The Invention of Nature

Chapter 22: Art, Ecology and Nature

1

‘Two souls, alas’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 May 1859, p.63; see also Haeckel to parents, 29 May 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.66; Carl Gottlob Haeckel to Ernst Haeckel, 19 May 1859 (Akademieprojekt ‘Ernst Haeckel (1834–1918): Briefedition’: I have Thomas Bach to thank for providing me with a summary of the transcript).

2

‘beckoning temptations’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 May 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.64.

3

‘Mephistopheles’ scornful laughter’: Ibid.

4

‘understand nature’: Ibid.

5

AH, art and nature: Cosmos 1845–52, vol.2, pp.74, 85, 87; AH Kosmos 1845–50, vol.2, pp.76, 87, 90; Haeckel to parents, 6 November 1852, Haeckel 1921a, p.9.

6

Haeckel’s later reputation (footnote): Richards 2008, pp.244–76, 489–512.

7

AH in Haeckel’s youth: Haeckel to Wilhelm Bölsche, 4 August 1892, 4 November 1899, 14 May 1900, Haeckel Bölsche Letters 2002, pp.46, 110, 123–4; Haeckel 1924, p.ix; Richards 2009, p.20ff.; Di Gregorio 2004, pp.31–5; Krauße 1995, pp.352–3; Humboldt’s books are still on the bookshelves in Haeckel’s study in Ernst-Haeckel-Haus in Jena.

8

Haeckel read

Cosmos

: Haeckel to his parents, 6 November 1852, Haeckel 1921a, p.9.

9

Haeckel’s appearance: Max Fürbringer in 1866, Richards 2009, p.83; and exercising, see Haeckel to his parents, 11 June 1856, Haeckel 1921a, p.194.

10

‘I cannot tell you’: Haeckel to his parents, 27 November 1852; see also 23 May and 8 July 1853, 5 May 1855, Haeckel 1921a, pp.19, 54, 63–4, 132.

11

ivy for AH’s portrait: Haeckel to his parents, 23 May 1853, ibid., p.54.

12

‘most ardent desire’: Haeckel to his parents, 4 May 1853, ibid., p.49.

13

Haeckel and Müller: Haeckel 1924, p.xi; Richards 2009, p.39; Di Gregorio 2004, p.44.

14

Haeckel, Heligoland and medusae: Richards 2009, p.40; Haeckel 1924, p.xii.

15

‘obsessed’: Haeckel to his parents, 1 June 1853, Haeckel 1921a, p.59.

16

‘preciously sumptuous editions’: Haeckel to his parents, 17 February 1854, ibid., pp.100.

17

atlas to

Cosmos

: this was Heinrich Berghaus’s

Physikalischer Atlas;

Haeckel to his parents, 25 December 1852, ibid., p.26.

18

memorize through images: Haeckel to his parents, 25 December 1852, ibid., p.27.

19

excursion to Tegel: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 2 September 1858, Haeckel 1927, pp.62–3.

20

‘man of reason’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 23 May 1858, ibid., p.12.

21

‘day and night’: Haeckel to his parents, 17 February 1854, Haeckel 1921a, pp.101.

22

‘Robinsonian project’: Ibid., p.102.

23

‘far, far into the’: Haeckel to his parents, 11 June 1856, ibid., p.194.

24

Haeckel’s practice in Berlin: ‘Bericht über die Feier des sechzigsten Geburtstages von Ernst Haeckel am 17. Februar 1894 in Jena’, 1894, p.15; Haeckel 1924, p.xv.

25

‘truly German forest’: Haeckel to a friend, 14 September 1858; see also Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 26 September 1858, Haeckel 1927, pp.67, 72–3 and Haeckel 1924, p.xv.

26

‘completely unspoiled and pure’: Haeckel to a friend, 14 September 1858, Haeckel 1927, p.67.

27

engagement announcement: 14 September 1858, Richards 2009, p.51.

28

‘insurmountable revulsion’: Haeckel to his parents, 1 November 1852, Haeckel 1921a, p.6.

29

Haeckel about Naples: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 9 April, 24 April, 6 June 1859, Haeckel 1921b, pp.30–31, 37ff., 67.

30

two souls in his chest: Ernst Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 May 1859, ibid., p.63ff.

31

Haeckel and Allmers on Ischia: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 25 June and 1 August 1859, ibid., pp.69, 79–80.

32

‘interconnected whole’: Haeckel to friends, August 1859, Uschmann 1983, p.46.

33

‘microscoping worm’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 7 August 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.86.

34

‘Outside! Outside!’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 16 August 1859, ibid., p.86.

35

‘ossified scholar’: Ibid.

36

‘half wild life’: Ibid.

37

‘delightful glory’: Ibid.

38

‘faithful paintbrush’: Ibid.

39

‘Humboldt’s favourite interests’: Haeckel to his parents, 21 October 1859, ibid., pp.117–18.

40

‘can’t have you travelling’: Carl Gottlob Haeckel to Ernst Haeckel, late 1859, di Gregori 2004, p.58; see also Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 26 November 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.134.

41

‘tame’ professor: Haeckel to his parents, 21 October 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.118.

42

‘delicate works of art’: Haeckel to his parents, 29 October 1859, ibid., pp.122–3.

43

‘most exquisite brilliance’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 February 1860, ibid., p.160.

44

daily life Messina: Haeckel to his parents, 29 October 1859; Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 16 December 1859, ibid., pp.124, 138.

45

thanks sea gods: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 16 February 1860, ibid., p.155

46

‘made for me’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 February 1860, ibid., p.160.

47

‘poetic and delightful’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 February 1860, ibid.

48

one hundred new species: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 10 and 24 March 1860, ibid., pp.165–6.

49

microscope and drawing simultaneously: Haeckel to his parents, 21 December 1852, Haeckel 1921a, p.26.

50

‘penetrated deeper into’: Haeckel 1899–1904, preface.

51

‘create a new “style”!!’: Haeckel to Allmers, 14 May 1860, Koop 1941, p.45.

52

‘crochet pattern’ (footnote): Allmers to Haeckel, 7 January 1862, ibid., p.79.

53

associate professor: Haeckel was made

Professor extraordinarius

in 1862 – comparable to an associate professor – and then

Professor ordinarius

in 1865, a full professorship; Richards 2009, pp.91, 115–16.

54

‘life-giving sunlight’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 15 June 1860, Haeckel 1927, p.100.

55

‘

a completely crazy book

’: Haeckel to Wilhelm Bölsche, 4 November 1899, Haeckel Bölsche Letters 2002, p.110; see also Di Gregorio 2004, pp.77–80.

56

‘open a new world’: Haeckel to Darwin, 9 July 1864, Darwin Correspondence, vol.12, p.482.

57

‘to all problems, however’: Ibid.

58

controversy

Origin of Species

: Browne 2006, pp.84–117.

59

‘pre–Darwinian sentiments’: Wilhelm Bölsche to Ernst Haeckel, 4 July 1913, Haeckel to Wilhelm Bölsche 18 October 1913, Haeckel Bölsche Letters 2002, pp.253–4.

60

Haeckel’s books on Darwin (footnote): Breidbach 2006, p.113; Richards 2009, p.2.

61

‘her German Darwin-man’: Haeckel to Darwin, 10 August 1864, Darwin Correspondence, vol.12, p.485.

62

‘life filled with happy’: Allmers to Haeckel, 25 August 1863, Koop 1941, p.93.

63

Haeckel and Anna’s death: Haeckel, ‘Aus einer Autobiographische Skizze vom Jahre 1874’, Haeckel 1927, pp.330–2; Haeckel 1924, p.xxiv.

64

‘I am dead on the’: Haeckel to Allmers, 27 March 1864, Richards 2009, p.106.

65

‘bitter grief’: Haeckel to Allmers, 20 November 1864, Richards 2009, p.115.

66

‘I intend to dedicate’: Haeckel to Darwin, 9 July 1864, Darwin Correspondence, vol.12, p.483.

67

lived like a hermit: Haeckel to Darwin, 11 November 1865, ibid., vol.13, p.475.

68

‘immune to praise’: Ibid.

69

Generelle Morphologie

(footnote): Haeckel 1866, vol.1, pp.xix, xxii, 4.

70

‘most magnificent eulogium’: Darwin to Haeckel, 18 August 1866, Darwin Correspondence, vol.14, p.294.

71

thick but ‘empty’ books: Haeckel 1866, vol.1, p.7; Richards 2009, p.164.

72

‘Darwin’s bulldog’: Browne 2003b, p.105; for Huxley on Haeckel, see Richards 2009, p.165.

73

use ‘pitchforks’: Haeckel to Thomas Huxley, 12 May 1867, Uschmann 1983, p.103.

74

‘long may my’: Haeckel to Darwin, 12 May 1867, Darwin Correspondence, vol.15, p.506.

75

coined

Oecologie

– ‘ecology’: Haeckel 1866, vol.1, p.8, footnote and vol.2, pp.235–6, 286ff.; see also Haeckel’s inaugural lecture at Jena, 12 January 1869, Haeckel 1879, p.17; Worster 1977, p.192.

76

‘system of active forces’: Haeckel 1866, vol.1, p.11; see also vol.2, p.286; for AH see AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.272; AH Views 2014, p.147; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.337.

77

‘science of the relationships’: Haeckel 1866, vol.2, p.287; see also vol.1, p.8, footnote and vol.2, pp.235–6; Haeckel’s inaugural lecture at Jena, 12 January 1869, Haeckel 1879, p.17.

78

‘hand in hand’ (footnote): Haeckel to his parents, 7 February 1854, Haeckel 1921a, p.93.

79

‘oldest and most favourite’: Haeckel to his parents, 27 November 1866, Uschmann 1983, p.90.

80

Haeckel visited Darwin: Haeckel to Darwin, 19 October 1866; Darwin to Haeckel, 20 October 1866, Darwin Correspondence, vol.14, pp.353, 358; Haeckel to friends, 24 October 1866, Haeckel 1923, p.29; Bölsche 1909, p.179.

81

‘dead silence’: Henrietta Darwin to George Darwin, 21 October 1866, Richards 2009, p.174.

82

‘unforgettable’ moment: Haeckel 1924, p.xix; see also Haeckel to friends, 24 October 1866, Haeckel 1923, p.29; Bölsche 1909, p.179.

83

‘one unified whole’: Haeckel 1901, p.56.

84

Haeckel’s three assistants: Richard Greeff, Hermann Fol and Nikolai Miklucho; Richards 2009, p.176.

85

‘highly satisfying’: Haeckel to his parents, 27 November 1866, Haeckel 1923, p.42ff.

86

‘a great animal soup’: Haeckel 1867, p.319.

87

quiet mourning after Lanzarote: Haeckel, ‘Aus einer autobiographische Skizze vom Jahre 1874’, Haeckel 1827, p.330; Haeckel 1924, p.xxiv.

88

‘On this sad day’: Haeckel to Frieda von Uslar-Gleichen, 14 February 1899, Richards 2009, p.107.

89

Haeckel’s travels: Di Gregorio 2004, p.438; Richards 2009, p.346.

90

‘rejuvenated’: Haeckel to Wilhelm Bölsche, 14 May 1900, Haeckel Bölsche Letters 2002, p.124.

91

‘struggle of survival’: Haeckel 1901, p.76.

92

‘friends and enemies’: Ibid., p.75.

93

Kosmos

magazine:

Kosmos. Zeitschrift für einheitliche Weltanschauung auf Grund der Entwicklungslehre, in Verbindung mit Charles Darwin / Ernst Haeckel

, Leipzig, 1877–86; Di Gregorio 2004, pp.395–8; see also Haeckel to Darwin, 30 December 1876, CUL DAR 166:69.

94

art to illustrate evolution: Breidbach 2006, pp.20ff., 51, 57, 101ff., 133; Richards 2009, p.75.

95

Haeckel inspiration for Art Nouveau: Breidbach 2006, pp.25ff., 229; Kockerbeck 1986, p.114; Richards 2009, p.406ff.; Di Gregorio 2004, p.518.

96

Haeckel followed AH’s ideas: Haeckel to Wilhelm Bölsche, 14 May 1900, Haeckel Bölsche Letters 2002, pp.123–4.

97

‘hidden treasures’: Haeckel 1899–1904, preface and Supplement Issue, p.51.

98

‘beautiful motifs’: Ibid.

99

German economy and industrialisation: Watson 2010, pp.356–81.

100 ‘factories’ murky clouds’: Haeckel’s Wanderbilder, Kockerbeck 1986, p.116; see also Haeckel 1899, p.395.

101 ‘now learned from nature’: Peter Behrens, 1901, Festschrift zur Künstlerkolonie Darmstadt, Kockerbeck 1986, p.115.

102 nature into interiors and architecture: Kockerbeck 1986, p.59ff.

103 ‘marine harvest’: Émile Gallé, Le Décor Symbolique, 17 May 1900, Mémoires de l’Académie de Stanislaus, Nancy, 1899–1900, vol.7, p.35.

104 Gaudí and marine organisms: Clifford and Turner 2000, p.224.

105 Sullivan and nature: Weingarden 2000, pp.325, 331; Bergdoll 2007, p.23.

106 Tiffany and Haeckel: Krauße 1995, p.363; Breidbach and Eibl-Eibesfeld 1998, p.15; Cooney Frelinghuysen 2000, p.410.

107 Haeckel at Paris World Fair: Richards 2009, p.407ff.

108 Porte Monumentale and Haeckel: Proctor 2006, pp.407–8.

109 ‘everything about it’: René Binet to Haeckel, 21 March 1899, Breidbach and Eibl-Eibesfeld 1988, p.15.

110 ‘turn to the great’: René Binet in Esquisses Décoratives, Bergdoll 2007, p.25.

111 fragmented world reconciled: Kockerbeck 1986, p.59.

112 monism as ersatz religion: Ibid., p.10.

113 bestselling Welträthsel: Breidbach 2006, p.246; Richards 2009, p.2.

114 ‘temple of nature’: Haeckel 1899, p.389

115 ‘womb of our Mother’: Ibid., p.463

116 art to express unity of nature: Ibid., p.392ff.

117 ‘brilliant Kosmos’: Ibid., p.396

118 ‘scientific and aesthetic contemplation’: Ibid., p.396.