The Jewish Century

Soviet Jews in, 224, 225, 226, 237, 301–8, 309, 314, 329, 335, 336

in Soviet Union, 237, 331–35

of United States, 207. See also occupation(s); specific professions

proletariat, 37, 100, 148, 163–64, 252, 263

Prometheus, 8, 23

Protestantism: American, 370

and American Jews, 263, 357, 359

in England, 65

and European Jews, 54, 56

and liberalism, 43–44

and Mercurianism, 33–34

and modernity, 41–42, 43

Peters on, 56

Sombart on, 54

and tribalism, 43

Weber on, 41, 42

Protestant Reformation, 65

Proust, Marcel, 76–77, 341

Prussia, 48, 49–50, 50

purity/pollution, 13, 15–16, 21, 41, 45, 56, 108, 109, 229, 314

Pushkin, Alexander: Babel on, 135

in communist culture, 98

death of, 74

devotion to, 127, 129, 131–32, 135, 136, 144, 172, 240, 343

Eugene Onegin, 240

and Jewish assimilation, 68

and modern culture, 71

as national messiah, 67

as national poet, 74

in rise of nationalism, 45

Samoilov on, 282

Sholem Aleichem as, 148, 247, 267

and Soviet cultural elite, 231, 232, 233, 239

and Soviet intelligentsia, 277

in United States, 213

Volin on, 279

Rabelais, François, 66, 240

Rabin, Oscar, 343

Rabin, Yitzhak, 120

Rabinovich, Isaak, 126

race, 58, 59

Chamberlain on, 52

Jacobs on, 53

and science, 103. See also blood; ethnicity; germ-plasm; nationality

Racine, Jean-Baptiste, 66

radicalism, 85–99. See also communism; revolution; socialism

Rafalkes-Nir, Nahum, 175

Rafalovich family, 119

Raikhman, L. F., 304

Rákosi, Mátyás, 314

Rappoport, Ya. D., 199

reason/rationality, 54, 55, 66, 77, 81, 93, 107, 156. See also intellect

Red Army, 167, 169–70, 176, 180. See also Bolsheviks; Russian Revolution

Red Terror, 178, 182, 308, 345

religion: and American Jews, 349–50

Chamberlain on, 52

critical theory as, 86–87

and Freudianism, 81, 82, 319, 321, 322

Gorky on, 163

Jacobs on, 53

and Jewish nationalism, 101, 102

Marxism as, 81, 322

and Mercurianism, 65

of modernity, 65

and nationalism, 1, 61, 67, 70, 101, 102

as private, 67

of Protestantism, 41

of Russian Federation Jews, 361

and Russian revolutionaries, 147

and Soviet Jews, 228

and Soviet New Economic Policy, 219

Soviet policy on, 246–47

Soviet revolt against, 220

tolerance of difference in, 46

and tribalism, 321

in United States, 67, 207

universalist, 21, 24. See also messianism; millenarianism

Renaissance, 64–65, 66

Renner, Karl, 85

revolution: Benjamin on, 216

Gorky on, 164

in Jabotinsky, 215

Jewish, 3, 92, 167, 180, 203, 211, 220, 263, 282, 319, 326, 331, 360

Jewish success at, 118

religion in, 147

Russian, 167, 175, 199, 326, 360

and Russian Jews, 144, 149–55, 156–58, 160, 167, 178, 339

scientific, 64

in Sholem Aleichem, 204

and Soviet elite, 234, 236

and Soviet intelligentsia, 277

and Soviet Union, 275. See also Bolsheviks; radicalism

Ribicoff, Abraham A., 357

Richler, Mordechai, 316

Rieff, Philip, The Triumph of the Therapeutic, 321

Riumin, M. D., 306

Roizman, Matvei, 219, 220

Rom, 25, 27, 29. See also Gypsies

Romance languages, 18, 19

Romani (language), 16, 17, 18, 19

Romania, 314

Romanticism, 66, 75

Romm, M. I., 309–10

Rosenberg, Ethel, 304, 315

Rosenberg, Julius, 304, 315

Rosenfeld, Isaac, 264

Passage from Home, 266

Rosenzweig, Franz, 69, 93

Roshal, Semen, 179

Roth, Henry, Call It Sleep, 266

Roth, Philip, American Pastoral, 316–17, 350–51, 371

Rothman, Stanley, 349

Rothschild, James, 49

Rothschild banking house, 35, 47, 48, 49, 120, 121

Rozanov, Vasilii, 12

Roziner, Feliks, 210, 216, 273

Roziner-Rabinovich, Judit, 273

Rubin, Vitaly, 253–54

Rubinstein, W. D., 48

Russia and the Jews, 183

Russian (language), 67, 127–30, 276–77

Russian avant-garde, 342

Russian Empire: aliens in, 114–15, 166

anti-Semitism in, 108–10, 115, 116, 155–62, 166, 221, 360

Apollonians in, 237–38

Armenians in, 6, 111, 115

backwardness of, 143, 152

business in, 121

capitalism in, 123, 141, 153, 156, 162

Chaadaev on culture of, 66–67

Christianity in, 105, 115, 116, 146–47

culture of, 66–67, 69–70, 72, 105–10

demise of, 166

economy of, 115, 116, 123

education in, 69–70, 106, 111, 113, 123–25, 127–34, 140, 144–45, 147, 148

emancipation of serfs in, 115

emigration from, 122

equality in, 110, 115, 145, 148, 149, 154

Germans in, 111–14, 166, 237, 255

golden age of, 70

Gypsies in, 111

industry in, 118–19, 120, 121, 122, 123, 149, 152

intelligentsia of, 70, 157–58, 162

Jewish population of, 105, 117

language in, 106, 127

legal discrimination in, 110–11

and liberalism, 153

Mercurianism in, 111, 112–14, 115, 237–38

military in, 114–15

and modernity, 114, 115–16, 142–43

nationalism in, 141

Nestorians (Assyrians) in, 111

Pale of Settlement in, 2

pogroms in, 116, 118, 166

Provisional Government of, 334

Pushkin as national poet of, 74

railroad industry in, 120, 121–22

Red Terror in, 178

secularism in, 149

Time of Troubles in, 167

universalism of, 64

view of Jews in, 143–44, 155–62

Westernization of, 111

women in, 124. See also Jews (Russian Empire)

Russian Federation, 359–63

Russian Revolution, 360

and civil war, 172, 173–74

defined, 167

February Revolution, 175

in Fiddler on the Roof, 326

Mercurianism in, 199. See also Bolsheviks; Red Army; Whites

Russians: and Bolsheviks, 310

education of, 223

and ethnicity, 250

Gorky on, 164

and Jews, 329

modernization of, 252–54

and nationalism, 277–86, 288, 322

and nationalist accounts of Jews, 360–61

and Soviet nationalities, 331

Soviet pride in, 275–84

traditional opposition of to Jews, 362

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), 151–52, 155

Russo-Germans, 255

Rwala people, 23–24

Rybak, Issachar, 126

Rybakov, Anatoly, 191–92, 209–10, 221

Sabra, 212, 213, 267–68, 367. See also Israel; Israel, State of; Palestine

Sachar, H., 120

Sakharov, Andrei, 332–33, 334, 340

Samoilov, David, 233, 236–37, 238, 280–81

Samosud, S., 290

Sampson, John, 17–18

Samuel, Maurice, 27, 101

The World of Sholem Aleichem, 323

Schapiro, Leonard, 154, 177

Schatz, Jaff, 95–96, 98

Schiller, Friedrich, 45, 68, 69, 70, 71, 97, 239

Schoenberg, Arnold, 91

Schoenfeld, Joachim, 109

Schorske, Carl, 62

Schulberg, Budd, 266

science: American Jews in, 318

and bodily purity, 45

European Jews in, 50, 51–52, 104

and Freudianism, 81, 319, 321

and Marxism, 80, 81

in modernity, 41, 42, 207

and nationalism, 207

in Nazism, 103, 365, 366

racial, 103

Soviet Jews in, 224, 329, 330, 335, 336

in Soviet Union, 306, 331, 333, 334

Stalin on, 306

Veblenon, 59

Scientific Revolution, 64

Scotland, 66

SDS (Students for a Democratic Society), 348

Second Congress of Soviets, 175

secularism, 23, 63, 102, 104, 149, 209, 350

Sedov, Lev, 324, 325

self-hatred, 73–74, 152, 165, 364

Seligman banking house, 47

Semenchuk, Konstantin, 249–50

Semenov, Semyon, 304

Semichastnyi, V., 340

Semitic language, 18

Serov, Valentin, 126

service nomads: aloofness of, 22

bohemians as, 42

bourgeois, 37

as chosen, 26

danger to, 35–39

diaspora Jews as, 39, 40

difference of, 20–29

economic dependency of, 21

economic success of, 36

endogamy of, 12–13

genealogical self-definition of, 9

and Jewish nationalism, 101

languages of, 17, 19

literacy among, 29

in modernity, 30

and purity/pollution, 21

segregation of, 36

travels of, 29

tribalism of, 24–26

as violators of norms, 23–24

violence toward, 36

Seton-Watson, R. W., 85

Sevela, E. E., 355

sexuality, 11, 12, 21, 108, 212

Shakespeare, William, 45, 65, 68, 79, 239

Hamlet, 77

King Lear, 138

Sharon, Ariel, 329

Shcherbakov, A. S., 249

Shechner, Mark, 319

Sheikh Mohammadi, 5, 8, 17, 22

Shell Corporation, 121

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 66

Shersher, Leonid, 239

Shifrin, Nisson, 126

Shklovsky, Viktor, 175, 199

Sholem, Gershom, 69

Sholem Aleichem, 292

Brodsky in, 121

and Bund, 148

on chosenness, 26

and Fiddler on the Roof, 325, 326

history in, 106

as Jewish Pushkin, 148, 247, 267

as national writer, 101

revolt against family in, 254

and Roth, 316

Samuel on, 323

Soviet promotion of, 247

Tevye the Milkman, 138, 139–40, 204–5

United States in, 326

usefulness of, 347–48

Shrayer, Maxim D., 203

Shterenberg, David, 126, 227

Shternberg, Lev, 93–94, 342

shtetl, 46, 247–48, 252, 323–24. See also Pale of Settlement

Shtrum, Viktor, 289, 292

Shulgin, V. V., 181–83, 184, 360

Shvartsman, Lev, 272, 304

Sidorina, Natasha, 231

Simonov, K., 302

Singer, I. J., The Brothers Ashkenazi, 137

Siniavsky, Andrei, 342

Six-Day War, 351, 353, 354, 365

Slánský, Rudolf, 314

Slavic languages, 19

Slepian, Vladimir, 345

Slezkine, Yuri, family of, 216, 226–27, 248–49, 272, 286, 310, 361

Slutskaia, Vera (Berta), 179

Slutsky, Boris, 235–36, 280

Smith, Adam, 44

Smolenskin, Perets, 124

Smolensky, Alexander, 362

Social Democratic party, 151, 152–53

socialism: of American Jews, 265, 357

and capitalism, 153, 207

and European Jews, 84–85, 91, 93, 101

of Herzen, 339–40

in Hungary, 89

and Israel, 327

Kazin on, 214

of Marx, 153

in modernity, 207

and nationalism, 207

in Palestine, 209, 267

populism as, 141

and postindustrial capitalism, 332

and professionalism, 207

in Russian Empire, 141

of Russian Empire Jews, 152, 153, 156–57

in Russian reading circles, 144

and Sholem Aleichem, 204, 205

in Soviet Union, 276, 331

of Stalin, 82

in United States, 215

in Vittenberg, 147

Weizmann on, 149, 150

as welfare state, 331. See also radicalism

socialist realism, 225, 240

Socialist Revolutionaries, 273

social justice, 93

Society of Militant Materialist Dialecticians, 225

Sokolnikov, Grigory (Girsh Brilliant), 175

Sokolov, N. A., 180

Sokolov, Vladimir, 134

Soloveichik family, 119

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 360–61

Sombart, Werner, 10, 42, 53–56, 58, 59, 91, 93

The Jews and Modern Capitalism, 54–55

Sorin, Savely, 126

South Africa, 327, 328

Soutine, Chaim, 126

Soviet Communist Party: and anti-Semitism, 244, 289, 290, 301, 302

and emigration of Jews, 355–56

failure of, 334

and intelligentsia, 332

and Nazism, 312

and professional elite, 306–7, 331–35

and purity, 229

and Truth, 306, 312–13

Sovietness, 276, 277

Soviet Union: affirmative action in, 223, 262, 331, 333, 335–36

and American Jews, 264–65, 291–92, 327

anti-Semitism in, 242–247, 248, 249, 250–251, 252–254, 289, 293, 294, 297–315, 318, 329, 331, 335–42, 355, 360

Apollonianism in, 209, 237, 238, 254, 255

Armenians in, 336

in Babel, 266

backwardness of, 277–78, 331

blood in, 285

brotherhood in, 212–13

Christianity in, 338

class in, 331

collectivization in, 276

communism in, 104, 262, 314

and consumer society, 331

cosmopolitanism of, 247, 276

cultural elite of, 225–42

culture in, 334

disappearance of, 359–60

dissidents in, 342, 344–45

distinctions in, 208–9

economy of, 209, 210, 218, 219, 220, 222–23, 229, 230, 276, 333

education in, 222–23, 224–25, 226, 231, 232–34, 243, 247, 252, 253–54, 262, 274, 278–79, 301, 331

Ehrenburg’s Talmudic parody of, 94–95

engineers in, 333, 334

entrepreneurs in, 209

equality in, 335

ethnicity in, 246, 250, 274, 275, 276, 277, 285–86, 297, 301, 309, 314, 331, 335

ethnoterritorial units in, 247

First Five-Year Plan of, 229, 230, 253

Germans in, 299, 355

Great Retreat of, 277

Great Terror in, 254, 255, 269–70, 297

Great Transformation of, 220, 225, 227, 250, 276

Hebraism policy of, 247

and Holocaust, 337

and industry, 223, 249, 276

intelligentsia in, 224, 230, 233, 234, 254, 277, 340

intelligentsia vs. state in, 306–7, 331–35

Jewish emigration from, 341, 354–59, 370

and Jewish farmers, 248–49

Jewish success in, 327

Jews in leadership of, 251–52

Judaism policy of, 247

Kazin on, 214

Lab-X, 305

language in, 250, 276–77, 278

and literature, 239–42

Marxism in, 102–3, 247, 248, 276, 322

Mercurianism in, 209, 237, 238, 254, 255, 310

migration to cities of, 2, 206, 210, 211, 212–13, 216–19, 222, 223, 224, 238, 243

and millenarianism, 269

and modernity, 331, 332

modernization of, 253–54, 277

and nationalism, 277–86, 288, 300

nationality in, 246, 247, 250, 275, 285–86, 293, 294, 297, 329, 331, 335–36

and nation-state, 208–9

nature of, 275–76

and Nazi alliance, 301, 315

Nazi invasion of, 286–97, 360

New Economic Policy of, 210, 218, 219, 220, 222, 229

nuclear physics in, 307, 332–33

occupational dissimilarity index in, 329

and Palestine, 268, 269

patriotism in, 277, 278

police in, 177, 190, 199, 215, 221, 235, 244, 254–55, 304, 306–7, 360

political elite of, 276–77

as precapitalist, 331

pride in Russia of, 275–84

professions in, 237, 331–35

proportional representation in, 335–36

purges in, 297–315, 318, 327, 329, 345–46

religion in, 246–47

restrictions on life in, 338–39

return to, 210

and revolution, 234, 236, 275, 277

science in, 306, 307, 331, 332–33, 334

secularism in, 209

socialism in, 331

socialist-realist society of, 276

and State of Israel, 294–97, 352–53, 367

technology in, 331

Toxicology Laboratory of the Ministry of State Security, 305

United States trade with, 357

universalism of, 299

urbanization policy of, 247

as utopia, 215–16

and welfare state, 331

workers in, 333

Yiddish culture suppressed in, 298, 299, 300

Yiddish promoted in, 247

and youth, 230, 234–35

and Zionism, 209, 247, 248, 294–95, 353, 354–55. See also Bolsheviks; Jews (Soviet)

Sowell, Thomas, 34

Spain, 21, 66, 327

Spartacists, 85

Spasovich, V. D., 158

Stalin, Joseph, 94, 328

and American Jews, 264

anti-Semitism policy of, 249

death of, 308, 329, 331

as embodiment of Party, 306

Fefer on, 298

and Great Terror, 269, 270

Great Transformation of, 220, 225, 227, 250, 276

and industry, 277–78

and Lenin’s Jewish ancestry, 163, 245, 246

nationality policy of, 246

purge of Soviet Jews by, 301, 313–14

and Russian nationalism, 277–78

on science, 306

and secret police, 307

socialism of, 82

as unifying symbol, 331

Stalin, Vasily, 254

Stalin, Yakov, 304

Stalinism, 103, 275

Stalin Revolution, 276

Startsev, Stepan, 249–50

Stasov, Vladimir, 134, 135

state: ambivalence of toward service nomads, 36

as church, 67

and family, 64, 142

and modernity, 276

protection for Jews in, 2, 46, 47, 104, 114–16, 160, 165, 350

religious tolerance in, 46

therapeutic, 81–82

as tribe, 61. See also nation-state

State Jewish Theater, 138

Steinberg, Joshua, 128

Stern banking house, 47

Stoliarsky, P. S., 125, 126

Stonov, Dimitry, 243

St. Petersburg, 117, 122, 125

strangeness: in Freud, 82

modern cultivation of, 45

of Russian Empire Jews, 121

of Russian Federation Jews, 362–63

of Soviet Jews, 237

of State of Israel, 366–67

Zionist escape from, 367

stranger(s): England as nation of, 65

ethnic, 4

European Jews as, 72, 73, 99–100, 104

gender roles of, 11–12

Germans of Russian Empire as, 113, 166

Gypsies as, 10

intelligentsia as, 335

Israelis as, 328

Jews as, 40, 99–100, 104, 105

language of, 16–20

marriage to, 12–13

Mercurians as, 35

and modernity, 61

moneylending to, 9–10

neutrality of, 5–6

offensiveness of, 10–11

as opposite of host, 11, 21, 22

permanent, 4–7

Soviet Jews as, 354

success at being, 9

taboos concerning, 12–16

undesirable occupations of, 9

United States as nation of, 207. See also alien/foreigner; service nomads

Sudoplatov, Pavel, 305, 311

Surkov, A., 302

Svatikov, S. G., 152

Sverdlov, Ya. M., 169, 178, 179, 338

Svetlov, Mikhail (Sheinkman), 227–28, 230, 344

Sweden, 66

Switzerland, 125

Syrians, 31

Tal, Mikhail, 338

Tan-Bogoraz, V. G., 221–22, 227

Tanzania, 38

Tarasov-Rodionov, A., Chocolate, 195

Tarle, E., 279, 280

Tata, Jamsetji Nusserwanji, 30

Tatars, 107, 111, 113, 157, 294, 299, 336, 355

Thailand, 9, 33, 37, 38

theory, critical, 86–87, 89

theory, formalist, 225

Todesco banking house, 47

Toller, Ernst, 85

Tolstoy, A., 199

Tolstoy, D. A., 158

Tolstoy, Leo, 98, 113, 114, 134–35, 153, 239, 329

The Cossacks, 141

War and Peace, 240, 280–81

trader(s), 28

Armenians as, 34

distrust of, 29

and Hermes/Mercury, 8

Jews as, 34, 47

and Mon people, 9, 363

Overseas Chinese as, 34

Overseas Indians as, 34

Russian Jews as, 118

segregation of, 10

Sombart on, 54

Soviet Jews as, 218

in Ukraine, 218

as violator of norms, 23

and women, 11. See also business; commerce; merchant(s)

tradition, 142, 163, 210, 211, 305

Trainin, I. P., 187, 279, 302

Travelers, 5, 8, 13, 17–18, 27, 28

tribe/tribalism: Berdiaev on, 91–92

and capitalism, 43

and endogamy, 12–13

of European Jews, 72, 73, 91–92

and Freudianism, 80

of Jews, 91–92

and liberalism, 318

and Marxism, 80, 162

and Mercurians, 24, 35

and modernity, 43, 45, 363–64

and nationalism, 1, 66, 321, 322, 363–64

and Protestantism, 43

and religion, 321

revolt against, 96

and Soviet Jews, 354

state as, 61

in United States, 209

as universal, 363. See also family; kinship

Trilling, Lionel, The Liberal Imagination, 318

Trotsky, Leon (Lev Davydovich Bronstein), 91, 175

and American Jews, 264, 265

and anti-Semitism, 187

Apollonianism of, 265

Ehrenburg on, 200

on father, 137

as Jew, 244, 245

Lenin on, 187

marriage of, 179

Mercurianism of, 265

parents of, 139

and Red Army, 176

stature of, 169, 265

and Zborowski, 323, 324

Tsvetaeva, Marina, 140, 343

Tuareg, 10, 30

Turgenev, Ivan, 98, 141

“First Love,” 130, 131

Turkey, 327

Tuwim, Julian, 287–88

Tyshler, Alexander, 126

Ukraine, 122, 217

anti-Semitism in, 289, 360

and Bolsheviks, 310

education in, 223

ethnoterritorial units in, 247

and Great Terror, 273, 274

national republic for Jews in, 248

occupations in, 225

peasants in, 289

pogroms in, 289

traders in, 218

Ukrainian Borotbists, 273

Ukrainians, 173, 174, 299, 336

Ulanovskaia, Esther (Hope), 171–72, 227, 259–60, 264, 265, 271, 344, 345, 361

Ulanovskaia, Maia, 344–45, 354

Ulanovsky, Izrail Khaikelevich (Alesha), 191

Ulyanova, Anna Ilinichna, 163, 245–46

Umansky, K. A., 291

United States: anti-Semitism in, 262, 316, 326, 369

Bromberg on, 210–11, 213–14

capitalism in, 207, 263, 265, 350

Catholics in, 370

and communism, 89, 209, 262, 314–15, 348, 350, 352

culture of, 213–15, 276

education in, 318

equality in, 336–37

ethnicity in, 207, 336–37

in Fiddler on the Roof, 325–27

Fraser on, 57

Freudianism in, 81, 104, 209, 319–20, 322

individual in, 207

Jewish student radicalism in, 348

Jewish success in, 118, 260–62, 315–16, 327, 367–68

Jewish wealth in, 367–68

Kazin on, 214

language of, 276

liberalism in, 2, 104, 207, 318–19, 338, 348, 350

life in, 210–11

materialism in, 213

Mercurianism of, 207, 215, 367, 368, 369

meritocracy in, 369

migration to, 2, 116–17, 149, 207, 210–11, 213–15, 260–66, 315, 357, 358–59, 368

nationalism in, 315, 322

nationality in, 350

national religion of, 67

parent-child conflict in, 262, 265

professions in, 207

Protestants in, 370

purge of communists in, 314–15

religion in, 67, 207

Russian culture in, 213–15

secondary loyalties in, 322

and Sholem Aleichem, 205, 326

socialism in, 215

and Soviet Jewish emigration, 356–57

and Soviet Jews, 352

as strangers, 207

and trade with Soviet Union, 357

tribalism in, 209

Ulanovskaia on, 259–60

Zionism in, 209. See also Jews (American)

universalism, 21, 24, 64, 70, 299

urbanism, 1, 10

of European Jews, 41, 46, 47

and Russian Empire Jews, 115, 116, 117, 118, 149

and Soviet Jews, 2, 210, 211, 212–213, 216–219, 222, 223, 224, 238, 243, 247, 252, 261. See also migration

Uris, Leon, Exodus, 353

Uspensky, A., The Korenkov Affair, 219

usury, 5, 6, 41. See also moneylending

Uzbeks, 336

Vainshtein, Rakhmiel, 345

Vaksberg, Arkady, 250

van den Berghe, Pierre, 25, 35

Varga, E. S., 302

Varshavsky, Anton Moiseevich, 119

Varshavsky family, 121

Vasiliev, Pavel, 249

Vatenberg, Ilya, 312, 313

Vavelberg family, 119

Veblen, Thorstein, 59–60, 91, 342

Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 27

Vienna, 47–48, 49, 50, 51, 63

Vietnam, 33, 38

Vilna, 128–29

violence, 29

anti-Semitic, 37

Benjamin on, 216

in Israel, 328

against Pale Jews, 109–10

against Russian Jews, 116

Russian revolutionary, 157. See also anti-Semitism; pogroms

Vittenberg, Solomon, 147

Volga Germans, 299, 336

Volin, Boris, “The Great Russian People,” 279

Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich, 294, 304

Vulfson, Nikolai Lvovich, 250

Vyshinsky, A. Ia., 249, 250

Waata, 17, 22

Wallenberg, Raoul, 304, 305

Warburg family, 121

warrior, 12, 102, 107

wealth, 41

Dostoevsky on, 156, 157

of Jews, 46–49

in modernity, 41

and Protestantism, 44

of Russian Jews, 106

of Soviet Jews, 218, 222. See also business; capitalism; commerce; economy

Weber, Max, 33, 41, 42, 54, 82

Weimar Republic, 85

Weiner, Amir, 289

Weininger, Otto, 73, 74

Weinreich, Max, 19

Weizmann, Chaim, 149–50, 156, 291

West, 142–43, 264

Whites, 174, 178, 180, 360

White Sea Canal, 199

Whitfield, Stephen J., 91

Wiesel, Elie, 352

Wolitz, Seth, 326–27

women, 10, 11, 38, 39, 113, 124. See also gender roles

Wordsworth, William, 66

worker, 37, 47, 116, 333. See also proletariat

World War I, 165–66

World War II, 225, 275, 281, 282, 283, 301

Yagoda, Genrikh Grigorevich (Enokh Gershenovich), 199, 221

Yaroslavsky, Emelian (Minei Izraelevich Gubelman), 176, 245, 251

Yiddish, 18–20

Brezhnev on, 356

as literary language, 100–101

revolt against, 137

and Russian, 128

and Soviet Jewish nationality, 294

Soviet promotion of, 247

Soviet suppression of, 298, 299, 300. See also Hebrew

Yokhelson, Vladimir, 137, 154

Yom Kippur War, 365

Young People’s Socialist League, 265

youth: in Aliger, 282

and American Jews, 263

and Apollo, 24

in Bolshevism, 211–12

and Israel, 327

in modernity, 142, 143

in Russian Empire, 144, 145–46

and Soviet elite, 234–35

and Soviet Union, 230

and Zionism, 149, 211–12. See also father: revolt against

Yudovin, Solomon, 126

Yurovsky, Yakov, 178, 180

Zagursky. See Stoliarsky, P. S.

Zak, Abram Isaakovich, 119

Zaltsman, Isaak Moiseevich, 303

Zamenhof, Ludwick, 64, 98–99

Zaslavsky, Victor, 341

Zbarsky, B. I., 302

Zborowski, Mark, 107, 324–25

Life Is with People, 323–24

Zemliachka, R. S. (Rozaliia Zalkind), 178, 233

Zeus, 26, 29–30

Zhemchuzhina, Polina (Perl Karpovskaia), 220

Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 333

Zhitomir, 128–29

Zimbalist, Efrem, 125

Zinoviev, G. E. (Ovsei-Gersh Aronovich Radomyslsky), 169, 175–76, 179

Zionism: and American Jews, 359

Apollonianism in, 149, 212, 269

attraction of, 149

brotherhood in, 156

and capitalism, 269

collective redemption in, 211

and communism, 206, 348, 363, 364

escape from strangeness of, 367

evil in, 103

and Great Terror, 273

and Hebrew-based nationalism, 102

Jewish rejection of, 74

as Jewish solution, 2

and Mercurianism, 102, 269

as millenarian, 269

names taken under, 212

and nationalism, 363

in Palestine, 104, 209, 268

and pogroms, 149

and sexuality, 212

and Sholem Aleichem, 204, 205

and Soviet Union, 209, 247, 248, 294–95, 353, 354–55

and State of Israel, 327–28

in United States, 209

Veblen on, 59

Weizmann on, 149, 150

and youth, 149, 211–12. See also Israel; Israel, State of; Palestine

Zoshchenko, M., 199