The Invention of Nature - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Andrea Wulf (ч. 73)

Index

NOTE: Works by Alexander von Humboldt (AH) appear directly under title; works by others under author’s name

Académie des Sciences, Paris, 9.1, 9.2, 14.1, 17.1, 20.1

Acapulco (Mexico)

Adams, John, 12.1, 15.1

Adrianople, Treaty of (1828)

Agassiz, Louis, 20.1, 20.2

Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), Congress of (1818)

Albemarle (Virginia): Agricultural Society

Albert, Prince Consort

Alexandra, Empress of Nicholas I of Russia, 15.1, 16.1

Allmers, Hermann, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3

Alps: AH crosses

Altai Mountains (Russia), 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

Amazon, River (South America): AH visits, 4.1, 5.1; Muir visits, 23.1

America (New World): Buffon criticizes; see also Latin America; United States of America

Andes: plant distribution, prl.1, 7.1; AH and Bonpland cross, 6.1, 6.2; Church’s painting of, 20.1

Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar), 5.1, 12.1, 12.2

animal electricity (Galvanism), 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1

animals: species distribution

anthrax: epidemic in Siberia, 16.1, 16.2

Antisana (volcano, Ecuador), prl.1, 6.1

Apure, Rio, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1

Arago, François, 11.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 18.1, 20.1

Aragua valley (Venezuela), 4.1, 5.1, 8.1, 21.1

Ararat, Mount, 15.1, 16.1

Aristotle

Art Nouveau

Asia: AH’s expedition to, 14.1, 15.1; see also India

Asie centrale, recherches sur les chaînes des montagnes et la climatologie comparée, 16.1

Atabapo, Rio

Auerstadt, battle of (1806)

Austerlitz, battle of (1805), 9.1, 10.1

Austria: Wilhelm von Humboldt in, 11.1; new constitution (1848), 20.1

Babbage, Charles, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1

Bacon, Francis

Bahia (now San Salvador, Brazil), 17.1, 17.2

Baikal, Lake (Central Asia)

Baird, Spencer Fullerton

ballooning

Balzac, Honoré de, 11.1, 18.1

Banks, Sir Joseph: AH meets in London, 1.1, 13.1; AH requests passport for Bonpland, 3.1; AH sends specimens to, 6.1, 11.1; on internationalism of science, 6.2, 8.1; library, 6.3; aids AH, 11.2; praises AH at Royal Society, 13.2; and Robert Brown, 14.1

Baraba Steppe (Russia), 16.1, 16.2

Barnaul (Russia)

Baudin, Captain Nicolas, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

Beagle, HMS: Darwin sails on expedition, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4; FitzRoy captains, 17.5; itinerary, 17.6

Bello, Andrés, 9.1, 15.1

Belukha (mountain, Altai chain)

Berlin: AH dislikes, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1; AH travels to with Gay-Lussac (1805), 10.3; royal court in, 10.4; garden house, 10.5, 10.6; experiments in, 10.7; AH writes Views of Nature in, 10.8; AH leaves (1804), 10.9; AH moves to from Paris (1827), 14.1, 15.1; life in, 15.2; AH lectures in, 15.3, 15.4; scientific conference (1828), 15.5; AH returns to from Russian expedition, 16.1; university, 18.1; AH disparages, 18.2; Oranienburger Straße flat, 18.3; revolution (1848), 20.1; ageing AH’s life in, 20.2; see also Germany; Prussia; Tegel

Berlin Academy of Sciences, 10.1, 15.1

Berlioz, Hector

Berry, Charles Ferdinand de Bourbon, Duc de

Berry, Wendell

Berzelius, Jöns Jacob, 15.1, 20.1

Binet, René

Bismarck, Prince Otto von

Bladgen, Charles

Bligh, Captain William

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 1.1, 2.1, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1; Über den Bildungstrieb, 1.2

boa constrictors, 5.1, 5.2

Bogotá (Colombia), 6.1, 12.1

Bolívar, Simón: praises AH, prl.1; AH meets in Paris, 9.1; in Rome, 9.2; revolutionary activities, 9.3, 12.1, 12.2; climbs Chimborazo, 12.3, 12.4; returns to South America (1807), 12.5; writings and language, 12.6, 12.7; as nature lover, 12.8, 12.9, 12.10; flees Caracas for Curaçao, 12.11; character and qualities, 12.12, 12.13; studies AH’s writings on South America, 12.14; declares freedom for slaves, 12.15; appearance, 12.16; leads llaneros, 12.17; presents constitution at Angostura congress, 12.18; letter to AH on South America and nature, 12.19; on AH’s defence of Latin America, 12.20; Spain seeks support against at Aachen, 14.1; invites Bonpland to return to Latin America, 14.2; attempts release of Bonpland, 14.3; AH recommends young French scientist to, 14.4; vision of Latin American league of free nations, 15.1; death from TB, 20.1; García Márquez writes on, 20.2; decrees tree-planting programme, 21.1; ‘Letter from Jamaica’, 12.21; ‘My Delirium on Chimborazo’, 12.22, 12.23

Bonaparte, Joséphine

Bonpland, Aimé: silhouette, 3.1; AH meets in Paris, 3.2; accompanies AH on expedition to Latin America, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3; experiences earthquake in Cumaná, 4.3; experiments with electric eels, 5.7; seeks protection against mosquitoes, 5.8; fevers and dysentery, 5.9, 6.4; sends specimens back to Europe, 6.5; AH’s relations with, 6.6; climbs Chimborazo with AH, 7.1; in Guayaquil, 7.2; travels to USA, 8.1; meets Jefferson, 8.2, 8.3; returns to France, 9.1; granted French government pension, 9.2; encourages Bolívar’s revolutionary ideas, 9.3; botanical writings, 9.4, 10.1; and AH’s visit to Vesuvius, 9.5; plans further expedition, 10.2; AH stays with in Paris, 11.1; invited back to South America, 14.1; unavailable to accompany AH to Asia, 14.2; imprisoned by Paraguayans and released, 14.3, 20.1; correspondence with AH, 20.2; death, 20.3

Boston, Massachusetts

botany see plants

Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 1.1, 3.1

Bouguer, Pierre, 6.1, 10.1

Boves, José Tomás, 12.1, 12.2

Boyacà, battle of (1819)

Brazil: Darwin in, 17.1, 17.2; see also Latin America

Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa)

Bristol, Frederick Augustus Hervey, prl.1th Earl of, 3.1

Britain: Industrial Revolution and economic prosperity, 1.1; mercenaries support Bolívar, 12.1; commercial dominance, 13.1; political reforms, 15.1, 17.1; abolishes slavery, 17.2; see also London

Brown, Robert

Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

Brunel, Sir Marc Isambard

Buch, Leopold von, 9.1, 10.1

Buckland, William

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de, 4.1, 12.1

Byron, George Gordon, prl.1th Baron: Don Juan, 13.1

Cajamarca Plateau (Peru)

Calabozo (Venezuela)

Caldas, Francisco José de, 6.1, 12.1

California: gold in, 19.1; Muir in, 23.1–21, 23.1, 23.2

Canary Islands, 3.1, 17.1

Cancrin, Count Georg von, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4

Canning, George, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1

Cape Verde islands

Capri (island)

Captaincy Generals (Latin America)

capybaras (Latin American rodents), 5.1, 17.1

Caracas (Venezuela): AH visits, 4.1; earthquakes (1812), 12.1, 15.1; Bolívar occupies, 12.2; in revolutionary war, 12.3; Bolívar regains (1821), 12.4

Carlos IV, King of Spain

Carquairazo (mountain, Ecuador)

Carr, Jeanne, 23.1, 23.2, 23.3

Carson, Rachel: Silent Spring

Cartagena (Colombia), 6.1, 12.1

Casiquiare River (South America), 4.1, 5.1, 5.2

Caspian Sea

Caucasus Mountains

Century (magazine)

Chambers, Richard: Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, 18.1

Chaptal, Jean Antoine

Charles X, King of France

Chateaubriand, François-René, Vicomte de, 10.1, 11.1

Chimborazo (volcano, Ecuador): AH climbs, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1; pictured, 7.3, 12.1; AH sketches, 7.4, 10.2; and Naturgemälde, 7.5, 10.3; Bolívar on, 12.2, 12.3

China: AH crosses border into

Church, Frederic Edwin: The Heart of the Andes (painting)

cinchona tree, 7.1, 21.1

Ciudad Bolívar see Angostura

Clark, William, 8.1, 19.1

climate: AH on science of, 14.1, 18.1

climate change: and human intervention, 4.1, 4.2, 16.1; UN report on, bm1.1

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor: influenced by AH, prl.1, 13.1; on oneness with nature, 2.1; attends Davy’s lectures, 11.1; opposes scientific method, 19.1

colonialism: AH condemns, prl.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 16.1; and effect on environment, prl.2, 4.1, 8.2; Spanish, 3.1, 3.2, 4.2, 8.3, 9.2, 11.1, 12.2, 13.3, 14.1, 16.2, 16.3, 20.1; and slavery, 4.3, 8.4, bm1.1; and treatment of indigenous peoples, 5.1; Jefferson opposes, 8.5, 12.3; Bolívar rebels against, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 14.2, 15.1, 20.2; see also India

Como, Lake (Italy)

Concord, Massachusetts, 19.1, 19.2

Condamine, Charles-Marie de la, 6.1, 10.1

Confederation of the Rhine

Constantinople: Marsh in

Cook, Captain James, 1.1, 6.1

Copernicus, Nicolaus, prl.1, 2.1

Cosmos. A Sketch of the Physical Description of the Universe (AH): title, prl.1, 18.1; international contributions to, 18.2; writing and organization, 18.3, 18.4, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3; on dynamic change, 18.5; publication, 18.6, 18.7, 20.4, 20.5, 20.6; contents, 18.8, 22.1; Darwin reads, 18.9; English translations, 18.10; reception, 18.11; Emerson reads, 18.12; Thoreau reads, 19.1; proposed abridgement, 20.7; and Darwinism, 22.2; influence on Haeckel, 22.3; Muir reads, 23.1

Cotopaxi (volcano, Ecuador), 6.1, 7.1

Cotta, Johann Georg von

creoles: status in Spanish America, 4.1, 9.1

crocodiles: on Orinoco, 5.1, 17.1

Cruz, José de la, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1

Cuba, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 23.1

Cumaná (Venezuela), 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 17.1

curare

Cuvier, Georges, 9.1, 11.1, 11.2, 14.1, 14.2

Darwin, Charles: praises AH, prl.1, 20.1; on origin of species, prl.2; theory of evolution, prl.3, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1; and adaptation of life forms, 2.1; and grandfather Erasmus’s Loves of the Plants, 2.2; requests copy of AH’s Views of Nature, 10.1; influenced by AH’s Personal Narrative, 13.1, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.6, 18.2, 20.2; Lyell supports, 14.1; gives up medical studies, 14.2, 17.7; on Beagle expedition, 17.8, 17.9; seasickness, 17.10, 17.11; background, 17.12; and Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 17.13; returns to England (1836), 17.14; intense work and writings, 17.15; on species distribution, 17.16, 18.3; notebook references to AH, 17.17; on predatory nature, 17.18; AH meets, 18.4; ill health, 18.5; marriage, 18.6; reads AH’s Cosmos, 18.7; unaware of AH’s death, 20.3; death, 20.4; racial theories, 22.1; accused of heresy, 22.2; Haeckel reads and champions, 22.3; Haeckel meets, 22.4; Origin of Species, 10.2, 17.19, 18.8, 20.5, 22.5; Voyage of the Beagle, 17.20, 18.9; Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 17.21

Darwin, Emma (née Wedgwood; Charles’s wife)

Darwin, Erasmus (Charles’s grandfather): on evolution of species, 17.1; The Loves of the Plants (poem), 2.1, 17.2; Zoomania, 17.3, 17.4

Darwin, Henrietta (Charles’s daughter)

Darwin, Robert (Charles’s father), 14.1, 17.1, 17.2

Davy, Sir Humphry, 11.1, 13.1, 14.1

deforestation: AH warns against, prl.1; and climate change, 4.1, 4.2; AH’s views on, 16.1; Thoreau on, 19.1; Marsh on, 21.1, 21.2, 22.1, 23.1, 23.2; Madison warns against, 21.3; Muir on, 23.3

Descartes, René, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, 13.1

Description de l’Égypte

Deutsche Bund (German Confederation)

diamonds: AH finds in Russia

Diderot, Denis (ed.): Encyclopédie

Dolores (Mexico)

earth: age and formation, 2.1, 6.1, 14.1, 15.1

earthquakes, 4.1, 12.1, 15.1, 17.1, 23.1

East India Company (British), 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1, 14.2

ecology: Humboldt’s observations on, 4.1; Haeckel coins word, 22.1

Edinburgh Review

Edward VII, King of Great Britain: christening

Egypt: Napoleon’s expedition to, 3.1, 11.1

Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, 16.1, 16.2

electric eels, 5.1, 10.1

Elgin Marbles

Emerson, Edward

Emerson, Lydian

Emerson, Ralph Waldo: on AH’s observation, prl.1; Transcendentalism, 2.1, 19.1; relations with Thoreau, 4.1, 19.2, 19.3; inspired by AH’s Views of Nature, 10.1; reads Cosmos, 18.1; visits Muir in California, 23.1

empiricism, 2.1, 10.1

Encke, Johann Franz

Endeavour (ship)

Enlightenment: in AH’s education, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 8.1; in Saxe-Weimar, 2.1; on external and internal worlds, 2.2; Bolívar embraces ideas, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1; and rationalism, 10.1

Erie Canal (USA)

Ernst Ludwig I, King of Hanover

Essay on the Geography of Plants (AH): publication, 10.1, 10.2; frontispiece and dedication to Goethe, 10.3; Spanish translation, 12.1; and shifting of tectonic plates, 15.1

Evelyn, John: Sylva

evolution: Darwin’s theory of, prl.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1; AH propounds, 10.1, 17.3; Haeckel supports, 22.1

Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria

Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 12.1, 12.2

finches (birds): on Galapagos Islands, 17.1, 17.2

FitzRoy, Captain Robert: as captain of Beagle, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5; qualities and moods, 17.6; on Darwin’s enthusiasm, 17.7

Floyd, John B.

Fontane, Theodor

Forest Reserves Act (USA, 1891), 21.1

forests: in ecosystem, 4.1, 16.1, 21.1; see also deforestation; rainforest

Forster, Georg

Fox, William Darwin

Fragmens de géologie et de climatologie asiatiques (AH), 16.1, 17.1

France: revolution and wars, 1.1, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1; equality in, 8.2; sells North American territory to USA, 8.3, 12.1; military defeats, 11.1; monarchy restored under Louis XVIII and Charles X, 14.1

Francia, José Gaspar Rodríguez de

Frankfurt am Main: National Assembly (1849)

Frankfurt an der Oder, 1.1, 10.1

Franklin, Benjamin, 1.1, 4.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1

Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia, 1.1, 1.2, 10.1

Freiberg: mining academy

French Revolution (1789), 1.1, 8.1, 9.1

Fried, Erich

Friedrich Wilhelm II, King of Prussia, 1.1, 10.1

Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia: awards pension and court appointment to AH, 10.1, 14.1; character, 10.2; neutrality in Napoleonic Wars, 10.3; and Prussian peace mission to Paris (1807), 10.4; AH accompanies to London (1814), 13.1; finances AH’s expedition to Asia, 14.2; urges AH to return to Berlin, 14.3; AH joins court, 14.4; death, 18.1

Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, 18.1, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4

Gaia theory

Galapagos Islands, 17.1, 17.2

Gallatin, Albert, 8.1, 14.1, 14.2

Gallé, Émile

Galvani, Luigi, 1.1, 2.1; see also animal electricity

García Márquez, Gabriel: The General in his Labyrinth

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

Gaudí, Antoni

Gauß, Carl Friedrich, 14.1, 15.1, 20.1

Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1

Geognostical Essay on the Superposition of Rocks (AH)

Géographe (ship)

geomagnetism, 7.1, 16.1, 18.1

George, Prince Regent (later King George IV), 14.1, 14.2

German Association of Naturalists and Physicians, n

Germany: federation and reforms, 15.1; demands for unification, 20.1, 20.2; national colours, 20.3; industrial power, 22.1

glaciers and glaciation

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: appearance, 2.1; praises AH, prl.1, bm1.1; AH meets in Jena, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5; affair and child with Christiane Vulpius, 2.6; pictured, 2.7, 2.8; qual-ities and lifestyle, 2.9; scientific interests and theories, 2.10, 2.11; and urform, 2.12, 17.1, 19.1; admires Kant, 2.13; on self and nature, 2.14, 2.15; on unity of art and science, 2.16; and AH in South America, 5.1; and AH’s interest in volcanoes, 6.1; on AH’s return to Paris, 9.1; letter from AH in Berlin, 10.1; AH’s Essay on the Geography of Plants dedicated to, 10.2, on AH’s nature and travel writing, 10.3, 11.1; and AH’s frustration in writing, 11.2; and AH’s restlessness, 11.3; and effect of AH’s lectures on women, 15.1; AH renews friendship with, 15.2; as Neptunist on creation of Earth, 15.3; and AH’s Cosmos, 18.1; death, 18.2; sketches Schiller’s Garden House, 22.1; Elective Affinities, 2.17, 10.4; Faust, 2.18, 13.1, 13.2, 18.3, 22.2; Hermann and Dorothea, 2.19; The Metamorphosis of Plants (essay and poem), 2.20, 2.21; The Sorrows of Young Werther, 2.22, 4.1

Göttingen university

Gould, John

Grant, Ulysses S.

Gray, Asa

Gray, Vincent

Great Western (steamship)

Guayaquil (Ecuador)

Haeckel, Anna (née Sethe), 22.1, 22.2, 22.3; death, 22.4, 22.5

Haeckel, Ernst: in Italy, 22.1, 22.2; learns of AH’s death, 22.3, 22.4; scientific interests and influence, 22.5, 22.6; appearance, 22.7; background and career, 22.8; racial theories, 22.9; idolizes AH, 22.10, 22.11; studies radiolarians, 22.12; marriage, 22.13; and Anna’s death, 22.14, 22.15; champions Darwin, 22.16; ecological thinking, 22.17; travels, 22.18, 22.19; meets Darwin, 22.20; remarries, 22.21; influence on Art Nouveau, 22.22; builds and decorates Villa Medusa, 22.23; ideas and beliefs, 22.24; Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (General Morphology of Organisms), 22.25; Kunstformen der Natur (Art Forms in Nature; series), 22.26, 22.27; Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria), 22.28; Welträthsel (The Riddle of the Universe), 22.29

Haiti

Halle (Prussia): university

Hardenberg, Karl August von

Hawthorne, Nathaniel

Haydon, Benjamin Robert

Henslow, John Stevens, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

Herschel, John, 14.1, 14.2

Herschel, William

Hetch Hetchy Valley (Yosemite National Park)

Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel

Himalaya, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 20.1

Hodges, William

Homestead Act (USA, 1862), 21.1

Honda (Colombia)

Hooker, Joseph Dalton, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1

Humboldt, Alexander Georg von (AH’s father), 1.1

Humboldt, Alexander von: climbs Chimborazo, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2; travels in Latin America, prl.4, 3.1, 6.1, 7.2; interest in volcanoes, prl.5, 3.2, 6.2, 7.3, 9.1, 15.1; birth and family background, prl.6, 1.1; ideas and qualities, prl.7; condemns colonial exploitation, prl.8, 8.1, 9.2, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 16.1; view of connectivity of nature, prl.9, prl.10, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 10.3, 13.3, 13.4, 15.2, 16.2, 17.1, 23.1; memory, prl.11; influence, prl.12; Thoreau influenced by, prl.13, prl.14, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2; centennial of birth celebrated (1869), prl.15; and South American revolutionary movement, prl.16, 12.3, 12.4; upbringing and education, 1.2, 1.3; appearance and manner, 1.4, 3.3, 11.1, 14.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 20.2; sharp comments and wit, 1.5, 9.3, 11.2, 11.3, 18.4, 20.3, 20.4; attends universities, 1.6, 10.4; visits to London, 1.7, 13.5, 14.2; wanderlust and restlessness (‘maladie centrifuge’), 1.8, 3.4, 9.4, 11.4, 13.6, 14.3, 14.4, 15.3; studies finance and economics, 1.9; learns languages, 1.10; studies and practises mining and geology, 1.11; solitariness, 1.12, 6.3, 9.5, 20.5; travels in Europe, 1.13, 14.5; early scientific experiments and theories, 1.14, 2.4; meets Goethe in Jena and Weimar, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7; and perception of reality, 2.8; preoccupation with Kant, 2.9; and subjective understanding of nature, 2.10, 2.11; and mother’s death, 3.5, 3.6; preparations for travelling expedition, 3.7; attends séances, 3.8; leaves Spain on first expedition, 3.9; Spanish passport, 3.10, 3.11; reaches Venezuela, 3.12; working method in Latin America, 4.1; pictured, 4.2, 9.6; experiences earthquake in Cumaná, 4.3, 17.2; expedition to Casiquiare river, 4.4; on human effect on environment, 4.5, 23.2; sends specimens from South America to Europe, 6.4; letters home from travels, 6.5, 6.6; sense of loneliness in Andes, 6.7; infatuations and attachments to male friends, 6.8; endures hurricane at sea, 8.2; meets Jefferson, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5; rapid speech and garrulity, 8.6, 9.7, 11.5, 13.7, 14.6, 18.5, 18.6, 18.7; condemns slavery, 8.7, 12.5, 17.3, 20.6; returns to Paris (1804), 9.8; lectures at Académie des Sciences, 9.9; meets Bolívar, 9.10, 9.11; visits Italy with Gay-Lussac, 9.12; writings, 9.13, 10.5, 10.6, 11.6, 23.3; granted Prussian pension, 10.7, 14.7; visits Berlin (1805–6), 10.8; on plant distribution, 10.9 &n, 10.10, 17.4, 23.4; settles in Paris (1807–27), 10.11, 11.7, 11.8; correspondence, 11.9, 20.7, 20.8, 20.9; relations with Arago, 11.10; accused of francophilia, 11.11; on Latin American politics, 12.6; praises Bolívar as liberator, 12.7; attacks Buffon, 12.8; plans expedition to India and Asia, 13.8, 13.9, 13.10, 14.8, 15.4; relations with brother Wilhelm, 13.11, 15.5, 18.8; influence on British romantic writers, 13.12; influence on Darwin, 13.13, 17.5, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8, 18.9, 20.10; Asian expedition financed by Friedrich Wilhelm III, 14.9; visits Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), 14.10; financial problems and debts, 14.11, 14.12, 20.11; generosity to young scientists, 14.13, 20.12; near-paralysis in right arm, 14.14; moves to Berlin (1827), 14.15, 15.6; inspects Brunels’ Thames tunnel, 14.16; court duties in Berlin, 15.7, 18.10; social and educational reforms in Berlin, 15.8; and Prussian political situation, 15.9; lectures in Berlin, 15.10; withdraws from political engagement, 15.11; lecture notes, 194–5; organizes Berlin scientific conference (1828), 15.12; renews friendship with Goethe, 15.13; on creation and development of earth, 15.14; travels in Russia, 16.3; finds diamonds in Russia, 16.4; sixtieth birthday, 16.5; idolized in Russia, 16.6; escapes injury in carriage accident, 16.7; returns part of Russian travel expenses, 16.8; Darwin sends copy of The Voyage of the Beagle to, 17.9; fame and reputation in Berlin, 18.11; drowns out pianist with talk, 18.12; humility and readiness to learn, 18.13; qualities and character, 18.14; annual visits to Paris from Berlin, 18.15, 18.16; grief at brother Wilhelm’s death, 18.17; life and routine in Berlin, 18.18; meets Darwin in London, 18.19; never reads Darwin’s Origin of Species, 18.20; Hooker meets in Paris, 18.21; in 1848 revolution, 20.13; and failed German unification, 20.14; fame and visitors in old age, 20.15; handwriting, 20.16; international celebrity, 20.17; interest in technologies, 20.18; old age in Berlin, 20.19; facility in languages, 20.20; survives stroke, 20.21; death and funeral, 20.22; obituaries and tributes, 20.23; posthumous reputation, 20.24, bm1.1; warns against irrigating Llanos, 21.1; on debarking cinchona trees, 21.2; Marsh praises, 21.3; Haeckel admires, 22.1; walking, 23.5; Muir reads and idealizes, 23.6, 23.7, 23.8; achievements, bm1.2

Humboldt, Caroline von (née Dachröden; Wilhelm’s wife): view of AH, 1.1; AH visits in Jena, 2.1, 3.1; in Paris, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1; on AH’s attachments to men, 6.1; death of children, 9.2, 9.3; practical concern for AH, 9.4; in Rome, 9.5; Coleridge visits in Rome, 13.1; concern over AH’s generosity being exploited, 14.1; on AH’s lecturing in Berlin, 15.1, 15.2; death from cancer, 16.1

Humboldt, Marie Elisabeth von (AH’s mother): relations with sons, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3; death, 3.1, 3.2

Humboldt, Wilhelm von (AH’s older brother): upbringing, 1.1; intellectual interests, 1.2; attends Göttingen university, 1.3; AH visits in Jena, 2.1, 2.2; translates Aeschylus, 2.3; in Schiller’s garden, Jena, 2.4; and AH’s preoccupation with Kant, 2.5; and mother’s death, 3.1; moves to Paris, 3.2, 3.3; AH writes to from Andes, 6.1; on AH’s mental processes, 7.1; and AH’s return to Paris, 9.1; death of children, 9.2, 9.3; as Prussian Minister at Vatican, 9.4; on AH’s gentler side, 9.5; and Caroline’s concern for AH in Paris, 9.6; AH visits in Rome, 9.7; earnings, 10.1; disapproves of AH’s staying in Paris in war, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2; misgivings over AH’s relations with Arago, 11.3; as Prussian Minister of Education, 11.4, 15.1; moves to Vienna as Prussian ambassador, 11.5; as Prussian Minister to Britain, 13.1, 14.1; relations with AH, 13.2, 15.2, 18.1; leaves London for Berlin, 14.2, 15.3; on AH’s lectures in Berlin, 15.4; letter from ageing Goethe, 15.5; passion for languages, 15.6; and wife’s death, 16.1; letters from AH in Russia, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4; AH snubs attempt to find post for, 18.2; founds University of Berlin, 18.3; withdraws to Tegel, 18.4; decline and death, 18.5

Humboldt Current

Humboldtia laurifolia

hummingbirds

Hunter, John

Huxley, Aldous: Beyond the Mexique Bay

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 22.1

Imagination: AH’s, 1.1, 13.1; and nature, 2.1, 2.2, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1; AH on as balm, 4.1, 6.1; Bolívar’s, 9.1, 12.1; and reason, 11.1, 13.2; and science, 13.3, 18.1, 19.1; as creative force, 18.2; Thoreau on, 19.2

Imperial Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg

India: AH’s plan to visit frustrated, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1, 15.1

Indianapolis, 23.1, 23.2

indigo: cultivation

International Governmental Panel on Climate Change (United Nations)

isotherms, prl.1, 14.1

Italy: AH visits with Gay-Lussac, 9.1; Marsh in, 21.1; unification, 21.2; Haeckel in, 22.1, 22.2

jaguars, 5.1, 17.1

Jamaica: Bolívar in

Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1

Java: Haeckel visits, 22.1, 22.2

Jefferson, Maria (Thomas’s daughter): death

Jefferson, Thomas: on AH, prl.1; concept of liberty and democracy, prl.2, 8.1; AH meets, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 19.1; appearance, 8.5; qualities and lifestyle, 8.6, 8.7; favours agrarian economy, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10; in Washington, 8.11; agricultural practices, 8.12; and slavery in USA, 8.13, 12.1; and AH’s plan to explore North America, 9.1; interest in South American revolutions, 12.2, 12.3; refutes Buffon’s disparagement of America, 12.4; AH recommends Portuguese botanist to, 14.1; death, 15.1; Notes on the State of Virginia, 8.14

Jena (Germany), prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3; battle of (1806), 10.1

Johnson, Andrew

Johnson, Robert Underwood

Journal des Débâts, 14.1

Kaliningrad see Königsberg

Kalmyk people

Kant, Immanuel, 2.1, 10.1, 13.1, 19.1; Critique of Pure Reason, 2.2; Physische Geographie, 2.3

Karl August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 2.1, 2.2

Kazakh (or Kirghiz) Steppe

Keats, John

kelp: in food chain

keystone species

Klein, Naomi: This Changes Everything

knowledge: and internal and external world

Königsberg (now Kaliningrad), 2.1, 10.1, 16.1

Kosmos (magazine)

Kunth, Gottlob Johann Christian, 1.1, 1.2, 14.1

Kunth, Karl Sigismund, 11.1, 14.1

Kyrgyz (people)

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 2.1, 9.1, 17.1, 17.2

language: Wilhelm on

Lanzarote (Canary islands)

Laplace, Pierre-Simon, Marquis de, 2.1, 9.1, 11.1; The Mechanism of the Heavens, 14.1

Latin America: AH travels in, prl.1, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1; Spanish possessions and colonization, 3.2, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 12.1; creoles in, 4.1, 9.1; indigenous people, 5.1; ancient civilizations, 7.2, 12.2; slavery and free labour, 8.4, 17.1; revolutionary beginnings, 9.2, 9.3; AH writes on, 11.1, 12.3, 12.4; Bolívar returns to (1807), 12.5; liberation from Spanish rule, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9; blockaded in Napoleonic Wars, 12.10; Spanish viceroyalties and administration, 12.11; AH defends against Buffon’s criticisms, 12.12; federation fails, 15.1; Beagle expedition visits, 17.2; Muir visits, 23.1

LeConte, Joseph, 23.1

Legions of Hell (Latin America), 12.1, 12.2

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von

Lewis, Meriwether, 8.1, 19.1

Liebig, Justus von

Lima, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2

Lincoln, Abraham, 21.1, 21.2, 23.1

Linnaeus, Carl, 4.1, 10.1, 13.1

llaneros, 12.1, 12.2

Llanos (Latin America), 5.1, 5.2, 10.1, 12.1, 21.1

Locke, John

Loja (Ecuador)

London: AH visits, 1.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1

Louis XVI, King of France: executed

Louis XVIII, King of France

Louis Philippe, King of France

Lovelock, James

Lyell, Sir Charles, 14.1, 14.2, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 20.2; Principles of Geology, 14.3, 17.2, 17.3

Madison, Dolley

Madison, James, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 20.1, 21.1

Magdalena, Río, 6.1, 12.1, 12.2

‘Magnetic Crusade’, 16.1, 18.1

magnetic field (earth’s); see also geomagnetism

Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan

Malthus, Thomas: Essay on the Principle of Population

Marsh, Caroline, 21.1, 21.2

Marsh, George Perkins: background and career, 21.1; as Germanophile, 21.2; reads AH, 21.3; languages, 21.4; on AH, 21.5; helps establish Smithsonian, 21.6; political career, 21.7; married life, 21.8, 21.9; appointed Minister to Turkey, 21.10; travels in Egypt and Middle East, 21.11; on comparison between Old and New Worlds, 21.12, 21.13; on damage from agriculture, 14.1, 21.14; on environmental destruction and conservation, 21.15, 21.16, 23.1, 23.2; on deforestation, 21.17, 21.18; AH’s influence on, 21.19, 21.20, 21.21; financial problems, 21.22; appointed ambassador to Italy, 21.23; and American Civil War, 21.24; vision of future of earth, 21.25; and Old World’s lessons from New, 21.26; Man and Nature, prl.1, 21.27, 21.28, 22.1, 23.3

Mauritia Palm (Mauritia flexuosa)

Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Fanny

Mérida (Venezuela)

Metternich, Prince Klemens Lothar Wenzel, 15.1, 18.1, 20.1

Mexico: AH visits, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3; archives, 8.4; AH threatens to settle in, 14.1; requests AH’s help in negotiating trade agreement with Europe, 15.1; war with USA, 19.1, 20.1; concedes territories to USA, 19.2

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Monge, Gaspard

Mongolia

monism

monoculture

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de

Monticello (Virginia), 8.1, 8.2

Montúfar, Carlos, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2

Montúfar, Rosa

Morse, Samuel

Moscow

mosquitoes, 5.1, 5.2, 16.1

Muir, Daniel, 23.1, 23.2

Muir, Helen

Muir, John: affinity with nature, prl.1, 23.1, 23.2; reads Marsh’s Man and Nature, 21.1; appearance, 23.3; background and career, 23.4; travels, 23.5, 23.6, 23.7; thousand-mile walk to Florida, 23.8, 23.9; family moves to USA, 23.10; friendship with Jeanne Carr, 23.11, 23.12, 23.13; in Canada, 23.14; injures eyes, 23.15; in Cuba, 23.16; in California (Yosemite Valley), 23.17; on glaciers, 23.18; reads and marks AH’s books, 23.19, 23.20; on plant distribution, 23.21; Emerson visits, 23.22; campaigns for protection of nature, 23.23; writings, 23.24, 23.25; talk, 23.26; marriage, 23.27; as ranch manager, 23.28; father disapproves of writings, 23.29; accompanies Theodore Roosevelt to Yosemite, 23.30; defends Hetch Hetchy Valley, 23.31; praises AH, 23.32; visits South America, 23.33; My First Summer in the Sierra, 23.34, 23.35

Muir, Louie (née Strentzel)

Müller, Johannes

Murchison, Sir Roderick

Murray, John (publisher), 13.1, 13.2, 18.1

Mutis, José Celestino, 6.1, 14.1

Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French: sells North American territories to USA, 8.1; coronation and rule, 9.1, 9.2; military victories, 9.3, 11.1; disparages Friedrich Wilhelm III, 10.1; creates Confederation of the Rhine, 10.2; enters Berlin, 10.3; hostility to AH, 11.2; reads AH’s books, 11.3; defeat in Russia, 11.4; banished, 11.5, 13.1, 14.1

Napoleonic Wars, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 15.1

Nash, John

natural selection: theory of; see also evolution

Naturaliste (ship)

nature: AH’s understanding of as organism, prl.1, prl.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 16.1; Muir’s affinity with, prl.3, 23.1, 23.2; control of, 1.1; Goethe on unity of, 2.4, 2.5; and food chain, 5.1; and freedom, 8.1; and AH’s Essay on the Geography of Plants, 10.3; Schelling on philosophy of, 10.4; AH writes on, 10.5; Bolívar’s fondness for, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3; Coleridge and Wordsworth on, 13.3; and predation, 17.1; described in Cosmos, 18.1; Thoreau’s affinity with, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4; Marsh on human effects on, 21.1; Haeckel on unity of, 22.1; Muir on interconnectedness, 23.3, 23.4; Muir campaigns for protection of, 23.5

Naturgemälde: AH’s notion of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 19.1, 23.1

Negro, Rio, 5.1, 5.2

Neptunists, 6.1, 15.1

New York Times

Newton, Sir Isaac, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2; Opticks, 2.1

Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

Nile, River

Obi River (Russia), 16.1, 18.1

O’Leary, General Daniel

On the Isothermal Lines and the Distribution of Heat on the Earth (AH)

Orinoco, River (South America), 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 10.1, 17.1

Oskemen (Kazakhstan)

Ottoman Empire: war with Russia (1828), 16.1, 16.2

Páez, José Antonio

Panama: AH proposes canal, 20.1, 23.1

Paraguay

Paris: Caroline in, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1, 9.2; AH visits, 3.3; AH returns to (1804), 9.3; AH’s fondness for, 9.4; changes under Napoleon, 9.5; science in, 9.6, 9.7; life in, 9.8, 11.1, 11.2; Board of Longitude, 9.9; AH meets Bolívar in, 9.10; AH settles in (1807–27), 10.1, 11.3; Prussian peace mission in (1807), 10.2; Allies occupy (1814), 11.4; tourists and visitors, 11.5; cuisine, 13.1; decline as scientific centre under monarchy, 14.1; AH leaves for Berlin (1827), 14.2; AH revisits annually from Berlin, 18.1, 18.2; World Fair (1900), 22.1; see also Académie des Sciences

Parry, William Edward

Peale, Charles Willson

Personal Narrative (AH): success and influence, 13.1; Darwin cherishes, 13.2, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 20.1; inspires Wordsworth poem, 13.3; incorporated in Voyage to the Equinoctial Regions, 14.1; Thoreau reads, 19.1; new English translation, 20.2; Haeckel acquires, 22.1; on Tenerife, 22.2; Muir owns and reads, 23.1, 23.2

Peru: rebellion

Pétion, Alexandre

Philadelphia, 8.1, 8.2

Pichincha (volcano, Ecuador), 6.1, 7.1

Pico del Teide (Canary Islands), 3.1, 10.1, 17.1

Pinchot, Gifford

Piòbesi (near Turin)

Pisba (Colombia)

Pizarro (Spanish frigate), 3.1, 3.2

plants: distribution by geography and altitude, prl.1, 7.1, 10.1, 17.1, 18.1, 23.1; classification, 10.2

Poe, Edgar Allan: Eureka

Polier, Count Adolphe, 16.1, 16.2

Political Essay on the Island of Cuba (AH), 12.1, 20.1

Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain (AH), 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 16.1, 17.1, 20.1

Polk, James K.

Pound, Ezra

Prussia: rise to power, 1.1; losses in Napoleonic Wars, 10.1; AH accompanies peace mission to Paris (1807), 10.2; political–economic conditions, 15.1, 15.2; revolution (1848) and demands for reform, 20.1

Pushkin, Alexander

Quarterly Review, 13.1, 18.1

Quito, 6.1, 12.1, 12.2

radiolarians, 22.1, 22.2

rainforest: life in

rationalism, 2.1, 10.1

Reform Bill (Britain, 1832), 17.1

revolutions of 1848, 20.1, 20.2

Rheinischer Merkur (newspaper)

Richards, Robert: The Tragic Sense of Life, 22.1

Riga

Riscasoli, Baron Bettino

Ritter, Carl

Rodríguez, Simón, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1

Romantic movement: in Saxe-Weimar, 2.1; Goethe and, 2.2; on internalizing nature, 2.3, 13.1; poetry, 2.4, 9.1, 13.2, 19.1; Schelling and, 10.1, 19.2; and Emerson’s Transcendentalism, 19.3

Rome, 9.1, 9.2

Roosevelt, Theodore

Rose, Gustave, 16.1, 16.2

Ross, Captain James Clark

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

Royal Academy (London)

Royal Society (London)

Rush, Richard

Russia: AH travels in, 15.1; gold and precious minerals in, 16.1; war with Ottomans, 16.2, 16.3; absolutism under Nicholas I, 16.4; geomagnetic research in, 16.5; idolizes AH, 16.6

St Helena (island), 11.1, 13.1, 16.1, 17.1

St Petersburg, 16.1, 16.2

Saint Vincent (island): volcanic eruption (1812)

San Fernando de Apure (mission, South America), 4.1, 5.1

San Francisco

San Salvador see Bahia

Sanssouci (palace, Potsdam)

Santander, Francisco de Paula

Santiago (Cape Verde islands)

Sargen, Charles

Schelling, Friedrich: Naturphilosophie, 10.1, 13.1, 19.1

Schiller, Friedrich, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 22.1

Schlagintweit, Hermann, Rudolph and Adolf, 20.1, 20.2

Schot, Joseph van der

science: development, 1.1; and reason and empiricism, 2.1; in Paris, 9.1, 9.2; flourishes in Napoleon’s France, 11.1; and imagination, 13.1, 18.1, 19.1; Coleridge and Wordsworth on reductionism of, 13.2; methods, 19.2

scientist (word): coined

Seifert, Johann: accompanies AH to Russia, 16.1; in Berlin with AH, 20.1; attends AH’s funeral, 20.2

self: and nature, 2.1; Kant on, 2.2; Goethe on, 2.3; Schelling on, 10.1, 13.1

sequoias (trees), 23.1, 23.2, 23.3

Sethe, Anna see Haeckel, Anna

Shelley, Mary: Frankenstein

Siberia: AH in, 16.1; anthrax epidemic, 16.2, 16.3; plant distribution, 18.1

Siberian Highway, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

Sicily: Haeckel in

Sierra Club (USA), 23.1, 23.2

Silla (mountain, Venezuela)

Slavery Abolition Act (Britain, 1834), 17.1

slaves and slavery: in South America, 4.1, 8.1; and colonialism, 8.2; in USA, 8.3, 12.1, 15.1, 20.1; AH condemns, 8.4, 12.2, 20.2; Bolívar frees, 12.3; abolished in Britain, 17.1; abolished in USA, 23.1

Smithsonian Institution, Washington

Somerville, Mary, 14.1; On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, 18.1

South America see Latin America

Southey, Robert, 9.1, 13.1

Spain: issues passport to AH, 3.1, 3.2; Latin American empire, 3.3, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 12.2; and border dispute with USA, 8.3; threatened by Napoleon, 9.1, 12.3; loses South American colonies, 12.4, 12.5; sends fleet to South America, 12.6; AH criticizes rule in Latin America, 12.7

species: evolution and distribution of, 17.1, 18.1; see also plants

Stegner, Wallace

Sturm und Drang (‘Storm and Stress’ movement)

sugar: cultivation

Sullivan, Louis

Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de

tapirs

Tegel (Prussia), 1.1, 1.2, 11.1, 18.1, 20.1, 22.1

Tenerife (Canary Islands), 3.1, 10.1, 17.1, 22.1

Thames, River: tunnel

Thoreau, Henry David: influenced by AH, prl.1, prl.2, 18.1, 19.1; reads AH’s View of Nature, 10.1; cabin, 19.2, 19.3; lives beside Walden Pond, 19.4, 19.5; in Concorde, Mass., 19.6; background and career, 19.7, 19.8; and AH’s Cosmos, 19.9, 19.10, 19.11; on nature’s cycles, 19.12, 19.13; relations with Emerson, 19.14, 19.15, 19.16; influence of nature on, 19.17; on death, 19.18; and local deforestation, 19.19; character and appearance, 19.20; and animals, 19.21, 19.22; appearance and manner, 19.23; love of children, 19.24; affinity with nature, 19.25, 19.26, 19.27, 19.28; nature records, 19.29, 19.30; lectures, 19.31; writing, 19.32, 19.33; notebooks and journals, 19.34, 19.35; library, 19.36; walks, 19.37, 19.38; on unity of nature, 19.39; Transcendentalism, 19.40; ideas and beliefs, 19.41; adopts new daily routine, 19.42; on science, 19.43; and imagination, 19.44; on thawing of embankment, 19.45; calls for preservation of forests, 21.1; and Muir, 23.1; The Maine Woods, 23.2, 23.3; Walden, 19.46, 19.47, 19.48, 19.49, 19.50, 23.4; A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, 19.51

Thoreau, John

Thornton, William

Tierra del Fuego, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

Tiffany, Louis Comfort

Tilsit, Treaty of (1807)

Timber Culture Act (USA, 1873), 21.1

Times, The, 20.1

titi monkeys

Tobolsk (Russia)

Tocqueville, Alexis de

Toro, Fernando del, n

Torrey, John

Trafalgar, battle of (1805)

Transcendentalists, 2.1, 19.1

Turin (Italy)

Turner, Frederick Jackson

United States of America: celebrates AH centenary (1869), prl.1; AH travels to (1804), 8.1; and Louisiana Purchase, 8.2, 12.1; agrarian economy, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5; economic prosperity, 8.6; border with Mexico, 8.7; slavery in, 8.8, 12.2, 15.1, 20.1; exports to South America, 12.3; neutrality in South American revolution, 12.4; Buffon criticizes, 12.5; expansion, 15.2; influence of Cosmos in, 18.1; territorial gains in Northwest and Southwest, 19.1; war with Mexico, 19.2, 20.2; technological advances, 19.3, 21.1; travellers visit AH in Berlin, 20.3; telegraphic link with Europe, 20.4; environment despoiled, 21.2, 21.3, 23.1; Civil War (1861–6), 21.4, 23.2; Marsh’s influence in, 21.5; abolishes slavery, 23.3; transcontinental railways, 23.4; national parks, 23.5

Ural Mountains

Valdivia (Chile)

Valencia, Lake (Venezuela), prl.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 16.1, 21.1

Venezuela: AH in, 3.1; declares independence, 12.1; Bolívar invades, 12.2; Spain reconquers, 12.3; Bolívar returns to from Haiti, 12.4; Bolívar’s campaign in, 12.5

Venus, transit of

Vermont: Marsh in, 21.1, 21.2

Verne, Jules, 10.1, 20.1

Vesuvius, Mount

Viceroyalties (Spanish Latin American)

Victoria, Queen of Great Britain

Vienna, Congress of (1815)

Views of Nature (AH): writing, 10.1; popular appeal, 15.1; Darwin requests copy, 17.1; on evolution of species, 17.2; Thoreau reads, 19.1, 19.2; revised edition, 20.1; Haeckel reads, 22.1, 22.2; Muir reads and marks, 23.1, 23.2, 23.3

volcanoes: AH’s interest in, prl.1, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 15.1

Volta, Alessandro, prl.1, 10.1

Voltaire, Marie François Arouet, 1.1, 14.1

Voyage to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent (AH), 10.1, 11.1, 14.1

Vues des Cordillères et monuments des peuples indigènes de l’Amérique (AH), 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 22.1

Vulcanists, 6.1, 15.1

Vulpius, Christiane

Walden Pond, Massachusetts, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3

Washington, DC, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

Washington, George, 8.1, 8.2; birthday celebrations (1859), 20.1

Watt, James

Wedgwood, Josiah