Chapter 4: South America

1

landscape held spell: AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.11.

2

fauna and flora Cumaná: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, pp.183–4; AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.13.

3

‘we run around like’: AH to WH, 16 July 1799, ibid., p.13.

4

‘mad if the wonders’: Ibid.

5

difficult to find rational method: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.239.

6

carrying plants: Ibid., vol.3, p.72.

7

‘impression of the whole’: AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.13.

8

trees Cumaná like Italian pines: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.183.

9

cacti and grasses: Ibid., p.194.

10

valley like Derbyshire: Ibid., vol.3, pp.111, 122.

11

caverns like Carpathian Mountains: Ibid., p.122.

12

AH happy and healthy: AH to Reinhard and Christiane von Haeften, 18 November 1799, AH Letters America 1993, p.66; AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.13.

13

meteor shower: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.332ff.

14

huge spiders: AH to Reinhard and Christiane von Haeften, 18 November 1799, AH Letters America 1993, p.66.

15

instruments in Cumaná: Ibid., p.65.

16

‘horses in a market’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.246.

17

earthquake in in Cumaná: Ibid., vol.3, pp.316–17; AH, 4 November 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.119.

18

‘we mistrust for the’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3., p.321.

19

money problems: AH, November 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.166.

20

José de la Cruz: AH wrote in his diary in June 1801 that José had accompanied them since August 1799; AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.85.

21

chartered boat: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, pp.347, 351–2.

22

packed up in Cumaná: AH, 18 November 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.165.

23

‘Hispano–Americans’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.435.

24

‘were vile slaves’: Juan Vicente de Bolívar, Martín de Tobar and Marqués de Mixares to Francisco de Miranda, 24 February 1782, Arana 2013, p.21.

25

double-domed Silla: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.379.

26

‘Memories of Werther’: AH, 8 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.188.

27

tinkle of a cow bell: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.90.

28

‘Nature every where’: Ibid., p.160.

29

‘a balm of miraculous’: AH, 22 November 1799–7 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.179.

30

mountain range instead Casiquiare: Holl 2009, p.131.

31

AH and money: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.307; the English edition doesn’t mention the money but the French edition does: AH,

Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent

, vol.4, p.5.

32

letters to be published in newspapers: AH to Ludwig Bolmann, 15 October 1799, Biermann 1987, p.169.

33

43 letters from La Coruña: AH Letters America 1993, p.9.

34

mules and equipment: AH, 7 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.185.

35

‘smiling valleys’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.107.

36

description Aragua: Ibid., p.132.

37

falling water levels: Ibid., p.131ff.; AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.215ff.

38

outlet lake: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.141.

39

sand on islands: Ibid., p.140.

40

average evaporation: Ibid., p.145ff.

41

destruction of forests: Ibid., p.142.

42

water for irrigation: Ibid., pp.148–9.

43

consequences of deforestation: AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.215.

44

deforestation outside Cumaná: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, pp.24–5.

45

‘imprudently destroyed’: Ibid., vol.4, p.63.

46

‘Forest very decimated’: AH, 7 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.186.

47

‘closely connected’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.144.

48

diminished the evaporation: Ibid., p.143.

49

AH and climate change: See AH’s writings but also Holl 2007–8, pp.20–25; Osten 2012, p.61ff.

50

‘When forests are destroyed’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, pp.143–4.

51

AH and timber for mines: Weigel 2004, p.85.

52

‘We had better be’: Evelyn 1670, p.178.

53

‘France will perish’: Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Schama 1996, p.175.

54

‘timber will soon’: Bartram, John, ‘An Essay for the Improvements of Estates, by Raising a Durable Timber for Fencing, and Other Uses’, Bartram 1992, p.294.

55

‘loss for wood’: Benjamin Franklin to Jared Eliot, 25 October 1750; Benjamin Franklin, ‘An Account of the New Invented Pennsylvanian Fire-Places’, 1744, Franklin 1956–2008, vol.2, p.422 and vol.4, p.70.

56

effect on future generations: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.143.

57

Lombardy and Peru: Ibid., p.144.

58

forest and ecosystem: AH, September 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.140; AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.477.

59

‘The wooded region acts’ (footnote): AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, pp.126–7; AH Views 2014, p.82; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.158. [

60

tree and oxygen: AH, September 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.140.

61

‘incalculable’ and ‘brutally’: AH, 4 March 1800, ibid., p.216.

62

shrinking turtle population: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4. p.486; AH, 6 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.257.

63

depleted pearl oyster: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.147.

64

‘Everything … is interaction’: AH, 2–5 August 1803, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.258.

65

‘nature has made’: Aristotle,

Politics

, Bk.1, Ch.8.

66

‘all things are made’: Carl Linnaeus, Worster 1977, p.37.

67

‘replenish the earth’: Genesis 1:27–8.

68

‘the world is made’: Francis Bacon, Worster 1977, p.30.

69

‘the lords and’: René Descartes, Thomas 1984, p.33.

70

‘howling wilderness’: Rev. Johannes Megapolensis, Myers 1912, p.303.

71

‘rendered the earth’: Montesquieu,

The Spirit of Laws

, London, 1750, p.391.

72

ideal of nature: Chinard 1945, p.464.

73

‘the idea of destruction’: de Tocqueville, 26 July 1833, ‘A Fortnight in the Wilderness’, Tocqueville 1861, vol. 1, p.202.

74

Williamson and deforestation: Hugh Williamson, 17 August 1770, Chinard 1945, p.452.

75

‘drying up the marshes’: Thomas Wright in 1794, Thomson 2012, p.189

76

‘subduing of the’: Jeremy Belknap, Chinard 1945, p.464.

77

Buffon and wilderness: Judd 2006, p.4; Bewell 1989, p.242.

78

‘cultivated nature … beautiful’: Buffon, Bewell 1989, p.243; see also Adam Hodgson, Chinard 1945, p.483.

79

‘Man can only act’: AH Cosmos 1845–52, vol.1, p.37; AH Kosmos 1845–50, vol.1, p.36.

80

humankind could destroy environment: AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.216.

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