13. THE IDEOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE
1. A. Platonov, Vprok, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.ru/read/platonov_andrey/vprok.html#133120.
2. Il’ia Zbarskii, Ob’’ekt No. 1 (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 98–99.
3. The pioneering work on the subject is Sheila Fitzpatrick, ed., Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928–1931 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978).
4. Susan Gross Solomon, The Soviet Agrarian Debate: A Controversy in Social Science, 1923–1929 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1977), 148–70; Terry Cox, Peasants, Class, and Capitalism: The Rural Research of L. N. Kritsman and His School (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 201–19; E. A. Tonchu, “Sol’ zemli,” in Ekonomicheskoe nasledie Chaianova (Moscow: Izdatel’skii dom Tonchu, 2006), 658–59; I. V. Stalin, “K voprosam agrarnoi politiki v SSSR. Rech’ na Konferentsii agrarnikov-marksistov,” in Sochineniia, vol. 12, Marxists Internet Archive Library, https://www.marxists.org/russkij/stalin/t12/t12_10.htm; ARAN, f. 528, op. 4, d. 10, l. 3.
5. Tonchu, “Sol’ zemli,” 659; A. V. Chaianov, Puteshestvie moego brata, Klassika, http://az.lib.ru/c/chajanow_a_w/text_0020.shtml; V. Goncharov and V. Nekhotin, comps., Prosim osvobodit’ iz tiuremnogo zakliucheniia: Pis’ma v zashchitu repressirovannykh (Moscow: Sovremennyi pisatel’, 1998), 176–77; Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, 1925–1936 gg.: Sbornik dokumentov (Moscow: Rossiia molodaia, 1995), 211, 224.
6. ARAN, f. 528, op. 4, d. 86, ll. 2–5, 14.
7. L. Averbakh, “O tselostnykh masshtabakh i chastnykh Makarakh,” in N. V. Kornienko and E. D. Shubina, eds., Andrei Platonov: Vospominaniia sovremennikov; Materialy k biografii (Moscow: Sovremennyi pisatel’, 1994), 258.
8. Ibid., 265.
9. Vospominaniia sovremennikov ob A. S. Serafimoviche (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1977), 188–89.
10. A. Artizov and Oleg Naumov, eds., Vlast’ i khudozhestvennaia intelligentsiia (Moscow: Fond “Demokratiia,” 1999), 196; G. V. Zhirkov, Istoriia tsenzury v Rossii XIX–XX vv. (Moscow: Aspekt Press, 2001), 314–15.
11. Ivan Gronskii, Iz proshlogo (Moscow: Izvetiia, 1991), 153.
12. Ibid., 146; Brian Evan Kassof, “The Knowledge Front: Politics, Ideology, and Economics in the Soviet Book Publishing Industry, 1925–1935” (PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2000), 461–506; L. Gronskaia, Nabroski po pamiati (Moscow: Flinta, 2004), 55.
13. TsAOPIM, f. 78, op. 1a, d. 176, ll. 55, 50, 51.
14. Ibid., l. 49.
15. Ibid., ll. 62, 67–68.
16. Ibid., ll. 65, 74–77ob.
17. Ibid., ll. 77–77ob. See also Varlam Shalamov, “Aleksandr Konstantonovich Voronskii,” in Sobranie sochinenii, 4:577–87, Shalamov.ru, http://shalamov.ru/library/32/4.html.
18. AGTsTM, f. 454, d. 512, l. 12; d. 90, l. 1.
19. Mikhail Romm, Ia boleiu za “Spartak” (Alma-Ata: Zhazushi, 1965); RGALI, f. 656, op.1. d. 2505, l. 3.
20. AGTsTM, f. 454, d. 512, ll. 12–38; M. Romm, Chempion mira: Rezhisserskii kommentarii F. N. Kaverina (Moscow: GIKhL, 1933), 95–104.
21. AGTsTM, f. 454, d. 158, ll. 1–2; AGTsTM, f. 454, d. 90, l. 1.
22. AGTsTM, f. 454, d. 448, ll. 1–2.
23. Aleksandr Kron, Vechnaia problema (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1969), 266–68. See also B. G. Golubovskii, Bol’shie malen’kie teatry (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo imeni Sabashnikovykh, 1998), 106.
24. Oleg Khlevniuk, Khoziain: Stalin i utverzhdenie stalinskoi diktatury (Moscow: Rosspen, 2010), 183.
25. XVII s”ezd Vsesoiuznoi kommunisticheskoi partii (b): Stenografocheskii otchet (Moscow: Partizdat, 1934), 261.
26. Ibid., 252.
27. Ibid., 67, 351.
28. Ibid., 516.
29. Ibid., 237–38.
30. Ibid., 238.
31. Ibid., 212.
32. Ibid., 125, 496.
33. On the Stalin cult, see Jan Plamper, The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012). See also Sarah Davies and James Harris, Stalin’s World: Dictating the Soviet Order (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), 133–82.
34. XVII s’’ezd Vsesoiuznoi kommunisticheskoi partii, 250, 209, 129.
35. Ibid., 238–39.
36. Ibid., 239, 245.
37. Ibid., 627.
38. Ibid., 500, 253.
39. Izvestiia, April 24, 1931, 2. See also Grigorii Besedovskii, Na putiakh k Termidoru (Moscow: Sovremennik, 1997), 338–44.
40. XVII s’’ezd Vsesoiuznoi kommunisticheskoi partii, 501, 252–53.
41. Artizov and Naumov, Vlast’ i khudozhestvennaia intelligentsiia, 175, 184, 190–91, 214; Gronskii, Iz proshlogo, 16–154 and passim; Gronskaia, Nabroski po pamiati, 14–57 and passim.
42. Pavel Vasil’ev, materialy i issledovaniia: Sbornik statei (Omsk: OmGU, 2002), 66–67; Gronsky, Iz proshlogo, 149, 234; Gronskaia, Nabroski po pamiati, 42–57; K. Zelinskii, “Odna vstrecha u Gor’kogo (Zapis’ iz dnevnika),” Voprosy literatury (May 1991): 153.
43. Gronsky, Iz proshlogo, 153–54; Zelinskii, “Odna vstrecha,” 167.
44. Pervyi vsesoiuznyi s”ezd sovetskikh pisatelei 1934: Stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1990: reprint of the 1934 Khudozhestvennaia literatura edition), 2, 210–11, 279, 151–53.
45. Ibid., 152–53. On Leonov, see Zakhar Prilepin, Leonid Leonov (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2010), 11–271.
46. Pervyi vsesoiuznyi, 153.
47. Ibid., 279.
48. Ibid., 280.
49. Ibid., 501–2.
50. Ibid., 502.
51. Ibid., 20, 233, 152, 142. Foma Gordeev is the main character in the eponymous novel by Gorky; Raphael de Valentin is a character from Balzac’s La peau de chagrin.
52. Pervyi vsesoiuznyi, 185.
53. Ibid., 498, 502; Gronskii, Iz proshlogo, 141.
54. Pervyi vsesoiuznyi, 498, 306; Zelinskii, “Odna vstrecha,” 165. On Shakespeare in the 1930s, see Arkady Ostrovsky, “Shakespeare as a Founding Father of Socialist Realism: The Soviet Affair with Shakespeare,” in Irena K. Makaryk and Joseph G. Price, eds., Shakespeare in the Worlds of Communism and Socialism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), 56–83. On the Russian classics, see David Brandenberger, National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931–1956 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 63–112; and David Brandenberger and Kevin M. F. Platt, eds., Epic Revisionism: Russian History and Literature as Stalinist Propaganda (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006).
55. A. Lunacharskii, “Arkhitekturnoe oformlenie sotsialisticheskikh gorodov,” in Goroda sotsializma i sotsialisticheskaia rekonstruktsiia byta: Sbornik statei (Moscow: Rabotnik prosveshcheniia, 1930), 67–68; Dvorets sovetov: Vsesoiuznyi konkurs 1932 g. (Moscow: Vsekokhudozhnik, 1933), 103. The final quotation is the last line of Faust.
14. THE NEW LIFE
1. XVII s’’ezd Vsesoiuznoi kommunisticheskoi partii (b): Stenografocheskii otchet (Moscow: Partizdat, 1934), 252.
2. RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1429, ll. 77–90.
3. GARF, f. 3316, op. 43, d. 1190, l. 112; f. 9542, op. 7, d. 34, l. 111; f. 3316, op. 28, d. 590, l. 17.
4. GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 14, ll. 6–7. See also d. 13, ll. 46, 69; and op. 1, d. 28, ll. 132, 141.
5. AMDNN, “Lakhuti” file; G. G. Lakhuti, interview with author, September 14, 1998; GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 27, l. 164; GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 28, ll. 132, 141; L. V. Maksimenkov, ed., Bol’shaia tsenzura: Pisateli i zhurnalisty v strane Sovetov 1917–1956 (Moscow: Fond “Demokratiia,” izdatel’stvo “Materik,” 2005), docs. 271, 272, 302; Abul’gasem Lakhuti, Dva ordena (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1936), 7.
6. According to a 1938 report, 257 apartments out of 420 included in the report belonged, or used to belong, to nomenklatura members. Forty-three apartments (not included in 257) were occupied by personal pensioners. See GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 14, l. 6.
7. RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1346, ll. 2–4ob., 71, 82, 85, 89, 91–92, 99, 103, 115, 118–20ob., 122, 132, 143–52.
8. Ibid., ll. 93–94 ob.
9. RGVA, f. 37461, op. 1, d. 129, ll. 4, 8 ob.; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; K. Zelinskii, “Odna vstrecha u Gor’kogo (Zapis’ iz dnevnika),” Voprosy literatury (May 1991): 168; Pavel Postyshev: Vospominaniia, vystupleniia, pis’ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1987), 52.
10. Yuri Slezkine, The Jewish Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 275–86 and passim. The 1935 apartment register lists 506 leaseholders, 116 of them Jews “by nationality.” On ethnic contingents within the Soviet elite, see Liliana Riga, The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). On Latvians among Soviet military and state security officials, see Ēriks Jēkabsons, “Latyshi v rukovodstve krasnoi armii i Narodnogo komissariata vnutrennikh del SSSR,” in A. A. Komarov, ed., Baltiiskoe sosedstvo: Rossiia, Shvetsiia, strany Baltii na fone epokh i sobytii XIX–XXI vv. (Moscow: Lenand, 2014), 105–47. I am grateful to the author for a helpful consultation.
11. Ol’ga Aroseva, Bez grima (Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 1999), 21–22; O. A. Aroseva, interview with author, January 15, 1998; Boris Efimov, interview with author, October 16, 1997; S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998; V. E. Yusim, interview with author, December 5, 1998; Z. A. Khatskevich, interview with author, September 4, 1998; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; V. N. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998; V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, December 10, 1998; V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997.
12. O. A. Aroseva, interview with author, January 15, 1998; V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997; S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; S. A. Khalatova, interview with author, September 6, 1998; V. A. Ozerskii, interview with author, June 26, 1999.
13. K. P. Politkovskaia (Allilueva), interview with author, April 1, 1998; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; Vladimir Alliluev, Khronika odnoi sem’i (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2002), 100–101; Aroseva, Bez grima, 22; I. K. Gronsky, interview with author, October 9, 1998; Ivan Gronskii, Iz proshlogo (Moscow: Izvestiia, 1991), 141; S. A. Khalatova, interview with author, September 6, 1998; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; M. R. Peterson, “O nas,” l. 1, in AMDNN, “Peterson” file; Yuri Trifonov, The Disappearance, trans. David Lowe (Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis, 1991), 17; cf. Iurii Trifonov, Ischeznovenie, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.ru/read/trifonov_yuriy/ischeznovenie.html#0.
14. E. R. Kisis, “Pis’mo v muzei,” 3–4, in AMDNN, “Kisis” file.
15. M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997.
16. S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998; R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998; N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; N. A. Iur’eva interview with author, August 21, 1998; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; G. S. Ronina, interview with author, October 1, 1997; L. N. Shaburov, interview with author, September 25, 1997; S. A. Khalatova, interview with author, September 6, 1998; E. B. Levina, interview with author, September 27, 1998; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; Z. A. Khatskevich, interview with author, September 4, 1998; V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997; I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; V. E. Iusim, interview with author, December 5, 1998; V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, December 10, 1998; M. A. Tsiurupa, interview with author, January 8, 1998.
17. O. N. Podvoiskaia, interview with author, February 27, 1998; Peterson, “O nas,” ll. 22; S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998; R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997.
18. Z. M. Tuchina, interview with author, September 8, 1998.
19. L. A. Kozlova (Bogacheva), interview with author, September 24, 1997.
20. Peterson, “O nas,” ll. 22–23; Z. M. Tuchina, interview with author, September 8, 1998; Z. A. Khatskevich, interview with author, September 4, 1998; T. M. Rybakova (Belen’kaia), interview with author, October 1, 1997; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; Kira Allilueva, Plemiannitsa Stalina (Moscow: Vagrius, 2006), 84; K. P. Politkovskaia (Allilueva), interview with author, April 1, 1998.
21. N. A. Gilinskaia, interview with author, March 2, 1998; E. I. Gruzinova (Kraval’), interview with author, January 16, 1998.
22. RGASPI, f. 559, op. 1, d. 142, ll. 8, 13, 29–30.
23. GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 30, ll. 2–3; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997; M. P. Korshunov, interview with author, November 11, 1997; L. N. Shaburov, interview with author, September 25, 1997; L. P. Postyshev, interview with author, October 1, 1998; T. V. Ignatashvili (Shuniakova), interview with author, April 22, 1998; M. A. Tsiurupa, interview with author, January 8, 1998; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; K. P. Politkovskaia (Allilueva), interview with author, April 1, 1998; V. N. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998; Allilueva, Plemiannitsa Stalina, 85; M. N. Kul’man, “Pis’mo v muzei,” 11, in AMDNN, “Mikhailov” file; GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 90, l. 39.
24. Kul’man, “Pis’mo v muzei,” 11.
25. N. S. Khrushchev, Vremia, liudi, vlast’ (vospominaniia) (Moscow: Moskovskie novosti, 1999), 1:81; Nataliia Sats, Zhizn’—iavlenie polosatoe (Moscow: Novosti, 1991), 260, 263, 270–71.
26. Sats, Zhizn’, 270–71.
27. Khrushchev, Vremia, liudi, vlast’ (vospominaniia), 1:81; Artem Sergeev and Ekaterina Glushik, Kak zhil, rabotal i vospityval detei I. V. Stalin: Svidetel’stva ochevidtsa (Moscow: Forum, 2011), 44–45; R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998; T. M. Rybakova (Belen’kaia), interview with author, October 1, 1997; Tat’iana Rybakova, Schastlivaia ty, Tania (Moscow: Vagrius, 2005), 14; I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; S. A. Butenko, interview with author, September 24, 1998; E. I. Gruzinova (Kraval’), interview with author, January 16, 1998; V. A. Ozerskii, interview with author, June 26, 1999; V. N. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998; Gronskii, Iz proshlogo, 135–36.
28. N. Beliaev, in Mikhail Kol’tsov, kakim on byl: Sbornik vospominanii (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1989), 193; S. V. Obolensksia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; M. A. Usievich, interview with author, January 30, 1998.
29. N. Gordon (née Prokof’eva), in Mikhail Kol’tsov, kakim on byl, 384–85.
30. Sof’ia Vinogradskaia, in Mikhail Kol’tsov, kakim on byl, 136; Sats, Zhizn’, 260, 265; E. B. Levina, interview with author, September 27, 1998; Ol’ga Aroseva, Bez grima, 22; M. A. Lozovskaia, interview with author, March 4, 1998; Lidiia Shatunovskaia, Zhizn’v Kremle (New York: Chalidze, 1982), 21–22.
31. I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; M. A. Usievich, interview with author, January 30, 1998.
32. L. Gronskaia, Nabroski po pamiati (Moscow: Flinta, 2004), 68; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; Z. A. Khatskevich, interview with author, September 4, 1998; V. A. Ozerskii, interview with author, June 26, 1999; Peterson, “O nas,” ll. 14–15.
33. K. P. Politkovskaia (Allilueva), interview with author, April 1, 1998; Allilueva, Plemiannitsa Stalina, 84, 137–38.
34. Allilueva, Plemiannitsa Stalina, 138.
35. Ibid., 133–35.
36. Kisis, “Pis’mo v muzei,” 8; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; I. K. Gronsky, interview with author, October 9, 1998; Allilueva, Plemiannitsa Stalina, 137.
37. S. A. Butenko, interview with author, September 24, 1998.
38. Nataliia Sats, Put’ k sebe: O mame Natalii Sats, liubvi, iskaniiakh, teatre (Moscow: Voskresen’e, 1998), 7–9.
39. M. M. Iakovenko, Agnessa: Ustnye rasskazy Agnessy Ivanovny Mironovoi-Korol’, Memorial: Istoricheskie programmy, “Nasha zhizn’ s Miroshei,” http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa. This passage is not included in the English version.
40. Ibid.
41. Agnessa Mironova-Korol’, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory: A Voice from Stalin’s Russia, trans. Rose Glickman (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2012), 64–65 (translation modified); Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
42. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 74 (translation modified); Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
15. THE DAYS OFF
1. Eviatar Zerubavel, The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week (New York: Free Press, 1985), 35–41; Larin, Zhilishche i byt, 4–5.
2. Zerubavel, Seven Day Circle, 41–43.
3. Unless otherwise noted, descriptions of life in the House are based on interviews with residents.
4. N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998.
5. Iudit Agracheva, “Chlen partii s 1903 goda,” Vesti-2 (Israel), June 1, 1995, 10; I. R. Muklevich, “Dorogoi drug,” manuscript in AMDNN, “Muklevich” file; N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; L. A. Kozlova (Bogacheva), interview with author, September 24, 1997.
6. Maria Osten, Gubert v strane chudes (Moscow: Zhurgaz, 1935), 115–16. See also Teatral’naia Moskva, sezon 1935 (Moscow: Izdanie UTZP Narkomprosa RSFSR, 1935), 264.
7. Osten, Gubert v strane chudes, 4; V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997; Teatral’naia Moskva, sezon 1935, 263–64. See also Katharina Kucher, Der Gorki-Park: Freizeitkultur im Stalinismus 1928–1941 (Cologne: Böhlau, 2007), esp. 109–13.
8. Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html.
9. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, chap. 4, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html; V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, December 10, 1998; S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998.
10. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, chap. 4, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html. VOKS is the All-Union Society for Cultural Ties with Foreign Countries.
11. S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia) interview, 26 March, 1998.
12. S. V. Obolensksia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml. In fact, “WOT LARX” are words from Pip’s letter to Joe.
13. N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, May 29, 1935, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html; N. A. Yur’eva, interview with author, August 21, 1998.
14. Charles Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, Free Library, http://dickens.thefreelibrary.com/Our-Mutual-Friend/1–5.
15. N. A. Gilinskaia, interview with author, March 2, 1998; V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, December 10, 1998; Aleksei Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina (Moscow: Iauza, 2009), 216.
16. Agnessa Mironova-Korol’, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory: A Voice from Stalin’s Russia, trans. Rose Glickman (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2012), 68–70 (translation modified); M. M. Iakovenko, Agnessa: Ustnye rasskazy Agnessy Ivanovny Mironovoi-Korol’, Memorial: Istoricheskie programmy, “Nasha zhizn’ s Miroshei,” http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
17. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 76–77 (translation modified); Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
18. E. R. Kisis, “Pis’mo v muzei,” 10, in AMDNN, “Kisis” file; V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, December 10, 1998; I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 34–35.
19. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, October 24, 1934, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html.
20. Ivo Banac, ed., The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), xliii, 9–23 (the quotation is from 23); Sophie Coeuré and Rachem Mazuy, eds., Cousu de fil rouge: Voyages des intellectuels français en Union Soviétique (Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2012), 181–82, 250–54, 316–17; Henri Barbusse, Staline, une monde nouveau vu à travers un homme (Paris: Flammarion, 1935).
21. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, March 10, 1937, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html.
22. Vospominaniia sovremennikov ob A. S. Serafimoviche (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel-, 1977), 116–17; L. Gronskaia, Nabroski po pamiati (Moscow: Flinta, 2004), 45.
23. Gronskaia, Nabroski po pamiati, 49–50.
24. L. V. Maksimenkov, ed., Bol’shaia tsenzura: Pisateli i zhurnalisty v Strane Sovetov, 1917–1956 (Moscow: Fond “Demokratiia”, 2005), 292–93.
25. Ibid.
26. Gronskaia, Nabroski po pamiati, 56–57. See also A. Konovalov, “Vinovnym sebia ne priznal,” Leninskoe znamia, July 10, 1988.
27. Maksimenkov, ed., Bol’shaia tsenzura, 292; S. A. Khalatova, interview with author, September 6, 1998; Richard F. Staar, “The Polish Communist Party, 1918–1948,” Polish Review 1, nos. 2/3 (1956): 43; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998.
28. Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda, 34; Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 59–60 (translation modified); Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
29. E. Dushechkina, “Tri veka russkoi elki,” Nauka i zhizn’ 12 (2007) and 1 (2008): http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/12362/; http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/12680; Elena Dushechkina, “Legenda o cheloveke, podarivshem elku sovetskim detiam,” Otechestvennye zapiski 1 (2003): http://magazines.russ.ru/oz/2003/1/2003_01_28.html; N. S. Khrushchev, Vremia, liudi, vlast’ (vospominaniia) (Moscow: Moskovskie novosti, 1999), 1:119–20. At that time, Stanislav Kosior was the first secretary of the Ukrainian Central Committee; Postyshev was the second secretary and head of the Kiev Party Committee; and A. P. Liubchenko, the chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of Ukraine.
30. Pravda, December 28, 1935; L. P. Postyshev, “Ob ottse,” in Pavel Postyshev: Vospominaniia, vystupleniia, pis’ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1987), 304–5; Dushechkina, “Legenda,” http://magazines.russ.ru/oz/2003/1/2003_01_28.html. On Soviet holidays, see Karen Petrone, Life Has Become More Joyous, Comrades: Celebrations in the Time of Stalin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000).
31. M. R. Peterson, “O nas,” ll. 25–26, in AMDNN, “Peterson” file.
32. Z. M. Tuchina, interview with author, September 8, 1998; G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998. See also Petrone, Life Has Become More Joyous, Comrades, 85–109.
33. Nataliia Sats, Zhizn’—iavlenie polosatoe (Moscow: Novosti, 1991), 266.
34. Ibid., 243–50; Miron Petrovskii, Knigi nashego detstva (St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Ivana Limbakha, 2006), 217–324 (the reference to Hubert is on 318); E. D. Tolstaia, “Buratino i podteksty Alekseia Tolstogo,” Izvestiia AN, seriia literatury i iazyka 56, no. 2 (1997): 28–39; A. N. Gozenpud, Tsentral’nyi detskii teatr, 1936–1961 (Moscow: Nauka, 1967), 34–44.
35. Sats, Zhizn’, 270.
36. RGASPI, f. 559, op. 1, d. 132, ll. 119–119 ob.
37. TsAODM, f. 75, op. 1, d. 72, l. 76; GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 25, ll. 39, 43–44.
38. GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 26, ll. 28–33; E. E. Ivchenko, interview with author, September 23, 1998.
39. Osten, Gubert v strane chudes, 118.
40. RGASPI, f. 559, op. 1, d. 132, ll. 118–118 ob.
41. L. Podvoiskii, “Krasnoe solnyshko sem’i—mama,” Sem’ia i shkola 3 (1965): 10.
42. S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998; Z. M. Tuchina, interview with author, September 8, 1998.
43. N. A. Perli-Rykova, interview with author, February 12, 1998; G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998.
44. Kira Allilueva, Plemiannitsa Stalina (Moscow: Vagrius, 2006), 145–46.
45. Vladimir Alliluev, Khronika odnoi sem’i (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2002), 84.
46. S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998; O. A. Aroseva, interview with author, January 15, 1998; E. I. Gruzinova (Kraval’), interview with author, January 16, 1998; N. A. Perli-Rykova, interview with author, February 12, 1998; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; I. R. Muklevich, “Dorogoi drug,” l. 58, manuscript in AMDNN, “Muklevich” file; N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998; V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; Samuil Moroz, “Chlen kollegii VChK,” l. 6, manuscript in AMDNN, “Moroz” file; N. Stepanov, Podvoiskii (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1989), 11–23.
47. M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; E. B. Levina, interview with author, September 27, 1998; S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998; Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://zhurnal.lib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998; Peterson, “O nas,” l. 25; Moroz, “Chlen kollegii,” l. 6; Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, chap. 4, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html; O. A. Aroseva, interview with author, January 15, 1998; V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997; O. N. Podvoiskaia, interview with author, February 27, 1998; V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, December 10, 1998.
16. THE HOUSES OF REST
1. GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 34, ll. 65–75 (the quotation is from l. 75).
2. GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 16, ll. 30–38; op. 7, d. 34, ll. 65–75; f. 3316, op. 28, d. 1033, ll. 1–2, 17–18; GARF, f. R-5283, op. 1, d. 283, ll. 197–98; Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), May 18, 1935, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html.
3. RGASPI, f. 559, op. 1, d. 141, l. 66; L. Gronskaia, Nabroski po pamiati (Moscow: Flinta, 2004), 53; L. A. Kozlova (Bogacheva), interview with author, September 24, 1997; L. P. Postyshev, interview with author, October 1, 1998; M. P. Korshunov, interview with author, November 11, 1997; E. I. Gruzinova (Kraval’), interview with author, January 16, 1998; V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, December 10, 1998; V. N. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998; GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 75, l. 2; Mikhail Korshunov and Victoria Terekhova, Tainy i legendy Doma na naberezhnoi (Moscow: Slovo, 2002), 107–8.
4. GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 17, ll. 96–96ob.
5. Ibid., ll. 98–98 ob.
6. Anatoly Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent (New York: Devin-Adair, 1962), 18.
7. GARF, f. 3316, op. 43, d. 1194, ll. 2–4; GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 19, ll. 71–72ob.
8. GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 19, ll. 83–84.
9. Agnessa Mironova-Korol’, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory: A Voice from Stalin’s Russia, trans. Rose Glickman (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2012), 64 (translation modified); M. M. Iakovenko, Agnessa: Ustnye rasskazy Agnessy Ivanovny Mironovoi-Korol’, Memorial: Istoricheskie programmy, “Nasha zhizn’ s Miroshei,” http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
10. I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997.
11. V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, September 10, 1998; RGASPI, f. 559, op. 1, d. 141, ll. 55 ob., 19, 33; ARAN, razriad 5, op. 1-0, d. 11, ll. 41–42, 51–52ob., 57–58ob., 74–75ob.
12. N. A. Perli-Rykova, interview with author, February 12, 1998.
13. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 65–66 (translation modified); Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa; N. V. Petrov and K. V. Skorkin, eds., Kto rukovodil NKVD 1934–1941: Spravochnik (Moscow: Zven’ia, 1999), 99–100; “Petrovskii, Daniil Ivanovich,” Spravochnik po istorii Kommunisticheskoi partii i Sovetskogo soiuza 1898–1991, http://www.knowbysight.info/PPP/04888.asp.
14. O. N. Podvoiskaia, interview with author, February 27, 1998; I. B. Zbarskii, interview with author, April 22, 1998; S. A. Khalatova, interview with author, September 6, 1998; V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997; Samuil Moroz, “Chlen kollegii VChK,” l. 12, manuscript in AMDNN, “Moroz” file; A. Shitov, Iurii Trifonov: Khronika zhizni i tvorchestva (Ekaterinburg: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo universiteta, 1997), 104. On Soviet dachas, see Stephen Lovell, Summerfolk: A History of the Dacha, 1710–2000 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 136–62.
15. Rosa quoted in Lev Roshal’, “Vzlety i posadki: Shest’ novell iz zhizni rasstreliannogo generala; Stsenarii polnometrazhnogo dokumental’nogo fil’ma” (manuscript in author’s possession), 16–17.
16. M. A. Lozovskaia, interview with author, March 4, 1998.
17. S. V. Obolensksia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml.
18. Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 25–27.
19. N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; M. A. Usievich, interview with author, January 30, 1998; E. B. Levina, interview with author, September 27, 1998; Joseph E. Davies, Mission to Moscow (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1941), 66; GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 18, ll. 18, 44–70.
20. RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 80, ll. 34–42; Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (see entries under 15 June, 1934, 21 September, 1934, 132 and 13 October, 1934, 23–28 May, 1935; 26 May, 1936; 12 July, 1936).
21. Ol’ga Aroseva, Bez grima (Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 1999), 32–33.
22. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, July 12, 1936, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html.
17. THE NEXT OF KIN
1. RGASPI, f. 124, op.1, d. 1105, ll. 3, 18.
2. N. A. Iur’eva, interview with author, August 21, 1998.
3. S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998. On the place of kinship in Stalinist ideology, see Golfo Alexopoulos, “Stalin and the Politics of Kinship: Practices of Collective Punishment, 1920s–1940s,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, no. 1 (January 2008): 91–117.
4. O. A. Aroseva, interview with author, January 15, 1998; N. V. Petrov and K. V. Skorkin, eds., Kto rukovodil NKVD 1934–1941: Spravochnik (Moscow: Zven’ia, 1999), 98–99, 107–8; A. G. Tepliakov, Mashina terrora: OGPU-NKVD Sibiri v 1929–41 gg. (Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2008), 498–500.
5. ARAN, razriad 5, op. 1-0, d. 11; letter to Shaternikova, January 31, 1937 (copy of the original kept in S. V. Obolenskaia’s personal archive); S. V. Obolenskaia, interview with author, October 20, 2009.
6. RGASPI, f. 135, op. 2, d. 10, ll. 56, 4, 33, 33ob., 22.
7. Ibid., l. 23.
8. Ibid., l. 62.
9. Ibid., l. 58.
10. Ibid., l. 24.
11. A. S. Serafimovich, Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: GIKhL, 1960), 7:569.
12. Ibid., 7:561, 563.
13. Ibid., 7:568.
14. Ibid., 7:564.
15. Ibid., 7:556.
16. Samuil Moroz, “V Dome tom,” 4, manuscript in AMDNN, “Moroz” file.
17. Lev Roshal’, “Vzlety i posadki: Shest’ novell iz zhizni rasstreliannogo generala; Stsenarii polnometrazhnogo dokumental’nogo fil’ma” (manuscript in author’s possession), 32–33.
18. Boris Efimov, Desiat’ desiatiletii (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 55, 179, 244, 614–25; E. I. Gruzinova (Kraval’), interview with author, January 16, 1998; V. V. Kuibyshev, interview with author, February 18, 1998; GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 75, ll. 2–3; Nikolai Zen’kovich, Elita: Samye sekretnye rodstvenniki (Moscow: Ol’ma-Press, 2005), 205–12; Z. M. Tuchina, interview with author, September 8, 1998.
19. Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (in “Zaveshchanie moim detiam,” in the afterword [Posleslovie]); L. Podvoiskii, “Krasnoe solnyshko sem’i—mama,” Sem’ia i shkola 3 (1965): 10.
20. Nataliia Sats, Zhizn’—iavlenie polosatoe (Moscow: Novosti, 1991), 272.
21. RGALI, f. 457, d. 390, l. 110; d. 391, ll. 203–4; RGVA, f. 37461, op. 1., d. 128, ll. 15, 29; N. S. Khrushchev, Vremia, liudi, vlast’ (vospominaniia) (Moscow: Moskovskie novosti, 1999), 140.
22. S. A. Butenko, interview with author, September 24, 1998.
23. Agnessa Mironova-Korol’, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory: A Voice from Stalin’s Russia, trans. Rose Glickman (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2012), 41 (translation modified); M. M. Iakovenko, Agnessa: Ustnye rasskazy Agnessy Ivanovny Mironovoi-Korol’, Memorial: Istoricheskie programmy, “Nasha zhizn’ s Miroshei,” http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
24. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Moskva, 1933, delo No. 1244”; Reabilitatsiia: Kak eto bylo, ser. 1980kh—1991, razdel 4, doc. 13, Alexander Yakolev.org, http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/67974.
25. A. M. Garaseva, Ia zhila v samoi beschelovechnoi strane (Moscow: Intergraf-Servis, 1997), 123, http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=7753.
26. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” VU-8 (May 18, 1933), VU-10 (May 18, 1933).
27. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” VU-1–VU-2 (May 2, 1933); VU-8 (May 18, 1933); VU-18 (July 12, 1933), VU-29-9 (August 30, 1933), VU-55 (December 31, 1933).
28. Ibid., VU-15 (June 12, 1933), VU-41 (November 12, 1933), VU-49 (December 12, 1933) and passim.
29. Ibid., n.p. (January 12, 1934).
30. Ibid., VU-30 (September 18, 1933); VU-34 (October 17, 1933); n.p. (October 12, 1934; November 18, 1934; November 29, 1934; December 24, 1934; May 30, 1935) and passim; A. Voronskii, Za zhivoi i mertvoi vodoi (Moscow: Antikva, 2005), 2:269–71.
31. A. Voronskii, Zheliabov (Moscow: Zhurnal’no-gazetnoe ib“edinenie, 1934), 207, 384, 391–92.
32. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” VU-1 (May 2, 1933), VU-6 (May 12, 1933), VU-10 (May 18, 1933), VU-15 (June 12, 1933).
33. Ibid., VU-12 (June 12, 1933), VU-22 (July 30, 1933), VU-33–VU-34 (October 17, 1933), VU-35 (October 23, 1933), VU-43 (November 30, 1933), VU-51 (December 30, 1933), VU-47 (December 12, 1933).
34. Ibid., VU-32 (October 17, 1933); R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998.
35. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” VU-36–VU-37 (October 23, 1933).
36. Ibid., VU-34 (October 17, 1933), VU-39 (October 23, 1933), VU-42 (November 12, 1933), VU-50 (December 30, 1933).
37. Ibid., VU-45 (November 13, 1933), VU-50–VU-51 (December 30, 1933).
38. Ibid., VU-46 (November 30, 1933), VU-51 (December 30, 1933).
39. Ibid., VU-54 (December 31, 1933).
40. Ibid., n.p. (January 12, 1934).
41. Ibid., n.p. (January 24, 1934).
42. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Raport Nachal’niku SPO OGPU tov. Molchanovu.”
43. R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998.
44. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” n.p. (January 30, 1934).
45. Ibid., n.p. (February 18, 1934; June 4, 1934); R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998.
46. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” n.p. (March 29, 1934; April 17, 1934; May 11, 1934).
47. Ibid., n.p., June 24, 1934.
48. Ibid., n.p., June 28, 1934.
49. Ibid., n.p., March 1, 1934. See Jochen Hellbeck, Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).
50. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” n.p. (July 27, 1934).
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid., n.p., (August 30, 1934; August 6, 1934; August 12, 1934).
54. Ibid., n.p., (August 12, 1934).
55. Ibid., n.p., (August 17, 1934).
56. Ibid., n.p., (August 30, 1934).
57. Ibid., n.p., (September 12, 1934).
58. Ibid., n.p., (November 7, 1934).
59. Ibid., n.p., (November 18, 1934).
60. Ibid., n.p., (November 29, 1934).
61. Ibid., n.p., n.d., last letter of 1934.
62. Ibid., VU-35, l. 1 (May 30, 1935).
18. THE CENTER OF THE WORLD
1. General’nyi plan rekonstruktsii goroda Moskvy (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1935), 1–8 and passim; A. V. Ikonnikov, Arkhitektura XX veka: Utopii i real’nost’ (Moscow: Progress-Traditsiia, 2001), 83–89; N. Atarov, Dvorets sovetov (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1940), 18 (the “parks” quotation).
2. Rev. 21:9–16; Thomas More, Utopia, International World History Project, http://history-world.org/Utopia_T.pdf; S. Lang, “The Ideal City from Plato to Howard,” Architectural Review 112, no. 668 (August 1952): 98, 100; Georg Münter, “Die Geschichte der Idealstadt,” Städtebau 12 (1929): 326–27; Ikonnikov, Arkhitektura XX veka, 193.
3. “Plato’s Atlantis,” Ascending Passage, http://ascendingpassage.com/plato-atlantis-timaeus.htm; Spiro Kostof, The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings through History (Boston: Little, Brown, 1991), 185–86, 163, 194, 202; “Campanella’s City of the Sun,” The Alchemy, http://www.levity.com/alchemy/citysun.html; Lang, “Ideal City,” 98–100.
4. Lang, “Ideal City,” 95–97; Kostof, City Shaped, 186–87.
5. Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich), 32–58; Norbert Schoenauer, 6,000 Years of Housing (New York: Norton, 2000), 14–93; Joseph Rykwert, The Idea of a Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy and the Ancient World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 179.
6. Rykwert, Idea of a Town, 28–9, 34–35, 68, 98, 163–95, and passim; Kostof, City Shaped, 47–52; 164–65.
7. Kostof, City Shaped, 209–77.
8. Peter Hall, Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), 189, 198–206; Wolfgang Sonne, Representing the State: Capital City Planning in the Twentieth Century (Munich: Prestel, 2003), 194–99, 201–40 (quotations on 230 and 240).
9. Sonne, Representing the State, 199–201, 153–88; 94–100 (quotations on 152 and 95); Peter Proudfoot, The Secret Plan of Canberra (Kensington: University of New South Wales, 1994); John Galbraith, In the New Capital, or, The City of Ottawa in 1999 (Toronto: Toronto News Co., 1897), 139–40.
10. Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, 210–15 (quotation from Mussolini on 211); Ikonnikov, Arkhitektura XX veka, 367–96; Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York: Macmillan, 1970), 69, 74–79, 133–35, 139, 147, 155–60.
11. Sonne, Representing the State, 140–48, 50 (the “proportional” quotation); Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, 189–97; The Chicago World’s Fair of 1893: A Photographic Record, with text by Stanley Appelbaum (New York: Dover, 1980).
12. Sonne, Representing the State, 50–88 (the National Geographic quotations are on 60, 59, and 57).
13. Ibid., 65.
14. Brunner quoted in ibid., 69; B. M. Iofan, “Materialy o sovremennoi arkhitekture SShA i Italii,” Akademiia arkhitektury 4 (1936): 27. I am grateful to Katherine Zubovich for bringing this article to my attention. Cf. Mark Gelernter, A History of American Architecture: Buildings in Their Cultural and Technological Context (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999), 247–48.
15. A. V. Bunin and M. G. Kruglova, Arkhitekturnaia kompozitsiia gorodov (Moscow: Akademiia arkhitektury SSSR, Kabinet gradostroitel’stva, 1940), 48–50; General’nyi plan, 6; RGASPI, f. 81, op. 3, d. 184, l. 124.
16. For Moscow in time and space, see Karl Schlögel, Moscow, 1937 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012).
17. Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under April 13, 1934); R. Amundsen, Sobranie sochinenii (Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Glavsevmorputi).
18. Pervyi vsesoiuznyi s”ezd sovetskikh pisatelei 1934: Stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1934), 677.
19. M. Gor’kii and M. Kol’tsov, eds., Den’ mira (Moscow: Zhurgaz, 1937), introductory material (no pagination).
20. Mikhail Kol’tsov, kakim on byl: Sbornik vospominanii (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1989), 283–84, 391–92 (the quotation is from 283).
21. Gor’kii and Kol’tsov, eds., Den’ mira, 506, 508, 510, 511, 517, 540, 584.
22. André Gide, Return from the USSR (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1937), 30, 5–7.
23. Lion Feuchtwanger, Moscow 1937: My Visit Described for My Friends (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), 54–55; Michael David-Fox, Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921–1941 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 207–311; Boris Frezinskii, Pisateli i sovetskie vozhdi: Izbrannye siuzhety 1919–1960 gg. (Moscow: Ellis Lak, 2008), 421–34; Schlögel, Moscow, 1937, 81–94.
24. A. S. Serafimovich, Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: GIKhL, 1960), 7:586.
25. A. M. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe (Moscow: APN, 1989), 248–50.
26. Ibid., 256–57.
27. Iu. G. Fel’shtinskii, Razgovory s Bukharinym (New York: Teleks, 1993), 19–35, 61–109; Vadim Rogovin, 1937, http://trst.narod.ru/rogovin/t4/xiv.htm.
28. I. V. Stalin, “O zadachakh khoziaistvennikov,” in Sochineniia, vol. 13, Marxists Internet Archive Library, https://www.marxists.org/russkij/stalin/t13/t13_06.htm; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 244; Kira Allilueva, Plemiannitsa Stalina (Moscow: Vagrius, 2006), 137.
29. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under November 7, 1932; October 13, 1934; July 17, 1935); RGASPI, f. 559, op. 1, d. 142, ll. 8, 13, 29–30; Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (under November 2, 1932).
30. Ibid. (under June 19, 1935).
31. Ibid. (under November 7, 1932; November 25, 1935; July 17, 1935; December 7, 1935; December 3, 1935; December 4, 1935; December 5, 1935).
32. Ibid. (under November 25, 1935; December 16, 1934; October 4, 1935; July 21, 1936; November 2, 1932; July 17, 1935).
33. ARAN, f. 528, op. 4, d. 1, no pagination, letters dated February 10, 1914, and simply “1914.”
34. Ibid., November 2, 1931, and April 30, 1936.
35. Katerina Clark, Moscow, the Fourth Rome: Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931–1941 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 156, 179–80; David Pike, German Writers in Soviet Exile, 1933–1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 51–57; David-Fox, Showcasing the Soviet Experiment, 252–59; Eva Oberloskamp, Fremde neue Welten: Reisen deutscher und französischer Linksintellektueller in die Sowjetunion 1917–1939 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2011); Jean-François Fayet, Karl Radek (1885–1939) (Bern: Peter Lang, 2004), 661–90; Warren Lerner, Karl Radek: The Last Internationalist (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1970), 156–65; Karl Radek, Podgotovka bor’by za novyi peredel mira (Moscow: Partiinoe izdatel’stvo, 1934), 39–76; Pervyi vsesoiuznyi s’’ezd, 313; Gustav Regler, The Owl of Minerva (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1959), 211–13.
36. Müller, Reinhard Müller, “Exil im ‘Wunderland Sowjetunion’—Maria Osten (1908–1942),” Exil: Forschung, Erkenntnisse, Ergebnisse 27, no. 1 (2007): 73–95 (quotation is from 78); Ursula El-Akramy, Transit Moskau: Margarete Steffin und Maria Osten (Hamburg: Europäische Verlangsanstalt, 1998), 131, 202–10; Viktor Fradkin, Delo Kol’tsova (Moscow: Vagrius, 2002), 91–92, 99.
37. Müller, “Exil im ‘Wunderland Sowjetunion,’” 73–79; El-Akramy, Transit Moskau, 79–97; Fradkin, Delo Kol’tsova, 95, 99, 173, 176–84; Boris Efimov, Desiat’ desiatiletii (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 180–209.
38. Maria Osten, Gubert v strane chudes (Moscow: Zhurgaz, 1935), 43.
39. Ibid., 52, 58, 90.
40. Ibid., 75.
41. Ibid., 93–115, 147–61, 176–77; Klaus’s diary quoted in Müller, “Exil im ‘Wunderland Sowjetunion,’” 80.
42. Schwartzenbach quoted in Müller, “Exil im ‘Wunderland Sowjetunion,’” 80.
43. Fradkin, Delo Kol’tsova, 95–96; 176, 183; Müller, “Exil im ‘Wunderland Sowjetunion,’” 79; El-Akramy, Transit Moskau, 136–39.
44. Mikhail Kol’tsov, Ispanskii dnevnik (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1957), 41–42, 189.
45. Ibid., 124–25; Ernest Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls (New York: Scribner, 1940), https://books.google.ru/books?id=TdVQAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hemingway+For+Whom+the+Bell+Tolls&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSteOMwofRAhWHjSwKHRnNA6cQ6AEIHzAA#v=onepage&q=Hemingway%20For%20Whom%20the%20Bell%20Tolls&f=false.
46. Kol’tsov, Ispanskii dnevnik, 193, 234, 323.
47. Ibid., 197, 161, 234. “The Mysteries of the Madrid Court” is a common Russian version of the title of Eugene Scribe’s play, Les contes de la reine de Navarre.
48. Ibid., 100–101.
49. Ibid., 113–14.
50. Ibid., 406–11.
19. THE PETTINESS OF EXISTENCE
1. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” VU-16 (June 24, 1933); n.p. (February 6, 1934, December 24, 1934); Obolensksia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; G. A. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse posylaiut puliu,” Istoricheskii arkhiv 1 (1997): 90; S. A. Butenko, interview with author, September 24, 1998; I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998; N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; V. V. Kuibyshev, interview with author, February 18, 1998; Samuil Moroz, “Chlen kollegii VChK,” 6, manuscript in AMDNN, “Moroz” file; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; E. B. Levina, interview with author, September 27, 1998; N. A. Perli-Rykova, interview with author, February 12, 1998; RGASPI, f. 559 (Adoratsky), op. 1, d. 132, ll. 39, 45; K. P. Politkovskaia (Allilueva), interview with author, April 1, 1998; N. A. Iur’eva, interview with author, August 21, 1998; T. M. Rybakova (Belen’kaia), interview with author, October 1, 1997; S. A. Khalatova, interview with author, September 6, 1998; Z. A. Khatskevich, interview with author, September 4, 1998; M. P. Korshunov, interview with author, November 11, 1997; E. I. Gruzinova (Kraval’), interview with author, January 16, 1998; M. A. Lozovskaia, interview with author, March 4, 1998; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, December 10, 1998; V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997.
2. Artem Sergeev and Ekaterina Glushik, Kak zhil, rabotal i vospityval detei I. V. Stalin: Svidetel’stva ochevidtsa (Moscow: Forum, 2011), 18.
3. Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under April 24, 1937).
4. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under March 10, 1936; February 3, 1934; April 21, 1937).
5. Ibid. (under April 4, 1935).
6. Ibid. (under May 25, 1935; September 21, 1934).
7. Ibid. (under May 19, 1935, “Iz zapisnykh knizhek”; September 6, 1934).
8. Ibid. (under October 20, 1934; September 28, 1934; October 22, 1934; October 3, 1934; November 19, 1933; February 27, 1935; October 16, 1934).
9. Pravda, October 27, 1932, http://lib.babr.ru/?book=4652.
10. J. V. Stalin, “Industrialisation and the Grain Problem, Speech Delivered on July 9, 1928,” in Works, vol. 11 (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954), Marxists Internet Archive Library, http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1928/07/04.htm#Industrialisation_and_the_Grain_Problem.
11. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under September 28, 1934).
12. GARF, f. 3316, op. 43, d. 911, ll. 19–57; op. 28, d. 621, ll. 8–12, 14–14ob., 19; GARF, f. 9542, op. 1a, d. 15, l. 107; RGALI, f. 645, op. 1, d. 299, ll. 1–2, 40–46; RGALI, f. 2310, op. 1, d. 79. ll. 1–32 (quotations from ll. 31–32); RGALI, f. 2310, op. 1, d. 76 ll. 54–54ob. (quotation about Ostrovsky etc.); RGALI, f. 2310, op. 1, d. 41, ll. 13ob.–14; AGTsTM, f. 454, d. 7, d. 16.
13. AGTsTM, f. 454, d. 1004, l. 2 (on Levidov); RGALI, f. 656, op. 1, d. 954, l. 1, 3, 24 (censor on UA); RGALI, f. 2310, op. 1, d. 41, ll. 13a ob.; AGTsTM, f. 454, d. 460, ll. 12–19; B. G. Golubovskii, Bol’shie malen’kie teatry (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo imeni Sabashnikovykh, 1998), 104–6, 107–8.
14. Golubovskii, Bol’shie malen’kie teatry, 108–10; AGTsTM, f. 454, d. 453, l. 21; RGALI, f. 2310, op. 1, d. 121, l. 2; TsALIM, f. 2007, op. 1, d. 1, ll. 31, 60, 69; GARF, f. 3316, op. 28, d. 621, ll. 6–14ob., 29–29ob. (quotation is on 29); GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 25, ll. 60–71.
15. GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 26, l. 30; f. 3316, op. 28, d. 590, ll. 18–19, 22, 27ob.
16. GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 30, ll. 4, 4 ob., 6, 6ob., 7, 7 ob., 8ob., 9, 9ob.
17. Ibid., l. 4 ob.
18. GARF, f. 3316, op. 28, d. 621, ll. 6–14ob., 29–29ob. (quotation is on 29); GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 25, ll. 60–71; GARF, f. 3316, op. 28, d. 590, l. 18.
19. “Rech’ Sof’i Aleksdandrovny Butenko,” Sovetskaia Sibir’, May 16, 1936.
20. GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 30, l. 6; L. A. Kozlova (Bogacheva), interview with author, September 24, 1997; L. N. Shaburov, interview with author, September 25, 1997; E. E. Ivchenko, interview with author, September 23, 1998; Anna Ivchenko’s autobiography (including her mother’s employee record) is in the author’s possession; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; I. A. Serebrovskaia, interview with author, June 15, 1999; E. B. Levina, interview with author, September 27, 1998; V. A. Ozerskii, interview with author, June 26, 1999; I. Shikheeva-Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 41–42; L. Gronskaia, Nabroski po pamiati (Moscow: Flinta, 2004), 68–69; A. Artizov and Oleg Naumov, eds., Vlast’ i khudozhestvennaia intelligentsiia (Moscow: Fond “Demokratiia,” 1999), 255–56, 763–64; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998; M. M. Iakovenko, Agnessa: Ustnye rasskazy Agnessy Ivanovny Mironovoi-Korol’, Memorial: Istoricheskie programmy, “Nasha zhizn’ s Miroshei,” http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa; S. A. Butenko, interview with author, September 24, 1998.
20. THE THOUGHT OF DEATH
1. Aleksandr Voronskii, Gogol’ (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2009), 414–15.
2. Ibid., 415–16; RGASPI, f. 559, op. 1, d. 152, l. 31.
3. Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under August 13, 1936; March 6, 1934; prologue to Tetrad’ [notebook] no. 7; January 1937; November 7, 1936). See also Jochen Hellbeck, Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 37–114; Igal Halfin, Terror in My Soul: Communist Autobiographies on Trial (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003); Halfin, Stalinist Confessions: Messianism and Terror at the Leningrad Communist University (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009).
4. GARF, f. 5446, op. 16a, d. 617, ll. 2–2ob., 5–6; V. M. Mikhailova, “Pis’mo Marii Nikolaevny Kul’man ot 7 sentiabria 1992 g.,” in AMDNN, “Mikhailov” file.
5. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under August 13, 1936; March 17, 1937; February 23, 1935).
6. Translation based on Yuri Trifonov, The Disappearance, trans. David Lowe (Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis, 1991), 70–71. Cf. Iurii Trifonov, Ischeznovenie, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/trifonov_yuriy/ischeznovenie.html.
7. “O khoroshikh rasskazakh i redaktorskoi rutine,” Literaturnyi kritik 8 (1936): 106–13; Andrei Platonov, “Bessmertie,” Literaturnyi kritik 8 (1936): 123–24, 127. See also Aleksandr Galushkin, “Andrei Platonov—Stalin—‘Literaturnyj kritik,’” in “Strana filosofov” Andreia Platonova: Problemy tvorchestva (Moscow: IMLI RAN, “Nasledie,” 2000), 4:816–17.
8. Platonov, “Bessmertie,” 118.
9. Ibid., 117, 121.
10. Ibid., 127.
11. Ibid., 125.
12. Ibid., 128.
13. A. Gurvich, “Andrei Platonov,” Krasnaia nov’ 10 (1937), reprinted in N. V. Kornienko and E. D. Shubina, eds., Andrei Platonov: Vospominaniia sovremennikov; Materialy k biografii (Moscow: Sovremennyi pisatel’, 1994), 358–413 (quotations are from 362, 381, 388, 382, and 396); M. A. Usievich, interview with author, January 30, 1998.
14. A. Platonov, “Vozrazhenie bez samozashchity,” Literaturnaia gazeta, December 20, 1937; A. Gurvich, “Otvet tov. Platonovu” and “Ot redaktsii,” Literaturnaia gazeta, December 26, 1937 (all reprinted in Kornienko and Shubina, Andrei Platonov, 414–18); E. Usievich, “Razgovor o geroe,” Literaturnyi kritik 9–10 (1938): 171–84.
15. Aleksandr Ovcharenko, V krugu Leonida Leonova: Iz zapisok 1968–1988 godov (Moscow: Moskovskii intellektual’no-delovoi klub, 2002), 171, 189; A Voronskii, Literaturnye tipy (Moscow: Krug, 1931), 143; L. Leonov, “Prizyv k muzhestvu,” Literaturnaia gazeta, April 16, 1934.
16. Ovcharenko, V krugu Leonida Leonova, 182.
17. Letter from L. M. Leonov to A. Z. Goloborod’ko, August 10, 1955, in AMDNN, “Kuchmin” file; O. I. Kuchmin and E. I. Kuchmina, “Sud’ba soldata revoliutsii,” manuscript in AMDNN, “Kuchmin” file; letters to the Museum by E. I. Kuchmina, approx. August–September 1991 and March 17, 2003; E. I. Kuchmina, interviews with author, April 6 and July 25, 2008.
18. Leonid Leonov, Doroga na Okean (Moscow: GIKhL, 1936), 6–7, 124, 38 (cf. the translation in Leonid Leonov, Road to the Ocean, trans. Norbert Guterman [New York: L. B. Fischer, 1944], 2, 100, 29); on the Prometheus/Hephaestus connection, see Eduard Nadtochii, “Tipologicheskaia problematizatsiia sviazi sub’’ekta i affekta v russkoi literature,” Logos 2 (1999): http://www.ruthenia.ru/logos/number/1999_02/1999_2_04.htm.
19. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 128 (cf. Leonov, Road, 104–5).
20. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 550, 442, 547, 35, 33, 43–44, 511, 75 (cf. Leonov, Road, 453, 362, 450, 25, 33–34, 420, 60); Zakhar Prilepin, Leonid Leonov (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2010), 273–79; Boris Thomson, The Art of Compromise: The Life and Work of Leonid Leonov (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), 160.
21. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 45–46 (cf. Leonov, Road, 35–36).
22. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 460 (cf. Leonov, Road, 377); Nadtochii, “Tipologicheskaia problematizatsiia,” http://www.ruthenia.ru/logos/number/1999_02/1999_2_04.htm.
23. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 213 (cf. Leonov, Road, 174); Thomson, The Art of Compromise, 153–55; Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 144 (cf. Leonov, Road, 116).
24. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 119–23 (cf. Leonov, Road, 97–99).
25. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 438 (cf. Leonov, Road, 359).
26. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 38, 122 (cf. Leonov, Road, 29, 99–100).
27. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 438 (cf. Leonov, Road, 358).
28. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 32–33, 513 (cf. Leonov, Road, 24–25, 422).
29. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 287–88 (cf. Leonov, Road, 234–35).
30. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 289, 237, 300 (cf. Leonov, Road, 236, 193, 245).
31. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 297 (cf. Leonov, Road, 242).
32. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 29 (cf. Leonov, Road, 22); Thomson, The Art of Compromise, 152.
33. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 130 (cf. Leonov, Road, 106).
34. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 130, 450, 138, 134, 322, 74 (cf. Leonov, Road, 106, 369, 112, 108, 262–63, 59). See also S. G. Semenova, “Romany Leonida Leonova 20–30kh godov v filosof skom rakurse,” in Vek Leonida Leonova: Problemy tvorchestva. Vospominaniia (Moscow: OMLI RAN, 2001), 49–53.
35. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 139–41, 450, 444–45 (cf. Leonov, Road, 112–14, 369, 364–65).
36. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 553, 557–61, 46 (cf. Leonov, Road, 456, 459–63, 36).
37. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 598–99 (cf. Leonov, Road, 494).
38. Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 615–16 (cf. Leonov, Road, 509–10).
39. “‘Doroga na Okean’ L. Leonova,” Literaturnaia gazeta, November 5, 1935; “Obsuzhdenie romana L. Leonova ‘Doroga na Okean,’” Literaturnaia gazeta, May 10, 1936; I. Vinogradov, “Za sovetskuiu klassiku,” Literaturnyi sovremennik 5 (1936): 149–50; B. Iasenskii, “Ideinyi rost khudozhnika,” Literaturnaia gazeta, May 10, 1936; M. Levidov, “Tvorcheskaia vzvolnovannost’ i distsiplina,” Literaturnaia gazeta, May 10, 1936; M. Gor’kii, Sobranie sochinenii v tridtsati tomakh (Moscow: GIKhL, 1955), 30:399.
40. “‘Doroga na Okean’ L. Leonova”; “Obsuzhdenie romana L. Leonova ‘Doroga na Okean,’”; Vinogradov, “Za sovetskuiu klassiku,” 145, 149–50; Iasenskii, “Ideinyi rost khudozhnika”; Levidov, “Tvorcheskaia vzvolnovannost’ i distsiplina”; Gor’kii, Sobranie sochinenii v tridtsati tomakh, 30:399–400; E. Usievich, Pisateli i deistvitel’nost’ (Moscow: Goslitizdat, 1936), 36; A. Selivanovskii, “‘Doroga na Okean’ Leonida Leonova,” Literaturnyi kritik 3 (1936): 101; V. Petrsov, Pisatel’ i novaia deistvitel’nost’ (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1961), 159.
41. I. Grinberg, “Geroi sovetskogo romana,” in Obraz bol’shevika: Sbornik kritiheskikh statei (Leningrad: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1938), 18–19.
42. V. Shklovskii, “Manevry, a ne voiny za budushchee,” Literaturnaia gazeta, May 10, 1936; Levidov, “Tvorcheskaia vzvolnovannost’ i distsiplina.”
43. Mikhail Kol’tsov, Vostorg i iarost’ (Moscow: Pravda, 1990), 159.
44. Ibid., 164.
45. L. A. Anninskii, “Obruchennyi s ideei: Sud’ba romana ‘Kak zakalialas’ stal’ N. A. Ostrovskogo,’” in L. A. Anninskii and E. L. Tseitlin, eds., Vekhi pamiati (Moscow: Kniga, 1987), 6–33; R. Ostrovskaia, Nikolai Ostrovskii (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1974), 134–229; S. Tregub, Zhizn’ i tvorchestvo Nikolaia Ostrovskogo (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1964), 98–117, 167–243; André Gide, Return from the USSR (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1937), 83–84; Anatolii Osipov, Korchagintsy piati kontinentov (Perm’: Permskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1973); A. Karavaeva, Kniga, kotoraia oboshla ves’ mir (Moscow: Kniga, 1970); Donghui He, “The Coming of Age in the Brave New World: The Changing Reception of the Soviet Novel, How the Steel Was Tempered, in the PRC,” in Thomas Bernstein and Hua-Yu Li, eds., China Learns from the Soviet Union, 1949–present (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2010), 393–420.
46. Nikolai Ostrovskii, Kak zakalialas’ stal’ (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1967), 169, 198, 312, 159, 233, 152; Lilya Kaganovsky, How the Soviet Man Was Unmade: Cultural Fantasy and Male Subjectivity under Stalin (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008), 19–41.
47. Anninskii, “Obruchennyi s ideei,” 48–49; Leonov, Doroga na Okean, 34, 149 (cf. Leonov, Road, 26, 121); Ostrovskii, Kak zakalialas’ stal, 55–56.
48. A. W. Ward, W. P. Trent, et al., The Cambridge History of English and American Literature (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 [www.bartleby.com/cambridge]), vol. 7, pt. 6, p. 18, http://www.bartleby.com/217/0706.html; James Boswell, Life of Johnson: Including Boswell’s “Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides” and Johnson’s “Diary of a Journey into North Wales” (New York: Bigelow, Brown, and Co; Google eBook), p. 82, http://books.google.co.in/books?id=g4JgCSZ_YPoC&pg=PA82&dq=%22there+ever+yet+anything+written+by+mere+man+that+was+wished+longer+by+its+readers+excepting+Don+Quixote,+Robinson++%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=J-fNUf6vDYqErQfr_4CoAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22there%20ever%20yet%20anything%20written%20by%20mere%20man%20that%20was%20wished%20longer%20by%20its%20readers%20excepting%20Don%20Quixote%2C%20Robinson%20%20%22&f=false.
49. Ostrovskii, Kak zakalialas’ stal, 364.
50. Ostrovskii, Kak zakalialas’ stal, 345–47, 337.
51. Ostrovskii, Kak zakalialas’ stal, 313, 227, 348–51.
21. THE HAPPY CHILDHOOD
1. RGASPI, f. 135, op. 1, d. 10, l. 57.
2. Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (in “Zaveshchanie moim detiam,” in the afterword [Posleslovie], under July 9, 1936; July 21, 1936; January 30, 1937; non-dated first entry under 1937; September 20, 1934).
3. N. Efimov, Tovarishch Nina (Iaroslavl’: Verkhne-Volzhskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1969), 110; L. Podvoiskii, “Krasnoe solnyshko sem’i—mama,” Sem’ia i shkola 3 (1965): 10; ARAN, razriad 5, op. 1-0, d. 11, l. 75; Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (under April 30, 1933, and October 24, 1933.
4. Cf. Gary Saul Morson, Hidden in Plain View: Narrative and Creative Potentials in War and Peace (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988).
5. M. A. Tsiurupa, interview with author, January 8, 1998; S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; N. A. Rykova, interview with author, February 12, 1998; T. M. Rybakova (Belen’kaia), interview with author, October 1, 1997; Tat’iana Rybakova, Schastlivaia ty, Tania (Moscow: Vagrius, 2005), 16–17; M. P. Kor-shunov, interview with author, November 11, 1997; E. I. Kuchmina, interview with author, July 25, 2008; V. N. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998; T. A. Ter-Egizarian, interview with author, October 8, 1997; M. V. Mikhailova, letter to the Museum, September 1992, 2, in AMDNN, “Mikhailov” file.
6. GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 14, ll. 59 ob.–65ob., 78–80ob.; I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; N. A. Gilinskaia, interview with author, March 2, 1998; M. A. Tsiurupa, interview with author, January 8, 1998; E. R. Kisis, “Pis’mo v muzei,” 5, in AMDNN, “Kisis” file; Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 17–18.
7. O. A. Aroseva, interview with author, January 15, 1998; I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998; N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; M. P. Korshunov, interview with author, November 11, 1997; T. V. Shuniakova, interview with author, April 22, 1998; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; Kisis, “Pis’mo v muzei,” 16–17; Gaister, Deti vragov naroda, 21.
8. S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; Maria Osten, Gubert v strane chudes (Moscow: Zhurgaz, 1935), 105–9, 169–70; T. M. Rybakova (Belen’kaia), interview with author, October 1, 1997; V. N. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998; G. S. Ronina, interview with author, October 1, 1997; L. N. Shaburov, interview with author, September 25, 1997; Z. M. Tuchina, interview with author, September 8, 1998; M. A. Usievich, interview with author, January 30, 1998; V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997; E. I. Gruzinova (Kraval’), interview with author, January 16, 1998.
9. N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; K. P. Politkovskaia (Allilueva), interview with author, April 1, 1998; L. N. Shaburov, interview with author, September 25, 1997; Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda, 24; Kisis, “Pis’mo v muzei,” 7.
10. Samuil Moroz, “Chlen kollegii VChK,” l. 12, manuscript in AMDNN, “Moroz” file; A. Shitov, Iurii Trifonov: Khronika zhizni i tvorchestva (Ekaterinburg: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo Universiteta, 1997), 104; Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda, 25–27; N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; M. A Usievich, interview with author, January 30, 1998. On Soviet childhood, see Catriona Kelly, Children’s World: Growing Up in Russia, 1890–1991 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), esp. 93–102.
11. S. V. Obolensksia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml.
12. Obolensksia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda, 28–29; Anatoly Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent (New York: Devin-Adair, 1962), 28–29; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; Kisis, “Pis’mo v muzei,” 10, 14; Mikhail Korshunov and Victoria Terekhova, Tainy i legendy Doma na naberezhnoi (Moscow: Slovo, 2002), 76; G. S. Ronina, interview with author, October 1, 1997; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; Z. M. Tuchina, interview with author, September 8, 1998; M. A. Usievich, interview with author, January 30, 1998.
13. TsDNA, f. 336 (Pavlovy-Shtrom), op. 1, d. 32 (dnevnikovye zapisi Very Pavlovoi–Shtrom), II. 137–38 (I am grateful to Jochen Hellbeck for making this document available to me); TsAODM, f. 75, op. 1, d. 310, ll. 16, 22.
14. Moroz, “Minuvshee,” 8, in AMDNN, “Moroz” file; G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998; V. N. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998; E. I. Zelenskaia, “A. A. Sol’ts,” unpublished manuscript in AMDNN, “Solts” file, 85. See also Iurii Trifonov, Ischeznovenie, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.ru/read/trifonov_yuriy/ischeznovenie.html#0; cf. Yuri Trifonov, The Disappearance, trans. David Lowe (Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis, 1991), 62.
15. Zelenskaia, “A. A. Sol’ts,” 85; Moroz, “Minuvshee,” 11–13; Moroz, “V Dome tom,” 6, in AMDNN, “Moroz” file; G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998; V. N. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998; TsDNA, f. 336 (Pavlovy-Shtrom), op. 1, d. 32 (dnevnikovye zapisi Very Pavlovoi-Shtrom), ll. 137–38.
16. TsMAM, f. r-528 (MONO), op. 1, dd. 13, 16; f. 528 (MONO), op. 1, dd. 43, 106, 161, 165, 352 (quotation is on l. 3), 353 (quotations are from l. 6), 379.
17. TsMAM, f. 528, op. 1, dd. 41, 486, 519.
18. G. Lesskis, “Shkola na Sofiiskoi naberezhnoi,” Russkii iazyk 32, no. 152 (August 1998): 2; Korshunov and Terekhova, Tainy i legendy, 109–24, 64; Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda, 20.
19. TsMAM, f. 528, op. 1, d. 150; Kisis, “Pis’mo v muzei,” 11–12; Lesskis, “Shkola na Sofiiskoi naberezhnoi,” 2; Korshunov and Terekhova, Tainy i legendy, 109–24, 64; Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda, 20; I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; Z. A. Khatskevich, interview with author, September 4, 1998; T. V. Ignatashvili (Shuniakova), interview with author, April 22, 1998; M. A. Usievich, interview with author, January 30, 1998. Also T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, chap. 5; V. N. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998; V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, December 10, 1998.
20. Moroz, “Minuvshee,” 11.
21. E. I. Gruzinova (Kraval’), interview with author, January 16, 1998; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; I. A. Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda, 20; L. P. Postyshev, interview with author, October 1, 1998; M. Kol’tsov, Fel’etony i ocherki (Moscow: Pravda, 1956), 150–63.
22. Osaf Litovskii, “Uriel’ Akosta” (Novyi teatr), Pravda, May 23, 1934; Aleksandr Leizerovich, “Gore razumu: ‘Uriel’ Akosta’ Karla Gutskova,” Sem’ iskusstv 5, no. 18 (May 2011): http://7iskusstv.com/2011/Nomer5/Lejzerovich1.php.
23. AGTsTM, f. 454, d. 736, ll. 10–24.
24. RGALI, f. 656, op. 1, d. 954, ll. 1–3, 24; f. 2310, op. 1, d. 78, ll. 13–15; Em. Beskin, “Novyi Gutskov,” Literaturnaia gazeta, August 6, 1934.
25. Litovskii, “Uriel’ Akosta”; MKhAT vtoroi: Opyt vosstanovleniia biografii (Moscow: Moskovskii khudozhestvennyi teatr, 2010), 190, 300, 611.
22. THE NEW MEN
1. G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998; Volodia Ivanov’s diary, AMDNN, “B. Ivanova” file, April 14, 1937.
2. Volodia Ivanov’s letters, AMDNN, “B. Ivanova” file, August 11 and October 20, 1938.
3. Ibid., April 15, 1939; February 7, 1939; and n.d.
4. Ibid., March 10, 1939.
5. Ibid., n.d.; April 15, 1939.
6. Ibid., March 10, 1939.
7. Ibid., n.d.
8. Ibid., September 25, 1939; and n.d.
9. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Svetlana Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora: Vospominaniia (Moscow: AGRAF, 2013), 88; ARAN, razriad 5, op. 1-0, d. 11, ll. 74–74ob. The English translation is from Heinrich Heine, Deutshland: A Winter’s Tale, trans. T. J. Reed (London: Angel Books, 1997), 31. The letter cites the original German: Ja, Zuckererbsen für jedermann, Sobald die Schoten platzen! Den Himmel überlassen wir Den Engeln und den Spatzen.
10. ARAN, razriad 5, op. 1-0, d. 11, l. 75; Maria Osten, Gubert v strane chudes (Moscow: Zhurgaz, 1935), 54.
11. Obolensksia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 87–88.
12. Iurii Trifonov, “Iz dnevnikov i rabochikh tetradei: Publikatsiia i kommentarii Ol’gi Trifonovoi,” entry for October 11, 1934, Druzhba narodov 5 (1998): http://magazines.russ.ru/druzhba/1998/5/trif.html.
13. Ibid., entry for December 29, 1934.
14. A. Shitov, Iurii Trifonov: Khronika zhizni i tvorchestva (Ekaterinburg: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo Universiteta, 1997), 102 (the Yaroslav quotation), 78; Trifonov, “Iz dnevnikov,” entries for June 2, 1937; January 1, 1938; January 31, 1938, http://magazines.russ.ru/druzhba/1998/5/trif.html.
15. M. Daniel’, “Chetyre dnia (Iulis),” in Teatr narodov SSSR: Al’manakh p’es No. 1 (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1934), 113–66; S. Rozanov and N. Sats, Negritenok i obez’iana (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1930); Shitov, Iurii Trifonov, 86.
16. Iurii Trifonov, Ischeznovenie, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.ru/read/trifonov_yuriy/ischeznovenie.html#0; cf. Yuri Trifonov, The Disappearance, trans. David Lowe (Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis, 1991), 46.
17. Trifonov, Ischeznovenie, http://royallib.ru/read/trifonov_yuriy/ischeznovenie.html#0; cf. Trifonov, Disappearance, 49; Shitov, Iurii Trifonov, 89.
18. Trifonov, “Iz dnevnikov,” Druzhba narodov, entry for November 2, 1938.
19. Ibid., February 9, 1938.
20. Iurii Trifonov, “Dobro, chelovechnost’, talant” and “Istoriia bolezni,” in Trifonov, Kak slovo nashe otzovetsia (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1985), 187–88, 200.
21. Mikhail Korshunov and Victoria Terekhova, Tainy i legendy Doma na naberezhnoi (Moscow: Slovo, 2002), 48, 47, 51, 45; Trifonov, Kak slovo nashe, 200; L. Roshal’, Piramida, Solo truby: Kinostsenarii (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1989), 58, 70; Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 13 (December 27, 1940), [41]. As of this writing, Lyova’s diary has not yet been catalogued at RGALI. I am using Lyova’s own notebook numbers (only four have survived: 5, 13, 14, and 15); his pagination, where visible (brackets indicate uncertainty); and his dating (brackets indicate uncertainty). After this manuscript had been completed, Lyova’s diary was published as Lev Fedotov, Dnevnik sovetskogo shkol’nika, ed. I. V. Volkova (Moscow: AST, 2015). I am adding references to this text in brackets following the original citations.
22. Korshunov and Terekhova, Tainy i legendy, 45; Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 14 (June [5], 1941), 72 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 284–85]; bk. 13 (August 29, 1940), 5 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 113]; Roshal’, Piramida, Solo truby, 58, 60–61, 70.
23. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 5 (November 23, 1939), [10] [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 60]; bk. 13 (August 29, 1940), 5 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 113]; Roshal’, Piramida, Solo truby, 53.
24. Roshal’, Piramida, Solo truby, 53–54.
25. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 13 ([September, 2], 1940), 9 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 118].
26. Ibid., bk. 5 (December 5, 1939), 59 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 87–88].
27. Ibid., bk. 5 (November 23, 1939), 9–11 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 60–61]; Evgenii Gurov, “Chego ne znali Stalin i Gitler, znal Lyova Fedotov,” Prezent (supplement to Moskovskie vedomosti) 37 (December 1993): 1–2. Cf. Irina Paperno, “Tolstoy’s Diaries: The Inaccessible Self,” in Laura Engelstein and Stephanie Sandler, eds., Self and Story in Russian History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000), 242–65. Lyova’s “A Day from My Life” has not survived.
28. Korshunov and Terekhova, Tainy i legendy, 129–30; Roshal’, Piramida, Solo truby, 53–55. My copy of those pages of the diary is illegible, so I am using Korshunov’s and Roshal’’s transcription [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 89].
29. Korshunov and Terekhova, Tainy i legendy, 130 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 90].
30. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 5 (December 7, 1939), 66–67 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 91–92].
31. Ibid., (December 8, 1939), 72–73; Korshunov and Terekhova, Tainy i legendy, 129–42 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 93–107]; Mark Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Google Books, http://books.google.de/books?id=VxcD91Uh4dcC&pg=PT19&lpg=PT19&dq=He+said+if+I+warn’t+so+ignorant,+but+had+read+a+book+called+%22Don+Quixote,%22+I+would+know+without+asking&source=bl&ots=IulY-bfDw0&sig=TmCkpDowiuNV-3v-1eUAyuSPBH4VxcD91Uh4dcC&pg=PT19&lpg=PT19&dq=He+said+if+I+warn’t+so+ignorant,+but+had+read+a+book+called+%22Don+Quixote,%22+I+would+know+without+asking&source=bl&ots=IulY-bfDw0&sig=TmCkpDowiuNV-3v-1eUAyuSPBH4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LdpkUo3gPMfXtQb0iIDIDg&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=He%20said%20if%20I%20warn’t%20so%20ignorant%2C%20but%20had%20read%20a%20book%20called%20%22Don%20Quixote%2C%22%20I%20would%20know%20without%20asking&f=false.
32. Korshunov and Terekhova, Tainy i legendy, 169; Roshal’, Piramida, Solo truby, 69; Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 5 (December 8, 1939), page no. illegible [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 104].
33. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 14 (January 4, 1941), 6 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 221]; bk. 13 ([December 8], 1940), 33 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 146]; Gurov, “Chego ne znali,” 2.
34. Roshal’, Piramida, Solo truby, 77–79; Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 5 (November 23, 1939), 16 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 64].
35. Ibid., 16–17 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 64].
36. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 5 (November 27, 1939), 20 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 66].
37. Ibid., (November 28, 1939), 20 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 66].
38. Roshal’, Piramida, Solo truby, 59.
39. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 5 (November 28, 1939), 20–22 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 66–68].
40. Ibid., (November 29, 1939), 28 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 71].
41. Ibid., (December 1, 1939), 35–36 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 75].
42. Ibid., (December 1, 1939), 36–37 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 76].
43. Ibid., (November 30, 1939), 39–40 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 77–78].
44. Ibid., bk. 13 (August 27, 1940), 3 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 110–11].
45. Ibid., 4–5 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 112].
46. Ibid., bk. 13 (September 2, 1940), 10 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 119]; (September 10, 1940), 16 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 126].
47. Ibid., (October 10, 1940), 21 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 131].
48. Ibid., (November 9, 1940), 28 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 140]
49. Ibid., (December 25, 1940), 40 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 153].
50. Ibid., (December 29, 1940), 45 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 159].
51. Ibid., (December 27, 1940), 41–42 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 155].
52. Ibid., (December 30, 1940), 47 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 161].
53. Ibid., 48–49 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 163–64].
54. Ibid., 50–51 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 165–66].
55. Ibid., 52 [Lev Fedotov, Dnevnik, 167].
56. Ibid. [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 168].
57. Ibid., 53–54 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 169–70].
58. Ibid., 55 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 171].
23. THE TELEPHONE CALL
1. N. S. Khrushchev, Vremia, liudi, vlast’ (vospominaniia) (Moscow: Moskovskie novosti, 1999), 1:91.
2. AOM, fond. 2 (memoir collection), V. V. Bogutskii, Vospominaniia, p. 2.
3. I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; Khrushchev, Vremia, liudi, vlast’ (vospominaniia), 1:84.
4. Agnessa Mironova-Korol’, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory: A Voice from Stalin’s Russia, trans. Rose Glickman (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2012), 71; M. M. Iakovenko, Agnessa: Ustnye rasskazy Agnessy Ivanovny Mironovoi-Korol’, Memorial: Istoricheskie programmy, “Nasha zhizn’ s Miroshei,” http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
5. Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003), 682, n13; Anatoly Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent (New York: Devin-Adair, 1962), 24. On the Kirov murder and the beginning of the Great Terror, see Matthew E. Lenoe, The Kirov Murder and Soviet History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010).
6. Lev. 16:6–10.
7. Walter Burkert, Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical (Oxford: Blackwell, 1885), 82–84; René Girard, The Scapegoat (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Robert G. Hamerton-Kelly, ed., Violent Origins (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987); Walter Burkert, Homo Necans: Interpetationen altgriechischer Opferriten und Mythen (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1972), esp. 60–85.
8. Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), 43–49, 163–86, and passim (the quotation is from 46).
9. Ibid., 35–43, 206–23.
10. Erich Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994), esp. 144–84; Wolfgang Behringer, Witches and Witch-Hunts: A Global History (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), 4–5, 12–13, 113–31 and passim; David Frankfurter, Evil Incarnate: Rumors of Demonic Conspiracy and Ritual Abuse in History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).
11. George L. Burr, ed., The Witch Persecutions in Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History, 6 vols. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania History Department, 1898–1912), vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 23–24, http://history.hanover.edu/texts/bamberg.html, scanned by Mike Anderson, May 1998. Proofread and pages added by Jonathan Perry, March 2001.
12. Ibid., 26–28.
13. Ibid., 28.
14. James Davidson Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle for America (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Debbie Nathan and Michael Snedeker, Satan’s Silence: Ritual Abuse and the Making of a Modern American Witch Hunt (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 2–3, 53–103; Lawrence Wright, Remembering Satan (New York: Knopf, 1994), 73–75; Mary de Young, The Day Care Ritual Abuse Moral Panic (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2004), 152. See also Sex Offender Laws Research, http://www.solresearch.org/~SOLR/rprt/bkgrd/FalsAcCases.htm.
15. Wright, Remembering Satan, 3–11, 23–27, 37, 48, 59–62, 75–76, 86, 163–64 and passim (the Ingram quotation is from 7, the Braun quotation is from 83); Jeffrey S. Victor, Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contemporary Legend (Chicago: Open Court, 1993), 104 and passim; Rev. 16:19–20.
16. Wright, Remembering Satan, 74; Nathan and Snedeker, Satan’s Silence, 11–50; Frankfurter, Evil Incarnate, 58; Victor, Satanic Panic; Philip Jenkins and Daniel Maier-Katkin, “Occult Survivors: The Making of a Myth,” in James T. Richardson et al., eds., The Satanism Scare (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1991), 127–44.
17. Quoted in de Young, Day Care Ritual Abuse Moral Panic, 80–81.
18. Frederick Crews, The Memory Wars: Freud’s Legacy in Dispute (New York: New York Review of Books, 1995), 18–23, 185–87, 219–22; Sherrill Mulhern, “Satanism and Psychotherapy: A Rumor in Search of an Inquisition,” in Richardson et al., Satanism Scare, 145–72; Victor, Satanic Panic, 104; Wright, Remembering Satan, 78 (the California poll quotation). The Malleus Maleficarum of the campaign was Ellen Bass and Laura Davis, The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (first published in 1988 by HarperCollins).
19. Wright, Remembering Satan, 8, 58, 59.
20. Nathan and Snedeker, Satan’s Silence, 160–61; Mark Pendergrast, Victims of Memory: Sex Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives (Hinesburg, VT: Upper Access, 1996), 367. For Thomas McEachin’s “Pennsylvania Sex Offender Archive Record,” see http://www.google.de/imgres?client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=1100&bih=485&tbm=isch&tbnid=41Gt9t5rfyLu7M:&imgrefurl=http://www.sexoffenderrecord.com/citydirectory/PA/Brookhaven/Thomas_Mceachin_536231&docid=lfgvhmitWoqJWM&itg=1&imgurl=http://www.sexoffenderrecord.com/fullsize/14/91/149136605a26abb91748b1aed180da9e11dd121d.jpg&w=319&h=400&ei=waGcUvrAHonEtQbv6IGICA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=650&page=1&tbnh=156&tbnw=118&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:86&tx=59&ty=82.
21. Wright, Remembering Satan, 134–92. The quotation is from 188. See also “Listing of information on 159 cases,” in Sex Offender Laws Research, http://www.solresearch.org/~SOLR/rprt/bkgrd/FalsAcCases.htm.
22. de Young, Day Care Ritual Abuse Moral Panic, 71; Ileana Flores, interview with Frontline, July 2001, in “Did Daddy Do It?” PBS Frontline, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/interviews/ileana.html; Nathan and Snedeker, Satan’s Silence, 173–74 (Rappaport quotation).
23. Nathan and Snedeker, Satan’s Silence, 175.
24. Ibid., 175–77.
25. “Ileana Flores’s 1994 Deposition,” in “Did Daddy Do It?,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/frank/94recant.html; Ileana Flores, interview with Frontline, “Did Daddy Do It?” transcript, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/etc/script.html.
26. Frank Fuster, interview with Frontline, in “Did Daddy Do It?” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/interviews/fuster.html.
27. Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Sexual offender/predator flyer, http://offender.fdle.state.fl.us/offender/flyer.do?personId=58857.
28. Behringer, Witches and Witch-Hunts, 213–14; Joanna Ball, “The Ritual of the Necklace,” publication of the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, March 1994, http://www.csvr.org.za/index.php/publications/1632-the-ritual-of-the-necklace.html; Philip S. Gorski, The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 121.
29. Ruth Scurr, Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006), 182.
30. Exod. 32:26–29.
31. 2 Pet. 2:20–22.
32. Num. 16:3, 19; 12:2, 10; 16: 32; Deut 9:20; Michael Walzer, Exodus and Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 64, 111.
33. 2 Pet. 2:4–9.
34. 2 Pet. 2:12.
35. N. I. Bukharin, Ekonomika perekhodnogo perioda, in Bukharin, Problemy teorii i praktiki sotsializma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989), 163.
36. Ibid., 165–66.
37. 2 Pet. 3:8–9, 17.
38. Max Domarus, ed., Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations, 1932–1945, vol. 3: 1939–1940 (Würzburg: Domarus Verlag, 1997), 1449. Cf. Max Domarus, Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, 1932–1945, vol. 2: 1939–1945 (Würzburg: Domarus Verlag, 1963), 1057–58. David Regles, Hitler’s Millennial Reich (New York: New York University Press, 2005), 166 and passim. On the Bolshevik state as a besieged fortress, see Sarah Davies and James Harris, Stalin’s World: Dictating the Soviet Order (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), 59–130; James Harris, The Great Fear: Stalin’s Terror of the 1930s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
24. THE ADMISSION OF GUILT
1. “Postanovlenie TsIK i SNK SSSR ot 1 dekabria 1934 g.,” Memorial Society database, http://stalin.memo.ru/images/1934.htm; Matthew E. Lenoe, The Kirov Murder and Soviet History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 251–388 and passim; Oleg Khlevniuk, Khoziain: Stalin i utverzhdenie stalinskoi diktatury (Moscow: Rosspen, 2010), 232–34; A. N. Iakovlev, ed., Reabilitatsiia: Politicheskie protsessy 30–50–kh godov (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1991), 123–70 (the Ezhov quotation is on 153), 183 (the Liushkov quotation).
2. Iakovlev, Reabilitatsiia, 159–64.
3. Iakovlev, Reabilitatsiia, 191–95.
4. Vladimir Khaustov and Lennart Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii 1936–1938 gg. (Moscow: Rosspen, 2010), 87, 93; Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 235–36, 252–56; Lenoe, Kirov Murder, 454–55; J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 140–218; Dokumenty po “Kremlevskomu delu,” Dokumenty Sovetskoi vlasti, http://perpetrator2004.narod.ru/Kremlin_Affair.htm.
5. Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 236–39, 302; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 62–69, 80–83; Lenoe, Kirov Murder, 455–57; V. N. Khaustov et al., eds., Lubianka: Stalin i VChK-GPU-OGPU-NKVD, ianvar’ 1922—dekabr’ 1936 (Moscow: Demokratiia, 2003), 613–16, 654–57, 670–71; A. G. Tepliakov, Mashina terrora: OGPU-NKVD Sibiri v 1929–41 gg. (Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2008), 206–27.
6. Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 291–98, 240–41; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 26–56; Maximilien Robespierre, “On the Principles of Political Morality,” February 1794, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1794robespierre.html (taken from M. Robespierre, Report upon the Principles of Political Morality Which Are to Form the Basis of the Administration of the Interior Concerns of the Republic [Philadelphia, 1794]).
7. Iakovlev, Reabilitatsiia, 171–84; Aleksandr Orlov, Tainaia istoriia stalinskikh prestuplenii (Moscow: Vsemirnoe slovo, 1991), 94–98.
8. Iakovlev, Reabilitatsiia, 184.
9. Ibid., 196–210.
10. Sudebnyi otchet po delu trotskistsko-zinov’evskogo terroristicheskogo tsentra (Moscow: Narodnyi kommissariat iustitsii SSSR, 1936); Karl Radek, “Trotskistsko-zinov’evskaia fashistskaia banda,” Izvestiia, August 21, 1936.
11. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 91–99; Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 255–82; “Stalinskie spiski,” Memorial Society database, http://stalin.memo.ru/images/intro.htm.
12. “Pis’ma Bukharina,” Dokumenty Sovetskoi vlasti, http://perpetrator2004.narod.ru/Bukharin.htm; A. M. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe (Moscow: APN, 1989), 294.
13. “Pis’ma Bukharina.”
14. Pravda, August 23, 1936.
15. “Pis’ma Bukharina.”
16. V. M. Soima, Zapreshchennyi Stalin (Moscow: Olma Press, 2005), 186.
17. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 93; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 305, 310–11; “U menia odna nadezhda na tebia,” Istoricheskii arkhiv 3 (2001): 69.
18. “U menia odna nadezhda na tebia,” 70.
19. Ibid., 71–72.
20. “Fragmenty stenogrammy dekabr’skogo plenuma TsK BKP(b) 1936 goda,” Voprosy istorii 1 (1995): 2–9.
21. Ibid., 10.
22. Vadim Rogovin, 1937, http://trst.narod.ru/rogovin/t4/xiv.htm.
23. “Pis’ma Bukharina.” See also Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 300–330. On Bolshevik “subjectivity” and confession rituals, see, esp., J. Arch Getty, “Samokritika Rituals in the Stalinist Central Committee, 1933–1938,” Russian Review (January 1999): 49–70; Igal Halfin, Terror in My Soul: Communist Autobiographies on Trial (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003); Jochen Hellbeck, Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006); and Nanci Adler, Keeping Faith with the Party: Communist Believers Return from the Gulag (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012).
24. Dmitrii Shelestov, Vremia Alekseia Rykova (Moscow: Progress, 1990), 286–87; N. A. Perli-Rykova, interview with author, February 12, 1998; L. Gronskaia, Nabroski po pamiati (Moscow: Flinta, 2004), 77.
25. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 317, 326.
26. Pravda, December 15, 1936; “U menia odna nadezhda na tebia,” 76–77; “Stenogrammy ochnykh stavok v TsK VKP(b): Dekabr’ 1936,” Voprosy istorii 4 (2002): 7–11.
27. “O partiinosti lits, prokhodivshikh po delu tak nazyvaemogo ‘antosovetskogo pravotrotskistskogo bloka,” Izvestiia TsK KPSS 5 (1989): 72–75.
28. “‘Vse, chto govorit Radek—eto absoliutno zlostnaia kleveta …’: Ochnaia stavka K. Radeka i N. Bukharina v TsK VKP(b) 13 ianvaria 1937,” Istochnik 1 (2001): 67.
29. “Ia ikh, eti navety, otvergaiu i budu otvergat,’” Istochnik 3 (2001): 32–37.
30. Ibid., 31–32.
31. Sudebnyi otchet po delu antisovetskogo trotskistskogo tsentra (Moscow: Iuridicheskoe izdatel’stvo, 1937), 230.
32. Ibid., 231.
33. Ibid., 225.
34. Ibid., 231.
35. Lion Feuchtwanger, Moscow 1937 (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), 147–49.
36. Sudebnyi otchet po delu antisovetskogo trotskistskogo tsentra, 58.
37. Pravda, January, 25, 1937.
38. Sudebnyi otchet po delu antisovetskogo trotskistskogo tsentra, 187; Pravda, January 25, 1937.
39. Feuchtwanger, Moscow 1937, 135.
40. G. A. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse posylaiut puliu,” Istoricheskii arkhiv 1 (1997): 109.
41. “Materialy fevral’sko-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP(b) 1937 g.,” Voprosy istorii 2–3 (1992): 4–43; “U menia odna nadezhda na tebia,” 77–78.
42. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 332, 341–42.
43. Shelestov, Vremia Alekseia Rykova, 287.
44. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 333–34.
45. Ibid., 363–64.
46. “Materialy fevral’sko-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP(b) 1937 goda,” Voprosy istorii 10 (1992): 4–5, see also in http://www.memo.ru/history/1937.
47. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 2 (1993): 7, http://www.memo.ru/history/1937.
48. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 4–5 (1992): 23, http://www.memo.ru/history/1937.
49. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 349.
50. “Materialy fevral’sko-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP(b) 1937 goda”, Voprosy istorii 6–7 (1992): 2.
51. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 2 (1993): 3.
52. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 10 (1992): 25
53. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 8–9 (1992): 10.
54. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 8–9 (1992): 24.
55. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 10 (1992): 7.
56. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 2 (1993): 5–6.
57. Ibid., 17.
58. Ibid., 19.
59. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 10 (1992): 20–22.
60. Ibid., 15.
61. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 11–12 (1992): 2–3.
62. Ibid., 3.
63. Ibid., 5.
64. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 2 (1993): 25.
65. Ibid., 16. For more excerpts and discussion of the plenum, see Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 364–419.
66. Shelestov, Vremia Alekseia Rykova, 289.
67. N. A. Perli-Rykova, interview with author, February 12, 1998.
68. Shelestov, Vremia Alekseia Rykova, 290.
69. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 352–53.
70. Ibid., 354–55.
71. Ibid., 151.
72. N. A. Perli-Rykova, interview with author, February 12, 1998.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid.; S. V. Obolenskaia, interview with author, March 26, 1998; Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti bol’shogo terrora, 36–7.
75. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Svetlana Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora: Vospominaniia (Moscow: AGRAF, 2013), 26–27, 36–37; Vladimir Volkov, “Portrety liderov revoliutsii i bor’by protiv stalinizma 20kh i 30kh godov: V. M. Smirnov i gruppa demokraticheskogo tsentralizma,” World Socialist Website, http://www.wsws.org/ru/2000/mai2000/smir-m25.shtml; http://lists.memo.ru/index18.htm.
76. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii; Samlib, http://zhurnal.lib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; “Protokol doprosa D. S. Azbelia,” in Dokumenty po “Kremlevskomu delu” (from APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 233, ll. 80–87), http://perpetrator2004.narod.ru/Kremlin_Affair.htm; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 67–69, 234–36.
77. Osinsky’s letter to Anna Shaternikova, dated January 31, 1937, and mailed on February 2, 1937, is in Svetlana Obolenskaia’s (Osinskaia’s) family archive; I have a typed copy in my possession.
78. Ibid., 2.
79. GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 36, l. 126.
80. Osinsky, letter to Anna Shaternikova, January 31, 1937, 3.
81. Ibid., 2.
82. Ibid., 6.
25. THE VALLEY OF THE DEAD
1. Vladimir Khaustov and Lennart Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii 1936–1938 gg. (Moscow: Rosspen, 2010), 73–74; Jeffrey S. Victor, Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contemporary Legend (Chicago: Open Court, 1993), 104; N. Rabichev, “Gnilaia i opasnaia teoriia prevrashcheniia klassovykh vragov v ruchnykh,” Bol’shevik 7 (April 1, 1937): 55; V. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998.
2. Rabichev, “Gnilaia i opasnaia teoriia,” 56; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 77, 130–141; “Materialy fevral’sko-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP(b) 1937 goda”, Voprosy istorii 10 (1992): 18.
3. “Stalinskie spiski,” Memorial Society database, http://stalin.memo.ru/images/intro.htm, http://stalin.memo.ru/spiski/index.htm, http://stalin.memo.ru/images/gb537.htm; J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 1–5; “Rasstreliannye v Moskve,” http://mos.memo.ru; “Dimanshtein Semen Markovich,” Spravochnik po istorii Kommunisticheskoi partii i Sovetskogo Soiuza, http://www.knowbysight.info/DDD/02430.asp; “Repressii uchenykh: Biograficheskie materialy,” Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki im. S. I. Vavilova RAN, http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/repress/kom/1938/dimanshtein.htm.
4. Agnessa Mironova-Korol’, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory: A Voice from Stalin’s Russia, trans. Rose Glickman (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2012), 77–78; M. M. Iakovenko, Agnessa: Ustnye rasskazy Agnessy Ivanovny Mironovoi-Korol’, Memorial: Istoricheskie programmy, “Nasha zhizn’ s Miroshei,” http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa. Eikhe’s wife’s name was Evgenia Evseevna Rubtsova.
5. S. A. Papkov, Stalinskii terror v Sibiri 1928–1941 (Novosibirsk: Izdatel’stvo Novosibirskogo otdeleniia RAN, 1997), 184–85.
6. Ibid., 189–91.
7. Aleksei Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina (Moscow: Iauza, 2009), 228; A. G. Tepliakov, Mashina terrora: OGPU-NKVD Sibiri v 1929–1941 gg. (Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2008), 477; Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 79; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
8. Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 229–30; Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 478; Papkov, Stalinskii terror v Sibiri, 203–5.
9. Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 226–30, 247–48; Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 356–63; Papkov, Stalinskii terror v Sibiri, 187–207; Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 80; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
10. Papkov, Stalinskii terror v Sibiri, 196.
11. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 85; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
12. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 200; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa; Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 233–43; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 127; N. V. Petrov and K. V. Skorkin, eds., Kto rukovodil, NKVD 1934–1941: Spravochnik (Moscow: Zven’ia, 1999), 99–100, 300–301.
13. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 262–63; V. Danilov, R. Manning, L. Viola, eds., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni: Kollektivizatsiia i raskulachivanie (Moscow: Rosspen, 2000), vol. 5, bk. 1 (Moscow: Rosspen, 2004), 256–57, 601–2; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 332–35.
14. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 332; Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, 5:258.
15. Mark Iunge [Marc Junge], Gennadii Bordiugov, and Rolf Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora: Istoriia operatsii po prikazu NKVD No. 00447 (Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2008), 57.
16. Iunge, Bordiugov, and Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora, 58; M. Vyltsan and V. Danilov, “Primenenie VMN ‘nami garantiruetsia,’” Nauka i zhizn’ 9 (1997): 70; Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 273–74, 347–48; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 265.
17. Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, 5:602; Iunge, Bordiugov, and Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora, 32–33; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 264; Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 253–54.
18. Iunge, Bordiugov, and Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora, 94–96.
19. Ibid., 451.
20. Ibid., 98–114, 176, 597.
21. Reabilitatsiia: Kak eto bylo (Moscow, Demokratiia, 2000), 1:319; Iunge, Bordiugov, and Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora, 48, 149, 214, 187.
22. Iunge, Bordiugov, Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora, 100; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 267.
23. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 286–304; Viktor Dönninghaus [Deninghaus], V teni ‘Biol’shogo brata’: Zapadnye natsional’nye menshinstva v SSSR, 1917–1938 gg. (Moscow: Rosspen, 2011), 587–628; Oleg Khlevniuk, Khoziain: Stalin i utverzhdenie stalinskoi diktatury (Moscow: Rosspen, 2010), 315–22; Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 365–88; N. V. Petrov and A. B. Roginskii, “Pol’skaia operatsiia NKVD 1937–1938 gg.,” in A. E. Gur’ianov, ed., Repressii protiv poliakov i pol’skikh grazhdan (Moscow: Zven’ia, 1997), 22–43; Marc Jensen and Nikita Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner: People’s Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940 (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2002), 93–100.
24. Iunge, Bordiugov, and Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora, 598, 622–23; Petrov and Roginskii, “Pol’skaia operatsiia NKVD 1937–1938 gg.,” 33; Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 320; Jensen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, 205–6.
25. Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 484, 518; Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 263–64, 238.
26. Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 496.
27. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 85–86; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
28. Jensen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, 91–92; Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 217–18, 229–31, 242–43, 264–65.
29. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 86; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
30. A. G. Tepliakov, “Personal i povsednevost’ Novosibirskogo NKVD v 1936–1946,” in Minuvshee: Istoricheskii al’manakh (Moscow: Atheneum-Feniks, 1997), 21:254; Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 263–65.
31. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 87; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
32. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 89; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
33. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 90; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
34. Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 266; Papkov, Stalinskii terror v Sibiri, 269; Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 92.
35. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 90; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
36. Baabar, From World Power to Soviet Satellite: History of Mongolia (Winwick, UK: White Horse Press, 1999), 356–63; S. G. Luzianin, Rossiia-Mongoliia-Kitai v pervoi polovine XX veka (Moscow: Ogni, 2003), 229–41; Shagdariin Sandag and Harry H. Kendall, Poisoned Arrows: The Stalin-Choibalsan Mongolian Massacres, 1921–1941 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2000), 84, 95, 104.
37. Baabar, From World Power to Soviet Satellite, 361–65; Sandag and Kendall, Poisoned Arrows, 119–32; I. I. Kudriavtsev, ed., Arkhivy Kremlia i Staroi ploshchadi: Dokumenty po “Delu KPSS” (Novosibirsk: Sibirskii Khronograf, 1995), 20.
38. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 93; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
39. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 95; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
40. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 98–99; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
26. THE KNOCK ON THE DOOR
1. T. I. Shmidt, Dom na naberezhnoi: Liudi i sud’by (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2009), 21–34; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; I. Smilga, “Charl’z Dikens (lichnost’ i tvorchestvo),” in Charl’z Dikkens [Charles Dickens], Posmertnye zapiski Pikvikskogo kluba, trans. A. V. Krivtsov and Evgenii Lann, with the participation of G. G. Shpet, introduction by I. T. Smilga (Moscow Academia, 1933), xiii.
2. T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998.
3. Ibid.; “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” Memorial Society database, http://lists.memo.ru/index1.htm; “Frenkel’ Aron Abramovich,” Spravochnik po istorii Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soiuza, http://www.knowbysight.info/FFF/06548.asp; “Stalinskie spiski,” Memorial Society database, http://stalin.memo.ru/names/index.htm; M. R. Peterson, “O nas,” 11a–12, 26–27, in AMDNN, “Peterson” file.
4. A. Shitov, Iurii Trifonov: Khronika zhizni i tvorchestva (Ekaterinburg: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo Universiteta, 1997), 98–99; Iurii Trifonov, “Otblesk kostra,” in Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1987), 143–44 (also http://lib.misto.kiev.ua/TRIFONOW/campfire.txt); Iurii Trifonov, “Iz dnevnikov i rabochikh tetradei: Publikatsiia i kommentarii Ol’gi Trifonovoi,” Druzhba narodov 5 (1998): http://magazines.russ.ru/druzhba/1998/5/trif.html.
5. “Pervyi predsedatel’ voennoi kollegii Verkhovnogo suda SSSR,” Sotsialisticheskaia zakonnost’ 11 (1988): 59–60; Trifonov, “Iz dnevnikov,” June 22, 1937.
6. Trifonov, “Iz dnevnikov”; Shitov, Iurii Trifonov, 102–27.
7. E. A. Dinershtein, A. K. Voronskii v poiskakh zhivoi vody (Moscow: Rosspen 2001), 310–11; G. A. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse posylaiut puliu,” Istoricheskii arkhiv 1 (1997): 102; TsAOPIM, f. 78, op. 1a, d. 176, ll. 67–68.
8. “Mozhet byt’, pozzhe mnogoe stanet bolee ochevidnym i iasnym (Iz dokumentov ‘Partiinogo dela’ A. K. Voronskogo),” Voprosy literatury 3 (1995): 274–75, 288–89.
9. “Fragmenty stenogrammy dekabr’skogo plenuma TsK BKP(b) 1936 goda,” Voprosy istorii 1 (1995): 2–9.
10. “Mozhet byt,’” 289–90.
11. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse,” 107; “Protokol doprosa Zorina (Gombarga) Sergeia Semenovicha ot 21 ianvaria 1935 goda,” Spravochnik po istorii Kommunisticheskoi partii i Sovetskogo soiuza 1898–1991, http://www.knowbysight.info/5_DOC/08413.asp.
12. A. Voronskii, Iskusstvo i zhizn’ (Moscow: Krug, 1924), 71.
13. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse,” 102.
14. Nikolai Gogol, The Collected Tales of Nikolai Gogol, trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), 190–92. I have substituted “memorial service” for the untranslated (and footnoted) word panikhida.
15. A. Voronskii, “Mister Britling p’et chashu do dna,” Krasnaia nov’ 5 (1926): 195, 201; Voronskii, Iskusstvo i zhizn’, 268–71.
16. Aleksandr Voronskii, Gogol’ (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2009), 119–20.
17. A. Voronskii, “Ob iskusstve pisatelia,” in Kak i nad chem rabotat’ pisateliu (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1927), 15.
18. Voronskii, Gogol’, 439.
19. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse,” 109–10.
20. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse,” 111; G. Nurmina, Na dal’nem priiske (Magadan: Gobi, 1992), 8–9, http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=8718.
21. M. V. Zelenov, “Glavlit i istoricheskaia nauka v 20–30-e gody,” Voprosy istorii 3 (1997): 30; Stalinskie spiski,” http://stalin.memo.ru/names/index.htm; I. L. Averbakh, Ot prestupleniia k trudu (Moscow: OGIZ, 1936); Roi Medvedev, “Slava i tragediia odnoi sem’i,” Karetnyi riad 5 (November 1989); Evgenii Zhirnov, “Vse proiskhodiashchee so mnoi lozhitsia ten’iu na imia ottsa,” Kommersant-Vlast’, November 7, 2005, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/624225; Boris Efimov, Desiat’ desiatiletii (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 621–23; Mikhail Shreider, “NKVD iznutri: Zapiski chekista,” Urnatia-s.com, http://www.urantia-s.com/library/shreider/nkvd/3.
22. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, K-1–K-11 (February 18, 1936; February 27, 1936; February 28, 1936); AMDNN, “Poloz” file, R. M. Poloz’s letter to the Museum, October 7, 2000.
23. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, K-10–K-11 (February 28, 1936).
24. Ibid., K-11 (February 29, 1936); K-7 (February 27, 1936); K-3 (n.d., between February 21 and 27, 1936); K-15 (March 25, 1936); K-16 (March 30, 1936).
25. Ibid., K-17–K-19 (April 1, 1936; April 5, 1936).
26. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, K-25 (April 10, 1936); Matthew 6:31–34.
27. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, K-29 (April 30, 1936); K-32, K-30 (May 20, 1936); R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998; AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, K-31 (April 9, 1936 [there is a mistake in the typescript; should be May 9, 1936]).
28. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, K-32–K-33 (May 20, 1936); K-34–K-35 (May 31, 1936).
29. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, R. M. Poloz’s letter to the Museum, October 7, 2000; R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998.
30. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, M-1, July 1936.
31. Ibid., M-1–M-2 (July 18, 1936).
32. Ibid., M-3 (July 29, 1936).
33. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Vospominaniia Mirry Varshavskoi,” ll. 3–4.
34. “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” Memorial Society database, http://lists.memo.;ru/index1.htm; Moroz, “Minuvshee,” 16–20, in AMDNN, “Moroz” file; N. N. Demchenko, “Kanikuly dlinoi v 18 let,” Mendeleevets 36, no. 1799 (November 30, 1988): 3.
35. “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm; Schumatsky, Silvester bei Stalin, 21–2; N. V. Petrov and K. V. Skorkin, eds., Kto rukovodil, NKVD 1934–1941: Spravochnik (Moscow: Zven’ia, 1999), 82–83.
36. Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 43–49 (the quotation is from 47–48); “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm.
37. S. A. Khalatova, interview with author, September 6, 1998; “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm; A. G. Tepliakov, “Nepronitsaemye nedra”: VChK-OGPU v Sibiri, 1918–29 gg. (Moscow: AIRO-XXI, 2007), 137–47; Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 356.
38. Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under August 24, 1936; July 21, 1936; July 31, 1936).
39. Ibid. (under May 8, 1935).
40. Ibid. (under July 21, 1936; August 22, 1936).
41. Ibid. (under August 22, 1936).
42. Ibid. (under October 25, 1936; November 7, 1936); Pravda, December 19 and 29, 1936; GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 49, ll. 60–62.
43. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse,” 106; Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under December 20, 1936, December 21, 1936; January 6, 1937; January 30, 1937; February 19, 1937).
44. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under February 9, 1937).
45. Ibid. (under March 21, 1937).
46. Ibid. (under February 19, 1937).
47. Ibid. (under April 16, 1937).
48. Ibid., chaps. 6 and 7; “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru /index1.htm.
49. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, chap. 7, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html.
50. Ibid.; “Stalinskie spiski,” http://stalin.memo.ru/names/index.htm; “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm.
51. V. I. Piatnitskii, comp., Golgofa (St. Petersburg: Palitra, 1993), 18–24; V. I. Piatnitskii, Osip Piatnitskii i Komintern na vesakh istorii (Minsk: Kharvest, 2004), 452–72.
52. Piatnitskii, Golgofa, 25.
53. Ibid., 25.
54. Ibid., 25–27.
55. Ibid., 32.
56. Vladimir Khaustov and Lennart Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii 1936–1938 gg. (Moscow: Rosspen, 2010), 265; Petrov and Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD, 97–98; AOM, fond. 2 (memoir collection), V. V. Bogutskii, Vospominaniia, pp. 7–9.
57. “Operativnyi prikaz Narodnogo kommissara vnutrennikh del Soiuza SSR No. 00486,” Memorial Society database, http://www.memo.ru/history/document/00486.htm.
58. “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm; A. M. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe (Moscow: APN, 1989), 28–32, 70–71, 151, 167.
59. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 224–27.
60. Nataliia Sats, Zhizn’—iavlenie polosatoe (Moscow: Novosti, 1991), 273–86.
61. V. N. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998; L. V. Maksimenkov, Sumbur vmesto muzyki: Stalinskaia kul’turnaia revoliutsiia 1936–1938 (Moscow: Iuridicheskaia kniga, 1997), 283–98.
62. N. A. Perli (Rykova), interview with author, February 12, 1998; in AMDNN, “Kuchmin” file, O. I. Kuchmin and E. I. Kuchmina, “Sud’ba soldata revoliutsii,” manuscript; letters to the Museum by E. I. Kuchmina, approx. August–September, 1991, and March 17, 2003; E. I. Kuchmina, interviews with author, April 6 and July 25, 2008; Anatoly Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent (New Yrk: Devin-Adair, 1962), 36–37.
63. Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent, 40–41.
64. Gaister, Deti vragov naroda, 52.
65. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Svetlana Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora: Vospominaniia (Moscow: AGRAF, 2013), 31–33.
66. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 33.
67. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 38–39.
68. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 33.
69. O. V. Khlevniuk, 1937oi: Stalin, NKVD i sovetskoe obshchestvo (Moscow: Respublika, 1992), 100–111 (the quotation is from 110); Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 170–1.
70. Khlevniuk, 1937, 110–4 (the quotation is on p. 113); Getty, The Road to Terror, 493–512 (the quotation is on p. 510).
71. Getty, The Road to Terror, 514–6; L. P. Postyshev, interview with author, October 1, 1998.
72. S. A. Butenko, interview with author, September 24, 1998.
73. Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm; http://ru.rodovid.org/wk/Запись:798224; Ivan Dzhukha, Grecheskaia operatsiia. Istoriia repressii protiv grekov v SSSR (St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2006); S. A. Butenko, interview with author, September 24, 1998.
74. RGASPI (molodezhnye organizatsii), f. M-1, op. 2, d. 133, ll. 13, 53, 61–66; d. 157, l. 147; d. 161, l. 110; d. 156, l. 67; d. 161, l. 101, 63.
75. L. A. Kozlova (Bogacheva), interview with author, September 24, 1997.
76. Ibid.
77. Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 345–59; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 304–24.
78. Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent, 51–77.
27. THE GOOD PEOPLE
1. GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 13, ll. 43–47; d. 14, ll. 1, 1 ob., 6–7, 96–96ob., 150b–150v; d. 34, ll. 27–54; E. E. Ivchenko, interview with author, September 23, 1998; E. I. Ivchenko’s autobiography (in the author’s possession).
2. TsAODM, f. 75, op. 1, dd. 176, 177 (quotations from ll. 6, 14, 41), 196 (quotation from l. 12), 200, 225, ll. 3–4; “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” Memorial Society database, http://lists.memo.ru/index1.htm; RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 264, ll. 7, 8; Nikolai Zen’kovich, Elita: Samye sekretnye rodstvenniki (Moscow: Ol’ma-Press, 2005), 53–54.
3. TsMAM, f. 528, op. 1, dd. 493, 499 (quotation on l. 4), 504 (Dubrovina quotation on l. 15), 528, 575 (info on numbers on ll. 26 and 59).
4. TsAODM, f. 75, op. 1, d. 196, ll. 9–10, 30–32, 35.
5. Mikhail Kol’tsov, “Svora krovavykh sobak,” Pravda, March 3, 1938.
6. Ibid.; Mikhail Kol’tsov, “Ubiitsa s pretenziiami,” Pravda, March 7, 1938.
7. Kol’tsov, “Svora krovavykh sobak.”
8. A. Lakhuti, Izbrannye poemy (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1936), 29, 63–67.
9. I. R. Muklevich, “Dorogoi drug,” manuscript in AMDNN, “Muklevich” file, 28.
10. Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html, V. M. Soima, Zapreshchennyi Stalin (Moscow: Olma Press, 2005) http://lib.rus.ec/b/387149/read (under August 24, 1936).
11. Ibid. (under January 30, 1937).
12. V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997; V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, September 10, 1998. “Black raven” was a colloquial term for “prison van.”
13. V. M. Soima, Zapreshchennyi Stalin (Moscow: Olma Press, 2005), 97–98.
14. RGALI, f. 457, d. 391, ll. 199–199ob.
15. GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 65, ll. 182–84.
16. RGASPI, f. 135, op. 2, d. 19, l. 57.
17. Ibid., ll. 56–56ob.
18. RGASPI, f. 74, op. 2, d. 105, ll. 41–42, 47, 51, 55, 59–60 (cited in Boris Sokolov, “Dva marshala: Tragicheskii roman v pis’makh,” Grani.ru, February 21, 2003, http://grani.ru/Society/History/m.23664.html); RGVA, f. 37461, op. 1, d. 134, l. 25.
19. RGVA, f. 37461, op. 1, d. 134, ll. 15–15ob.
20. Ibid., l. 25; d. 128, ll. 7–9.
21. AMDNN, “Ankety” file, “Otvety M. I. Dement’evoi (Agroskinoi)”; AMDNN, “Ankety” file, Ruslan Nikolaevich Gel’man’s, letter to the Museum.
22. V. I. Piatnitskii, comp., Golgofa (St. Petersburg: Palitra, 1993), 46, 41–42.
23. Ibid., 56, 46.
24. Ibid., 63–64.
25. Ibid., 61.
26. Ibid., 51–53.
27. Ibid., 57; Kol’tsov, “Svora krovavykh sobak.”
28. Piatnitskii, Golgofa, 57, 60–61.
29. Ibid., 79.
30. Ibid., 82–83.
31. Ibid., 103.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid., 13–16, 104–20; Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 55–57.
34. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml.
35. N. A. Gilinskaia, interview with author, March 2, 1998.
36. Muklevich, “Dorogoi drug,” 12; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997.
37. N. N. Demchenko, “Kanikuly dlinoi v 18 let,” Mendeleevets 36, no. 1799 (November 30, 1988): 3.
38. Gaister, Deti vragov, 57–58.
39. Ibid., 66.
40. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Svetlana Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora: Vospominaniia (Moscow: AGRAF, 2013), 55–56.
41. Muklevich, “Dorogoi drug,” 62–63.
42. Ibid., 24–25. Cf. AOM, fond. 2 (memoir collection), V. V. Bogutskii, Vospominaniia, pp. 7–8.
43. See Golfo Alexopoulos, “Stalin and the Politics of Kinship: Practices of Collective Punishment, 1920s–1940s,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 1 (2008): 91–117; Cynthia Hooper, “Terror of Intimacy: Family Politics in the 1930s Soviet Union,” in Christina Kiaer and Eric Naiman, eds., Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006); Amir Weiner, “Nature, Nurture, and Memory in a Socialist Utopia: Delineating the Socio-Ethnic Body in the Age of Socialism,” American Historical Review 104, no. 4 (October 1999): 1114–55.
44. Muklevich, “Dorogoi drug,” 30–31; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; T. V. Shuniakova (Ignatashvili), interview with author, April 22, 1998.
45. G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998.
46. Iudit Agracheva, “Chlen partii s 1903 goda,” Vesti-2, June 1, 1995; “Biografiia” and “Avtobiografiia,” in AMDNN, “Brandenburgsky” file (KP-371/17, KP-3771/18).
47. E. I. Zelenskaia, “A. A. Sol’ts,” unpublished manuscript in AMDNN, “Solts” file, 68–92. Cf. Yury Trifonov, The Disappearance, trans. David Lowe (Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis, 1991), 99–100. Cf. Iurii Trifonov, Ischeznovenie, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.ru/read/trifonov_yuriy/ischeznovenie.html#0.
48. RGALI, f. 2310, op.1. d. 19, ll. 55, 70–72; d. 78, ll. 13–15. On the similarity between Uriel Acosta and “blue-eyed Kim,” see Iakov Grinval’d, “Peresmotrennyi Gutskov: ‘Uriel’ Akost’ v Novom teatra,” Vecherniaia Moskva, May 7, 1934.
49. GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 51, ll. 121–25.
50. GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 51, ll. 126; Nikita Petrov and Mark Iansen [Jansen], “Stalinskii pitomets”—Nikolai Ezhov (Moscow: Rossiiskaia politicgeskaia entsiklopediia, 2008), 29, 204, 366; “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” Memorial Society database, http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm; http://www.kino-teatr.ru/teatr/activist/m/283730/bio/; http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/almanah/almanah-dict-bio/1021729/0; Stalin’s Lists on Georgia, forthcoming, see Heinrich Böll Stiftung, https://ge.boell.org/en/2014/01/20/stalins-lists-georgia-2011-2013 and https://idfi.ge/en/stalins-lists-on-georgia.
28. THE SUPREME PENALTY
1. F. Beck and W. Godin [Konstantin Shteppa and Fritz Houtermans], Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession (New York: Viking Press, 1951), 215.
2. “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” Memorial Society database, http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm; Teatral’nye deiateli, http://www.kino-teatr.ru/teatr/activist/m/283730/bio; Al’manakh “Rossiia: XX vek,” Alexander Yakolev.org, http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/almanah/almanah-dict-bio/1021729/0; Ivan Gronskii, Iz proshlogo (Moscow: Izvestiia, 1991), 162–69; Igor’ Nepein, “Tsareubiitsa v rukakh NKVD,” Cheliabinskii rabochii, July 17, 2004 (http://www.chelpress.ru/newspapers/chelrab/archive/17–07–2004/2/A121270.DOC.shtml.ru) and July 21, 2004 (http://mediazavod.ru/articles/15797).
3. Eikhe quoted in N. S Khrushchev, “O kul’te lichnosti i ego posledstviiakh,” Wikisource, http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/О_культе_личности_и_его_последствиях._Доклад_XX_съезду_КПСС_(Н.С._Хрущев).
4. Ibid.; see also Reabilitatsiia: Kak eto bylo; Dokumenty prezidiuma TsK KPSS i drugie materialy (Moscow: MFD, 2003), 2:646–47.
5. Reabilitatsiia: Kak eto bylo, 2:647.
6. Ibid., 647–48.
7. Vitalii Shentalinskii, “Rasstrel’nye nochi,” Zvezda 5 (2007): 67–78.
8. Ibid., 83–84.
9. “Stalinskie spiski,” Memorial Society database, http://stalin.memo.ru/names/index.htm.
10. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, 215; Shentalinskii, “Rasstrel’nye nochi,” 82.
11. Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 234–35.
12. Ibid., 235.
13. Ibid., 236.
14. Ibid., 236–44; “Stalinskie spiski,” http://stalin.memo.ru/names/index.htm.
15. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Svetlana Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora: Vospominaniia (Moscow: AGRAF, 2013), 15–66.
16. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 20.
17. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 16–17.
18. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 20; “Stalinskie spiski,” http://stalin.memo.ru/names/index.htm.
19. “Moe poslednee slovo na sude, veroiatno, budet moim poslednim slovom voobshche,” Istochnik 4 (1996): 89–90 (underlined lines were crossed out by the censor); Jochen Hellbeck, “With Hegel to Salvation: Bukharin’s Other Trial,” Representations 107 (Summer 2009): 67–68.
20. Gennadii Bordiugov, ed., Tiuremnye rukopisi N. I. Bukharina (Moscow: AIRO-XX, 1996), 2:34, 37, 39, 321, 324, 333, 30. I am indebted to Jochen Hellbeck, “With Hegel to Salvation,” 56–90.
21. Bordiugov, Tiuremnye rukopisi N. I. Bukharina, 2:63, 80, 216, 175, 82, 159.
22. Ibid., 2:92.
23. Ibid., 2:131.
24. Ibid., 2:157–58.
25. “‘Prosti menia, Koba’: Neizvestnoe pis’mo N. I. Bukharina,” Istochnik 0 [sic] (1993): 23–25. English translation (by Benjamin Sher) from J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, eds., The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 556–59 (doc. 198).
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. “Moe poslednee slovo na sude,” 90–91. English translation from Robert C. Tucker and Stephen F. Cohen, eds., The Great Purge Trial (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1965), 668.
29. V. I. Piatnitskii, comp., Golgofa (St. Petersburg: Palitra, 1993), 60–61; Mikhail Kol’tsov, “Ubiitsa s pretenziiami,” Pravda, March 7, 1938.
30. Aleksandr Avdeenko, “Otluchenie,” Znamia 4 (April 1989): 91–92.
31. Gordon, in Mikhail Kol’tsov, kakim on byl: Sbornik vospominanii (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1989), 400–401.
32. Viktor Fradkin, Delo Kol’tsova (Moscow: Vagrius, 2002), 19–31, 74–94 (quotation from 86).
33. Ibid., 247, 95; Boris Sopel’niak, Smert’v rassrochku (Moscow: Olma-Press, 2004), 141.
34. Fradkin, Delo Kol’tsova, 95–96.
35. Ibid., 95–119, 321–29; Sopel’niak, Smert’v rassrochku, 129–59.
36. Ursula El-Akramy, Transit Moskau: Margarete Steffin und Maria Osten (Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1998), 13, 229–33, 262–72; Boris Efimov, Desiat’ desiatiletii (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 320–22; V. F. Koliazin, ed., Vernite mne svobodu! Deiateli literatury i iskusstva Rossii i Germanii—zhertvy stalinskogio terrora (Moscow: Medium, 1997), 284–302; Fradkin, Delo Kol’tsova, 171–94.
37. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, M-4–M-5 (August 9, 1936); M-9 (October 9, 1936).
38. Ibid., M-8 (September 25, 1936); AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Lichnoe delo No. 90365.”
39. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, M-7 (August 31, 1936); M-12 (November 17, 1936); M-9 (October 10, 1936).
40. Ibid., M-13 (November 26, 1936); M-13 (December 1936).
41. Ibid., M-14 (September 2, 1937).
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid., M-15–M-16 (September 18, 1937).
44. Ibid.
45. T. I. Miagkova, “Poslednee pis’mo k docheri,” introduction by R. M. Poloz, in S. S. Vilenskii, ed., Dodnes’ tiagoteet (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2004), 2:139–42.
46. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Lichnoe delo No. 90365.”
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.; Miagkova, “Poslednee pis’mo,” 142–45.
49. Solovki-entsiklopediia, bk. 10, chap. 4, “Rasstrel solovetskogo etapa v urochishche Sandarmokh (Sandormokh),” http://www.solovki.ca/camp_20/sandarmoh.php; AMDNN, “Poloz” file, R. M. Poloz, letter to the Museum,” October 7, 2000, l. 9; Memorial’noe kladbishche Sandormokh, 1937, 27 oktiabria–4 noiabria (Solovetskii etap) (St. Petersburg: Memorial, 1997), 87–124, 160–71.
50. Memorial’noe kladbishche Sandormokh, 69, 150.
51. Gronskii, Iz proshlogo, 168–69.
52. “Zakhoronenie v Kommunarke, spisok po godam: Posleslovie,” Memorial Society database, http://www.memo.ru/memory/communarka/index.htm.
53. L. Golovkova, “Spetsob’’ekt ‘Butovskii poligon’ (istoriia, dokumenty, vospominaniia),” in Butovskii poligon, 1937–38: Kniga pamiati zhertv politicheskikh repressii (Moscow: Institut eksperimental’noi sotsiologii, 1997), 24–26.
54. “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.ru/index1.htm.
55. N. V. Petrov, “Stalinskii zakaz: Kak ubivali Sokol’nikova i Radeka,” Novaia gazeta, June 5, 2008.
56. L. S. Redens (Alliluev), interview with author, June 24, 1999; Vladimir Alliluev, Khronika odnoi sem’i (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2002), 97; “Poslednee slovo N. I. Ezhova,” Dokumenty o deiatel’nosti N. I. Ezhova, http://perpetrator2004.narod.ru/documents/Yezhov/Yezhov.htm; cf. English translation in Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 561–62.
57. Agnessa Mironova-Korol’, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory: A Voice from Stalin’s Russia, trans. Rose Glickman (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2012), 101–2, 103; M. M. Iakovenko, Agnessa: Ustnye rasskazy Agnessy Ivanovny Mironovoi-Korol’, Memorial: Istoricheskie programmy, “Nasha zhizn’ s Miroshei,” http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
58. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 100–101; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
59. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 114–17; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
60. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 117–18; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
61. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 122; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
62. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 123–25; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
63. “Stalinskie spiski,” http://stalin.memo.ru/names/index.htm. On “Kashketin executions,” see Vadim Rogovin, Partiia rasstreliannykh (Moscow: N.p., 1997), 299–305, http://trst.narod.ru/rogovin/t5/xxxiv.htm; Ia. I. Kaminskii, “Minuvshee prokhodit predo mnoiu…”: Izbrannoe iz lichnogo arkhiva (Odessa: Aspekt, 1995), 95–98; A. V. Antonov-Ovseenko, Vragi naroda (Moscow: Intellekt, 1996), 98–102. When Agnessa Argiropulo was told that Mironov had been sentenced to ten years “without the right to correspondence,” she married his cousin, Mikhail Davydovich Korol (who had recently returned to the Soviet Union after serving as an undercover agent in the United States). In 1942, she was arrested for “anti-Soviet conversations” and sentenced to five years in a labor camp. After her release in 1947, she started working as a nurse. She died in Moscow in 1981, at the age of seventy-eight.
29. THE END OF CHILDHOOD
1. AMDNN, “Zaitsev” file; T. I. Shmidt, Dom na naberezhnoi: Liudi i sud’by (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2009), 24–27; Memorial Society database, http://lists.memo.ru/index3.htm. See also Cathy A. Frierson and Semyon S. Vilensky, Children of the Gulag (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), esp. 136–232.
2. AMDNN, “Osepian” file; Shmidt, Dom na naberezhnoi, 62–63; Memorial Society database, http://lists.memo.ru/index3.htm; Gamlet Mirzoian, “Ovsepian, A. A.,” Noev kovcheg 11, no.134 (November 2008): http://www.noev-kovcheg.ru/mag/2008-11/1432.html.
3. AMDNN, “Moroz” file; S. S. Vilenskii et al., eds., Deti Gulaga, 1918–1956 (Mosow: Demokratiia, 2002), 291–93, http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/almanah/inside/almanah-doc/129; Mikhail Korshunov and Victoria Terekhova, Tainy i legendy Doma na naberezhnoi (Moscow: Slovo, 2002), 355–58. Lermontov’s “The Death of a Poet,” trans. Robert Hillyer, in Samuel H. Gross and Ernest J. Simmons, eds., Centennial Essays for Pushkin (New York: Russell and Russell, 1967), 225–26.
4. Moroz, “Minuvshee,” 16–20, in AMDNN, “Moroz” file.
5. Vilenskii et al., Deti Gulaga, 291; Korshunov and Terekhova, Tainy i legendy, 359.
6. AMDNN, “Moroz” file; Vilenskii et al., Deti Gulaga, 290.
7. AMDNN, “Moroz” file; Vilenskii et al., Deti Gulaga, 285–86.
8. AMDNN, “Moroz” file; Vilenskii et al., Deti Gulaga, 287–88.
9. AMDNN, “Moroz” file.
10. AMDNN, “Letter from deputy director of the Central State Security Archive, V. P. Gusachenko, to the House on the Embankment People’s Museum, August 31, 1993,” copy; “Spravka Tsentral’nogo arkhiva FSB Rossii,” n.d., no number (in author’s possession); Leonid Redens, interview with author, June 24, 1999. Aleksei Kirpichnikov’s Stalin’’iugend (Moscow: Veche, 2010), http://lib.rin.ru/doc/i/221529p19.html, is a fictionalized account based on interviews and documentary evidence, including the fully reprinted text of the indictment.
11. Anatoly Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent (New York: Devin-Adair, 1962), 31, 51–96, 107–11, 116–34 (the quotations are from 111).
12. Ibid., 111.
13. Ibid., 46–47, 51, 130.
14. Ibid., 161, 190. See also O. B. Mozokhin, “Organy gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti SSSR v gody Velikoi Otehestvennoi voiny,” vol. 2, bk. 2 (September 1–December 31, 1941), doc. no. 564, http://mozohin.ru/article/a-114.html. Granovsky’s presence in the school is confirmed by Pavel Sudoplatov in P. A. Sudoplatov, Raznye dni tainoi voiny i diplomatii: 1941 god (Moscow: Olma Press, 2001), 270, also http://www.pseudology.org/Abel/Sudoplatov1941/12.htm.
15. Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent, 194–206.
16. Ibid., Irina Muklevich, interview with author, December 4, 1997; Valerii Frid, 58 ½: Zapiski lagernogo pridurka (Moscow: Izdatel’skii dom Rusanova, 1996), 7–40; Viktor Levenshtein, “Za Butyrskoi kamennoi stenoi,” Kontinent 132 (2007): http://magazines.russ.ru/continent/2007/132/le14.html; Anatolii Korkmasov, “Korkmasov Dzhelal-Erast (Erik) Dzhelal-Ed-Dinovich,” Gazavat.ru, http://www.gazavat.ru/history3.php?rub=31&art=411. Frid’s and Levenshtein’s accounts of the affair differ considerably from Granovsky’s.
17. Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent, 145, 214, 223; Evgenii Zhirov, “Vse proiskhodiashchee so mnoi lozhitsia ten’iu na moego ottsa,” Kommersant-Vlast’, November 7, 2005, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/624225; Roi Medvedev, “Slava i tragediia odnoi sem’i,” Karetnyi riad 5 (November 1989); R. I. Medvedev, Oni okruzhali Stalina (Moscow: Vremia, 2012), 407–10, Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=u1P4TUgiqncC&pg=PA408&lpg=PA408&dq=елизавета+драбкина+андрей+свердлов&source=bl&ots=xK3_KjSVqa&sig=PpSLDdaaysZ5zmvUm0-DWxKQQog&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VxSXVN-pOJawogTr8IDACQ&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=елизавета%20драбкина%20андрей%20свердлов&f=false.
18. A. M. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe (Moscow: APN, 1989), 234–36.
19. Ibid., 237–38.
20. Ibid., 239–40.
21. “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.ru/index18.htm; M. Parkhomovskii, Kniga ob udivitel’noi zhizni Eshua Zolomona Movsheva Sverdlova, stavshego Zinoviem Alekseevichem Peshkovym, i neobyknovennykh liudiakh, s kotorymi on vstrechalsia (Jerusalem: N.p., 1999), 198–209, 222; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 240n; Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Irina Chaikovskaia, “Vgliadet’sia v postup’ roka: Interv’iu s Ruf’iu Val’be,” Chaika 17, no. 148 (September 1, 2009): http://www.chayka.org/node/2464; Nadezhda Kataeva-Lytkina, “145 dnei posle Parizha,” Vestnik 1, no. 312 (January 8, 2003): http://www.vestnik.com/issues/2003/0108/win/lytkina.htm; Irma Kudrova, Gibel’ Mariny Tsvetaevoi (Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta, 1995), http://tsvetaeva.synnegoria.com/WIN/about/kudrovG3.html; Medvedev, “Slava i tragediia,” 6; Medvedev, Oni okruzhali Stalina, 408–9.
30. THE PERSISTENCE OF HAPPINESS
1. A. M. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe (Moscow: APN, 1989), 140–41.
2. Moroz, “Minuvshee,” 43, in AMDNN, “Moroz” file.
3. B. H. Uimanov, Repressii: Kak eto bylo (Zapadnaia Sibir’v kontse 20kh—nachale 50-kh godov) (Tomsk: Izdatel’stva Tomskogo universiteta, 1995), 288–91.
4. N. N. Demchenko, “Kanikuly dlinoi v 18 let,” Mendeleevets 36, no. 1799 (November 30, 1988): 3; L. P. Postyshev, interview with author, October 1, 1998.
5. Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 73–74; Z. A. Khatskevich (Volkova), interview with author, September 4, 1998.
6. Gaister, Deti vragov naroda, 54.
7. Ibid., 55, 62–63, 72–73.
8. Ibid., 56, 59.
9. Ibid., 54; Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Z. A. Khatskevich (Volkova), interview with author, September 4, 1998; E. I. Kuchmina, letter to the Museum, August–September 1991, in AMDNN, “Kuchmin” file. For a history of the Moscow Exemplary, see Larry E. Holmes, Stalin’s School: Moscow’s Model Schoool No. 25, 1931–1937 (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999).
10. Lidiia Libedinskaia, Zelenaia lampa, LitRes, http://www.litres.ru/lidiya-libedinskaya/zelenaya-lampa-2/chitat-onlayn/page-7.
11. Ibid. The Pushkin translation (“To Chaadaev”) is from Avrahm Yarmolinsky, ed., The Poems, Prose, and Plays of Alexander Pushkin (New York: Modern Library, 1936), 51. On the Pushkin jubilee, see Karen Petrone, Life Has Become More Joyous, Comrades: Celebrations in the Time of Stalin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000), 113–48.
12. A. Shitov, Iurii Trifonov: Khronika zhizni i tvorchestva (Ekaterinburg: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo Universiteta, 1997), 144–45.
13. V. E. Iusim, “Detskie gody,” 12–13, in AMDNN, “Efim Lande” file.
14. Ibid., 24.
15. Ibid., 20–38 (the long quotation is from 28); V. E. Iusim, interview with author, December 5, 1998.
16. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Svetlana Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora: Vospominaniia (Moscow: AGRAF, 2013), 89–90.
17. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 90.
18. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml.
19. Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 90; Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml.
20. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml.
21. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 91.
22. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 91–93.
23. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 64, 72.
24. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 73.
25. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 72.
26. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 75.
27. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 69–70.
28. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 78–79.
29. Obolenskaia, “Vspominaiu o druzhbe,” Lib.ru, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/03b.shtml.
30. Obolenskaia, “Vspominaiu o druzhbe,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/03b.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 81–82.
31. Obolenskaia, “Vspominaiu o druzhbe,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/03b.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 83.
32. Obolenskaia, “Vspominaiu o druzhbe,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/03b.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 82–83.
33. Obolenskaia, “Vspominaiu o druzhbe,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/03b.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 83–84.
34. A. Kosterin, “Za pereval,” in V potoke dnei (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1958), 223–49; RGALI, f. 457, d. 392, ll. 54, 57; Dnevnik Niny Kosterinoi (Moscow: Detskaia literatura, 1964), 21–22, 67–68, 83, 77–78, 71, 58, 91, 89, 105, 12, 20, 19, 32–34, 33, 60, 68, 63, 88–89 and passim. For the uncensored version, see Dnevnik Niny Kosterinoi, http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html. See also Il’ia Okunev, “Dom, v kororom proshli moe detstvo i iunost,’” http://www.liveinternet.ru/showjournal.php?journalid=4298821&jday=14&jyear=2012&jmonth=8.
35. Dnevnik Niny Kosterinoi, 23, 49, 28, 30, 34, 53, 77, 81. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html.
36. Ibid., 31, 56–57, 59, 81–83, 94. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html.
37. Ibid., 36, 54, 102, 104, 62–63, 83, 86–87, 93. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html.
38. Ibid., 37, 41–47, 72–73, 76, 84, 88–89, 94, and passim. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html. The German original is “Erinnerung”: “Willst du immer weiter schweifen? / Sieh, das Gute liegt so nah. / Lerne nur das Glück ergreifen, / Denn das Glück ist immer da.” The English translation is from Paul Carus, Goethe, with Special Consideration of His Philosophy. Containing One Hundred and Eighty-Five Portraits and Other Historical Illustrations (Chicago: Open Court, 1915), 335.
39. Ibid., 103; Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html.
40. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 13 (January 2 and 3, 1941), 56–58, 89–90, 92; bk. 14 (January 5 and 6, 1941), 7, 13–14 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 171–92, 211–15]. See chapter 22, note 22, for how this work is cited.
41. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 14 (January 6, 1941), 16; bk. 14 (January 8, 1941) 27; bk. 13 (December 31, 1940), 59 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 231–32, 176].
42. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 14 (January 2, 1941), 86–87 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 207].
43. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 14 (January 5–9, 1941), 8, 11–12, 39, 25–26, 14 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 223, 226–27, 240, 253, 230].
44. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 14 (January 12, 1941), 50 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 264].
45. Ibid., 52 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 266].
31. THE COMING OF WAR
1. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 14 (June 5, 1941), 77–83 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 289–95]. See chapter 22, note 22, for how this work is cited.
2. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 14 (June 12, 1941), 96 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 306–7]; Evgenii Gurov, “Chego ne znali Stalin i Gitler, znal Leva Fedotov,” Prezent (supplement to Moskovskie vedomosti) 37 (December 1993): 6, 8.
3. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 15 (June 22, 1941), 4–5 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 311–13].
4. Dnevnik Niny Kosterinoi (Moscow: Detskaia literatura, 1964), 103–5. Cf. Dnevnik Niny Kosterinoi, http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html.
5. Ibid., 105–7. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html (unabridged).
6. Ibid. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html.
7. Ibid., 107–8. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html.
8. Ibid., 109–10. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html. The last sentence comes from Gorky’s “The Song of the Stormy Petrel.”
9. Ibid., 112. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html.
10. Ibid., 113. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html.
11. Ibid., 114–15. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html. The lines “too many for him to remember them all” are from The Demon, by Mikhail Lermontov.
12. Ibid., 115, 118–19. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html. The Jewish War is a novel by Lion Feuchtwanger.
13. Ibid., 119–20. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html; Viacheskav Boiarskii, Diversanty zapadnogo fronta: Artur Sprogis i drugie (Moscow: Krasnaia zvezda, 2007), 77, 96–97, 107–61, 232–34, 297–355, and passim; A. K. Megera, “V tylu vraga (o boevoi deiatel’nosti razvedyvatel’no-podryvnykh grupp na vremenno okkupirovannoi territorii Podmoskov’ia),” in Kliatvu vernosti sderzhali: Partizanskoe Podmoskov’ie v dokumentakh i materialakh (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1982), 297–306; F. S. Fazliakhmetov, “Reidy komsomol’tsev-razvedchikov po tylam vraga,” in Kliatvu vernosti, 307–16; Nadezhda Arabkina, “Krestnyi put’ Zoi,” Moskovskii komsomolets, December 8, 2001, http://www.mk.ru/editions/daily/article/2001/12/08/100549-krestnyiy-put-zoi.html; “Legendy Velikoi Otechestvennoi: Zoia Kosmodem’ianskaia,” Rossiia v kraskakh, http://ricolor.org/history/rsv/ist/7/3, and Russkaia narodnaia liniia, http://ruskline.ru/monitoring_smi/2005/04/13/legendy_velikoj_otechestvennoj_zoya_kosmodem_yanskaya.
14. Dnevnik Niny Kosterinoi, 120. Cf. http://gendirector1.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_4833.html; Viacheslav Otshel’nik, “Tvoi lichnyi dnevnik: Interv’iu Eleny Alekseevny Kosterinoi,” Tvoi lichnyi dnevnik: Proekt Viacheslava Otshel’nika, http://subscribe.ru/archive/lit.graph.dnevnikovedenie/200902/05065454.html; RGALI, f. 457, d. 392, ll. 65–66; Memorial: Obobshchennyi bank dannykh o zashchitnikakh otechestva, pogibshikh ili propavshikh bez vesti v period Velikoi otechestvennoi voiny i poslevoennyi period, http://www.obd-memorial.ru/html/default.htm; Gamlet Mirzoian, “Ovsepian, A. A.,” Noev kovcheg 11, no. 134 (November 2008): http://www.noev-kovcheg.ru/mag/2008-11/1432.html.
15. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/02.shtml; Svetlana Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora: Vospominaniia (Moscow: AGRAF, 2013), 93–95, 77.
16. P. A. Sudoplatov, Raznye dni tainoi voiny i diplomatii. 1941 god (Moscow: Olma Press, 2001), chap. 12, http://www.pseudology.org/Abel/Sudoplatov1941/12.htm; Anatoly Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent (New York: Devin-Adair, 1962), 142, 165–68; Memorial: Obobshchennyi bank dannykh o zashchitnikakh otechestva, http://www.obd-memorial.ru/html/info.htm?id=53081753; Volodia Ivanov’s letters, AMDNN, “B. Ivanov” file, letter of March 13, 1946; G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998.
17. Lyova Fedotov’s diary, bk. 15 (June 26, 1941), 8 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 320].
18. Ibid., 10 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 321–22].
19. Ibid. 8, and (July 11, 1941), 19 [Fedotov, Dnevnik, 320, 334].
20. L. Roshal’, Piramida, Solo truby: Kinostsenarii (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1989), 87–89; Gurov, “Chego ne znali Stalin i Gitler,” 8; Mikhail Korshunov and Victoria Terekhova, Tainy i legendy: Doma na naberezhnoi (Moscow: Slovo, 2002), 184–90; Memorial: Obobshchennyi bank dannykh o zashchitnikakh otechestva, http://www.obd-memorial.ru/html/info.htm?id=87025470.
32. THE RETURN
1. GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 216, ll. 2–9; d. 265, l. 1.
2. GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 565, l. 3; d. 263, ll. 5–119; op. 1, d. 82, ll. 2–28.
3. GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 263, l. 5; d. 265, ll. 1–2; d. 565, l. 3; d. 374, l. 4; d. 427, l. 1; d. 243, ll. 5–6; d. 462, l. 3ob.; d. 485, ll. 4, 81–93; op. 1a, d. 28, l. 186; d. 32, ll. 153–63; op. 1, d. 53, ll. 11–63; d. 18, ll. 105–8; d. 92, ll. 1–5ob.; d. 83, ll. 11–29; d. 96, ll. 16–17, 31; d. 102, ll. 1–2; d. 103; d. 107, l. 1; d. 108, ll. 1–7; d. 111, ll. 40–41; d. 112; d. 113, ll. 1–2; d. 135, ll. 1–4; d. 139, ll. 1–2; d. 145, ll. 1–4; Viktoriia Il’inichna Vakhrusheva, interview with author, January 9, 1998; Timothy J. Colton, Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 502–10; Steven E. Harris, Communism on Tomorrow Street: Mass Housing and Everyday Life after Stalin (Washington. DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), 178–80, 336.
4. Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 102. On post-Gulag reunions, see Cathy A. Frierson and Semyon S. Vilensky, Children of the Gulag (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 301–51.
5. M. R. Peterson, “O nas,” ll. 17, 19–20, 27–34, in AMDNN, “Peterson” file.
6. Peterson, “O nas,” l. 17.
7. Obolenskaia, Iz vozpominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Svetlana Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora: Vospominaniia (Moscow: AGRAF, 2013), 47.
8. Obolenskaia, Iz vozpominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 48, 49.
9. T. I. Shmidt, Dom na naberezhnoi: Liudi i sud’by (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2009), 80–81; Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda, 113–64; Peterson, “O nas,” ll. 33–35, 53.
10. Anatoly Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent (New York: Devin-Adair, 1962), 214, 222–24.
11. Ibid., 223–24.
12. Ibid., 178, 225–341.
13. Raoul Wallenberg: Report of the Swedish-Russian Working Group (Stockholm: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Department for Central and Eastern Europe, 2000), 68–69, 92, 129–49, 177, 188, http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/wp-content/files_mf/2836.pdf; Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent, insert between 179 and 180.
14. Evgenii Zhirnov, “Vse proiskhodiashchee so mnoi lozhitsia ten’iu na imia ottsa,” Kommersant-Vlast’, November 7, 2005, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/624225; Roi Medvedev, “Slava i tragediia odnoi sem’i,” Karetnyi riad 5 (November 1989): 6; Ia. N. Naumov and A. Ia. Iakovlev, Tonkaia nit’ (Moscow: Detskaia literatura, 1965), 71–72, 342, 77–93 (the interrogation technique quotation is on 82). See also Ia. N. Naumov and A. Ia. Iakovlev, Dvulikii Ianus (Moscow: Detskaia literatura, 1967); and Ia. Naumov and A. Iakovlev, Skhvatka s oborotnem (Moscow: Veche, 2008; originally published in 1969).
15. Khronika tekushchikh sobytii, No. 7, http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/chr/chr7.htm.
16. Peterson, “O nas,” l. 20.
17. R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998; Iurii Trifonov, “Zapiski soseda,” in Iurii i Ol’ga Trifonovy vspominaiut (Moscow: Soverwenno sekretno, 2003), 180.
18. B. G. Golubovskii, Bol’shie malen’kie teatry (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo imeni Sabashnikovykh, 1998), 108–23; AGTsTM, f. 454, d. 1294, l. 3; d. 4, l. 1; d. 455, ll. 106–7; d. 1377, n.p.
19. GARF, f. R-5449, op. 1, d. 63, ll. 33, 52; G. S. Ronina, interview with author, October 1, 1997.
20. Il’ia Zbarskii, Ob’’ekt No. 1 (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 233–36; V. I. Zbarskii, interview with author, March 10, 1998.
21. R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998; A. Shitov, Iurii Trifonov: Khronika zhizni i tvorchestva (Ekateringurg: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo Universiteta, 1997), 249–50; Obolenskaia, Iz vozpominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml.
22. V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997; Shitov, Iurii Trifonov, 271; Zakhar Prilepin, Leonid Leonov (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2010), 409.
23. Golubovskii, Bol’shie malen’kie teatry, 119–20; AGTsTM, f. 454, d. 1377, l. 128.
24. GARF, f. R-5449, op. 1, d. 63, ll. 31–32.
25. Evgenii Gurov, “Chego ne znali Stalin i Gitler, znal Leva Fedotov,” Prezent (supplement to Moskovskie vedomosti) 37 (December 1993): 8; Shmidt, Dom na naberezhnoi, 90–93; Zbarskii, Ob’’ekt No. 1, 233–36; V. B. Zbarskii, interview with author, March 10, 1998.
26. Gurov, “Chego ne znali Stalin i Gitler,” 8; Shmidt, Dom na naberezhnoi, 91–92. On rehabilitations, see N. F. Bugai, Reabilitatsiia repressirovannykh grazhdan Rossii (XX-nachalo XXI veka) (Moscow: MSNK-Press, 2005); A. G. Petrov, Reabilitatsiia zhertv politicheskikh repressii: Opyt istoriko-pravovogo analiza (Moscow: INION RAN, 2005); A. Artizov et al., eds., Reabiitatsiia: Kak eto bylo, vols. 1–3 (Moscow: Demokratiia, 2000); and, esp., Nanci Adler, Keeping Faith with the Party: Communist Believers Return from the Gulag (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012).
27. E. D. Stasova, Stranitsy zhizni i bor’by (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1960); RGASPI, f. 356, op. 2, d. 32, l. 1; d. 24, ll. 159–60 and passim; G. A. Voronskaia, Vospominaniia (Moscow: Protei, 2002), 70; RGASPI, f. 356, op. 2, d. 24, l. 160.
28. RGASPI, f. 356, op. 2, d. 34, l. 48ob.
29. Voronskaia, Vospominaniia, 64, 68.
30. Ibid., 66–67.
31. Ibid., 64–65, 69; RGASPI, f. 356, op. 2, d. 6, l. 113.
32. Voronskaia, Vospominaniia, 69.
33. Ibid., 71–72; RGASPI, f. 356, op. 1, d. 19, ll. 1–3.
34. Svetlana Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu (Moscow: Zakharov, 2000), 59–60; translation from Svetlana Allilueva, Twenty Letters to a Friend (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 61–62.
35. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem, 60–61.
36. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem, 59–62; translation from Allilueva, Twenty Letters to a Friend, 62–64. See also Vladimir Alliluev, Khronika odnoi sem’i (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2002), 225–61, 274, 281; Kira Allilueva, Plemiannitsa Stalina (Moscow: Vagrius, 2006), 210–52.
37. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem, 62, translation from Allilueva, Twenty Letters to a Friend, 64. See also Alliluev, Khronika odnoi sem’i, 281.
38. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 52–53.
39. S. V. Obolenskaia, interview with author, October 20, 2009.
40. For the catalog, see Eva Pavlovna Levina-Rozengolts, 1898–1975: Sbornik materialov; Katalog vystavki proizvedenii (Moscow: Gosudarstvennaia Tret’iakovskaia galereia, Gosudarstvennyi muzei izobrazitel’nykh iskusstv im. A. S. Pushkina, 1996). See also E. B. Levina, comp., Eva Pavlovna Levina-Rozengol’ts: Zhivopis’i grafika (Moscow: Galart, 2006); Eva Levina-Rozengolts: Her Life and Work (Washington, DC: National Museum of Women in the Arts, 1999).
33. THE END
1. Joseph Kellner, “The End of History: Radical Responses to the Soviet Collapse” (PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, forthcoming, 2018).
2. Aleksandr Ovcharenko, V krugu Leonida Leonova: Iz zapisok 1968–1988 gg. (Moscow: Moskoskii intellektual’no-delovoi klub, 2002), 158; M. A. Kanazirska, “Zagadka Leonova (Iz besed s pisatelem),” in Vek Leonida Leonova: Problemy tvorchestva; Vospominaniia (Moscow: IMLI RAN, 2001), 347–48; Zakhar Prilepin, Leonid Leonov (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2010), 328–37, 485–500, 507–8; Leonid Leonov, Piramida (Moscow: Nash sovremennik, 1994), 1:6.
3. Leonov, Piramida, 3:72; M. Gor’kii, Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: GiKhL, 1955), 30:400; Leonid Leonov v vospominaniiakh, dnevnikakh, interv’iu (Moscow: Golos, 1999), 223; Leonov, Piramida, 1:32.
4. Ibid., 2:252.
5. Ibid.
6. Leonid Leonov, “Slovo o pervom deputate,” Leonid Leonov, http://www.leonid-leonov.ru/slovo-o-pervom-deputate.htm; Leonov, Piramida, 3:6.
7. Leonov, Piramida, 3:8–9.
8. Ibid., 2:254; 1:14, 19.
9. Ibid., 1:67–68.
10. Victoria Smolkin, A Sacred Space Is Never Empty: A History of Soviet Atheism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018).
11. Luke 14:26; 1 Cor.: 8–9.
12. Plato, The Republic, Internet Classics Archive, http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.3.ii.html.
13. J. V. Stalin, Problems of Leninism (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1953) 528–29. Cf. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniia (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1951), 13:37–38.
14. Philip S. Gorski, The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Viktor Zhivov, “Osobyi put’ i puti spaseniia v Rossii,” manuscript in author’s possession.
EPILOGUE
1. Iurii Trifonov, Vremia i mesto, in Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1985), 4:260.
2. Iurii Trifonov, “Seroe nebo, machty i ryzhaia loshad’,” in Sobranie sochinenii, 4:260.
3. Trifonov, Utolenie zhazhdy, in Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1985), 1:715–16, Trifonov, “Pravda i krasota,” in Iurii Trifonov, Stat’i, Litmir, http://www.litmir.co/br/?b=71204&p=1; Yuri Trifonov, The House on the Embankment, in “Another Life” and “The House on the Embankment,” trans. Michael Glenny (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1999), 197–98 (translation modified). Cf. Iurii Trifonov, Dom na naberezhnoi, in Sobranie sochinenii, 2:370.
4. Trifonov, “The House on the Embankment,” 222, 189 (translation modified).
5. Yury Trifonov, The Disappearance, trans. David Lowe (Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis, 1991), 7.
6. Trifonov, “The House on the Embankment,” 201 (translation modified); Trifonov, The Disappearance, 78 (translation modified), 15–17.
7. Trifonov, “The House on the Embankment,” 226 (translation modified).
8. Yury Trifonov, “Games at Dusk,” in The Exchange and Other Stories, trans. Jim Somers (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1991), 175 (translation modified). Cf. Trifonov, “Igry v sumerkakh,” TheLib.ru, http://thelib.ru/books/trifonov_yuriy/igry_v_sumerkah.html.
9. Yury Trifonov, “The Exchange,” trans. Ellendea Proffer, in The Exchange and Other Stories, 40–41 (translation modified). Cf. Trifonov, “Obmen,” Solnechnyi veter, http://www.vilavi.ru/raz/trif/1.shtml.
10. Iurii Trifonov, “Otblesk kostra,” in Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1987), 4:7.
11. Trifonov, Studenty, in Sobranie sochinenii, 1:238.
12. Trifonov, Vremia i mesto, in Sobranie sochinenii, 4:254–55.
13. Yuri Trifonov, The Old Man, trans. Jacqueline Edwards and Mitchell Schneider (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), 153 (translation modified).
14. Trifonov, The Disappearance, 7; Trifonov, “The House on the Embankment,” 189, 280 (translation modified).
15. Drugaia zhizn, Dom na naberezhnoi, Predvaritel’nye itogi, Vremia i mesto. The last quotation is from The Long Goodbye, in Yury Trifonov, The Long Goodbye: Three Novellas (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), 203.
16. Trifonov, The Long Goodbye, 232 (translations modified).
17. Trifonov, Utolenie zhazhdy.
18. Trifonov, “The House on the Embankment,” 272–73, 274 (translation modified).
19. Trifonov, Vremia i mesto.
20. Vremia i mesto, Dom na Naberezhnoi, Predvaritel’nye itogi, Starik. On blindness, see Natal’ia Ivanova, Proza Iuriia Trifonova (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1984), 258.
21. The David Shvarts quotation is from The Disappearance, 58.
22. Trifonov, The Disappearance, 116.
23. The grandmother quotation is from The Disappearance, 114. See Ivanova, Proza, 227.
24. Trifonov, “The House on the Embankment,” 333–34 (translation modified).
25. Trifonov, Another Life, in “Another Life” and “The House on the Embankment,” 107 (translation modified).
26. Trifonov, The Long Goodbye, 276 (translations modified).
27. Trifonov, Another Life, 112, 128 (translation modified).
28. Trifonov, The Old Man, 261; Trifonov, The Long Goodbye, 276 (translations modified). Iu. Trifonov, Neterpenie, Otkrytyi tekst, http://opentextnn.ru/man/?id=2806.
29. “The time we began” quotation is from Iurii Trifonov, “Otblesk kostra.”
30. Trifonov, The Old Man, 114, 247, 251, 185 (translations modified).
31. Ibid., 91–92, 76, 87–90 (translations modified). For the original report, including the “Carthage” quotation, see The Last Battle, based on Filipp Mironov: Tikhii Don v 1917–1921 gg. (Moscow: Demokratiia, 1997), 224, reprinted from GARF, f. 1235, op. 83., d. 8, ll. 43–52.
32. Trifonov, The Old Man, 90 (translation modified).
33. Ibid., 99–100, 171–72, 71–72 (translations modified), cf. Rev. 8:10–11.
34. Ibid., 225–29 (translations modified). The original is in Filipp Mironov, 415–23 (see The Last Battle).
35. Ibid., 178, 41 (translations modified).
36. Ibid., 243–44 (translation modified).
37. Ibid., 165 (translation modified).
38. Ibid., 185–86 (translation modified).
39. Ibid., 255–60 (translation modified).
40. Ibid., 261 (translation modified).
41. Trifonov, Another Life, 127–28 (translation modified)
42. Ibid., 77–78 (translation modified)
43. Ibid., 183–84.
44. English translation by Walter Kaufmann, in Goethe’s Faust (New York: Doubleday, 1961), 467–69, 493.
45. Trifonov, Another Life, 185–86 (translation modified); Trifonov, The Old Man, 152–53 (translation modified).
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