Chapter 4: South America
1
landscape held spell: AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.11.
2
fauna and flora Cumaná: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, pp.183–4; AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.13.
3
‘we run around like’: AH to WH, 16 July 1799, ibid., p.13.
4
‘mad if the wonders’: Ibid.
5
difficult to find rational method: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.239.
6
carrying plants: Ibid., vol.3, p.72.
7
‘impression of the whole’: AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.13.
8
trees Cumaná like Italian pines: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.183.
9
cacti and grasses: Ibid., p.194.
10
valley like Derbyshire: Ibid., vol.3, pp.111, 122.
11
caverns like Carpathian Mountains: Ibid., p.122.
12
AH happy and healthy: AH to Reinhard and Christiane von Haeften, 18 November 1799, AH Letters America 1993, p.66; AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.13.
13
meteor shower: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.332ff.
14
huge spiders: AH to Reinhard and Christiane von Haeften, 18 November 1799, AH Letters America 1993, p.66.
15
instruments in Cumaná: Ibid., p.65.
16
‘horses in a market’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.246.
17
earthquake in in Cumaná: Ibid., vol.3, pp.316–17; AH, 4 November 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.119.
18
‘we mistrust for the’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3., p.321.
19
money problems: AH, November 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.166.
20
José de la Cruz: AH wrote in his diary in June 1801 that José had accompanied them since August 1799; AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.85.
21
chartered boat: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, pp.347, 351–2.
22
packed up in Cumaná: AH, 18 November 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.165.
23
‘Hispano–Americans’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.435.
24
‘were vile slaves’: Juan Vicente de Bolívar, Martín de Tobar and Marqués de Mixares to Francisco de Miranda, 24 February 1782, Arana 2013, p.21.
25
double-domed Silla: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.379.
26
‘Memories of Werther’: AH, 8 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.188.
27
tinkle of a cow bell: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.90.
28
‘Nature every where’: Ibid., p.160.
29
‘a balm of miraculous’: AH, 22 November 1799–7 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.179.
30
mountain range instead Casiquiare: Holl 2009, p.131.
31
AH and money: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.307; the English edition doesn’t mention the money but the French edition does: AH,
Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent
, vol.4, p.5.
32
letters to be published in newspapers: AH to Ludwig Bolmann, 15 October 1799, Biermann 1987, p.169.
33
43 letters from La Coruña: AH Letters America 1993, p.9.
34
mules and equipment: AH, 7 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.185.
35
‘smiling valleys’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.107.
36
description Aragua: Ibid., p.132.
37
falling water levels: Ibid., p.131ff.; AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.215ff.
38
outlet lake: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.141.
39
sand on islands: Ibid., p.140.
40
average evaporation: Ibid., p.145ff.
41
destruction of forests: Ibid., p.142.
42
water for irrigation: Ibid., pp.148–9.
43
consequences of deforestation: AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.215.
44
deforestation outside Cumaná: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, pp.24–5.
45
‘imprudently destroyed’: Ibid., vol.4, p.63.
46
‘Forest very decimated’: AH, 7 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.186.
47
‘closely connected’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.144.
48
diminished the evaporation: Ibid., p.143.
49
AH and climate change: See AH’s writings but also Holl 2007–8, pp.20–25; Osten 2012, p.61ff.
50
‘When forests are destroyed’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, pp.143–4.
51
AH and timber for mines: Weigel 2004, p.85.
52
‘We had better be’: Evelyn 1670, p.178.
53
‘France will perish’: Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Schama 1996, p.175.
54
‘timber will soon’: Bartram, John, ‘An Essay for the Improvements of Estates, by Raising a Durable Timber for Fencing, and Other Uses’, Bartram 1992, p.294.
55
‘loss for wood’: Benjamin Franklin to Jared Eliot, 25 October 1750; Benjamin Franklin, ‘An Account of the New Invented Pennsylvanian Fire-Places’, 1744, Franklin 1956–2008, vol.2, p.422 and vol.4, p.70.
56
effect on future generations: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.143.
57
Lombardy and Peru: Ibid., p.144.
58
forest and ecosystem: AH, September 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.140; AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.477.
59
‘The wooded region acts’ (footnote): AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, pp.126–7; AH Views 2014, p.82; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.158. [
60
tree and oxygen: AH, September 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.140.
61
‘incalculable’ and ‘brutally’: AH, 4 March 1800, ibid., p.216.
62
shrinking turtle population: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4. p.486; AH, 6 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.257.
63
depleted pearl oyster: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.147.
64
‘Everything … is interaction’: AH, 2–5 August 1803, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.258.
65
‘nature has made’: Aristotle,
Politics
, Bk.1, Ch.8.
66
‘all things are made’: Carl Linnaeus, Worster 1977, p.37.
67
‘replenish the earth’: Genesis 1:27–8.
68
‘the world is made’: Francis Bacon, Worster 1977, p.30.
69
‘the lords and’: René Descartes, Thomas 1984, p.33.
70
‘howling wilderness’: Rev. Johannes Megapolensis, Myers 1912, p.303.
71
‘rendered the earth’: Montesquieu,
The Spirit of Laws
, London, 1750, p.391.
72
ideal of nature: Chinard 1945, p.464.
73
‘the idea of destruction’: de Tocqueville, 26 July 1833, ‘A Fortnight in the Wilderness’, Tocqueville 1861, vol. 1, p.202.
74
Williamson and deforestation: Hugh Williamson, 17 August 1770, Chinard 1945, p.452.
75
‘drying up the marshes’: Thomas Wright in 1794, Thomson 2012, p.189
76
‘subduing of the’: Jeremy Belknap, Chinard 1945, p.464.
77
Buffon and wilderness: Judd 2006, p.4; Bewell 1989, p.242.
78
‘cultivated nature … beautiful’: Buffon, Bewell 1989, p.243; see also Adam Hodgson, Chinard 1945, p.483.
79
‘Man can only act’: AH Cosmos 1845–52, vol.1, p.37; AH Kosmos 1845–50, vol.1, p.36.
80
humankind could destroy environment: AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.216.