The Europeans

Index

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Aachen

About, Edmond

Abraham, Max

Achenbach, Hermann

Adam, Adolphe

Adam, Juliette

aeroplanes

agents, literary and artistic

Agoult, Countess Marie d’

Aguado, Alejandro, Marquis de Las Marismas

Ahrenberg, Jac

Aix-les-Bains

Aksakov, Ivan

Aksakov, Konstantin

Aksakov, Sergei

ALAI (International Literary and Arts Association)

Albano, Lake

Albert, Prince consort

Aleksei, Tsar

Alexander I, Tsar

Alexander II, Tsar; assassination

Alexander III, Tsar

Alexandra Feodorovna, Tsarina

Alexandria

Algiers

Alien Act (Britain; 1848)

All the Year Round (magazine)

Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung

Allnutt, John

Alps, tourism in

Amiens

Ampère, Jean-Jacques

Amsterdam; Rijksmuseum

Anabaptist uprising (1534–35)

André, Augustina

André, Johann Anton

Âne à Baptiste, L’ (vaudeville show)

Anglicanism

Angoulême

Annals of the Fatherland (journal)

Annenkov, Pavel: Turgenev’s friendship and correspondence with; as Turgenev’s literary executor; on Turgenev

anti-cosmopolitanism

anti-Semitism

anti-slavery movement

Antokolsky, Marc

Antwerp; Congress on Artistic and Literary Property (1861); harbour; railways

Arabs

Argenteuil

Arnholt, Louise

Arnim, Bettina von

Arpa, L’ (journal)

Arrowsmith, John

art books

art galleries and museums, public; curatorial arrangements; guides to; numbers of visitors

art market: collecting as investment; contemporary art; forgeries; Old Masters; one-man exhibitions; portraiture; prints and reproductions; Russian painting; Spanish painting

Art moderne, L’ (journal)

art periodicals, growth and development of

Artôt, Désirée

Athenaeum (magazine)

Atlantic Monthly

Auber, Daniel, La Muette de Portici

audiences (opera and concert performances), comportment of

Auerbach, Berthold; The House on the Rhine

Augier, Émile

Augusta, Queen consort of Prussia (later German Empress consort)

Austen, Jane, Pride and Prejudice

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

Auvers-sur-Oise

Avdeev, Mikhail

Babbage, Charles

Bach, Johann Sebastian

Bad Ems

Bad Gastein

Bad Ischl

Bad Wildbad

Bądarzewska-Baranowska, Tekla

Baden-Baden; casino; Konversationshaus, Plate; Lichtental; music scene; Turgenev’s villa; Viardots’ villa; during Franco-Prussian War; Plate

Badenblätter (newspaper)

Baedeker, Karl; guidebooks

Baillot, Pierre

Bakunin, Mikhail

Balakirev, Mily

Balfe, Michael: Blanche de Nevers; The Bohemian Girl

ballet; in opera

Ballets Russes

Balzac, Honoré de: early career; finances; pseudonymous and joint works; serialized publication; translated editions; musical interests; campaigner for intellectual property rights; reputation and influence; portraits of; as part of literary canon; Les Chouans; Clothilde de Lusignan; Cousin Bette; Cousin Pons; Gambara; L’Héritière de Birague; Jean-Louis, ou La Fille trouvée; Lettre adressé aux écrivains français du XIXe siècle; Lost Illusions; Modeste Mignon; Le Père Goriot; La Vieille Fille

Banville, Thédore de

Barbaja, Domenico

Barbizon group

Barcelona

Barnard, Charlotte (‘Claribel’)

Barre, Jean-Auguste

Barrès, Maurice

Barroilhet, Paul

Barye, Antoine-Louis

Baschet, Ludovic

Basel

Baudelaire, Charles; on art collecting; on art and reproduction; on flâneurs; on modernity; on photography; Les Fleurs du mal; ‘The Salon of 1859’

Baudry, Étienne

Baudry, Frédéric

Bayreuth

Bazán, Emilia Pardo

Beale, Thomas Willert

Beaune

Becker, Nikolaus, ‘The German Rhine’

Beethoven, Ludwig van: finances; variations on opera tunes; piano works; chamber works; publication of works; popularity and position in concert repertoire; Fidelio; Ninth Symphony; Razumovsky Quartets; Plate

Behre, Eric

Belfast

Belgiojoso, Prince Emilio Barbiano di

Belinsky, Vissarion: background; career; friendship with Turgenev; reviews of Turgenev; writings on Gogol, Dostoevsky and

Pushkin; death and burial

Bell, Alexander Graham

Bellini, Vincenzo; La Sonnambula; Norma; Il Pirata

Bellio, Georges de

Belloni, Gaetano

Bénazet, Édouard

Bénazet, Jacques

Benedetti, Victor, Count

Benjamin, Walter; The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

Bennet, Thomas

Bennett, Sir William Sterndale

Benois, Alexander

Benzon, Ernst

Béraldi, Henri, Les Gravures du XIXe siècle

Bériot, Charles de

Berlin: art market; book trade and publishing; museums and galleries; music scene; railways; redevelopment; Revolution of 1848

Berlin (landmarks & places): Charlottenburg Palace; Royal Museum

Berlin University

Berliner allgemeine musikalische Zeitung

Berliner Tageblatt

Berlioz, Hector: at opening of Paris–Brussels railway; foreign tours; at premiere of Meyerbeer’s Le Prophète; at Viardots’ musical soirées; published reviews; portraits of; adaptation of Gluck’s Orphée; relations with Pauline Viardot; relations with Wagner; and Baden-Baden music festival; Spanish music interests; and establishment of canon in concert repertoire; on Italian opera; on Auguste Levasseur; on virtuoso soloists; on Beethoven; on behaviour of opera audiences; on social position of composers; on Louis and Pauline Viardot; on Meyerbeer’s Le Prophète; on Chopin’s funeral; on Louise Farrenc; on London season; Béatrice et Bénédict; Benvenuto Cellini; Le Chant des chemins de fer; Euphonia; Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale; Les Troyens

Berne

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886)

Berry, Charles Ferdinand, Duc de

Bertenson, L. G.

Bertin, Louise

Besançon

Biarritz

Biblioteca Universal (book series)

Bibliothèque du Cercle Girondin (library society)

Bibliothèque Nationale (book series)

Bibliothèques des Amis de l’Instruction (library society)

Bicknell, Elhanan

Bien public, Le (journal)

biographies, literary and artistic

Birmingham; Choral Festival

Bismarck, Otto von

Bizet, Georges; Carmen

Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne

Blackdown, Tennyson’s house at

Blackwood, John

Blackwood’s Magazine

Blanc, Louis

Blaze de Bury, Henri

Blois

Boborykin, Petr

Bodenstedt, Friedrich

Bogoliubov, Aleksei

‘Bohemians’

Boigne, Charles de

Bol, Ferdinand, Portrait of a Woman

Bolero (dance)

Bologna; Teatro del Corso

Bonaparte, Joseph

Bonn

Bonnat, Léon

book trade: production processes; marketing techniques; influence of railways, export and translation trade; piracy; copyright and intellectual property laws; remuneration of authors; see also

art books; biographies; children’s books; guidebooks; literary classics; literary periodicals; serialized fiction; travel writing

Boosey & Co. (music publishers)

Bordeaux

Bordeaux, Henry

Börnstein, Heinrich

Borodin, Alexander

Boston

Botkin, Vasily; travels with Turgenev; Letters from Spain

Boudin, Eugène

Bougival; Turgenev’s dacha, Plate; Viardot–Turgenev house, Plate

Bouilhet, Louis

Boulogne

Braddon, Mary, The Doctor’s Wife

Brahms, Johannes; Alto Rhapsody; Four Ballads; Hungarian Dances; Triumphlied

Brame, Hector

Brandes, Georg

Brandt, Marianne

Brandukov, Anatoly

Brandus (music publishers)

Brayer, Jules de

Breitkopf & Härtel (music publishers); People’s Edition series

Brentano, Clemens, Des Knaben Wunderhorn

Brienz, Lake

Brighton

Briones, Joaquina

British Quarterly Review

Broadwood and Sons (piano-makers)

Broadwood, Henry

Broadwood, John

Brockhaus, Friedrich

Broise, Eugène de

Brontë, Charlotte

‘Brontë Country’

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, Aurora Leigh

Browning, Robert

Bruegel, Pieter

Bruère, Gaston

Bruère, George

Bruère, Jeanne

Brühl Castle

Bruillov, Karl

Brunswick

Brussels: art market; Congress on Artistic and Literary Property (1858); cultural life and development; publishing trade; railways; tourism; universal exhibition (1847)

Bruyas, Alfred

Bryce, Jamesst Viscount

Budapest

Buenos Aires

Bulgarin, Faddei

Bulletin de la République

Bülow, Hans von

Burke, Edmund

Burns, Robert, ‘John Anderson, My Jo’

Buturlin Committee (Russian censorship body)

Byron, Georgeth Baron; Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage; Marino Faliero, Doge of Venice

Cabourg

Cadiz

café-concerts

Caillebotte, Gustave

Cairo

Calais

Calcutta

Cambridge University

Cameroni, Felice

Camões, Luís de

Cannes

canon, establishment of, : in literature; in concert repertoire; in opera repertoire; in art

Capuana, Luigi

Carlyle, Thomas

Carroll, Lewis

cartes de visites

Caruso, Enrico

Carvalho, Léon

Cassell (publishers)

Castellan, Jeanne

Castro, Guillén de, Las mocedades del Cid

Catherine the Great, Russian Empress

Catholic Church

Cavaillé-Coll, Aristide; organs

Cavos, Catterino

Cavour, Camillo

censorship

Cerdà, Ildefons

Cervantes, Miguel de; Don Quixote

Cézanne, Paul, Plate

Chabrier, Emmanuel, Plate

Chaliapin, Feodor

Cham (Amédée de Noé), cartoon

Chamerot, George

Chamonix

Champfleury (Jules Fleury-Husson); Le Réalisme

Chandos Classics (book series)

Chapman and Hall (publishers)

Chappell & Co. (music publishers)

Chapu, Henri

Charcot, Jean-Martin

Charivari, Le (magazine)

Charles X, King of France

Charles XV, King of Sweden

Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Charpentier (publishers); Bibliothèque series

Charpentier, Georges

Charpentier, Gervais

Charpentier, Marguerite, Plate

Charrière, Ernest, translation of Turgenev’s Sketches

Chartres; Cathedral

Chateaubriand, François-René, Vicomte de

Chekhov, Anton; Three Sisters

Chesney, Sir George, The Battle of Dorking

children’s books

chinoiserie

Chintreuil, Antoine

Chlenowski (publishers)

choirs see singing clubs and choirs

Chojecki, Charles-Edmond see Edmond, Charles

Chopin, Frédéric: character; composition style; relationship with George Sand; finances; and Meyerbeer’s Robert le diable; and Pauline Viardot; rupture with Sand; in London; failing health; at premiere of Meyerbeer’s Le Prophète; death and funeral; Mazurkas; Nocturnes

Chopin, Ludwika

Choquet, Victor

Chorley, Henry

Ciceri, Charles

Cimarosa, Domenico

Civiale, Jean

claques

Clarens

Clark, Charles, ‘Baden-Baden in 1867’

Clark, Kenneth

‘classical music’, development of term; see also canon, establishment of Clésinger, Solange

Cole, Sir Henry

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor

Collins, Wilkie

Collodi, Carlo

collodion process (photographic process)

Collot, Paul

collotype (photographic process)

Cologne: music scene; railways; tourism

colportage (book peddling)

Combe, Thomas

Comédie-Francaise (theatre company)

Commanville, Caroline

commemoration of writers, artists and composers

Commune, Paris (1871)

Compagnie des Chemins de Fer du Nord (railway company)

Comte, Auguste

concert repertoire, establishment of European canon

Confederation of the Rhine

Conscience, Hendrik

Constable, Archibald

Constable, John

Constantinople

Constitutionnel, Le (newspaper)

Contemporary Review

Contemporary, The (journal)

Cook, Thomas

Cooper, James Fenimore; The Last of the Mohicans

Copenhagen

Copenhagen University

copyright and intellectual property: music publishing; book publishing; international agreements; see also royalties

Corneille, Pierre

Corot, Camille, Plate

Correspondent, Le (newspaper)

Corsaire, Le (newspaper)

Costa, Sir Michael

Cotta, J. G. A.

Coulommiers, Banquet de (1847)

Courbet, Gustave, Plate

Courier des théâtres (journal)

Courtavenel, Viardots’ château

Cramer & Co. (music publishers)

Crédit, Le (newspaper)

Crémieux, Adolphe

Cresy, Edward

Crimean War (1853–55)

Croisset, Flaubert’s house

Cui, César; Angelo; La Musique en Russie

Curie, Marie

Custine, Astolphe-Louis-Lénor, Marquis de; L’Espagne sous Ferdinand VII; La Russie en 1839

Cuvelier, Adalbert

Czartoryski, Prince Adam

Czerny, Carl

Dabot, Henri

Daguerre, Louis

daguerrotype (photographic process)

Dalayrac, Nicolas

Dalou, Jules

Dante Alighieri: commemoration; The Divine Comedy

Dargomyzhsky, Alexander; The Stone Guest

Daubigny, Charles-François, Plate

Daudet, Alphonse

Daudet, Ernest

Daumier, Honoré

David, Jacques-Louis

Davillier, Baron Charles, Voyage en Espagne

Davison, James

Davos

De Amicis, Edmondo

Deauville

Debussy, Claude; Pelléas et Mélisande

Decamps, Alexandre-Gabriel

Decembrist uprising (Russia; 1825)

Defoe, Daniel, Robinson Crusoe

Degas, Edgar, Plate; Le Foyer de la danse à l’Opéra; The Orchestra at the Opéra, Plate

Delacroix, Eugène: career; musical interests; at Nohant; Paris studio; at Chopin’s funeral; portraits of; on Louis Viardot’s Nouvelles russes; at Viardots’ musical soirées; costume design for Pauline Viardot; work featured at 1900 Exposition Universelle; Bathers; Execution of the Doge Marino Faliero; Tasso in the Madhouse

Delafield and Beale (music publishers)

Delaroche, Paul

Delaveau, Henri

Delécluze, Étienne-Jean

Delessert, Benjamin

Delibes, Léo

Delvau, Alfred, Les Plaisirs de Paris

Dent, Joseph

Dentu, Édouard

department stores

Derby

Dernier Sorcier, Le (operetta; Viardot–Turgenev)

Descartes, René

Dessau

Deutsche Rundschau (journal)

Devrient, Eduard

Deyssel, Lodewijk van (Karel Thijm)

Diaghilev, Sergei

Diaz, Narcisse Virgilio

Dickens, Charles; friendship with Viardots; magazine publisher; opera-going ; reputation and influence; serialized publication; support for copyright bill; translated editions; Bleak House; The Cricket on the Hearth; David Copperfield; Hard Times; Little Dorrit; Pickwick Papers; Pictures from Italy

Dijon

Dinaburg

Disdéri, André; photographs

Donizetti, Gaetano; Adelia; Alahor in Granata; Don Pasquale; L’elisir d’amore; Elizabeth at Kenilworth Castle; La Favorite; Lucia di Lammermoor; Lucrezia Borgia

Dordrecht

Doré, Gustave

Dostoevsky, Anna

Dostoevsky, Fyodor: arrest and trial as member of Petrashevsky Circle; Siberian exile; literary influences; finances; in Baden-Baden; relations with Turgenev; translated editions; speech at Pushkin commemoration; reputation; death and funeral; commemoration; Crime and Punishment; The Devils; The Gambler; The Insulted and the Injured; Poor Folk; Winter Notes on Summer Impressions

D’Oyly Carte Opera Company

Drachenfels Castle

Drake, Sir Francis

Dresden; art galleries; music scene; tourism

Dresden Uprising (1849)

Dreyfus affair

Droz, Gustave, Monsieur,

Madame et Bébé

du Camp, Maxime

Dubenskaya, Varinka (Madame Lagrené)

Dublin

Dumas, Alexandre, père

Dumas, Alexandre, fils; La Dame aux camélias

Dunkerque

Duponchel, Henri

Dupont, Alexis

Dupré, Jules

Durand, Sextius

Durand-Ruel, Jean-Marie

Durand-Ruel, Paul

Dürer, Albrecht

Duret, Théodore

Düsseldorf

Dutilleux, Constant

Duvernoy, Victor-Alphonse

Dziewanoski, Dominik

earnings (in the arts) see incomes and earnings

Ebel, Johann Gottfried, Swiss guidebook

Edinburgh; Scottish National Gallery

Edinburgh Review

Edison, Thomas

Edition Peters (music library)

Edmond, Charles (Charles-Edmond Chojecki)

Education Act (Britain; 1870)

Elberfeld

electric lighting

Elena Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Russia

Elgar, Sir Edward

Eliot, George; finances; Adam Bede; Armgart; The Mill on the Floss; ‘The Natural History of German Life’

Ella, John

Ems Despatch (1870)

Engels, Friedrich; Communist Manifesto

English Channel, crossings

engraving

Ephrussi, Charles

Epoch (Russian journal)

Érard (piano-makers)

Érard, Sébastien

Ernst I, Elector of Saxony

Escudier, Léon and Marie

España moderna (journal)

Esterházy, Prince Anton

Étex, Antoine

Eugénie, Empress of the French

Everyman Library (book series)

Excursionist, The (journal)

Exposition Universelle (Paris; 1855)

Exposition Universelle (Paris; 1867)

Exposition Universelle (Paris; 1878)

Exposition Universelle (Paris; 1889)

Exposition Universelle (Paris; 1900)

Falmouth, George Boscawennd Earl of

Fantin-Latour, Henri

Farrenc, Louise

Fauré, Gabriel; ‘Pie Jesu’

Faure, Jean-Baptiste

February Revolution (France; 1848)

Fellner, Ferdinand

Féral, Jules

Ferdinand II, King of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand VII, King of Spain

Ferdinand Philippe, Duc d’Orléans

Ferney

Ferrara

Ferry, Jules; ‘Ferry Laws’

festivals, music

Fet, Afanasy

Fétis, Édouard

Fétis, François-Joseph

Figaro, Le (newspaper); L’Évènement supplement

Firminy

First World War

Fizilière, Albert de la

Flamenco

Flaubert, Gustave; life and career; character, appearance and dress; style and literary influences; finances; serialized publication; translated editions; reputation; relations with Turgenev; death and funeral; commemoration; as part of literary canon; on Exposition Universelle; on Hugo; on modern world; on Pauline Viardot; on posterity; on Tolstoy; on Turgenev; on Zola; Madame Bovary; Par les champs et par les grèves; Salammbô; Sentimental Education; The Temptation of St Anthony; Three Tales

Flinck, Govaert

Florence; Dante’s house; publishing trade; railways; Teatro della Pergola

flying machines

Fontainebleau; railway and tourism

Fontane, Theodor; Effi Briest; Modern Travel; Ein Sommer in London; ‘Unsere lyrische und epische Poesie seit 1848’; Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg

food and cooking

Ford, Richard, A Handbook for Travellers in Spain

Forster, John

Fortuny, Marià

Forward (newspaper)

four-hand piano transcription

France, Anatole

France musicale, La (journal)

Franck, César

Franco-Austrian War (1859)

Franco-Prussian War (1870)

Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)

Frankfurt-am-Main; Goethe House

Frankfurt Parliament (1848–49)

Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria

Frascati

Fraser’s Magazine

French Revolution

Friedländer, Ludwig

Friedrich I, Grand Duke of Baden

Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia

Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia

Frith, William

Furne, Charles

Gachet, Paul

Gainsborough, Thomas

Galakhova, Olga

Galdiano, José Lázaro

Galerie contemporaine (magazine)

Gambart, Ernest

Gambetta, Léon

gambling

Garcia, Manuel (brother of Pauline Viardot)

Garcia, Manuel (father of Pauline Viardot), Plate; The Man in Servant’s Disguise

Garcia, Maria see Malibran, Maria

Garcia, Pauline see Viardot, Pauline

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

Garnett, Constance

gas lighting

Gaskell, Elizabeth; North and South

Gatchina

Gauguin, Paul

Gaulois (newspaper)

Gautier, Théophile; on claques; on the Exposition Universelle; on the Louvre; on Meyerbeer’s Le Prophète; on Pauline Viardot; on Salle Favart of Paris Opéra; Voyage en Espagne; Voyage en Russie

Gavarni, Paul

Gaze, Henry

Gazzetta musicale di Milano, La

Gedeonov, Stepan

Gelinek, Josef

Geneva; Universal Copyright Convention (1952)

Geneva, Lake

Genoa

Géricault, Théodore

German unification

Germinal (journal)

Gérôme, Jean-Léon, Plate

Gerville-Riache, Jeanne

Gervinus, Georg Gottfried

Ghent

Gibbon, Edward

Gilbert, Sir William Schwenck

Gillot, Joseph

Girard, Jean-Baptiste

Girardin, Émile de

Giraud, Pierre, Archbishop of Cambrai

Gladstone, William Ewart

glass manufacture

Glazunov, I. I.

Glinka, Mikhail

Globe, Le (journal)

Gloucester, Three Choirs Festival

Gluck, Christoph; Alceste; Orphée

Glümer, Claire von

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von; publication of; finances; houses; reputation; as national poet; influence on Turgenev; on European cultural identity; on happiness; on literary canon; on railways; Faust; Sorrows of Young Werther

Gogol, Nikolai; death and obituaries; translated editions; Dead Souls; The Government Inspector; ‘The Overcoat’

Goldsworthy, John

Golos (newspaper)

Goncharov, Ivan

Goncourt, Edmond and Jules; on authors’ earnings; on British tourists; on Flaubert; on James Tissot; on Offenbach; on Paris during Franco-Prussian War; on Parisian café culture; on riverside banlieues of Paris; on Turgenev

Gonin, Francesco

Goubert, Arsène

Gounod, Charles: appearance and character; early career; first meets the Viardots; relationship with Pauline; writing of Sapho; premieres of Sapho; marriage and breaking of relations with Pauline; in London; reconciliation with Viardots; portrait of; at Viardots’ later musical soirées; Spanish music interests; friendship with Bizet; Faust; Romeo and Juliet; Sapho

Goupil & Vibert (art dealers)

Goupil, Adolphe

Granada

Grand Tour

Grandguillaume, Léandre

Granovsky, Timofei

Graun, Johann Gottlieb

Graz; State Theatre

Great Exhibition (London; 1851)

Greffulhe, Élisabeth, Countess

Gregory XVI, Pope

Grenzboten (journal)

Grétry, André

Grévy, Jules

Grieg, Edvard

Grigorievna, Anna

Grigorovich, Dimitry

Grisi, Giulia

Grzymała, Wojciech

Gude, Hans

Guérin, Pierre-Narcisse

Guernsey

guidebooks; Murray’s Handbooks

Guillaumin, Armand

Guizot, François

Gung’l, Josef

Günzburg, Joseph Baron de

Gutman, Albert

Gye, Frederick

gypsies; music

Habanera (dance)

Habeneck, François-Antoine

Hachette (publishers); Bibliothèque des Chemins de Fer series; travel guides

Hachette, Louis

Hagborg, August

Hague, The

Halévy, Fromental, La Juive

Halévy, Ludovic

Hallays, André

Hallé, Sir Charles

Hamburg

Handel, George Frideric; Messiah

Hanoi

Hanover

Hanslick, Eduard

Hardy, Thomas

Harrach, Count Jan

Harvard University

Harwich

Haslinger, Carl

Hasselmans, Marie

Hauptmann, Gerhart

Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, Baron, redevelopment of Paris

Havana

Havemeyer, Louisine and Henry

Haydn, Joseph; The Creation

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

Hehn, Viktor

Heidelberg

Heine, Heinrich; on England; on Liszt; on Meyerbeer; on music in Paris; on Pauline Viardot; on railways; Die Lorelei

Heinemann (publishers)

Hélène of Mecklenburg–Schwerin, Duchesse d’Orléans

Helmer, Hermann

Helsingborg State Theatre

Henriquel-Dupont, Louis

Hensel, Wilhelm

Heringsdorf

Héritte, Ernest

Hervé (Florimond Ronger)

Herz, Henri

Herzen, Alexander; in exile in London; My Past and Thoughts

Herzog, Werner, Fitzcarraldo

Hetzel, Pierre-Jules

Heyse, Paul

Hobhouse, Johnst Baron Broughton

Hobrecht, James

Hofmeister (music publishers)

Hofmeister, Friedrich

Hogarth, William

Hong Kong

horse-racing

Hoschedé, Ernest

Hottinguer, François

Houghton, Richard Monckton Milnesst Baron

Household Words (magazine)

Howells, William Dean

Hugo, Victor: career and finances; musical interests; support for intellectual property rights; exile in Channel Islands; later life; death and funeral; commemoration and posthumous reputation; on European unity; on railways; Feuilles d’automne; Les Misérables; Notre-Dame de Paris; Odes et ballades; Le Roi s’amuse

Humboldt, Alexander

Hunt, William Holman

Hunt, William Morris

Hünten, Franz

hunting; hunting stories

Hurd and Houghton (publishers)

Huysmans, Joris-Karl

Ibsen, Henrik; Ghosts

Iffezheim racecourse

Illustrated Library of Master Authors (book series)

Illustrated London News

Illustration, L’ (newspaper)

Impressionists: exhibitions; reputation, sales and collecting; techniques and methods

incomes and earnings (in the arts); artists; authors; composers; critics and reviewers; musicians; opera directors and performers

Indochina, French campaigns (1858–62)

Inexpensive Entertainment Library (book series)

Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique

intellectual property see copyright and intellectual property

international exhibitions see universal exhibitions

International Literary and Arts Association (ALAI)

International Meridian Conference (1884)

International Telegraphic Union (1865)

International Writers’ Congress (Paris; 1878)

invasion literature

Iradier, Sebastián

Isabella II, Queen of Spain

Islam

Isma’il Pasha, Khedive of Egypt

Italian unification

Ivanov, Alexander

Jaccoud, François-Sigismond

Jacobins

Jacovacci, Vincenzo

James, Henry; on Impressionists; on Pauline Viardot; on Turgenev; The Art of Fiction; The Europeans; The House of Fiction; ‘New England: An Autumn Impression’

Janin, Jules

Jaubert, Caroline

Jędrzejewicz, Ludwika (née Chopin)

Jena

Jersey

Joachim, Joseph

Joanne, Adolphe; guidebooks

Johansen, August

John of Leiden

Joncières, Victorin de

Josephine, Empress of the French

Journal de St.-Pétersbourg

Journal des débats

Journal des théâtres

Jullien, Louis-Antoine

July Revolution (France; 1830)

June Days (Paris; 1848)

Kalergis, Countess Marie

Kant, Immanuel

Karamzin, Nikolai

Karlsbad

Karlsruhe

Karo, Moritz

Katkov, Mikhail

Keats, John

Keller, Gottfried

Kharkov

Kharlamov, Alexei, Plates

Kiev

Kipling, Rudyard

Kishinsky (Spasskoe estate manager)

Klindworth, Karl

Komarov, A. S.

Koni, Anatoly

Königsberg

Königssee (lake)

Kortrijk

Kovalevsky, Maksim

Kovno

Kraevsky, Andrei

Kramskoi, Ivan

Krylov, Ivan

Kuindhzi, Arkhip

Kulturvereine (philanthropic organization)

La Fontaine, Jean de, Fables

La Spezia

Labitzky, Joseph

Lablache, Luigi

Lacroix, Albert

Ladvocat, Pierre-François

Lafitte, Jacques

Lagrené, Madame (Varinka Dubenskaya)

Lahure, Charles

Lalo, Édouard; Symphonie espagnole

Lamartine, Alphonse de

Lamb, Charles and Mary, Tales From Shakespeare

Lambert, Eugenia, Countess

Lanari, Alessandro

Lanskoi, P. P.

Lapierre, Charles

laryngoscope

Las Cases, Emmanuel de

Lavrov, Pyotr

Le Brun, Charles

Le Gray, Gustave

Le Mans

Lecce

Leconte de Lisle, Charles

Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre

Leeds; Town Hall

Lefebvre, Jules

Legros, Alphonse

Leighton, Fredericst Baron

Leipzig; music scene; publishing trade

Lemberg

Léopold I, King of the Belgians

Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern

Lepoitevin, Auguste

Lermontov, Mikhail

Leroux, Pierre

Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole, L’Empire des tsars et les Russes

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim

Lessing, Karl

Letzte Zauberer, Der (operetta; Viardot–Turgenev) see Dernier Sorcier, Le

Levasseur, Auguste

Lever, Charles

Lévy, Michel; Collection Michel Lévy

Lewes, George

libraries, public

Liège

Lille

Lind, Jenny

Lindhagen, Albert

Liphart, Ernst

Lisbon

List, Friedrich, The National System of Political Economy

Liszt, Cosima (later Wagner)

Liszt, Franz: early career; relationship with Marie d’Agoult; touring; ‘Lisztomania’; finances; teacher to Pauline Viardot; campaigns for professional recognition for musicians; organizes Beethoven Festival; at Nohant; at Viardots’ musical soirées; organizes season for Pauline in Budapest; accompanies Pauline at Weimar; support for Russian ‘Mighty Five’; and establishment of canon in concert repertoire; later life; on Rossini’s retirement; on Wagner; on Pauline Viardot’s compositions; Hungarian Rhapsodies; Die Lorelei; Réminiscences de ‘Robert le diable’; Plate

literacy rates

literary classics’ series, publication of

literary periodicals, growth and development of

lithography

Liverpool

Livorno

Ljubljana

London: art market; book trade and publishing; department stores; docks; European visitors’ views on; gentlemen’s clubs; international exhibitions; journalism and jobbing writers; migrant and exile population; museums and galleries; music halls; music scene; photographic studios; pleasure gardens; population totals; railways

London (landmarks & places): Albert Memorial; Argyll Rooms (concert venue); Athenaeum (club); Beaumont Street; Bentinck Street; Berners Street; Bond Street; British Museum; Buckingham Palace; Canterbury Music Hall; Clerkenwell; Covent Garden (opera house); Cremorne Gardens; Crystal Palace; Devonshire Place; Egyptian Hall; Euston Station; Exeter Hall; Fitzrovia; Gaiety Theatre; Garrick Club; Grosvenor House; Hanover Square Rooms (concert venue); Holles Street; Houses of Parliament; King’s Theatre/Her Majesty’s Theatre; Leicester Square; Lyceum Theatre; Marylebone; National Art Training School/Royal College of Art; National Gallery; National Portrait Gallery; Norwood; Oxford Music Hall; Pall Mall (French) Gallery; Piccadilly; Quadrant (Regent Street); Regent’s Park; Ricordi (music shop); Royal Academy of Arts; Royal Academy of Music; Sablonière Hotel; St James Hall (concert hall); St James’s Square; St Pancras Station; Savoy Theatre; Seymour Street; Soho; Surrey Zoological Gardens; Theatre Royal, Drury Lane; Trafalgar Square; University College; Vauxhall Gardens; Victoria and Albert Museum

Longman (publishers)

Lopatin, German

Lorelei myth

Louis XIV, King of France

Louis–Napoleon, Prince-President see Napoleon III

Louis Philippe I, King of the French: as Duc d’Orléans; as King; abdication

Louise of Baden, Princess (later Tsarina Elizabeth Alexeyevna)

Louise of Orléans, Queen consort of the Belgians

Louise of Prussia, Princess, Grand Duchess of Baden

Louveciennes-Voisins

Lower Rhine Music Festivals

Lubbock, Sir John

Lucca, Francesco

Lucerne, Lake

Ludwig II, King of Bavaria

Ludwigsburg

Lully, Jean-Baptiste

Lumbye, Hans-Christian

Lutovinova, Varvara Petrovna (later Turgeneva)

Lvov, Prince V. V.

Lyons

Macaulay, Thomas Babingtonst Baron; History of England

McConnell, Henry

Macdonald, Hugh

Macquet, Auguste

Madrid; book trade and publishing; Cervantes’ house; music scene; Prado; railways; universal exhibition (1845)

Magasin théâtral (journal)

Magdeburg

Mahler, Gustav

Maikov, Apollon

mail delivery

Mainz

Maisons Laffitte

Malaga

Malibran, Eugène

Malibran, Maria (née Garcia): childhood and early life; character and singing voice; career; marriage and relationships; death; sister compared to; portrait of, Plate

Malten, Therese

Manaus, Teatro Amazonas

Manchester; Art Treasures Exhibition (1857); Congress on Artistic and Literary Property (1866)

Manet, Édouard; one-man exhibitions; A Bar at the Folies Bergère; Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe; Portrait of Émile Zola, Plate

Manin, Daniele

Mann, Thomas

Mannheim

Manns, Sir August

Manzoni, Alessandro, The Betrothed

Mapleson, James

Marbach

Marbach-am-Neckar

Marcelin, Émile

Maria Nikolaevna, Grand Duchess of Russia

Marienbad

Markovich, Maria; Folk Tales

Marmier, Xavier

Marseilles

Martin, Josephine

Marville, Charles

Marx, Karl; on Great Exhibition; on railways; on world literature; Communist Manifesto; Grundrisse

Marx-Aveling, Eleanor

Mascagni, Pietro, Cavalleria Rusticana

Massenet, Jules; Le Cid; Marie-Magdaleine

Matema, Amalie

Matisse, Henri

Maupassant, Guy de; and death of Flaubert

Maurice, Charles

Mayhew, Henry, German Life and Manners

Maynard, Walter

Mayr, Simon

Mazzini, Giuseppe

Mechelen

Meck, Nadezhda von

Médan, Zola’s house

Meilhac, Henri

Meissonier, Ernest; The Chess Game

Mendelssohn, Abraham

Mendelssohn, Fanny

Mendelssohn, Felix

Ménestrel, Le (journal)

Menier (chocolate company)

Mérimée, Henri

Mérimée, Prosper; translations; Une année en Russie; Carmen

Meshchersky, Prince Vladimir

Messager des théâtres, Les (newspaper)

Messenger of Europe, The (journal)

metric system

Metternich, Princess Pauline von

Metz

Mexico

Meyer, Liebmann

Meyerbeer, Giacomo; background, early life and character; musical director at Prussian court; style of composition; at Pauline Viardot’s debut concert; director of music at Berlin Opera; first meets Pauline; Louis Viardot acts as agent for; roles for Pauline; begins writing for Paris Opéra; media management; criticisms of and attacks on; committee member of musicians’ union; premieres of Le Prophète; relations with Wagner; at Chopin’s funeral; later career and declining reputation; death and funeral; L’Africaine; Les Huguenots, ; Le Prophète; Robert le diable

Mezin, Antoine

Michelangelo

Michelet, Jules

Mickiewicz, Adam

‘Mighty Five’ (Russian composers)

Milan; opera scene; publishing trade

Millais, Sir John Everett

Millet, Jean-François; The Shepherd

Milnes, Richard Moncktonst Baron Houghton

Miolan, Caroline

Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de

Mirecourt, Eugène de, Fabrique de romans

Mitau

Modena

Molière

Moltke, Helmuth von

Monet, Claude, Plate; The Beach at Trouville; The Harbour at Trouville; Impression, Sunrise

money; George Sand on; Zola on; see also incomes and earnings (in the arts)

Moniteur, Le (journal)

Mons

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Sedondat, Baron de; The Spirit of the Laws

Monteverdi, Claudio

Montevideo

Montpensier, Antoine, Duc de

Moore, George

Moore, Thomas

Moors

Morales, Manuela

Moreau, Gustave

Morisot, Berthe

Morny, Charles, Duc de

Morrell, Jemima, Swiss Journal

Morton, Charles

Moscheles, Ignaz

Moscow: literary life; music scene; railways; tourism

Moscow (landmarks & places): Assembly Hall of Nobility; Dresden Hotel; English Club; Pushkin monument

Moscow Herald (newspaper)

Moscow University

motor cars

Moulin, Henri

Mozart, Leopold

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus: career; finances; popularity and position in concert repertoire; publication of works; Don Giovanni; Requiem

Mtsensk

Müller, Adolf

Munby, Arthur

Mundella Code (Britain; 1880)

Munich; museums and galleries; music scene; railways

Munich University

Münster rebellion (1534–35)

Murer, Eugène

Murger, Henri

Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban

Murray, John

Murray’s Handbooks

Musard, Philippe

Musée pour tous (magazine)

museums and galleries (public); curatorial arrangements; guides to; numbers of visitors

museums, writers’ houses

music halls

music publishing; copyright and intellectual property laws

Musical World, The (journal)

Musset, Alfred de; The Confession of a Child of the Century; ‘The German Rhine’

Musset, Paul de

Mussorgsky, Modest; Boris Godunov; Khovanshchina

Muzio, Emmanuele

Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon)

Naples; music scene; publishing trade; tourism

Napoleon I, Emperor of the French

Napoleon III, Emperor of the French: as Louis-Napoleon, Prince-President; as Emperor; fall of

Napoleonic Wars

Nash, John

Nation, The (journal)

nationalism, and the arts

Naturalism

Nekrasov, Nikolai

Nemours, Prince Louis, Duc de

Nesselrode, Karl

Nestroy, Johann

Netscher, Frans

Neue Zeitschrift für Musik

Neumann, Angelo

New Orleans

New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art

New York Tribune

Newcastle upon Tyne

newspapers: printing and production; advertising revenue; serialization of fiction; music reviews; journalists and jobbing writers

Nibelungen myth

Nice; Théâtre Municipal

Nicholas I, Tsar: repression of 1830 Polish uprising; musical interests; censorship powers; arrest of Turgenev and banning of Sketches from a Hunter’s Album; Crimean War; death

Nietzsche, Friedrich; on European cultural identity; on Hugo’s funeral; Human, All too Human

Nieuwerkerke, Émilien, Comte de

Nobili, Gaetano

Noé, Amédée de (‘Cham’), cartoon

Nogueiras, Mathilde de

Nohant

Nonconformist churches

Norderney

North American Review

Northampton

Northern Bee, The (newspaper)

Nouvelle Revue, La

Novello and Company (music publishers)

Novello, Clara

Novoe Vremia (newspaper)

Nüremberg

Obolensky, Prince Alexander

Odessa

Odoevsky, Prince Vladimir

Offenbach, Jacques; La Belle Hélène; La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein; Lischen et Fritzchen; Orpheus in the Underworld; La Vie parisienne

Ollivier, Émile

OLRS (Society of Lovers of Russian Literature)

Omsk

Opekushin, Alexander, statue of Pushkin

opera: development in Western Europe; business models; publication of scores; establishment of standard repertoire; in Britain; in Russia; in Americas; in Africa and Asia; see also Bellini; Donizetti; Gluck; Meyerbeer; Mozart; Rossini; Verdi; Wagner; Weber

opera houses: design; comportment of audiences

Opéra-Comique (opera company)

operetta; Viardot–Turgenev compositions; see also Offenbach; Sullivan

Orel

Orgeni, Aglaja

Orientalism

Orléans; railways

Orléans, Duc d’ see Ferdinand Philippe, Duc d’Orléans; Louis Philippe I, King of the French

Ornans

Orpheus (mythological figure)

Orsini, Felice

Ostend

Ostrovksy, Alexander

Ostrovskaya, Natalia

Oxford University

Paganini, Niccolò

Paisiello, Giovanni, The Barber of Seville

Palermo; Teatro Massimo

Pall Mall Gazette

Palmerston, Henry Templerd Viscount

Pan-Latinism

Panaeva-Kartseva, Alexandra

Paris (history): July Revolution (1830); February Revolution (1848); June Days (1848); Second Empire; Haussmann’s developments; Franco-Prussian War; Third Republic; Commune (1871)

Paris (cultural life): art market; artists’ studios; ‘Bohemian’ culture; book trade and publishing; cafés and restaurants; department stores; museums and galleries; music scene; opera companies see Opéra-Comique; Paris Opéra; Théâtre Italien; Théâtre Lyrique; photographic studios; pleasure gardens; population totals; prostitution; railways; Russian artistic community; salons and musical soirées; shopping arcades; tourism; universal exhibitions see Exposition Universelle

Paris (landmarks & places): avenue d’Alma; Arc de Triomphe; Basilica of Sainte-Clothilde; Bataclan (theatre); Bibliothèque Mazarine; Brébant’s restaurant; Café Alcazar; Café Eldorado; Café Guerbois; Café Riche; rue de Calais; boulevard des Capucines; Champ de Mars; Champs Élysées; rue Chaptal; Cirque Américain; Cirque d’Hiver; rue de Clichy; place de la Concorde; rue Daru; rue de Douai; École des Beaux Arts; École Niedermeyer; École Normale Supérieure; Eiffel Tower; avenue d’Eylau; Faubourg Saint Honoré; rue Favart; Folies Bergère; Gare du Nord; Gare Saint-Lazare; Grand Orient of France Masonic Lodge; rue de Grenelle; Hôtel Drouot; boulevard des Italiens; Jardin Mabille; Jardin Turc; Jockey Club; Latin Quarter; Louvre; Luxembourg Gardens; place de la Madeleine; Madeleine church; Magny’s restaurant; Marais; Montmartre; rue Murillo; Musée du Luxembourg; Musée Espagnol; square d’Orléans; Palais Bourbon; Palais Garnier; Palais-Royal; Panthéon; Parc Monceau; Passage des Princes; Passy; Pigalle; Pont d’Iéna; rue Richelieu; rue de Rivoli; Russian Reading Room; boulevard Saint Germain; place Saint-Georges; Salle Favart; Salle Le Peletier; Salle Ventadour; Sorbonne; rue Soufflot; boulevard du Temple; Théâtre de la Gaieté; Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin; Théâtre de l’Odéon; Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens; Théâtre du Châtelet; Théâtre du Palais-Royal; Théâtre du Vaudeville; Théâtre Louvois; rue de Tilsitt; Trocadéro Palace; Variety Theatre; rue Volney; place des Vosges

Paris Conservatoire

Paris Opéra

Paris, Orléans, Rouen (vaudeville show)

Paris Peace Conference (1849)

Paris, Treaty of (1856)

Parma

Pascal, Blaise

Pasdeloup, Jules

Paskévitch, Princess Irène

Pasta, Giuditta

Patti, Adelina

Paul de Kock, Charles

Pavlovsk

Paxton, Sir Joseph

Pearl, Cora

Pecqueur, Constantin

Pélissier, Olympe

Péreire, Isaac

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista

Périer, Casimir-Pierre

Perry, Thomas Sergeant

Persiani, Fanny

Peter the Great, Tsar

Peters, Edition (music publishers)

Pet銀fi, Sándor

Petrarch

Petrashevsky Circle

(Russian intellectual discussion group)

Philharmonic Society

phonograph

Photographie Anonyme (photographic studio)

photography: development of; impact and influence; and literature; and painting styles and techniques; as artworks; reproduction of artworks

photogravure

photolithography

piano manufacture and ownership

Picasso, Pablo

Picture Gallery, The (periodical)

Pietsch, Ludwig; drawing

Pillet, Charles

Pillet, Léon

Piloty, Karl von

piracy: in book trade; in music publishing

Pisa

Pissaro, Camille

Pitlochry, Allean House

plein-air painting

Pleyel (piano-makers)

Pleyel, Camille

Plombières

Pohl, Richard

Poitiers

Polish uprisings: (1830–31); (1848)

Polonsky, Yakov

Pomey, Louis

Pompei

Ponchielli, Amilcare, La Gioconda

Ponte, Lorenzo da

Pontoise

popular-music industry, development of; see also operetta portraiture; photographic

postal services see mail delivery

postcards

Potsdam

Poulet-Malassis, Auguste

Pourtalès, Mélanie de

Poussin, Nicolas

Poznán uprising (1848)

Prague; Estates Theatre; German Theatre; National Theatre

Presse, La (newspaper)

printing see book trade, production processes; lithography; newspapers, printing and production Probst, Heinrich

prostitution

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph

Proust, Marcel; À la recherche du temps perdu

Prozor, Count Maurice

Pskov

public libraries

publishing see book trade; literary journals; music publishing; newspapers Puerto Rico

Puget, Loïsa

Punch (magazine)

Pushkin, Alexander; death, funeral and burial; copyright of works; translated editions; commemoration; his ring; Eugene Onegin; The Gypsies; Queen of Spades

Pushkina, Natalia

Pyne-Harrison Opera Company

Raabe, Wilhelm

Rachmaninov, Sergei

Racine, Jean

Railway Marriages (vaudeville show)

railways: development; impact and influence; and music and entertainment business; and book trade; and art market; and tourism

Raleigh, Sir Walter

Ralston, William

Rand, John

Raphael

Ravel, Maurice

realism: in art; in literature

Recio, Marie

Reclam, Anton Philipp

recording machines see phonograph

Red Cross: British; International

Reicha, Anton

Reinhardsbrunn Castle

Rembrandt van Rijn; An Old Man in Military Costume; Slaughtered Ox

Renan, Ernest; Vie de Jésus

Renoir, Auguste, Plate

Repchanskaya, Elena

Repin, Ilia, Plate

Revolutions of 1848

Revue de Paris

Revue des deux mondes

Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris

Revue indépendante (1841–48)

Revue indépendante (1882–)

Revue républicaine

Reyer, Ernest

Reynolds, G. W. M.

Reynolds, Sir Joshua

rheumatic pain, machines for treatment

Rhine, River, tourism

Ribera, Jusepe de

Richard Wagner Theatre (touring company)

Ricordi (music publishers)

Ricordi, Giovanni

Ricordi, Tito

Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich von

Rietz, Julius; Pauline Viardot’s correspondence with

Riga

Rigi, Mount

Rimbaud, Arthur

Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai

Rio de Janeiro

Risorgimento see Italian unification

Rive-de-Gier

Rivières, Georges

Robert, Édouard

Robert Cocks and Co. (music publishers)

Rod, Edouard

Rodin, Auguste; statue of Hugo

Roger, Gustave

Rolland, Romain

romans feuilletons see serialized fiction

Rome; Café Greco; Hotel d’Inghilterra; railways; Teatro Apollo; Teatro Argentine; tourism; Villa Madama; Villa Medici; Villa Pamphili

Ronger, Florimond see Hervé

Roqueplan, Nestor

Rossini, Gioachino: early career; rise to fame; director of Théâtre Italien; finances; publication of works; retirement from opera-writing ; relationship with Olympe Pélissier; treated for gonorrhea; portrait painted by Ary Scheffer; at Viardots’ musical soirées; The Barber of Seville; La Cenerentola; Le Comte Ory; Otello; Semiramide; Soirées musicales; Tancredi; William Tell; Plate

Rothschild, Alphonse de

Rothschild, Baron James de

Rouart, Henri

Rouen; railways

Rougemont

roulette

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: home as tourist attraction; burial and commemoration; La Nouvelle Héloïse

Rousseau, Théodore; Le Givre, Plate

Routledge (publishers); Railway Library series; World Library series

Royal English Opera Company

Royal Society

royalties: for authors; for musicians and composers; see also copyright and intellectual property

Royer, Alphonse

Rozières, Marie de

Rubini, Giovanni

Rubinstein, Anton

Rubinstein, Nikolai

Ruskin, John; on railways and tourism; Mornings in Florence; The Stones of Venice

Russian Archive (journal)

Russian Messenger (journal)

Russian Musical Society

Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)

Ruysdael, Salomon van

Sachs, Hans

St Goarshausen

St Petersburg; book trade and literary life; museums and galleries; music scene; railways; tourism; universal exhibition (1848)

St Petersburg (landmarks & places): Academy of Arts; Alexander Nevsky Monastery; Alexandrine Theatre; Anichkov Palace; Bolshoi Theatre; Conservatory; Demidov Palace; Free Music School; Hermitage; Imperial Theatre; Kuznechny Lane; Mikhailovsky Palace; Nevsky Prospekt; Volkovo Cemetery; Warsaw Station

St Petersburg University

Saint-Saëns, Camille; on Pauline Viardot; ‘El desdichado’; Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso; Samson and Delilah

Saint-Simonian movement

Sainte-Beuve, Charles

Salaev (publishers)

Salon (Paris)

Salon des Refusés

Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail

Samarin, Yury

San Sebastian

Sand, George: appearance and dress; finances and attitude to money; opera-going and music interests; politics; relationship with Alfred de Musset; relationship with Chopin; house at Nohant; friend and adviser to Pauline Viardot; and Pauline’s marriage; serialized publications; Russian translations; influence on Turgenev’s writing; rupture with Chopin; during Revolutions of 1848; death of Chopin; on publication of Turgenev’s Sketches from a Hunter’s Album; support for Flaubert in negotiations with publishers; portraits of; meets Dickens at Viardots’ soirées; on Pauline’s role in Orphée; during Franco-Prussian War; later life; death and funeral; as part of literary canon; Consuelo; The Countess of Rudolstadt; Jeanne; ‘Letters to the People’; La Mare au diable; La Petite Fadette; The Story of My Life; Plate

Sand, Maurice

Sarasate, Pablo

Satchel Guides (guidebooks)

Savina, Maria

Saxe, Adolphe

Schaffhausen Falls

Scharf, Sir George

Scheffer, Ary; and Barbizon group; Paris studio; portrait of Dickens; portrait of Rossini; portraits of Pauline Viardot, Plate; reproductions; Christus Consolator; Faust and Marguerite in the Garden; Francesca da Rimini

Scheffer, Cornélie

Scheveningen

Schiller, Friedrich; commemoration

Schlesinger, Adolf

Schlesinger, Élisa

Schlesinger, Maurice

Schmidt, Julian

Schmitz, Oscar, The Land Without Music

Schneider, Hortense

Schoelcher, Victor

Schoen-René, Anna Eugénie

schooling, state

Schopenhauer, Arthur, The World as Will and Representation

Schorn, Adelheid von

Schubert, Franz; Lieder

Schumann, Clara (née

Wieck); concerts and recitals; compositions; relations with Pauline Viardot; at Baden-Baden; during Franco-Prussian War; visits England

Schumann, Eugenie

Schumann, Robert; chamber works; finances; publication of Neue Zeitschrift für Musik; reviews; touring; views on commercial music; Carnaval; ‘Frühlingsnacht’; Das Paradies und die Peri

Schuppanzigh, Ignaz

Scott, Sir Walter; centenary celebrations

Scriabin, Alexander

Scribe, Eugène; librettist for Meyerbeer

Second International

Sedan, battle of (1870)

Sedelmeyer, Charles

Segond, Paul

Semenov, V. P.

Semmering

Semper, Gottfried

Seneca

Sensier, Alfred

serfdom; abolition

serialized fiction

Sert, Misia

Sevastopol, siege of

(1854–55)

Severini, Carlo

Seville

Shakespeare, William; birthplace; commemoration; translated editions; children’s editions

Shanghai

Sheepshanks, Joseph

sheet music see music publishing

Sheffield

Shelley, Mary, Frankenstein

Shelley, Percy Bysshe

Shevchenko, Taras

Shvarts, Anna

Siècle, Le (newspaper)

Siems, Margarethe

Silcher, Friedrich, Die Lorelei

Simms and McIntyre

(publishers)

Simon, Jules

singing clubs and choirs

Sinzig

Sisley, Alfred

Sketches from a Hunter’s Album (Turgenev): writing of; style and literary influences; publication; censorship; commercial success; impact and importance; translations and new editions

Slovo (journal)

Smetana, Bedřich; The Bartered Bride

Smith, William Henry

Smith and Elder (publishers)

Smolensk

Società Promotrice delle Biblioteche Popolari

Société des Auteurs et Compositeurs Dramatiques

Société des Concerts du Conservatoire

Société des Gens de Lettres

Société Franklin

Société Nationale de Musique

Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (OLRS)

Society for the Mutual Aid and Patronage of Russian Artists in Paris

Sologub, Vladimir, Bouquets

Solothurn

Sonzogno, Edoardo

Sophie of the Netherlands, Princess, Grand Duchess consort of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Sophie of Württemberg, Queen consort of the Netherlands

Sorbonne University

Soufflot, Jean-Jacques

Soult, Jean-de-Dieu

Soyer, Alexis

spa resorts; see also Baden-Baden

Spanish Inquisition

Spasskoe; Turgenev family estates

Spengler, Oswald, The Decline of the West

Spontini, Gaspare

stagecoaches

standards, international agreements on

Stanford, Sir Charles

Stangen, Carl

Stasiulevich, Mikhail: publisher of The Messenger of Europe; Turgenev acts as agent for; publication of Flaubert and Zola; ‘Russian Library’ series; and Turgenev’s final illness and death

Stasov, Vladimir

Statue of Liberty

steamships and steamboats

Stella, Jacques

Stendhal; Life of Rossini; Mémoires d’un touriste

Sterling, Antoinette

Stettin

Steuben, Bruno

Stevens, Alfred

Stillman, Marie Spartali

Stirling, Jane

Stockhausen, Julius

Stockholm

Stolz, Rosine

Stolzenfels Castle

Storm, Theodor

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Strasbourg

Stratford-on-Avon

Strauss, Anna

Strauss, Eduard

Strauss, Johann I

Strauss, Johann II; ‘Blue Danube’

Strauss, Josef

Strauss, Richard

Stravinsky, Igor

Strindberg, August

Stuttgart

‘style hongrois’ (in music)

Sue, Eugène; Le Juif errant; Mathilde; Les Mystères de Paris

Suez Canal

Sukhotina, Kleopatra

Sullivan, Sir Arthur; Cox and Box; ‘The Lost Chord’; Thespis

Sundays, in England

Suvorin, Aleksei

Svyatogorsk Monastery

Swinburne, Algernon

Szymanowski, Wacław

Taillandier, Saint-René

Taine, Hippolyte

Talfourd, Sir Thomas

Tallandier, René

Taneyev, Sergei

Tatars

Tauchnitz, Bernard

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich

Tcherepnin, Nikolai, Le Pavillon d’Armide

telegraph

telephone

Temple, Félix du

Temps, Le (journal)

Tenisheva, Princess Maria Klavdievna

Tennyson, Alfredst Baron

Terni Falls

Thackeray, William Makepeace

Thalberg, Sigismond

Théâtre Italien (opera company)

Théâtre Lyrique (opera company)

Thérésa (Emma Valldon)

Thiers, Adolphe

Thomas, Ambroise

Thomas Cook and Son

(travel agency)

Thomson, George

Thoré, Théophile

Three Choirs Festival

Thun, Lake

Time (Russian journal)

time, standardization of

Times, The (newspaper)

Tissot, James, Plate

Tiutchev, N. N.

Tobolsk

Tolstoy, Aleksei; Prince Serebrenni; The Two Hussars

Tolstoy, Leo: early life; military service during Crimean War; relations with and views on Turgenev; translated editions; international reputation; later life; publication in literary classics’ series; Childhood, Boyhood and Youth; The Cossacks; Sevastopol Sketches; War and Peace

Tolstoy, Maria

Tolstoy, Nikolai

Tommaseo, Niccolò

Toporov, Alexander

Toulon

Tour du Monde, Le (magazine)

Tourgueneff, Pierre-Nicolas

tourism: British tourists in Europe; cultural sites; day-trippers; and European identity; impact of railways; reactions to and criticism of; see also Grand Tour; guidebooks; spa resorts; travel agencies; travel writing

Tours

translations, literary

travel agencies

travel guides see guidebooks

travel writing

Tretiakov, Pavel

Tribschen

Trieste

Trinity College, Cambridge

Tristan, Flora, Promenades dans Londres

Trollope, Anthony; Travelling Sketches

Troubat, Jules

Trouville

Troyon, Constant

Tsarskoe Selo

Tsvetkov, Ivan

tube paints, invention of

Turgenev, Ivan: family background; childhood; education and early life; works as civil servant; beginnings of literary career; meets the Viardots; falls in love with Pauline; resigns civil service post and travels in Europe; growing relationship with Pauline; follows Viardots to Germany and London; settles in Paris; stays in Viardots’ château at Courtavenel; writing of Sketches from a Hunter’s Album; during Revolutions of 1848; and Pauline’s premieres in Le Prophète; at Chopin’s funeral; reaction to Pauline’s relationship with Charles Gounod; returns to Russia; learns of illegitimate daughter; daughter’s upbringing; death of mother; publication of Sketches; arrested following publication of Gogol obituary; imprisonment; under house arrest at Spasskoe; secret rendez-vous with Pauline in Moscow; release from house arrest; returns to St Petersburg; during Crimean War; meets Tolstoy; relationship with Tolstoy’s sister; returns to Europe following end of war; resumption of relationship with Pauline; life in Paris; as possible father of Pauline’s fourth child; break in relations with Pauline; travelling (1857–61); writing of Home of the Gentry, On the Eve and Fathers and Sons; resumption of relationship with Pauline; publication of Fathers and Sons; moves to Baden-Baden with Viardots; life at Baden; short visits from Baden to Russia; musical collaborations with Pauline; trips from Baden to Paris; meets Flaubert and Magny’s circle of literary friends; visits 1867 Exposition Universelle; relations with Flaubert; acts as intermediary between Russian and European cultural scenes; relations with Dostoevsky; writing and publication of Smoke; winters in Karlsruhe; encounters with Wagner; three months in Weimar; during Franco-Prussian War; leaves Baden for England with Viardots; life in London; literary connections in Britain; writing of Spring Torrents; leaves Britain, travels to Baden and sells property; returns to Paris with Viardots; life in Paris; under police surveillance; premature ageing; continued role as intermediary for Russian artists; advises on libretto for Bizet’s Carmen; short visits from Paris to Russia; buys house at Bougival with Viardots; death of George Sand; publication of Virgin Soil; forced to sell art collection; further promotion of European writers in Russia; continuing role as ambassador for Russian literature in Europe; delegate at International Writers’ Congress (1878); planned project for ‘Gallery of European Writers’; visits Russia following brother’s death; renegotiation of contract for collected works; relationship with Maria Savina; five-month stay in Russia (1880); at Pushkin commemoration celebrations; reaction to death of Flaubert; appointment of literary executor and drafting of will; declining health; death of Louis Viardot; arranges publication of posthumous edition of works; final days; death; funeral and burial; settlement of estate; posthumous reputation; Plates

Character & characteristics: appearance; art collecting; biographies; business sense; chess-playing; conversationalist; cosmopolitanism; dress; finances; fun-loving; honours and awards; hunting; ill-health; language skills; literary influences; party tricks; pessimism; photographic interests; politics; portraits; pseudonyms; public speaking; relations with women; religious views; reputation and influence; speaking voice

Writings: Asya; collected works editions; The Diary of a Superfluous Man; ‘The End of Chertopkhanov’; ‘Enough (Fragment from the Notebook of a Dead Artist)’; Fathers and Sons; Faust; Un Fin; First Love; ‘A Game of Croquet at Windsor’; Home of the Gentry; ‘A King Lear of the Steppes’; ‘Letters from the Franco-Prussian War’; in literary classics’ series; Literary Reminiscences; A Month in the Country; On the Eve; opera articles; operetta libretti; Parasha; ‘Phantoms’; Poems in Prose; poetry; prefaces; ‘A Priest’s Son’; published correspondence; Pushkin pamphlet; reviews; Rudin; Sketches from a Hunter’s Album see under Sketches; Smoke; ‘The Song of Triumphant Love’; Spring Torrents; ‘A Strange Story’; translated editions of IT’s works; translations by IT; travel articles; Virgin Soil; ‘When I am No More’

Turgenev, Nikolai (Ivan’s brother); death

Turgenev, Nikolai (Ivan’s uncle)

Turgenev, Nikolai (leader of 1825 Decembrist uprising)

Turgenev, Paulinette (later Bruère): birth; childhood and upbringing; early adulthood; relations with father; marriage; leaves husband and flees to Switzerland; death of father; returns to marriage; and father’s will

Turgenev, Sergei Nikolaevich

Turgenev, Varvara Petrovna see Lutovinova, Varvara Petrovna

Turgenevo (estate)

Turner, J. M. W.

Twain, Mark; Innocents Abroad

Uhland, Ludwig

Ulbach, Louis

Union for the Metric System (1875)

unions, musicians’

United States of Europe, plans for

Universal Copyright Convention (Geneva; 1952)

universal exhibitions; Great Exhibition (London; 1851); Exposition Universelle (Paris; 1855); International Exhibition (London; 1862); Exposition Universelle (Paris; 1867); Vienna World’s Fair (1873); Exposition Universelle (Paris; 1878); Exposition Universelle (Paris; 1889); Exposition Universelle (Paris; 1900)

Universal Novel Library (book series)

Universal Postal Union (1875)

Universal-Bibliothek (book series)

University College London

Valenciennes, Pierre-Henri de

Valéry, Paul, ‘The Crisis of the Mind’

Valladon, Emma see Thérésa

Vallès, Jules

Van der Neer, Aert

Van Dyck, Sir Anthony

Van Gogh, Vincent

vaudeville

VBBB (Dutch book trade organization)

Velázquez, Diego

Venice; Republic of San Marco (1848–49); Teatro La Fenice; tourism

Ventnor

Verdi, Giuseppe: finances; publication of works; employment of assistants; on modern opera productions; Turgenev’s views on; censorship of works; court case against Théâtre Italien; in London; death, funeral and posthumous reputation; Aida; Attila; La battaglia de Legnano; I corsaro; Don Carlos; I due Foscari; Ernani; Giovanna d’Arco; Jérusalem; I Lombardi; Macbeth; I masnadieri; Nabucco; Oberto; Rigoletto; Simon Boccanegra; Stiffelio; La Traviata; Il Trovatore

Vereeniging voor Volksbibliotheken (philanthropic organization)

Verein für Förderung der Volksbildung (philanthropic organization)

Vereshchagin, Vasily

Verga, Giovanni

Verlat, Charles

Vermeer, Johannes

Verne, Jules

Vernet, Horace

Vernon, Robert

Véron, Louis-Désiré: background and early life; director of Paris Opéra; editor of Le Constitutionnel; Mémoires d’un bourgeois de Paris

Verona, Congress of (1822)

Versailles

Verzhbolovo

Viardot, Claudie: birth; childhood and teenage years; art education; relations with Turgenev; dowry and marriage; dedicatee of Fauré and Saint-Saens works; Turgenev’s death and funeral, Plate; inheritance from Turgenev; Plate

Viardot, Léon

Viardot, Louis: family background; birth; early life and career; director of Théâtre Italien; meets Pauline Garcia; brings Pauline to Théâtre Italien; marriage to Pauline; honeymoon; resigns from Théâtre Italien; early married life in Paris; works as Pauline’s business manager; Pauline’s Russian debut season; life in St Petersburg; meets Turgenev; second and third seasons in Russia; and Pauline’s relationship with Turgenev; returns to Berlin; buys château at Courtavenel; during Revolutions of 1848; declines to be considered for role as Paris Opéra director; moves to new house on rue de Douai; and Pauline’s relationship with Charles Gounod; and Turgenev’s decision to return to Russia; on death of Gogol; under surveillance following Louis-Napoleon’s coup d’état; during Pauline’s 1853 Russian tour; weekly musical soirées at Paris home; recommends doctor to Turgenev; and question of paternity of fourth child; remains in Paris during Pauline’s 1857–59 tours; at Pauline’s performance of Orphée; and resumption of Pauline’s relationship with Turgenev; moves to Baden-Baden following Pauline’s retirement from Paris stage; life at Baden; writing of Espagne et les beaux-arts and Apologie d’un incrédule; and Pauline’s compositions; winters in Karlsruhe; three months in Weimar; during Franco-Prussian War; forced to leave Baden; travels to England; life in London; leaves London, travels to Baden and sells property; returns to Paris; life in Paris; renewed police surveillance; unsuccessful candidate in municipal elections; resumption of salon and musical soirées; advises Turgenev on art collection and finances; buys house at Bougival; death of George Sand; member of organizing committee for Voltaire and Rousseau centenaries; death, funeral and burial; Plates

Character & characteristics: appearance; art collecting; atheism; business acumen; finances; hunting; ill-health; internationalism; opera-lover; politics; portraits and caricatures; seriousness; Spanish interests; temperament; values

Writings & translations:; Apologie d’un incrédule; Don Quixote; Espagne et les beaux-arts; L’Essai sur l’histoire des Arabes et des Mores d’Europe; Galerie Aguado; Lettres d’un Espagnol; Les Merveilles de la peinture; Les Merveilles de la sculpture; museum guides; Nouvelles russes; Souvenirs de chasse; ‘Une nuit du Pâques au Kremlin du Moscou’

Viardot, Louise: birth; childhood; teenage years; marriage; death of Turgenev; inheritance from Turgenev; death of mother; on Turgenev

Viardot, Marianne, Plate

Viardot, Paul: paternity; birth; childhood, ; education; in London; dedicatee of Fauré sonata; death of Turgenev; inheritance from Turgenev

Viardot, Pauline (née Garcia): family background; birth; childhood and early life; musical education; takes up singing; debut concerts; opera debut; meets Louis Viardot; contract with Théâtre Italien; Paris debut; friendship with George Sand; marriage to Louis; honeymoon; early married life in Paris; career in Paris blocked; 1841–43 foreign tours; birth of first child; Russian debut season; life in St Petersburg; meets Turgenev; second and third seasons in Russia; growing relationship with Turgenev; returns to Berlin; performs at gala concert for Queen Victoria; first Grand Opera roles in Berlin; two-month contract at Covent Garden; declines role for Schumanns; buys château at Courtavenel; 1847 German tour; performs arrangement of Chopin’s Mazurkas in London; during Revolutions of 1848; composes ‘The Young Republic’ cantata; 1848 and 1849 Covent Garden seasons; moves to new house on rue de Douai; premieres of Meyerbeer’s Le Prophète; performs at Chopin’s funeral; meets Charles Gounod; relationship with Gounod; and Turgenev’s decision to return to Russia; and Turgenev’s illegitimate daughter’s upbringing; 1850 and 1851 Covent Garden seasons; premieres of Gounod’s Sapho; visits Great Exhibition in London; dedicatee of Turgenev’s Sketches from a Hunter’s Album; birth of second child; breaking of relations with Gounod; 1853 Russian tour; secret rendez-vous with Turgenev in Moscow; 1856 London season; resumption of relationship with Turgenev following his release from house arrest; weekly musical soirées at Paris home; pregnancy and birth of fourth child; break in relations with Turgenev; touring (1857–59); roles in Gluck’s Orphée and Alceste; relations with Berlioz; declining singing voice; resumption of relationship with Turgenev; retirement from Paris stage; moves to Baden-Baden; life at Baden; teaching in Baden; publication of L’École classique du chant; musical collaborations with Turgenev; trips from Baden to Paris; winters in Karlsruhe; relations with Wagner; three months in Weimar; last major public performances; during Franco-Prussian War; forced to leave Baden; travels to England; life in London; teaching and performing in England; leaves London, travels to Baden and sells property; returns to Paris; life in Paris; teaching in Paris; under police surveillance; resumption of salon and musical soirées; sings at private concerts in Paris; public piano recitals in Paris; buys house at Bougival; death of George Sand; relationship with Turgenev in later years; and Turgenev’s final illness; resented by Turgenev’s friends and admirers; death of husband; Turgenev’s final days; death of Turgenev; remains in Paris during Turgenev’s burial in Russia; inheritance from Turgenev; later life; death; funeral and burial; Plates

Character & characteristics: acting style; ambition; ‘ancient’ music interests; appearance; business acumen; compositions and arrangements; finances; fun-loving; independence; lack of confidence in composing; language skills; likenesses; literary portrayals; mercenary reputation; motherhood; piano-playing; relations with men; religious views; resilience; Russian music interests; showmanship; singing voice; Spanish music interests; stoicism; teaching abilities; versatility; writings and publications

Vichy

Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy

Victoria, Queen

Vie moderne, La (journal)

Viedert, August von

Vienna: art market; book trade and publishing; international exhibitions; museums and galleries; music scene; railways; Revolution of 1848

Vienna (landmarks & places): Kärntnertortheater; Kunsthistorische Museum; Künstlerhaus; Philharmonic Hall; Ringstrasse; Ringstrasse Theatre; Sperl dance hall; Theater an der Wien; Volksgarten

Vienna, Congress of (1815)

Vienna Opera

Vieuxtemps, Henri

Vigny, Alfred de

Villemessant, Hippolyte de

Vilnius

Vodnik, Valentin

Vogüé, Eugène-Melchior, Vicomte de, Le Roman russe

Volney, Constantin François de Chassebœuf, Comte de

Voltaire; château at Ferney; death, burial and commemoration

Vorwärts (journal)

Vrevskaia, Baroness Julia

Vvedensky, Irinakh

Vyazemsky, Prince Pyotr

Waagen, Gustav

Wagner, Richard: career; patronage; politics and beliefs; importance and influence; development of canon; Bayreuth; relations with Meyerbeer; relations with Berlioz; relations with Viardots and Turgenev; views on Offenbach; ‘The Artwork of the Future’; The Flying Dutchman; ‘German Art and German Politics’; ‘Jewishness in Music’ ; Lohengrin; Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg; ‘The Music of the Future’; Opera and Drama; Parsifal; Rienzi; Der Ring des Nibelungen; Tannhäuser; Tristan and Isolde; ‘What is German?’

Wallace, Sir Donald Mackenzie, Russia

Wallace, Vincent: The Desert Flower; Maritana

waltzes

Wanderers (Russian artists’ group)

Warsaw: music scene; population totals; railways

Warsaw Courier

Waterloo, battlefield site

Watt, A. P.

Weber, Carl Maria von, Der Freischütz

Weimar; Art School; Court Theatre; Schiller House Museum

Wellington, Arthur Wellesleyst Duke of; statues of

Westmacott, Sir Richard

Wey, Francis

W. H. Smith (booksellers)

Whistler, James McNeill

Whitman, Walt

Wieck, Clara see

Schumann, Clara Wieck, Friedrich

Wielhorski, Count Michał

Wiesbaden

Wilhelm I, King of Prussia (later

German Emperor)

Willem I, King of the Netherlands

Willert Beale Opera Company

Winsor & Newton (artists’ materials company)

Wiszniewski, Michal

Wolfsohn, Wilhelm

Wolverhampton

women composers

Woodbury, Walter; Woodburytype reproductions

Wordsworth, William; ‘Wordsworth Country’

world’s fairs see universal exhibitions

Wouwerman, Philips

Woyciechowski, Tytus

Zagreb

Zhemchuzhnikov, Nikolai

Zhukovsky, Pavel

Zhukovsky, Vasily

Zimmermann, Anna

Zinoviev, P. V.

Zlata Library (book series)

Zola, Émile: career and finances; translated editions and international reputation; relations with Turgenev; and death of Flaubert; at Turgenev’s farewell service; burial in Panthéon; as part of literary canon; on Exposition Universelle; on Flaubert; on George Sand; on Hugo; on money; on painting; La Confession de Claude; Germinal; Money; ‘Money in Literature’; ‘Nos peintres au Champ-de-Mars’; Rougon-Macquart series; Tales for Ninon; Thérèse Raquin

Zurbarán, Francisco de

Zweig, Stefan