defence Secretary 1986–89): Scottish Secretary, 347, 433, 620; miners’ strike (1984–5), 347; IRA report, 405; Nimrod cancellation, 424; Defence, 433; US bombing of Libya, 443, 445; election campaign (1987), 578; opposition to Forsyth, 623; rate revaluation, 647; departure, 756; leadership election campaign (1989), 830, 837; leadership election campaign (1990), 840, 841
young people: policy group, 565–6; homelessness, 603, 627; juvenile delinquency, 626–7; teenage pregnancy, 627
Youth Opportunities Programme, 55n, 128
Youth Training Scheme, 279
Zaid bin Sultan al Nahayyan, Sheik, 163
Zamyatin, Leonid, 460
Zhao Ziyang, 260–1, 488, 489, 490, 492, 493
Zhelev, Zhelyu (President of Bulgaria 1990-), 843
Zia Ul-Haq, Mohammed, 167
Zimbabwe: independence, 73, 78, 523; MT’s visit (1989), 526–7
25 de mayo, 212, 214, 228
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