The Untold History of the United States

INDEX

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

Abdullah II, King of Jordan, 601

Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 84, 85

Abrams, Creighton, 368

Abrams, Elliott, 425, 430, 433, 458, 471, 472–73, 490, 524, 685n

Abu Ghraib detention center, 510

Acheson, Dean, 122, 179, 180, 188, 196–97, 206, 207, 213, 217, 230–31, 236, 237, 238, 240, 244, 247, 259, 293, 297, 308, 341, 383

Acheson-Lilienthal Report, 196–97

ACLU, 561, 575

Adam Opel, 78–79

Adams, John Quincy, xii–xiii, 391

Addams, Jane, xxii, 6

Adelman, Kenneth, 451, 491, 524

Aden, 217

aerial warfare, 23–24, 25, 157–59, 215

Afghanistan, 287, 388, 392, 425, 450, 460, 463, 486, 502, 507, 523, 528, 529, 565, 569

civilian casualties in, 507, 549, 577, 581–82, 600

construction projects in, 584, 592

drones in, 572, 574–75

drug trade in, 582, 583–84, 594, 596

on global corruption index, 507, 533, 583

invasion of, 562

Islamist factions in, 486–90

Obama and, 551, 568, 569–72, 574, 577–92, 594, 597, 600, 612–13

prisoners in, 511, 561

Soviets and, 408, 412–16, 446, 459–61, 464, 466, 467–68, 488, 506, 529, 535, 536, 571, 579, 581, 589, 613

Taliban in, 486–90, 501, 503, 506–7, 534, 535, 571, 580, 581, 583–84, 588–89, 591, 594, 597

troop withdrawals and, 587–88, 591–92, 606, 612, 613

2009 presidential election of, 585

U.S. invasion of, xv, xvi, 506–7, 513, 551

women in, 488, 489, 579, 580

Afghan National Army (ANA), 587–89, 591

Afghan National Police (ALP), 594, 595

Africa, 204, 206, 360, 406, 425, 468, 469, 484, 519, 599, 605

European colonialism in, xvii, 31–32, 112, 124, 194, 316

German imperialism in, 4, 31–32

Soviets in, 406–8

African Americans, 357, 484, 493, 551

civil rights movement and, 233–34

Depression’s impact on, 59, 59

in National Guard by, 523

urban riots and, 337–38

Agency for International Development (AID), 375, 529–30

Agnew, Spiro, 390

Agricultural Adjustment Administration, 48, 49, 66

Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 533–34, 576

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 438, 484

Air Force, U.S. (USAF), 213, 215, 227, 574–75, 609–10

Air Force Academy, U.S., 610

AirSea Battle Concept, 609

air travel, long-distance, 189

Akhromeyev, Sergei, 450, 451

Akiba, Tadatoshi, 539

Alabama, 47, 346, 523

Alabama National Guard, 292

Alamogordo, N.M., 162

Alaska, xvi, xvii

Albright, Madeleine, 491–92

Alexander, Grover Cleveland, 422

Algeria, 304, 468, 613

Al-Jazeera, xv

Allen, Richard, 447, 491

Allende, Salvador, 372–78, 375

Alliance for Progress, 343, 345

Allied Control Commission, 219

Allies, 4–5, 22, 28–29, 31, 33, 38, 68, 73–74, 76, 82, 94, 111, 128, 138, 144, 149, 172, 214

Munich capitulation of, 88, 96

racism of, 32

victories of, 18, 178

All Quiet on the Western Front, 42

Al-Qaeda, 472, 488, 497–98, 507, 509–10, 514, 528–29, 544, 561, 566, 573, 575, 577, 578, 586–87, 600

attempts to tie Iraq to, 502–3, 519, 520, 532

9/11 attacks by, 500–502, 503, 506, 590, 598

1998 embassy bombings of, 490

Alsop, Joseph, 279

Alusi, Mithal al-, 534

Alvarez, Ernest, 229

Ambrose, Stephen, 164, 268

America, 300–301, 302

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 59–60, 364–65

American Century, xi, 3, 101, 181

American Chemical Society (ACS), 25–26

American Constitutional Society, 561

American Empire, xi, xviii, 253, 392, 429, 503, 532, 549, 568, 612–13, 614–15

decline of, 569

see also United States, imperialism of

American Enterprise Institute, 399, 543, 547

American exceptionalism, myth of, xiv–xvi

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), 17, 18

American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), 518, 601

American Labor party, 62

American Legion, 52, 64, 68

American Liberty League, 63–64

American Medical Association (AMA), 62

American Revolution, 2, 5, 101

American Task Force on Palestine, 600

American University, 387, 409–10

Experiment Station at, 20–21

J. F. Kennedy’s commencement address at, 314, 316–18, 317, 447

Ames, J. S., 21

Amin, Hafizullah, 412–14

Amin, Hossam Mohammed, 517

Amnesty International, 429, 489, 500

Anaconda Copper, 372, 376

Anami, Korechika, 147, 173

anarchists, xx, xxviii, 35

Anderson, Jack, 376

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 258–59

Angoff, Charles, 10

Angola, 408, 463, 521

Cuban troops in, 467

Antarctica, 543

anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems, 383

treaty on, 449, 451–52, 496, 537, 540

anti-communism, anti-Communists, 224, 231–35, 247, 252, 254, 263, 269, 287, 290, 326, 344, 353, 395, 402, 424, 429, 434, 462, 467

Anti-Imperialist League, xxii

antinuclear movement, 233–34, 280–82, 313–14

anti-Semitism, 89, 474, 493

Nazi, 77–80, 544

of Truman, 141

U.S., 52–53, 63, 78–80

antitrust laws, 50

antiwar protests, 479, 511–12

for Iraq war, 524, 525

Vietnam and, 335, 336, 338, 340–41, 341, 357, 364, 369–70, 371, 384–85

Arab Americans, in the wake of 9/11, 504

Arab-Israeli conflict, 391, 512

Arab-Israeli War of 1973, 392

Arab League, 217, 526, 531

Arab nationalism, 416

Arabs, 216–19, 257, 304, 392, 460, 474–75, 477, 478, 524

cultural sensitivities of, 510

media stereotyping of, 544

Arab Spring, 563, 599–600, 613

Arafat, Yasir, 463, 522

Aramco, 219, 258

Árbenz Guzmán, Jacobo, 261–65, 264

Argentina, 124, 378, 424, 604

Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 391

Arizona, 6, 154

Arkansas, 154

Arkhipov, Vasili, 309

Arkin, William, 564–65

Armageddon, 441–42

Armenia, 32

Armey, Richard, 484, 524

Armitage, Richard, 491, 535, 685n

arms control, 466

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA), 383–84, 397, 404, 451

arms sales, 68, 439, 459

by U.S., 490, 544, 600, 607–9

Army, U.S., 68, 79, 96, 215, 228, 254

in strikebreaking, xix

volunteer, 505

Army Air Forces, U.S., 105

Arnold, Henry “Hap,” 105, 157, 159, 177

Ashcroft, John, 498, 505, 511, 524, 560

Asia, 31, 45, 204, 222, 237, 241, 360, 508, 599, 605, 610

communism in, 249, 266, 281, 294, 304–5, 315

increased U.S. involvement in, 566, 605–12

Soviets and, 188, 257

World War II in, 182

Assad, Bashar al-, 507, 526

Assange, Julian, 562–63

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 607, 610

Atlantic Charter, 98, 99, 102–3, 464

Atlantic Monthly, 151

atomic bomb, see nuclear weapons

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 229, 255–56, 270–72, 285, 300

peaceful uses and, 282–84

Project Plowshare of, 283–84

Atta, Mohamed, 514

Attlee, Clement, 237, 241, 259

“August Sixth” (Toge), 169–70

Auschwitz, 79, 127

Australia, 32, 350, 563, 607, 609, 612

Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 612

Austria, 3, 23, 157, 287

casualties of, 87

German annexation of, 79, 88, 265

Austria-Hungary, 4, 5, 31

Awlaki, Anwar al-, 575

Axis Powers, 87–88, 89, 90, 102, 105

Azores, 205

B-29 bombers, 200, 220, 240

B-36 bombs, 200, 250, 286

B-52 bombers, 338–39

Baghdad, 522

Bahrain, 217, 600, 613

Bailey, Charles, 322–23

bailouts, 552–54

Bainbridge, Kenneth, 162

Baker, James A., III, 425, 456, 466, 468, 470–71, 482, 493, 494, 516

Baker, Newton, 17, 73

Baku, 28, 190

Baldwin, Hanson, 256

Balfour, Arthur James, 32, 216

Balfour Declaration, 216

Balkans, spheres of influence in, 114, 209

Balkan states, 188, 239, 468

Ball, George, 329, 334, 350

ballistic missiles, 450, 452

Baltic states, 28, 88, 102, 111

Baltimore Sun, 398, 563

bankers, 44, 48, 64, 65, 73, 122, 557–58

bank failures, 48, 49

bank holidays, 47, 49

banking, 45

Glass-Steagall and reform of, 50, 61

Bank of England, 259

banks, 560

bailout of, 552–54

crisis with, 47–49

runs on, 47, 49

“too big to fail,” 556

Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart NV, 81

Bao Dai, emperor of Vietnam, 246, 268–70

Barak, Ehud, 602

Barbour, W. Warren, 65, 77

Barnes, Tracy, 263, 266

Barry, Richard, 21–22

Baruch, Bernard, 36, 50, 69, 72, 196–97, 198, 202–3, 207, 253

Basic National Security Policy, NSC 162/2, 254

Batista, Fulgencio, 279, 321

Battle of Britain, 89

Battle of Stalingrad, 448

Battle of the Bulge, 114

Bay of Pigs, 266, 291–96, 293, 320, 322–23

BBC, 545

Beard, Charles, 8, 11–12, 71

Bearden, Milton, 506–7

Beaverbrook, Lord, 285

Beirut, 455

Belarus, 538

Belgium, 23, 25, 54, 89, 114, 123, 271, 279, 389

imperialism of, xvii

Bellamy, Edward, xxi, xxi, 56

Ben Hur Motor Company, 21

Bennett, William, 490

Beria, Lavrenti, 164

Berlin, 114, 157, 161, 162, 219, 295–300, 308

blockade of, 219–20, 222, 414

Berlin, East, 468–69

Berlin, West, 210, 220, 296, 298, 299, 468

Berlin Wall, 298–99, 322

fall of, 421, 468–69, 471

Bertelsmann Stiftung Foundation, 555–56

Betancur Cuartas, Belisario, 428

Bethe, Hans, 134

Bethesda Naval Hospital, 224–26, 456

Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, 70–71

Bethlehem Steel Corporation, xxviii, 70–71

Beveridge, Albert, xxiv–xxv, xxvii

Biddle, Francis, 152

Biden, Joseph, 483, 520, 573, 578, 586

Bien Hoa Air Base, 361

Bill of Rights, 13

Bilmes, Linda, 533, 590

bin Laden, Osama, 460, 488, 498, 506, 528, 536

death of, 592, 593

9/11 and, 498, 501–2, 507, 514, 528, 530, 586, 590

biological weapons, 205, 518

in Iraq, 440, 516, 517

Bissell, Richard, 266, 292, 295, 348

Black Friday of 1893, xxii

Blair, Dennis, 567, 577

Blair, Tony, 491, 516, 521

Blix, Hans, 517

Blumenthal, Michael, 403

Boas, Franz, 92

Boehner, John, 568

Boggs, Hale, 323

Bohlen, Charles “Chip,” 207, 231

Boland Amendment of 1982, 456–57

Bolívar, Simon, 603

Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas (ALBA), 604

Bolivia, 101, 378, 429, 604

Bolton, John, 491, 519, 522, 524, 685n

Bone, Homer, 65, 70–71, 77

Bonesteel, Charles “Tick,” 162

Bonner, Raymond, 432–33

Boot, Max, xv–xvi, 503, 549

Borah, William, 30, 35–36, 55–56, 65

Bosch, Juan, 345–47

Bosnia, xvi, 468

Boston, Mass., 242

police strike in, 34

Boston Globe, 78, 254, 365, 385, 429

Bowles, Chester, 291, 293–94, 334

Bradlee, Ben, 294

Bradley, Omar, 164, 180, 240, 244

Braun, Eva, 125

Brazil, 343–45, 345, 372, 378, 429, 484, 604

Brecht, Bertolt, 212

Bremer, L. Paul, 529–30

Bretton Woods N.H., 111–12

Brewster, Owen, 192, 241

Breyer, Stephen, 494

Brezhnev, Leonid, 349, 379, 382, 413–15, 418

Brinkley, David, 477

British Petroleum (BP), 258

Brokaw, Tom, 525

Brooks Brothers Riot, 494, 495

Broward County, Fla., 494

Brown, Harold, 403, 415, 417

Brown Brothers, xxx–xxxi, xxxii, 40

Brown Brothers Harriman, 81, 122, 254

Brown v. Board of Education, xiii

Bryan, William Jennings, xxv, xxvi, 3, 5–6, 43, 74, 418, 489

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 360, 412, 415, 419, 420, 475, 536

anticommunism of, 402, 404, 406, 409, 544, 566

and early-warning system failure, 417–18

influence on Carter by, 403–7, 407, 409–10, 413, 415–19, 491

in Trilateral Commission, 402–3

Buchanan, Pat, 483, 492

Buckley, William Francis, 457

Buck v. Bell, 80–81

budget deficits, G. W. Bush’s, 545, 547

Buffet, Warren, 546

Bulgaria, 90, 111, 114, 209, 214, 521

in NATO, 537

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 224, 253, 301, 318

Bundy, McGeorge, 269, 290, 291–92, 292, 297, 307, 327, 329, 337, 344, 347, 352, 367

Bundy, William, 332, 333

Bureau of Investigative Journalism, British, 573

Burma, 100, 138, 305, 328

Bush, George H. W., 81, 178, 377, 464–66, 494, 496, 516, 566

at CIA, 396–97, 399, 403, 420, 426, 466

Gorbachev and, 464, 466, 467, 469–71, 483, 537

in Iran-Contra scandal, 456–58, 466

Noriega pursued by, 471–73

Persian Gulf War and, 483

as Reagan’s vice president, 421–22, 424, 425, 432–33, 438, 465

Bush, George W., 81, 140, 372, 391, 490, 501, 532, 562, 608, 609

administration of, 685n

on Afghanistan, 506–7, 513, 551

axis of evil of, 522, 534

budget surplus turned to deficit under, 545, 547

compassionate conservatism shed by, 492, 494, 495–96

contempt for public opinion of, 494–95, 512, 524–25

executive powers usurped by, 550–51

federal spending under, 545

on Iran, 535, 544

Iraq and, 474–81, 491, 501–3, 504, 510, 512–34, 544, 573, 595

low approval ratings of, 499, 547–48

National Guard service of, 523

nuclear policy of, 538–39

Pakistan and, 535

post-9/11 climate exploited by, 504–5

Russia and, 536–42

in 2000 election, 492–94

unilateralism and PNAC agenda of, 494, 496, 497

war crimes imputed to, 499–500, 507, 511, 549

war on terror of, 504–5, 526, 530, 537, 544–45, 572

Bush, G. W., administration of, 491, 517, 521, 540, 542, 562, 564, 570, 598, 612, 613, 685n

Citigroup bailout and, 552–53

NATO expanded by, 469

Vietnam combat avoided by, 523–24

Bush, Jeb, 464, 490, 493

Bush, Prescott, 81–82

Bush, Vannevar, 197

Business Week, 56–57

Butler, Nicholas Murray, 11–12, 195

Butler, Smedley, xxx–xxxiii, xxxii, 64, 377

Butterfield, Alexander, 368, 389–90

Byrd, Robert, 483

Byrnes, James F. “Jimmy,” 120, 121, 128, 142–44, 147, 160, 162–64, 165, 175, 177–78, 184, 187, 196–97, 203, 207

Cahn, Anne, 397, 417

Calderón, Felipe, 603–4

California, 246, 357, 421

forced sterilizations in, 80–81

Japanese internment and evacuation of, 152–54, 155

potential terrorist targets in, 505

Sinclair’s “End Poverty” campaign in, 56

Calley, William, 368

Cambodia, 305, 338, 463, 466, 612

Khmer Rouge in, 388–89

Nixon’s bombing of, 360–61, 363, 370, 371, 379, 388

Vietnamese troops in, 389, 467

Cambone, Stephen, 685n

Camp David Accords, 404

Canada, xvii, 190, 422, 546, 554, 582, 603

Cannon, Walter, 60

capitalism, xviii–xix, 34, 48, 60, 63, 104, 274, 276, 322, 426, 454, 485

democracy and, 8, 26, 28

fall of communism and triumph of, 469

FDR’s approach to, 49

free-market, 545

imperialism and, xxx–xxxiii

and increasing income inequality, 545–47

in Iraq, 530

post–World War II, 111

Russian crony, 485

Russian hardships under, 538

third world countries and, 257–58

transition from socialism to, 484

World War I and, 4, 5

capitalists, 78, 82

FDR on, 557–58

foreign markets supported by, xxii

Caravan of Death, 378

Caribbean, xvii, xxviii, 434–35, 436, 603

Carlsbad Cavern National Park, 284

Carlucci, Frank, 425, 431

Carnegie, Andrew, xxii, 80

Carroll, James, 299

Carroll, Joseph, 299

Carter, Jimmy, 397, 407, 422, 428, 430, 432, 433–34, 461, 566

achievements of, 391, 404–5

on Afghanistan, 413–16, 425, 459

and Central America, 410–12

dependence on Brzezinski by, 403–7, 407, 409–10, 413, 415–19, 491

election of, 400–401, 401

Iran and, 408–10, 411

on Trilateral Commission, 401–3, 490, 491

Carter Doctrine, 414–15

Cartwright, James, 578

“Case for American Empire, The” (Boot), 503

Casey, William, 399, 420, 426–27, 427, 430–31, 436, 456, 458–59, 460, 461, 471

Castillo Armas, Carlos, 262, 264–65

Castro, Fidel, 279, 280, 288, 293, 343, 346, 377, 391, 406

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 308, 310

J. F. Kennedy and, 320–22, 325

opposition to, 291, 303–4

Castro, Raul, 603

Catholics, 84, 141, 246, 269, 426, 432

liberation theology among, 433

Catholic World, 177

Cattell, James McKeen, 11

caudillos (strongmen), 38, 40

CBS, 116, 181, 208, 466, 547

Census Bureau, 556

Center for American Progress, 579–80

Center for Constitutional Rights, 499, 575

Center for Strategic and International Studies, 518, 580, 608

Central America, xxxi, xxxii, xxxii, 43–44, 425, 428, 433, 436, 456, 471, 567, 603

unrest in, 410–12

U.S. investment in, xxix–xxx

Central Asia, 126

natural gas in, 488, 490, 591

Soviet, 413, 416

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 82, 209, 213–14, 238, 246, 248, 253, 263, 265, 270, 272, 295, 316, 386, 403, 408, 417, 422, 424, 431, 475, 502, 523, 564

Afghanistan and, 413–15, 416, 459–60, 488, 506, 583

Al-Qaeda threat and, 497–98

anti-Castro Cubans employed by, 457

Bay of Pigs and, 266, 279, 291–92, 294–95

bin Laden unit of, 528

black propaganda of, 426–27

“black site” prison facilities of, 504, 507, 508–9, 567

Central America Task Force of, 430

and Chile, 372–75, 377–78

Counterterrorism Center of, 488, 509, 574, 587

Counterterrorism Pursuit Teams of, 571–72

Covert Operations Group of, 514

Cuban intelligence operation of, 303–4

Directorate of Plans at, 348

drones and, 573–74, 577

extraordinary rendition program of, 561

in Guatemala, 263, 265, 266, 430

Indonesia and, 348–49, 352

Iran and, 259–60, 408, 409–10, 457, 534–35

Iraq and, 514, 517, 519, 520

Italian elections subverted by, 215

J. F. Kennedy’s change of heart and, 322–23

Johnson’s Latin American policy and, 343–44, 346

kill lists of, 574

in Nicaragua, 430, 455–58

9/11 and, 507

Noriega and, 471

Overseas Internal Security Program of, 338

in Pakistan, 581

in Poland, 468

President’s Daily Brief and, 405

in Reagan’s anti-Communist crusade, 426

on Soviet Union, 450, 466

Special Operations Group of, 335

Special Projects operation of, 214

surveillance of antiwar groups by, 335, 338

Taliban and, 486, 488

Team B and conservative takeover of, 396–99, 426, 466, 490, 542–43

torture and, 507–11, 514

on Vietnam, 327, 329–30, 370

Central Powers, 4–5

Century of the Common Man, xi, 101, 181

Chad, 536

Chalabi, Ahmed, 491, 514–15, 520, 529

Chamberlain, Neville, 88, 192, 217, 475

Chamberlain-Kahn Act of 1918, 16

Chamber of Commerce, U.S., 54–55, 63, 560

Chapin, Frederic, 428, 430

Chase Bank, 77–78, 82

Chase Manhattan Bank, 372, 401

Chávez, Hugo, 391, 603

Chechnya, 468, 486

Chemical Warfare Service (CWS), 20–24, 26

chemical weapons, 18–26, 27, 517, 518

Iraqi, 440, 473, 516, 517

Syrian, 601–2

in Vietnam, 306, 330–32, 331, 364–65

Cheney, Dick, 391, 399, 435, 457, 466, 472, 474, 475, 477–80, 482–83, 485, 489, 498, 507, 547, 561, 562, 564, 568, 576, 612, 685n

contempt of, for public opinion, 494, 512

Energy Task Force of, 513

as G. W. Bush’s vice-president, 492–94, 496

Halliburton and, 490, 531

on Iran, 534–35

and Iraq, 491, 514, 515, 519–20, 525, 529, 533

larger agenda of, 504, 511

9/11 and, 501

unpopularity of, 499, 547

Vietnam avoided by, 523

Chennault, Anna, 358–59

Chennault, Claire, 222, 358

Chernenko, Konstantin, 446

Chernobyl nuclear accident, 450

Chernyaev, Anatoly, 449, 469

Chiang Kai-shek, see Jiang Jieshi

Chicago, Ill., 242, 341, 357, 358, 423

general strike in, xix

Haymarket riots in, xx, xx

Chicago, University of, 10, 21, 177, 185, 269, 383, 561

Metallurgical Laboratory at, 134–36, 160–61

Chicago Tribune, xxiv, 12, 61–62, 69, 70, 73, 80, 96, 191–92, 235, 240, 293, 377, 423, 533–34

Childs, Marquis, 225

Chile, 138, 372–79, 375, 379, 424, 521, 555, 603

China, xvi, xxxii, xxxii, 45, 103, 116, 236, 257, 268, 348, 459, 477, 543, 576, 609, 611, 612, 613

as America’s new global rival, 605–12

Boxer Rebellion in, xxxi

Carter and, 408, 413, 415

casualties of, 87, 244, 245

Communists in, 188, 249

Communist takeover of, 222–23, 226, 236, 238, 366

drones of, 576–77

G. H. W. Bush and, 466–67

human rights in, 408

Internet censorship in, 563, 564

Japanese aggression in, 85, 88, 90, 150

Korean war and, 238–42, 244–46, 248, 250–51

MacArthur’s proposed war with, 242–44

Nixon and, 379, 381–82, 388–89

nuclear weapons of, 349, 363, 382, 539, 540

as potential nuclear target, 250, 268, 281–82, 287, 295, 312

Russia’s ties with, 540

Soviet relations with, 223, 251, 349, 363

Tiananmen Square demonstrations in, 467, 477

trade with, xxiv–xxv, 610

United Nations and, 236, 313

U.S. relations with, 466–67

Vietnam War and, 334–35

Chinese Communist Party, 222–23

Christian Century, 83, 156

Churchill, Winston, 28, 29, 95–96, 104, 110–13, 119–21, 138, 146, 189, 225, 251, 259, 424

as anti-Soviet, 190–94, 191, 200

Atlantic Charter and, 98, 99, 102–3, 464

on atomic weapons, 180, 249, 255, 271, 285

in meeting with Stalin, 113–14, 115, 206, 209

at Potsdam, 161, 163–64, 165

at Yalta Conference, 114–17, 118

Citigroup, 551, 552–54

Citizens United case, 558

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 49, 51

civil liberties, 561–62

abuse of, xii, 44

Obama and, 549, 550–51

post-9/11 violation of, 504–5

security vs., 560–65

civil rights, G. W. Bush administration record on, 544–45

Civil Rights Congress, 232

civil rights movement, 233, 340, 356

Civil War, U.S., 19, 80

Clapper, James, 577

Clapper, Raymond, 69–70

Clark, Bennett Champ, 65, 74, 77

Clarke, Richard, 497, 502–4

Clarke, Wesley, 522–23

clash of civilizations thesis, xv

Clemenceau, Georges, 7, 17, 31–32, 34

Cleveland, Grover, 422

Clifford, Clark, 204–6, 211–12, 218, 221, 333–34, 341

Clinton, Bill, 392, 483–84, 487, 488, 496, 535, 551, 568, 608, 685n

on bin Laden, 490

federal spending under, 545

Iraq and, 491–92

Russia and, 485, 537

Clinton, Bill, administration of, 488, 490, 514, 547, 554, 565, 613

NATO expanded by, 469

Clinton, Hillary, 518, 551, 564, 566–68, 569, 578, 580, 588, 592, 595, 606–7, 608

CNN, 514, 515–16, 521, 587, 591

Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), 529

Coast Guard, 232, 283

Coetzee, J. M., xiii

Cohen, Eliot, 490, 567, 685n

Cohen, Stephen, 459

Colby, William, 399

Cold War, 143, 180, 181–226, 235–36, 248–49, 251–72, 273–323, 325–54, 356, 392, 402, 405, 409, 414, 421, 426, 447, 462, 469, 508, 523, 539, 541, 543, 544, 611, 612

end of, xi, 463–64, 465, 469, 482, 605

Cole, USS, Al-Qaeda attack on, 490

Colombia, xvii, xxviii, 338, 428–29, 603, 604

Medellín drug cartel in, 471

colonialism, 43, 268, 426

banning of, xi

see also specific countries

Colson, Charles, 362, 385, 390

Columbia University, 2, 11–12, 195, 356, 402, 420, 550, 556

Combined Chiefs of Staff, 138, 148

Commentary, 399, 434, 522

Commerce Committee, 439

commercial banks, 552

Commission on Training Camp Activities (CTCA), 16–17, 17

Committee of Physicians for the Improvement of Medical Care, 62

Committee on Public Information (CPI), 8–10, 9, 24, 36

Committee on Social and Political Implications (Franck Committee), 160–61, 185

Committee on the Present Danger (CPD), 399, 402, 404–5, 416, 436, 443, 445, 490

communism, 26, 33, 58, 64, 72, 73, 84, 96, 194, 197, 207, 236, 237, 242, 293, 577–78

in China, 222–23, 226, 350, 605, 607

in Soviet Union, 56–57, 85

in U.S., 57–60, 62, 108, 204, 212, 231, 233, 235

Communist Party:

Brazilian, 343

Chinese, 350, 605, 607

Soviet, 349, 350, 446

Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), 57–60, 62, 108, 204, 212, 231, 233, 235

Communists, 37, 77, 84, 128, 129, 210, 215, 220, 221, 232, 252, 266, 290, 332, 348, 351, 384, 428, 485, 580

in Dominican Republic, 347

Greek, 114

Guatemalan, 261–66

Hollywood, 212

Jewish, 219

postwar popularity of, 188

Progressive Party and, 251

Vietnamese, 270

Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), 603

Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 496

Compton, Arthur Holly, 134–35, 161, 185

Conant, James, 21, 134

concentration camps, 127–28, 422–23

Congo, 279, 546

Congress, U.S., 13, 36, 50, 198, 206, 207, 212, 216, 316, 333, 361, 368, 388, 401, 430–41, 473, 484, 492, 496, 524, 553

antiwar members of, 364

Emergency Banking Act in, 49

Hoover’s files on, 232

Human Rights Caucus of, 476

left-leaning, 60–61

MacArthur’s firing and, 242–44

New Deal and, 46

PATRIOT Act in, 505

War Powers of, 480

war profits bills in, 71–73

Watergate and, 387–90

Congress for Cultural Freedom, 338

Congressional Budget Office, 555

Congressional Record, 52–53

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 58–59, 108

Connally, John, 323

Connally, Tom, 74, 76–77

conservatives, xiv, 512

Constitution, Japanese, 381–82

Constitution, Russian, 485

Constitution, U.S., 56, 156, 480, 498, 505, 549, 561, 569

Fourth Amendment to, 565

Coolidge administration, 25, 39, 90

copper, 372, 376, 590, 591

Cordesman, Anthony, 518, 523, 580

Corporate State, The (Viglione), 50

corporations, 550, 551, 560

campaign spending limits removed for, 558

profit growth for, 555

tax evasion by, 545, 559

Costa Rica, 41, 139, 263, 428

Council of Economic Advisors, 552

Council of Foreign Ministers, 203, 208

Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), xv, 256, 290, 401–2, 464, 469, 539, 568

Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 429, 433

Counterattack, 233

counterinsurgency, 431–32

counterterrorism, 498, 511, 564

Cousins, Norman, 198, 313–14

Cravath, Swain and Moore, 122

Creel, George, 8, 10, 36

Croatia, in NATO, 537

Cronkite, Walter, 269

Cross, Devon Gaffney, 685n

Crowley, P. J., 562

Crowther, Bosley, 285

cruise missiles, 439, 440, 443

Cuba, xxii, xxiii, xxv, xxvii–xxviii, xxix, xxx, xxxii, 40, 188, 246, 320–21, 344, 391, 428, 457, 472, 477, 520, 603, 604

Bay of Pigs and, 266, 291–96, 293, 320

J. F. Kennedy’s policy towards, 303–4, 320–22

revolution in, 279, 288, 293, 412

troops in Africa from, 406, 467

troops in Grenada from, 434, 436

Cuban-Americans, right-wing, 493–94, 495

Cuban Missile Crisis, 273, 305–13, 307, 311, 321–22, 323, 349, 414, 550, 586

Cuban Revolution, 266, 321

Curie, Marie and Pierre, 132

Curzon, Lord, 38

Curzon Line, 110, 116

Cutler, Robert, 263, 267–68

Cyprus, 265

Czechoslovakia, 28, 79, 88, 114, 218, 226, 463, 469

NATO and, 471

Soviet overthrow of, 209, 214, 265, 468

Czech Republic:

Iraq war opposed in, 524

NATO and, 486

Czolgosz, Leon, xxviii

Dahl, Roald, 138–39

Dalai Lama, 609

Dana, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 11

Daniel, Jean, 321–22, 325

Danzig, Richard, 566

Dar es Salaam, embassy bombing in, 490

Davies, Joseph, 123–25, 128

Davis, John, 63, 64, 73

Day After, The, 441, 442

Dean, John, 387, 390

Debs, Eugene, xxv, 1, 5, 14, 15

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 396

Defense Department (DOD), U.S., xvii, 113, 212–13, 214, 215, 255, 286, 333, 341, 349, 363–64, 365, 370, 384, 405, 409, 417, 418, 424, 441, 443, 450, 474, 482, 483, 489, 496, 512, 514, 520, 521–22, 529, 530, 534–36, 542–43, 564, 574, 575, 588, 590, 595, 601, 611, 612, 632n

Defense Policy Board of, 513

early-warning system malfunctions and, 417–18

Five Year Defense Plan of, 490

in foreign policy making, 542

in 9/11 attacks, 500, 507

1984–1988 master plan of, 439

vast presence of, 543–44

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 299, 439, 515, 519, 520

“Defense Planning Guidance,” 482

de Gaulle, Charles, 12

Dehomag, 78, 82

Delaware, 77

DeLay, Tom, 493, 524

democracy, 7, 8, 30, 43, 44, 85, 92, 123, 195, 208, 265, 320, 332, 343, 344, 391, 421, 428, 462, 537–38, 600

capitalism and, 201

in Chile, 372

critics of, 43

Czech, 209

in Eastern Europe, 128

in Iraq, 528

liberal capitalist, 26, 28

Nixon’s view of, 360

socialist, 373, 446, 449

U.S. subversion of, 215

war on terrorism and, 544–45

Western, 88

“world safe for,” 7, 31

Democratic Leadership Council, 483–84

Democratic National Convention:

of 1900, xxv

of 1944, 138, 142–43

of 1968, 357, 358

of 1972, 402

of 1976, 401

of 1988, 465

Democratic party, 46, 54, 55, 61, 63, 65, 74–75, 92–93, 139, 140, 142, 172, 193, 200, 206, 221, 241, 244, 247, 278, 357, 385, 392, 424, 425, 490, 493, 494, 518, 559, 560, 574, 592

centrists in, 483–84, 551

conservatives in, 567

Denmark, 89, 547

Department of Defense Base Structure Report, 543

depression:

of 1893, xxii

Great, see Great Depression

Dern, George, 55

Der Spiegel, 470–71, 564, 582

Desert Crossing war games, 528

Detroit News, 80, 385

Dewey, John, 12, 16

Dewey, Thomas, 93, 221, 224

DeWitt, John L., 151–52, 156

Diem, Ngo Dinh, 269–70, 269, 332, 385

Dien Bien Phu, 266, 267, 361

DiIulio, John, 495–96

Dillon, Read, 122, 230, 254

Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Pakistani, 535, 571, 592

director of national intelligence (DNI), 543, 567, 577

disarmament, 27, 98, 249

Discovery Communications, 554

disillusionment, 41–43

literature of, 41

Dobriansky, Paula, 685n

Dobrynin, Anatoly, 310–11, 362, 406, 418, 421

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, 556

Dole, Bob, 465

Dominican Republic, xxx, xxxii, 345–47, 347, 373

Donilon, Thomas, 585, 586

Doomsday Clock, 224, 253, 318

Dos Passos, John, 41, 60

Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 287

Douhet, Giulio, 23–24

Dresden, bombing of, 157

Drift or Mastery (Lippmann), 56

drones, 549

military, 572–75

surveillance, 572, 576

Dr. Strangelove, 312

Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S., 471, 473

drugs:

from Afghanistan, 582, 583–84, 594, 596

war on, 484, 603

Dubai, 583

Dukakis, Michael, 464, 466

Dulles, Allen, 82, 122, 162, 214, 248–50, 253, 260, 263, 265–66, 276, 279, 291, 295, 298

Dulles, John Foster, 32, 82, 122, 177, 225, 227, 237, 247, 253–59, 263, 267–68, 269, 271, 281, 289, 348, 612

Dunning, William, 1–2

du Pont, Felix, 67, 70

du Pont, Irénée, 54, 63, 67, 70

du Pont, Lammot, 63, 67, 70

du Pont, Pierre, 63, 67, 70

Durbin, Dick, 592, 594

Dutch East Indies, 100, 138

Dylan, Bob, 302

Dyson, Freeman, 179–80

Eagleburger, Lawrence, 356, 516

East Asia, 60, 116, 126, 189, 366

Eastern Europe, 213, 214, 215, 287, 348, 379, 421, 470, 471, 472

fall of Communist governments in, 469

Iraq War opposed in, 524

perestroika in, 468

under Soviet-Nazi nonaggression pact, 88

Soviets and, 102, 111, 123, 124, 126, 129, 182, 184, 188, 191, 194, 201, 209, 214

U.S. missile defense program in, 541

economic exploitation, banning of, xi

economic nationalism, 402

Economist, 530, 583

Ecuador, 138, 338, 603

Eden, Anthony, 120–21, 255, 268, 271

Edwards, Agustín, 372, 374

Egypt, 206, 219, 257, 259, 265, 282, 404, 416, 459, 460, 477, 488, 506, 507, 518, 522, 536, 563, 600, 601, 602, 613

E. I. du Pont de Nemours Corporation, 63–64, 67, 77, 78, 197–98

Eikenberry, Karl, 580, 583, 593

Einstein, Albert, 133, 135, 180, 204, 230, 272, 280

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 164, 177, 291, 294, 295, 308, 338, 348, 443, 542, 546

administration of, 260, 263, 266, 288

arms and space races and, 276–79, 281–83, 285–90

“Atoms for Peace” and, 256, 282–83, 410

“falling domino” press conference of, 266, 268

farewell address of, 288–89

on foreign perceptions of America, 258

on Guatemala, 262–63

Indochina/Vietnam and, 266–68, 269

Khrushchev and, 273–74, 274

Korean War and, 250–52, 255

“New Look” defense policy of, 254, 271

nuclear weapons and, 249–57, 267–68, 279–90

presidency of, 227, 247–71

on Sputnik, 276

third-world dictators embraced by, 279

in World War II, 103, 105, 248

Eisenhower, Milton, 154

elections:

of 1900, xxv, xxvi

of 1912, 1

of 1916, 6, 29, 75

of 1928, 90

of 1932, 45, 90

of 1934, 55, 63

of 1936, 61

of 1940, 62, 90, 92–93, 108, 142, 142

of 1944, 138–39, 142–43, 323

of 1946, 206

of 1948, 218, 220–22, 234, 251

of 1952, 227, 247, 252

of 1956, 282

of 1960, 287–88, 290, 302, 319

of 1964, 316, 327, 328

of 1968, 341, 342, 356–60, 358, 359, 365

of 1972, 387, 389, 402

of 1976, 50, 400–401

of 1980, 412, 417, 419, 436

of 1984, 444, 461–62, 484

of 1988, 464

of 1992, 483–84

of 2000, 492–94, 495

of 2002, 518

of 2004, 512

of 2008, 499, 512, 549–50, 560, 569, 614

of 2010, 559, 560, 598

of 2012, 557, 560

free, 111, 116, 122

Ellsberg, Daniel, 250, 286, 302, 312, 316, 360, 370–71, 384–86, 386

El Mozote, 432

El Salvador, 338, 412, 424, 427–29, 430, 431–33, 435

Elsey, George, 204–6, 207

e-mail, monitoring of, 505, 564

Emanuel, Rahm, 554, 560, 585

Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, 180

Endangered Species Act, 383

Engelhardt, Tom, 574, 576

English Classics Collection of Books for Russian War Relief, 126

Enola Gay, 166, 167

Enron, 490, 493

environment, 550, 560, 614

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 383

Equal Rights Amendment, 383

Eritrea, 406

Espionage Act of 1917, 13, 14, 14, 562, 563

Estonia, 88, 102, 468

in NATO, 537

Ethics and Public Policy Center, 399

Ethiopia, 406–8

Cuban troops in, 406, 467

Italian invasion of, 73, 83, 88, 89

eugenics, 80

Europe, 4, 9, 105, 164, 189, 204, 206, 241, 477, 612, 613

China trade of, xxv

colonialism in, xvii, xviii, 100

compensation limits for bankers in, 554

Iraq war opposed in, 524

second front in, 103, 108, 109, 110–11, 248

Western, 230, 287, 392, 402, 439, 477

Wilson in, 30

World War II in, 100, 182

European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights, 500

European theater, 138

Executive Order 9066, 153, 153

executive pay limits, 553, 554

Export-Import Bank, 375

Face the Nation, 340

Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia, 474, 478

Fairness & Accuracy in Media and Reporting (FAIR), 578

Faisal, Turki al-, Prince, 416

fallout shelters, 278, 298, 300–302, 301

Fallujah, 597–98

Far East, 230, 238, 241

Farmer-Laborite party, 55, 61, 62

farmers, xx–xxi, 43, 45, 49, 56, 90–92

Farmers Alliances, xx–xxi

fascism, 37, 44, 83, 85, 432, 538

in Italy, 50–51, 87

New Deal accused of, 50–52

in Spain, 84–85, 85, 88, 89, 95–96

U.S. admirers of, 50, 52, 64, 80, 101

Faulkner, William, 41, 230, 367

FBI, 153, 212, 232, 357, 385, 386, 398, 422, 488

Al-Qaeda threat and, 497

anti-Communist hysteria and, 235

antiwar movement and, 340–41

Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) of, 235, 340

domestic intelligence records of, 564–65

Federal Accounting Standards Board, 553

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 553, 556

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 49–50

Federal Reserve, 48, 54, 526, 560, 614

Federation of British Industries, 78

Feingold, Russell, 504–5, 559

Feinstein, Dianne, 563

Feith, Douglas, 519, 543–44

Fermi, Enrico, 135–36, 136, 229

film industry blacklist, 232–33, 234

Finland, 28, 88, 102, 188, 287, 546

Finnish Information Bureau, 9–10

First Amendment, 212

Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 41, 367

Florida, 304

2000 election in, 493–94, 495

Florida Supreme Court, 494

Flying Tigers, 222

Flynn, Edward, 139–40

Flynn, John, 71–72

Foch, Ferdinand, 29

food stamps, 438, 559

Forbes, 556

Ford, Gerald, 323, 400, 417, 461

as Agnew’s replacement, 390

in Indonesia, 395–96

as moderate, 399

succession to presidency of, 392, 393

Vietnam and, 393, 395

Ford, Henry, 78–80, 81

Ford Foundation, 278, 337, 338

Ford Motor Company, 78–79, 82, 84

Ford Motor Company Aktiengesellschaft, 78

Ford-Werke, 79, 82

Foreign Affairs, 210–11, 539–41

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 505, 551

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Courts, 565

Foreign Office, British, 138, 202

Foreign Policy, 606

Foreign Trade Convention of 1914, 2

Formosa, see Taiwan

Formosa Strait, 281

Forrestal, James, 119, 122, 144, 146, 162, 184–85, 190, 194–95, 203, 213–14, 217, 218, 220, 225, 228, 230

paranoia and suicide of, 224–26

Forrestal, Michael, 314–15

Fortas, Abe, 346–47

Fort Benning, Ga., 431, 576

Fortune, 52, 66, 101, 328

four-minute men, 8, 9

Fourth Amendment, 372

Fox, 521, 522

France, 5, 15, 36, 83–84, 88, 95, 154, 205, 206, 209, 219, 239, 241, 255, 282, 296, 408, 409, 520, 521, 613

aerial warfare by, 23, 257

casualties of, 18, 31, 87, 89

Communists in, 188

imperialism of, xvii, 26, 31–32, 99–101, 112, 138, 238, 246, 257, 265–68, 304–5

in Indochina, 32, 100, 112–13, 138, 238, 246, 257, 266–70, 281, 304, 316, 361, 384

sexual attitudes in, 17–18

Vichy, 82, 104

war against Russia by, 28–29

in World War I, 4, 7, 18–19, 21–23, 31, 141

in World War II, 94, 102, 138

Franck, James, 20, 160

Franco, Francisco, 84, 85, 88, 95, 180

Franco-Prussian War, 31

Frank, Barney, 611

Franklin, Benjamin, 615

Franks, Tommy, 514

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 3

Fraser, Sir William, 259

“Freedom Fighter’s Manual,” 456

Freedom House, 399

Freedom of Information Act, 562

G. W. Bush administration violations of, 512

Freeh, Louis, 488

Freeman, Charles, 461, 474, 523

free trade, 27, 610

French Revolution, 2, 26, 101

Frente Faribundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN), 412, 432

Freud, Sigmund, 42, 262

Freund, Charles Paul, 476

Friedman, Thomas, 521, 588–89

Froman, Michael, 552, 566

Frost, Robert, 290

Fukuyama, Francis, 469, 490

Fulbright, J. William, 291

Fussell, Paul, 131, 178

Gaddafi, Muammar, 476, 568, 600

Gaidar, Yegor, 484, 539–40

Galapagos, 205

Galbraith, James, 553

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 290–91, 314–15, 334

Galbraith, Peter, 585

Gallagher, Katherine, 499–500

Gallup, George, 77, 142

Gallup Polls, 76–77, 94, 97, 108, 126, 139, 142, 188, 221, 241, 284, 458, 547

Gambia, 112

game theory, 383

Gates, Bill, 546, 547

Gates, Robert, 417, 420, 426–27, 458–59, 461, 466, 543, 567–68, 569, 570, 578, 586, 588, 599, 610

Geithner, Timothy, 552–54, 557, 605

gender apartheid, 489

General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, 577

General Electric, 421, 448, 521, 551, 560

General Motors (GM), 63, 78–79, 82, 84, 122

Geneva Accords, 460

Geneva Conference, 271

Geneva Constitution, 498

Geneva Convention, 507

Geneva Conventions on the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 507

George, Walter, 65, 75, 77

Georgetown University, 424, 429

Georgia, 537–38

Germany, xi, xvi, 5, 29, 54, 85, 196, 215, 217, 224, 281, 439, 506, 520, 521, 544, 587, 589

air warfare by, 23, 25, 89, 157

casualties of, 18, 87, 111

economic and military revitalization of, 77–78

Hitler’s rise to power in, 45

imperialism of, xvii, 4, 31–32, 101

industrial production in, 4

Nazi, see Germany, Nazi

nuclear weapons and, 133–34, 143

oil supplies of, 38

partitioning of, 189, 205

postwar division of, 116

postwar economy of, 77–78

propaganda on, 9–10, 15

remilitarization of, 238–39, 247, 295–97, 319

reunification of, 469–70

scientists from, 215

sinking of Lusitania by, 6

Soviet concerns about rebuilding by, 188, 189, 209, 219

U-boats of, 5–6, 68

U.S. investments in, 77–80

“war guilt clause” and, 32, 36–37, 87

in World War I, 4–5, 11–12, 15, 18–20, 21–23, 25, 28, 73, 87, 107

in World War I peace process, 30–31

in World War II, 44, 90, 94, 98–106, 108–9, 109, 111, 114–16, 123, 126–28, 131, 138, 139, 146, 248

World War II surrender of, 144, 146, 172, 189

Germany, East, 212, 295–97, 298–99, 313, 463, 469, 470

Germany, Nazi, 78–81, 82, 87–88, 101, 103–4, 108, 114, 132, 227, 250, 254

Rhineland invasion of, 83–84

Soviet nonaggression pact with, 60, 88, 102, 105

Soviet Union invaded by, 88, 94–96, 97

Germany, West, 219–20, 295–97, 299, 313, 319, 409, 413, 440, 444–45, 470

Gilpatric, Roswell, 298, 302–3

Gingrich, Newt, 524, 563

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 494

Giraldi, Philip, 534–35

Glaspie, April, 474

Glass-Steagall Banking Act, 50, 552

Glen, Tom, 368–69

Glenn, John, 304, 320

global corruption index, 507, 533, 583

gold, 112, 182, 590

Goldman Sachs, 254, 551, 552, 610

gold standard, 52–53, 54, 383, 401

Goldstein, Gordon, 577–78

Goldwater, Barry, 328, 456

Gómez, Juan Vicente, 38–39, 40

Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 353, 567

Goodwin, Richard, 291

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 484, 486

arms negotiations by, 446–55, 449, 453, 459, 462, 482, 483, 537

and Berlin Wall, 421

Cold War ended by, 463–64, 465, 542

fall from power of, 481–82

perestroika and, 468

and Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, 459–61

on U.S. policy, 613

Gore, Al, 492–94, 574

Goss, Porter, 542–43

Goulart, João, 343–45, 345

Gould, Jay, xix–xx, xix

Government Accountability Office (GAO), 545

Grace, Eugene, 70–71

Graham, Phil, Vietnam service avoided by, 514

Grant, Ulysses S., 19

Great Artiste, 167, 171, 173

Great Britain, 83, 84, 88, 95, 196, 202, 209, 230, 238, 239, 244, 254, 255, 268, 282, 296, 318, 340, 350, 408, 434, 491, 516, 521, 544, 546, 613

aerial warfare by, 23, 25, 157

arms manufacturers in, 439, 459

casualties of, 18, 20, 31, 87, 106, 114

Cold War and, 180

colonialism of, xii, xvi, xvii, xxx, 3, 23, 26, 31–32, 98, 99, 100–101, 104–5, 112–14, 124, 138, 182, 185, 188, 190, 192, 194, 238, 257–59, 265

decline of, 189, 206

FDR and, 182–84

G. W. Bush and antiwar protests in, 512

imperialism of, 32, 201, 202

income levels in, 554

and Iraq War, 516, 517

lend-lease aid to, 89–90, 93–94, 95, 97–98, 182

MAUD report of, 134

military intervention in Russia by, 28–29

naval power of, 3

nuclear warfare and, 186, 318

oil supplies of, 4, 38–39

Palestine under mandate of, 216–19

U.S. military bases in, 216, 220, 240, 440

wartime blockade by, 5–6

in World War I, 18, 20–21, 22, 25, 31, 74

in World War II, 95, 98–105, 108–16, 119–22, 124, 128, 179

Great Depression, 45–63, 123, 143, 182, 462, 484

Great Illusion, The (Angell), 3

Great Society, 326, 353–54, 353, 400–401

Greece, 28, 114, 123, 124, 182, 184, 206, 207, 208, 209, 262, 555, 613

ancient, 18–19

Communists in, 188

Green, Marshall, 350, 352

Green party, West German, 444–45

Greenspan, Alan, 526–27

Greenwald, Glenn, 552, 563–64, 574

Gregory, Thomas W., 13–14

Grenada, U.S. invasion of, 434–36, 437

Grenadan People’s Revolutionary Army, 436

Grew, Joseph, 146–47

Gromyko, Andrei, 164–65, 172, 196, 218, 319, 413

Groves, Leslie, 113, 136–37, 137, 144, 159–61, 163, 166, 177, 186, 196, 223

Gruenberg, Ernest M., 126

Gruson, Sydney, 264–65

Guam, xxii, 240, 255

Guantánamo Bay:

U.S. military base at, xxvii, 279, 304, 310

U.S. military prison at, 391, 507, 508, 511, 511, 513, 522, 567, 574

Guardian, 564, 569

Guatemala, xxx, 40, 291, 338, 392, 412, 427–30, 604

massacre of Mayan peasants in, 428, 430

U.S. overthrow of government of, 260–66, 320, 373

Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 266, 279

Gulf War Syndrome, 478

Hadley, Stephen, 513, 519

Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases of 1899, 19

Hahn, Otto, 20, 272

Haifa, 217

Haig, Alexander, 375, 388, 425, 427, 432

Haile Selassie, 406

Haiphong, 362, 386, 387

Haiti, xvi, xxx, xxxii, 40, 391

Halberstam, David, 290, 292, 329

Haldeman, Bob, 250, 355, 360, 362, 390

Halifax, Lord, 120, 190

Halliburton, 490, 492, 493, 531

Halloween Day Massacre, 399

Halsey, William “Bull,” 146, 149, 176

Hamas, 534, 601

Hamilton, Lee, 420, 500

Hammett, Dashiell, 108, 232

Hannegan, Robert, 140, 143, 193

Hanoi, 362, 386, 387

Harding, Warren G., 37, 90

“return to normalcy” of, 39–40

Harriman, W. Averell, 96, 102, 113–14, 120–24, 127, 180, 188–89, 248, 259, 314, 326

Harris, Katherine, 493–94

Hart, Howard, 459, 542, 581

Harvard University, 21, 60, 359, 364–65, 371, 396, 481, 484, 533, 547, 590

Havel, Václav, 469

Hawaii, xvi, xvii, 99, 549, 611

annexation of, xxii, xxiii

HAWK antiaircraft missiles, 457

Hay, John, xxii, xxv

Hayes, Rutherford B., xix

Haymarket riots, xx

Haywood, “Big Bill,” 14, 15

health care, 57, 62, 556

Clinton’s plan for, 484

Obama’s program for, 558–59

in underdeveloped countries, 391

universal, xii

Hearst, William Randolph, 2, 71

Hecksher, Henry, 372–74

hedge fund managers, 546, 547, 554

hedge funds, 552, 554, 560

Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 459, 591

Hellman, Christopher, 611

Hellman, Lillian, 60, 232

Helms, Richard, 335, 373–75

Helsinki Accords of 1975, 379

Hemingway, Ernest, 41, 60, 367

Hersey, John, 200

Hersh, Seymour, 367–68, 369, 536, 570

Hezbollah, 436, 457, 534, 601

Hibakusha, 169, 170

high-tech weapons, 478, 507, 509, 610

Hilsman, Roger, 316, 349

Himmler, Heinrich, 128

Hindustan Standard, 281

Hirabayashi v. United States, 156

Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 145–48, 162, 164, 173, 175, 178, 179

Hiroshima, 391, 491, 539

bombing of, xiv, 44, 146, 157, 160, 166–72, 169, 170, 171, 176–78, 180, 181, 185, 200, 252, 256, 270–72, 281, 283, 415, 482, 524

nuclear power plant proposed for, 272

“Hiroshima” (Hersey), 200

Hispanics, 484, 551

Hiss, Alger, 66, 70, 231, 247

history, U.S. citizens’ ignorance of, xiii

Hitler, Adolf, 22, 37, 44, 45, 54, 80–81, 94, 97–98, 105, 108, 128, 133, 134, 158, 215, 219, 332

as analogy, 265, 271, 475–76

Axis formed by, 87–88, 89

blitzkrieg of, 88–89

Munich capitulation to, 88

on Rhineland invasion, 83–84

Soviet Union and, 94–96

Stalin’s pact with, 60, 88, 102, 105, 124–25

suicide of, 125

U.S. supporters of, 52–53, 77–80, 254

Hitler Youth, 80

Ho Chi Minh, 32, 33, 238, 250, 266, 269–70, 335, 366, 367, 387

Holbrooke, Richard, 403

Hollywood Ten, 212, 232–33, 234

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 80–81, 423

Holocaust, 82, 216, 218, 422, 476

homosexuality, 234–35

military and, 484

Honduras, xxx, 40, 265, 338, 347, 412, 428, 430, 603, 604

Hoover, Herbert, 33, 46–47, 47, 116, 176, 640n

Hoover, J. Edgar, 39, 43, 152, 212, 232, 235, 337, 340, 362

at DOJ Radical Division, 35

Security Index of, 35, 235

Hoover Institute, 399

Hopkins, Harry, 50, 63, 96, 103, 105, 117, 128–29

Horner, Richard, 277–78

House, Edward, 9, 31, 33

House of Representatives, U.S., 326, 478, 521

Armed Services Committee of, 277, 543

Government Operations Subcommittee of, 300

Judiciary Committee of, 390

McSwain bill in, 72

Naval Affairs Subcommittee of, 156

PATRIOT Act in, 505

Republican Conference of, 484

Select Committee on Intelligence of, 430, 472

Un-American Activities Committee of (HUAC), 64, 212, 233, 247

housing, 438, 556

Huerta, Victoriano, 2–3

Hu Jintao, 610

Hull, Cordell, 68, 71, 73, 83, 106, 111, 112, 114, 123, 190

human rights, 429, 490

in Afghanistan, 489

Carter’s campaign for, 391

in China, 408

in El Salvador, 433

in Guatemala, 428, 430, 433

Helsinki Accords and, 379

Kirkpatrick’s dismissal of, 424

in Pakistan, 416

in U.S., 408

as vehicle for attacks on Soviets, 406, 408

Human Rights Watch, 577, 594

Humphrey, Hubert, 269, 328, 334, 356–60, 365

Hungary, 33, 90, 111, 114, 304, 463, 469

casualties of, 87

Communist coup in, 208, 346, 468

NATO and, 471, 486

Hunt, E. Howard, 266, 386

Huntington, Samuel, xv

Hussein, King of Jordan, 282

Hussein, Saddam, 491, 598, 685n

Clinton on, 492

G. H. W. Bush’s crusade against, 473–78, 480–81

G. W. Bush’s agenda for, 502–3, 513–20, 526, 529

U.S. alliance with, 419–20, 439–40, 473

Huston, Tom, 371–72

Hutchins, Robert, 177–78

hydrogen bomb, 229–30, 252–53, 255, 270–72, 280–81

proposed peaceful uses for, 283–84

hydrogen-cobalt bomb, 230

IBM, 77, 82

Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, 190, 217, 219

Iceland, 205, 450

Ickes, Harold, 50, 61, 63, 193–94, 198, 199

I. G. Farbenindustrie, 78, 198, 254

Ikle, Fred, 384, 490

Immigration Act of 1924, 151

Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952, 156

improvised explosive devices (IEDs), 589–90

India, 105, 112–13, 138, 182, 189, 190, 194, 241, 257, 271, 281, 290, 305, 314, 488, 490, 518, 521, 576, 591, 608–9, 611

nuclear weapons of, 518, 535–36, 608

Pakistani disputes with, 535–36

per capita wealth in, 546

Indiana, 505

Indochina, 327, 367, 394

French, 32, 100, 112–13, 138, 238, 246, 257, 266–70, 281, 304, 316, 361, 384

Indonesia, 100, 237, 266, 328, 347–53, 356, 549, 604, 606, 612

Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), 348, 350, 352

intellectuals, Soviet Union and, 56–57

intelligence, militarization of, 542–43

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 345, 375

intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs):

Russian Topol-M, 540, 541

SALT limitations on, 379

Soviet, 274–75, 275, 278–79, 302, 306

U.S., 278–79, 302, 306, 383, 541

Interior Department, U.S., 193, 284

Loyalty Board of, 212

intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs), 296, 414, 449, 451, 459

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, 459

International Atomic Energy Agency, 600

International Criminal Court, 496

International Jew, The (Ford), 79–80, 81

International Labour Organization, 546

international law, 549

U.S. violations of, 436, 456

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 112, 477, 484

International Nickel Company, 254

investment banks, 552, 554

I Paid Hitler (Thyssen), 1

Iran, 189, 190, 205, 206, 217, 238, 257, 338, 411, 413, 476, 478, 488, 503, 518, 528, 533–34, 569, 576, 601

arms sold to, 431, 439, 455, 457

Chalabi’s connections to, 529

CIA support for shah of, 259–60, 261, 408

as future target, 523, 526

as neoconservative target, 522, 534–35, 544

nuclear energy in, 408–9, 410, 602

offer of cooperation by, 534

oil in, 190, 194–96, 217, 258–60, 408–9, 410, 602

U.S. hostages in, 410, 418–20

Iran-Contra scandal, 431, 455–59, 455, 466, 565

Iranian Revolution, 409–10, 411, 419

Iran-Iraq War, 419–20, 439, 455, 457, 463, 567

Iraq, 217, 338, 408, 419–20, 439, 455, 468, 482, 496, 507, 510, 523, 524, 528, 565, 581, 582

attempts to tie Al-Qaeda to, 502–3, 519, 520, 532

British bombing of, 23

civilian deaths in, 597–98, 599, 600

coalition government, 598

cost of war in, 529, 533

drones in, 574–75

on global corruption index, 533, 583

G. W. Bush and, 491, 501–3, 504, 510, 512–34, 544, 573, 595

Halliburton in, 531

“Mass Privatizations” proposed for, 530

Obama and, 549, 551, 569, 572, 574, 582, 583, 590, 591, 594–600, 612

oil reserves in, 105

Operation Desert Storm and, 473–81, 481, 520

prisoners in, 511

right-wing credentials for U.S. jobs in, 530–31

staged scenes of jubilation in, 525–26

state-run oil companies in, 527–28

troop withdrawal from, 567, 594–95, 597–99, 605, 612, 615

UN sanctions against, 474–75, 491

U.S. atrocities in, 388

U.S. Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) in, 570

U.S. led war in, 15, 391, 512, 524–34, 538, 551, 544–45, 549, 562, 569, 572, 574, 582, 583, 590, 591, 594–600, 599, 606, 612

WMD sought in, 491, 514–21, 538, 573

Iraqi National Congress (INC), 491, 514

Iraq Liberation Act, 493

Ireland, 5, 547

Irgun, 217, 219

Iron, Blood, and Profits (Seldes), 66

“iron curtain,” 191

Islam:

radical, 461, 467, 468, 486–88, 500

rebels in Philippines and, 574

Shiite, 457, 480, 528, 529, 531, 534, 595, 598

Sunni, 528, 532–33, 534, 598

Wahhabi, 461, 488, 600

Islamic fundamentalism, 413, 415–16, 420, 530, 532

CIA’s downplaying of, 409

Islamic militants, 535

Islamists, 413, 415–16, 486–90

isolationists, isolationism, 36, 83

as myth, 38

World War II and, 83, 94

Israel, 216–19, 224, 257, 282, 391, 392, 404, 408, 420, 430, 431, 456, 457, 463, 475, 488, 512, 518, 523, 534, 542, 545, 567, 573, 600–603

neoconservatives and, 518–19

Italy, 85, 111, 124, 146, 154, 184, 206, 544, 613

aerial warfare by, 23–24, 25, 157

Communists in, 188

election of 1948 in, 215

Fascist, 50–51, 87

Mussolini in, 45

U.S. ICBMs in, 302

in World War I, 4, 5, 23, 25, 31

in World War II, 44, 90, 98–99, 105

It Can’t Happen Here (Lewis), 52

ITT, 372–73, 376–77

Iwo Jima, 145, 175

IWW (Wobblies), 14–16, 15

Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 196, 383–84, 402, 490

Jackson-Vanik Amendment, 384

Jaffe, Greg, 598–99

Jameson, J. Franklin, 8, 10

Japan, xi, xvi, xxxi, 4, 38, 69, 184, 236, 240, 266, 287, 305, 392, 402, 474, 477, 544, 605, 606, 609–12

aerial warfare by, 157

aggression in China by, 85, 88, 90

Army Ministry of, 175–76

atomic bombing of, xiv, 44, 118, 120, 129, 146, 157–80, 252

casualties of, 87, 138, 145, 168–69, 173

economy of, 90

Fukushima nuclear disaster in, 613

imperialism of, 31–32, 36, 45

income levels in, 554

Korean War and, 237–38, 251

Kwantung Army of, 87

League of Nations and, 26, 32, 45

Lucky Dragon incident and, 270–72

Manchurian seizure of, 45, 87

militarization of, 83, 87, 100

nuclear weapons of, 381–82

Okinawa treaty and U.S. bases in, 380–82

Pearl Harbor attack by, 82, 98–101, 100, 106, 131

per capita wealth in, 546

remilitarization of, 238–39, 381–82

Soviet involvement in war against, 111, 116, 122, 144

Soviets and, 188

Supreme War Council (Big Six) of, 147, 173–75

surrender sought by, 161–64, 172–76

“unconditional surrender” and, 145–48, 161–62

U.S. bombing of, 157–59, 227, 244, 303, 369

U.S. military bases in, 605, 609

in war against Russia, 28–29, 116

in World War II, 44, 90, 98, 105, 111, 122, 137–38, 246, 248, 347, 508

Japanese, U.S. hatred of, 148–52, 150, 156, 158–59

Japanese-Americans:

battalions for, 154

internment of, 151–57, 153, 155

Japanese Defense Agency, 382

Java, 100

Jefferson, Thomas, xxv, xxvii, 2, 43

Jerusalem, 217

Jerusalem Post, 519

Jews, 87, 88

as Communists, 219

extermination of, 78–80, 214, 217

Israel and, 216–19, 518–19

in U.S., 687n

see also anti-Semitism

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), 85, 222–23, 251

jihadis, 468, 600

job creation, 555, 557–58, 560

John Paul II, Pope, 433

Johnson, Andrew, xvii, xxiv

Johnson, Chalmers, xvii, 604

Johnson, David, 234–35

Johnson, Hiram, 30, 35

Johnson, Hugh, 50–52, 53, 64, 69

Johnson, Lyndon, 268, 275, 278, 288, 292, 299, 305, 323, 325–26, 326, 327, 336, 339, 340, 342, 363, 382, 392, 445, 461

administration of, 418, 523

Great Society social programs of, 326, 353–54, 353

and Indonesia, 347–49

Latin American policy and, 341–47, 372

reelection not sought by, 341, 342, 358, 365

Vietnam and, 326–35, 338–41, 343, 346, 353–54, 353, 356, 358, 570, 578

“Wise Men” of, 341, 342

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 113, 147, 161, 176, 212–13, 253, 285–86, 291, 292, 294–95, 316, 322, 390, 523, 578

on atmospheric test ban treaty, 318

China atomic attack recommended by, 250, 268, 281–82, 295

on Cuba, 304

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 307–9, 312–13

détente opposed by, 399–400

hydrogen bomb demanded by, 229

on Iraq, 516, 535

Joint Intelligence Staff of, 148

on Korean War, 236, 239–40

MacArthur fired by, 242

on Nicaraguan contras, 431

nuclear death toll estimates of, 287

SAC Emergency War Plan supported by, 228

on Vietnam, 305, 315, 328, 330, 333–34, 360, 370

Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 224

Jones, James, 567, 585

Jordan, 219, 420, 488, 601

civil war in, 282

J. P. Morgan & Company, 5, 36, 37, 64, 73, 75, 76, 77, 82, 254

JPMorgan Chase, 551, 560, 590

Justice Department, U.S., 8, 14, 36, 214, 385, 557, 561, 563–64, 568

on Iraq, 531

Radical Division of, 35

torture authorized by, 510, 511

Kabul, 459, 488

Kabul Bank, 584–85

Kagan, Robert, 490, 527

Kandahar, 597–98

Karamessines, Thomas Hercules, 374

Karzai, Ahmed Wali, 583, 594

Karzai, Hamid, 507, 581, 582–85, 588, 591, 592–94

Karzai, Mahmoud, 584–85

Kashmir, 468, 535

Kazakhstan, 253

KBR, 531

Kellogg, Brown & Root, 527–28, 530

Kelly, Edward, 140, 143

Kemp, Jack, 465, 524

Kennan, George F., 10, 190, 207, 209–11, 213–15, 220, 222, 229–31, 247, 296, 347, 486, 516

containment policy of, 211, 211, 438

Kennecott Copper, 372, 376

Kennedy, Caroline, 550

Kennedy, Jacqueline, 325

Kennedy, John F., 182, 268, 269, 338, 343, 344, 363, 372, 445, 566, 660n

administration of, 286, 290, 292, 542

American University commencement address of, 314, 316–18, 317, 447

anticommunism of, 287, 294

assassination of, 322–24, 325, 349

Bay of Pigs and, 291–96, 320, 322–23

Berlin Crisis and, 298–300

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 273, 305–13, 311, 322–23

Cuban opposition of, 303–4

inauguration of, 290, 291

Indonesia policy of, 348–49

missile gap and, 278–79, 302–3

in 1960 elections, 287–88

outreach to Khrushchev by, 318–19, 322–23, 380

Vienna summit with Khrushchev by, 295–97, 297

Vietnam and, 304–5, 314–16, 323, 326–27, 367, 385

in wake of Cuban Missile Crisis, 316–22, 550, 586

Kennedy, Joseph, 63, 269

Kennedy, Paul, xv, xvi

Kennedy, Robert F., 288, 295, 303, 308, 310–11, 316, 323, 328, 337, 345, 348–49

assassination of, 357

Kennedy, Ted, 550

Kent State University, 370

Kentucky, bank holiday in, 47

Kenya, 416, 490, 549

Kerry, John, 518, 588, 595–96

Kessler, Glenn, 500–501

Keynes, John Maynard, 32, 383

KGB, 398, 417, 486

Khalilzad, Zalmay, 461, 489, 490, 685n

Khan, A. Q., 536, 537

Khariton, Yuli, 172, 223

Khe Sanh, 338–39

Khmer Rouge, 388–89

Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi, 260, 408, 410, 440, 457, 476

Khrushchev, Nikita, 285, 446

Berlin and, 296–99

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 306, 308, 310–13, 349

death of, 380

Eisenhower and, 273–74, 274

end to Cold War proposed by, 276–77, 314, 316, 317, 318–19, 322, 349

on German remilitarization, 295–97

nuclear testing and, 299–300, 313–14

reaction to J. F. Kennedy’s assassination by, 325

on Sputnik, 275

Vienna summit with J. F. Kennedy of, 295–97, 297

Kiev, 95, 107, 182

Kimche, David, 456–57

Kim Il Sung, 236, 391

Kim Jong Il, 526

King, Ernest, 105, 176–77

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 335

Kipling, Rudyard, xxiii, 596–97

Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 424, 425, 432, 440, 459, 491

Kissinger, Henry, 355, 356, 371, 384, 403, 410, 491

basic decency lacking in, 356, 359–60

Cambodia and, 388, 389

Chile and, 372–73, 377–79, 379

in Ford administration, 392, 393, 397, 399–400

in Indonesia, 395–96

on 9/11 Commission, 500

Nobel Peace Prize awarded to, 356, 390

Vietnam and, 362, 365–66, 370, 385, 386–87, 392, 394

Kissinger Commission on Central America of 1984, 433

Knebel, Fletcher, 322–23

Knights of Labor, xix–xx

Kohl, Helmut, 470–71

Konoe, Prince Fumimaro, 145

Korea, 45, 173, 240, 259, 281, 481, 612

Korea, North, 235–36, 238–42, 244–46, 245, 248, 250–51, 391, 482, 496, 522, 526, 609

Korea, South, 196, 235–39, 241–42, 244–46, 250–51, 263, 338, 429, 605, 606, 609

Korean Air Lines, mistaken Soviet shooting down of, 442

Korean War, 232, 235–52, 275, 414

casualties in, 244, 245

POWs in, 252

Korry, Edward, 372, 374

Krauthammer, Charles, xv, 491

Kremlin, 114, 120, 172, 209, 211, 248, 252, 406, 414, 418

Kristof, Nicholas, 520, 580–81

Kristol, William, xv, 490, 503, 526

Krock, Arthur, 72, 97

Kubark: Counterintelligence Interrogation Manual, 507–8

Kubrick, Stanley, 312

Ku Klux Klan, 1, 53, 141

Kurdistan, 598

Kurds, 440, 473, 480

Kuwait, 105, 420, 474, 475, 476–78, 481, 512, 586, 599

Halliburton in, 531

oil in, 190, 474, 477

Kuznick, Peter, 336

Ky, Nguyen Cao, 332, 333, 359

Kyoto Protocol on Global Warming, 496

Kyushu, 149

Labor Department, U.S., 546

labor unions, 233, 546, 555, 556

Communist-led maritime, 232

infiltration of, 214

La Follette, Robert, 7, 12–13, 13, 16, 30, 35, 65

LaGuardia, Fiorello, 64, 108

Laird, Melvin, 358, 361–63, 370, 373, 417, 436

Lake, Anthony, 403, 566

Lamont, Thomas, 36, 37, 64, 73

Landay, William, III, 577

Landon, Alf, 61, 93

Lang, Patrick, 515

Laniel, Joseph, 255, 269

Lansdale, Edward, 246, 269, 304

Lansing, Robert, 27, 74–75, 253

Laos, 294, 295, 305, 316, 322, 323, 338, 360, 379, 389, 612

Lasch, Christopher, xiii

Lasswell, Harold, 10–11

Latin America, 68, 124, 139, 194, 201, 224, 304, 307, 308, 341–47, 360, 433, 462, 508, 531, 605, 610

anti-Americanism in, 603–4

communism in, 294

democratic socialism in, 372–73

drug dealers in, 431

H. Wallace in, 139

Reagan’s tour of, 422, 428–29

revolutions in, 101, 293

U.S. arming of, 200, 321

U.S. business interests in, 376–77

U.S. economic interests in, 38–41

Latvia, 88, 102, 468, 537

Lavender Scare, 234–35

Lawrence, Ernest, 135, 229

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 284, 289

Lay, Ken, 490, 493

League of Nations, 6, 27, 30, 32, 35–36, 37, 44, 45, 55, 83

Coordination Committee of, 83

Geneva Protocol of, 25–26

Soviet Union in, 88

Leahy, William, 113, 116, 122, 147, 176, 177, 190, 206

Lebanon, 219, 434, 436, 455, 506, 522, 523, 534

as future target, 522, 523, 526

U.S. hostages in, 457

Ledeen, Michael, 427, 522

Leffler, Melvyn, 205, 414

Left, McCarthyism’s decimation of, 233

LeMay, Curtis, 157–58, 158, 176, 227–28, 229, 241, 246, 250, 275, 295, 299, 303, 322, 356

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 307–8, 313

Lemnitzer, Lyman, 292, 295, 297–98, 304

lend-lease program, 89–90, 93–94, 95, 96–98, 102, 104, 120, 182–84, 189–90

Lenin, Vladimir Ilych, 4, 9, 26–28, 28, 33, 34, 73, 248, 441

Leningrad, 95, 97, 157

Lewis, Sinclair, 52, 60

lewisite gas, 21, 24

Libby, I. Lewis “Scooter,” 480, 490, 503, 513, 514, 519–20, 524, 685n

Libby, Willard, 283, 300

liberals 60, 552

Libya, 104, 476, 518, 522, 523, 563, 600, 613

as future target, 522, 523, 526

U.S. intervention in, 566, 568–69, 600

Lieber, Keir, 539, 541

Lieberman, Joe, 492, 524, 558–59, 563

Life, 84, 101, 129, 281

Lilienthal, David, 63, 196–97, 224, 229

Lincoln, Abraham, xvii, xxv, 43, 567

Lindbergh, Charles, 63

Lippmann, Walter, 16, 43, 56, 69, 207, 211, 289, 338

Lithuania, 88, 102, 468, 537

Little Rock, Ark., school desegregation in, 274, 275

Lloyd George, David, 31, 32, 34

Lodge, Henry Cabot, xvii–xviii, 262, 265, 328

London, 38, 103, 157, 182, 512

antiwar protests in, 524

Pinochet arrested in, 500

Polish government-in-exile in, 115–16, 123

London Naval Conference, 83

Long, Huey, “Share the Wealth” program of, 56

Looking Backward (Bellamy), xxi, xxi, 56

Los Alamos, 136, 160

Los Angeles, Calif., 246, 592

Los Angeles Times, 58, 193–94, 223, 272, 284, 428, 445

Lott, Trent, 493, 524

Lovett, Robert, 122, 180, 218, 224, 242

Lublin, Poland, 111, 115, 123–24

Luce, Henry, xi, 101, 146, 181

Lucky Dragon incident, 270–72

Lugo, Fernando, 603, 604

Lumumba, Patrice, 279, 348

Luti, William, 685n

MacArthur, Douglas (ambassador), 381

MacArthur, Douglas (General), 55, 64, 67–68, 69, 100, 102, 106, 145, 166, 176, 177, 179, 238–44, 239, 243, 381, 599, 640n

McCain, John, 492, 551, 560, 567

McCarthy, Eugene, 357, 365

McCarthy, Joseph, 231–33, 231, 242, 247, 287–88, 367

McCarthyism, 233–34

McChrystal, Stanley, 570–71, 578, 586, 588, 590

McCloy, John, 102, 122, 147, 152, 161, 163, 323

McCone, John, 295, 303, 326–27, 329–30, 343–44, 372–73

McCullough, David, 140

Macdonald, Dwight, 180, 369

McFadden, Louis T, 52–53

McFarlane, Robert “Bud,” 427, 441–42, 456, 458–59

McGovern, George, 335

McGrory, Mary, 418

McHugh, L. C., 300–301

McKinley, William, xxii–xxiii, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 43

assassination of, xxviii

McNamara, Robert S., 158, 290, 292, 292, 298, 302, 303, 318, 341, 344, 346, 351–52, 360, 375, 383, 475, 540

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 308, 310, 312–13

Vietnam and, 305, 315–16, 328, 330, 333, 334–37, 337, 365, 366–67, 384, 387

McNaughton, John, 334, 384

McSwain bill, 72

McSwain War Profits Bill, 72

madrassas, 415–16, 461, 486

Mainau Declaration, 281

Malaya, 100, 138, 238, 266–67

Malaysia, 328, 606, 607–8

Malenkov, Georgi, 227, 248–49

Mali, 536

Maliki, Nuri Kamal al-, 598

Manchuria, xxxi, 173, 215, 236, 241, 243

Japanese seizure of, 45, 87, 90

Manhattan Institute, 399

Manhattan Project, 136, 143, 144, 164

manifest destiny, xv, xvii, xxii

Manila, xxiii, xxv

Mann, Thomas, 60, 344

Mann Doctrine, 343

Mansfield, Mike, 269, 315, 316

Mao Zedong, 32, 222–23, 236, 238, 382

Marco Polo Bridge incident, 85

Marine Corps War College, 587

Marines, U.S., xxxi, 3, 434

Marne, First Battle of the, 23

Marshall, George C., 103, 104–5, 113, 119, 122, 138, 145, 207, 209, 213, 215, 218–19, 237, 247

Marshall Islands, nuclear testing in, 198, 252, 270, 308–9

Marshall Plan, 209–10, 210, 213

Marx, Karl, 26

Marxism, Catholic priests and, 433

Maryland, bank holiday in, 47

Masaryk, Jan, 214, 226

Massoud, Ahmad Zia, 583

Matlock, Jack, 451, 470

May-Johnson Bill, 186

media:

banned from Grenada invasion, 434

Iraq war supported by, 521–22

Medicaid, 438, 559

Medicare, 558, 559

Mediterranean, 105, 190, 196, 208, 215

Soviet access to, 189

medium range ballistic missiles (MRBMs), 306–7, 307, 311, 517

Meet the Press, 504, 514

Mein Kampf (Hitler), 22, 80, 95

Mejía Victores, Oscar Humberto, 430

Mencken, H. L., 10, 43

Merchants of Death (Engelbrecht and Hanighen), 66

Mercury orbital flights, 304

Mexican Revolution, 2–3

Mexico, xxx, xxxii, 6, 41, 43, 188, 207, 521, 555, 603, 604

revolution in, 2–3

Mexico City, 356

Michigan, bank holiday in, 47

Micronesia, 542

middle class, 554, 559

Obama as champion of, 551

Middle East, 201, 219, 230, 239, 241, 257, 282, 439, 462, 469, 518, 523, 537, 543, 599, 600–603, 604, 605

oil in, 4, 26, 104–5, 189–90, 194–95, 205, 215–16, 237, 258–60, 392, 414, 491, 497, 515

reduced U.S. involvement in, 566

strategic importance of, 215–16, 238, 439

superpower conflict in, 189–90

Middle East peace process, 496

Midway, battle of, 100, 131

military, FDR’s opposition to, 55

military bases:

Al-Qaeda bombing of U.S., 488

British, 217, 220, 408

NATO, 537

Soviet, 466, 470

U.S., xii, xvii, xxvii, 200, 201, 205, 215–16, 220, 240, 249–50, 255, 274, 278, 286, 296, 302, 306–7, 319, 380–82, 408, 416, 439, 440, 443, 466, 537, 549, 598–99, 604–5, 609, 612

Military Code of Justice, 361

military-industrial complex, xi, 215, 439, 446, 448, 548

Eisenhower on, 288–89

military spending:

Indian, 608–9

Soviet, 274, 426, 446

U.S., xii, 199–200, 231, 246, 249, 251, 254, 257, 286–87, 298, 403, 417, 436–39, 462, 463, 484, 490–91, 549, 574–75, 606, 611–12, 615

Miller, Judith, 478, 514, 578

Mine Safety and Health Administration, 546

minimum wage, 51, 546

Minneapolis, Minn., general strike in, 57, 58

missile defense program, 496, 498, 537, 539, 541, 576

missile gap, 278–79, 302–3

Mission to Moscow, 106

MIT, 22, 364, 365, 445, 562

Mitchell, George, 600–601

Mitchell, John, 372, 390

Mitchell, William “Billy,” 24

Moley, Raymond, 53, 54, 101

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 103–4, 121–24, 165, 172, 184, 256, 265

Molotov Plan, 209

Mondale, Walter, 403, 462

Monroe Doctrine, xv, 208, 603

Moorer, Thomas, 362, 371

moral reformers, 16–18

Morgan, J. P., 54, 73–77

Morgenthau, Hans, 269–70

Morgenthau, Henry, 82

Morgenthau Plan, 189

Morocco, 265, 304

Morris, Roger, 362–63, 370–71

Moscow, 97, 104, 107, 126, 157, 172, 208, 248, 282, 298, 379, 463

Moscow, Battle of, 103

Moscow Olympics, 415

Mossadeq, Mohammad, 258–60, 261

Mozambique, 408

MQ9 Reaper drones, 577, 579

Mubarak, Hosni, 507, 522, 601

mujahideen, 571, 580, 589

Afghan, 413, 450, 487

Mule Day Parade, Columbia, Tenn., 505

Mullen, Mike, 578, 586, 587–88

multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), 379

Mumford, Lewis, 198–99, 252

Munich, 214

Allied capitulation to Hitler at, 88

munitions manufacturers, 44

profiteering by, 65–79, 82–83

proposed nationalization of, 68–69, 77

Murrow, Edward R., 178, 181

Musharraf, Pervez, 535–36, 571

Muslims, xii, 530

in Afghanistan, 413–14

in Indonesia, 347, 350

in Iran, 408

resistance against Soviet government by, 29

U.S. behavior towards, 545

U.S. detention of, 504

Mussolini, Benito, 37, 45, 50

Axis formed by, 87–88, 89

black shirts of, 53

Ethiopian invasion of, 83

Franco supported by, 84

U.S. supporters of, 50, 52, 101

mustard gas, 20, 22, 65

MX missile program, 438

Myanmar, 533, 607

NAACP, 59

Nader, Ralph, 492, 493, 496

Nagasaki, bombing of, xiv, 44, 172–73, 174, 176–78, 181, 236, 256, 271–72, 415, 524

Nairobi, embassy bombing in, 490

Nanjing, 157

rape of, 85, 88, 150

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 257

Nation, xxxi, 10, 40–41, 48, 50, 56, 60, 62

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 234

National Board for Historical Service (NBHS), 8, 10

National City Bank, xxxii, 48, 73

National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE), 282

national debt, 462, 545, 547

National Education Association (NEA), 71

National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF), 305

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 577

National Guard, 298, 523–24

class discrimination in, 524

at Kent State, 370

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 50, 51, 52

National Intelligence Council, 528

National Intelligence Estimate:

on Brazil, 343

on Indonesia, 352

on Iran, 457, 535

on Iraq, 515

on Soviet arsenal, 278

on the Soviet Union, 396

National Interest/Public Interest, 399

National Liberation Front, Greek, 206

National Liberation Front (NLF), Vietnamese, 327, 329–30, 332–33, 338–39, 361–62

National Military Establishment, 212

National Park Service, 156, 284

National Recovery Administration (NRA), 50, 52

National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Salvadoran, 432

National Security Act, 212

National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 273, 327

National Security Agency (NSA), 521, 561, 563

warrantless wiretaps permitted by, 505

National Security Council (NSC), 213, 248, 250, 258, 263, 328, 344, 370, 372, 375, 405–6, 420, 421–22, 456, 457, 496–97, 512–13, 516, 566, 586

Executive Committee (EXCOMM) of, 309–10, 311

Operations Coordinating Board of, 271–72

Policy Planning Staff of, 267

Principals Committee of, 510–11

National Security Directive, 457

National Security Planning Group, 425

National Security Resources Board, 213

National Security Study Memo, on Chile, 373

National Steel Corporation, 63

National Strategic Target List and Single Integrated Operation Plan (SIOP), 287

Nation’s Report Card, xiii

Natsios, Andrew, 529, 533

natural gas:

Central Asian, 488, 490, 591

in South China Sea, 606

Naval War College, 255

Navy, British, 5–6, 31

Navy, U.S., xxii, 40, 68, 94, 146, 153, 177, 215, 228, 575, 609–10

Navy Department, U.S., 199–200, 212

Nazi party, 44, 45, 80, 124, 156, 192

Nazis, 121, 208, 214, 215, 216, 258

NBC, 68, 177–78, 415, 521, 522, 525

Near East, 230, 237

Nebraska, University of, at Omaha (UNO), Center for Afghanistan Studies at, 486–87, 489, 489

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 257, 271, 282

neoconservatives, xi, 434, 472, 489, 549, 567

in G. W. Bush administration, xi, 494–96

inadvertent benefits to Al Qaeda from, 528–29

on Iran, 534

Iraq targeted by, 501, 503, 513, 529–31

and Israel, 518–19

military spending pushed by, 490–91

9/11 and, 501

targets of, 522–23, 526

on U.S. imperialism, xiv–xv, 490–91

Netanyahu, Bibi, 601–2

Netherlands, 89, 99–100, 250, 402, 485, 547

Indonesia colonized by, 347, 349

Neutrality Pact of 1941, 148

Nevada, 47, 77

Nevins, Allan, 149

New Deal, 49–58, 61–63, 90–92, 93, 101, 193, 354, 400–401

accused of fascism, 50–52

as anti-fascist, 53

New Hampshire, University of, 507

New Left, xiv, 340

New Republic, 56, 66, 220, 561

Newsweek, 150, 164, 341, 464, 474, 517, 522

New York, N.Y., 108, 109, 242

antiwar protests in, 338, 524

as center of world finance, 38

Christian Mobilizers in, 53

9/11 attacks in, 500

New Yorker, 200

New York Evening Post, 9–10, 64

New York Federal Reserve Bank, 48, 552

New York Herald Tribune, 104

New York State Legislature, 16

New York Sun, 518

New York Times, xiii, xv, 9–10, 11, 14–15, 19–20, 21, 24, 46, 47, 48, 55, 56–57, 67, 71, 73, 76, 77, 97, 106, 125–26, 138, 177, 182, 185, 191, 202, 208, 222, 224, 236, 241, 244, 249, 253, 254, 256–57, 261–62, 264–65, 272, 282, 283, 284, 285, 289, 293, 294, 301–2, 332, 338, 348, 350, 352–53, 362, 382, 392, 409, 412, 414, 424, 429, 432–33, 444, 445, 463, 464, 474, 478, 483, 500, 506, 513, 514, 520, 521, 522, 532–33, 538, 545, 547, 552, 553, 557, 561, 563, 564, 570, 577, 578, 580, 585, 589, 605, 608, 612

Pentagon Papers in, 384–85

New York World, xxiii–xxiv

New York World’s Fair, 92

Next War, The (Irwin), 24

Nicaragua, xxx–xxxi, xxxii, 40, 116, 262, 265, 412, 427, 428, 434, 463, 472, 603

contras in, 430–31, 433, 455–58, 455, 471

Iran-Contra scandal and, 431, 455–59

Sandinistas in, xxxi, 412, 430, 455–56, 567

Nicaraguan National Guard, xxxi

Nigeria, 536

Nightline, 529

Nimitz, Chester, 100, 177

9/11, xvi, 99, 472, 498, 500, 502, 508, 510, 512, 535, 544, 547, 549, 564–65, 571, 574, 586–87, 590, 597–98, 608

and attempts to warn G. W. Bush about terrorism, 497–98, 500–501

climate of fear and uncertainty after, 504, 518, 528–29

as G. W. Bush and PNAC opportunity, 501–4, 514, 550

Iranian response to, 534

Putin’s response to, 537

nitrogen bomb, 272

Nitze, Paul, 122, 230–31, 308, 383, 396–99, 451–52

Nixon, Richard, 231, 247, 265, 266, 287, 323, 351, 356, 356, 399, 400, 417, 424, 461

Cambodia bombed by, 360–61, 363, 370, 371

“Checkers speech” of, 247

and Chile, 372–79

China relations of, 379, 381–82, 388–89

dishonesty of, 361

flexible sense of legality of, 372

foreign policy and, 360

J. F. Kennedy’s defeat of, 288

Kissinger’s dislike of, 355, 359–60

“madman theory” of, 250–51, 360

in 1968 election, 356–60, 359, 365

on nuclear warfare, 250–51, 255, 269, 282, 360–61

progressive domestic programs of, 360, 383, 401

resignation of, 386, 390, 392, 396

“silent majority” support for, 358–59

Soviet Union and, 379–80

Vietnam and, 358, 360–66, 368, 370, 379, 382, 384–89, 394, 404

Watergate scandal and, 387, 389–90

White House Special Investigations Unit approved by, 386

Nobel Peace Prize:

of Carter, 391

of Kissinger, 356, 390

Non-Aggression Pact of 1939, Soviet-German, 60

nonaligned movement, 348

NORAD, 286

Noriega, Manuel, 455–56, 471–73, 476

Normandy, Allied landing at, 111, 138

Norris, George, 7, 16, 35–36, 61, 65

North, Oliver, 431, 455, 456, 458, 465

North Africa, 104–5, 108

North America, 439

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 220, 222, 239, 246, 253, 269, 282, 286, 295, 310, 313, 319, 414, 459, 569

in Afghanistan, 571, 577, 581–82, 584–85, 587, 588, 591–94

post–Cold War expansion of, 469–70, 486, 537–38

Northern Alliance, 489

North Korea, 235–36, 238–42, 244–46, 245, 248, 250–51, 482, 496, 522, 609

nuclear weapons in, 391, 526, 536

Norway, 89, 486, 547

NSAM 263, 315

NSC 68, 230–31, 246

nuclear arms race, 204, 222, 248, 256–57, 272, 282, 445

nuclear deterrents, 443, 444

nuclear energy:

Chernobyl accident with, 450

Fukushima disaster and, 613

for Iran, 408–9, 410, 602

peacetime, 186, 256, 271–72, 282–83

peacetime in Japan, 382

nuclear freeze movement, 441

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 382, 539, 608

Nuclear Posture Review of 2002, 538

nuclear stockpiles, 538

Nuclear Suppliers Group, 608

nuclear warfare:

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 308–9, 312

“flexible” and “limited,” 416

opposition to, 180

public fears of, 196, 254–55

public support for, 241

Trinity test and, 162

as “winnable,” 443

nuclear weapons:

arms control for, 229–30, 442, 446, 466, 482

Bikini Atoll test for, 198–200, 199

British, 282

Carter’s call for abolition of, 391

China as potential target of, 250, 268, 281–82, 287, 295, 312

Chinese, 349, 363, 382, 539, 540

as cost-cutting strategy, 254

“Dead Hand” computerized system to launch, 443

Eisenhower and, 249–57, 267–68, 279–90

Enewetak Atoll testing of, 252

Germany and, 133–34, 143

Gorbachev-Reagan negotiations on, 446–55, 449, 453, 459, 462, 482, 483, 537

H. Wallace’s opposition to, 184–88, 194, 196, 199–204

ICBMs and, 275

in India, 518, 535–36, 608

Indonesia and, 350

Iran’s potential for, 440, 534, 535, 536, 564, 602–3

in Iran strike plan, 535

Iraq’s lack of, 477, 526

in Israel, 518, 602–3

Japan and, 381–82

Korean War and, 240–42, 255

in Libya, 536

locks on, 286–87

Lucky Dragon incident and testing of, 270–72

MacArthur’s enthusiasm for, 240–42

massive retaliation policy and, 289–90

military custody of, 255–56

miniature, 539

mutually assured destruction and, 416, 540

nonaggression treaty for, 313

nonproliferation of, 566

in North Korea, 391, 526, 536

in Pakistan, 416, 460, 518, 535–36, 537

Persian Gulf and, 416

in post-Soviet Russia, 486, 539–41

radioactive fallout from, 281

Reagan’s buildup of, 438–39

Reagan’s desired eradication of, 444

religious perspectives on, 281, 300–301

SALT II and, 404–5, 404

SALT treaty and, 379–80

Soviet, 160, 172, 178–79, 181, 184–87, 190, 203, 223–24, 226, 230, 236, 241, 253, 256–57, 272, 275, 281–82, 297, 299–300, 302–3, 306, 311, 397, 445

strategic, 449, 451, 463

on submarines, 286–87, 302, 416, 540, 541

tactical, 466, 482

test ban treaties for, 284, 295, 313–14, 318, 322–23, 451, 496

testing of, 440, 449

total mutual destruction and, 160

U.S., xi, xii, xvii, 181, 184–87, 205, 211, 215, 220, 227–30, 249, 255–57, 267–68, 279–88, 302–3, 306, 383, 403, 438, 445, 538–40, 550

U.S., first-strike capability and, 539–41

U.S.-Soviet possible nuclear war and, 273, 298, 415

Vietnam War and, 330, 340, 360–64, 386–87, 393

in World War II, xiv, 44, 118, 120, 129, 131–37, 142–44, 146, 157–81, 236

see also specific types of bombs and missiles

Nuremberg trials, 80, 82, 173, 250

Nye, Gerald, 64–65, 67, 68–72, 74–77, 82–83, 84, 93

Obama, Barack, xiv, 392, 550, 593

and Afghanistan war, 551, 568, 569–72, 574, 577–92, 581, 594, 597, 600, 612–13

caution of, 499, 554, 557–58, 560, 586

as centrist, 551, 567

economic stimulus program of, 554–55

election of, 499, 512, 549–50, 560, 569, 614

foreign policy of, 566–68, 599–613

G. W. Bush policies perpetuated by, 550–51

health care policies of, 558

as inspirational, 549–50, 559, 614–15

on Iraq war, 549, 551, 569, 572, 574, 582, 583, 590, 591, 594–600, 612

on Pakistan, 571–75

privacy and civil liberties concerns under, 561–66

transparency and secrecy of, 561–62

Wall Street and, 551–60

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 383, 546

Occupy Wall Street, 557, 613–15

Odom, William, 417–18, 446

O’Donnell, Kenneth, 308, 315–16

OECD, 547, 555

oil, 83, 193

in Afghanistan, 590

Britain’s sources of, 4, 189, 190, 195, 258–59

in Caspian Sea, 496

in Caucasus, 28

Central Asian pipeline for, 488–90

in Dutch East Indies, 100

G. W. Bush administration and, 496–97

in Indonesia, 352

Iranian, 190, 194–96, 217, 258–60, 408–9, 410, 602

Iraqi, 190, 217, 475, 526, 527, 529

Iraq war and, 527–28

in Kurdistan, 598

Kuwaiti, 190, 474, 477

Malaysian, 608

in Middle East, 4, 26, 104–5, 189–90, 194–95, 205, 215–16, 237, 258–60, 392, 414, 491, 497, 515

in Persian Gulf, 408, 439, 496–97, 512, 527

price collapse of, 426

Saudi, 189–90, 216, 217, 258, 505, 527, 600

in South China Sea, 606, 610

Soviet, 108, 190, 194, 216

U.S. as supplier of, 4, 38–39, 83, 100, 189

U.S. companies, 260

in Venezuela, 38–39

Oil Ministry, Iraqi, 529

Okinawa, 145, 175, 179, 216, 250, 312

U.S. military bases in, 605, 609

U.S. occupation of, 380

Oklahoma, bank holiday in, 47

Oklahoma City, bombing in, 488, 514

“Old Soldiers Never Die,” 243–44

Omaha World-Herald, xxvi, 489

Omar, Muhammad, 506–7

O’Neill, Thomas P. “Tip,” 316, 422, 447

On the Beach (Shute), 284–85

OPEC, 392, 474

Operation Barbarossa, 94–96, 97

Operation Condor, 378

Operation Desert Fox, 516

Operation Duck Hook, 362–63, 370

Operation Enduring Freedom, 506–7, 509

opium, 459, 489, 507, 583, 584, 594, 596

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 134–37, 137, 159–62, 179, 187, 196–97, 223, 229, 361

Organization of American Historians, 431

Organization of American States (OAS), 304, 434, 472, 603

Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), 506

Orlando, Vittorio, 31, 34

Orwell, George, 505

OSS, 213, 246, 263

Oswald, Lee Harvey, 323, 325

Ottawa land mines treaty, 490

Ottoman Empire, 26, 31–32, 216

Overseas Securities Corporation, 254

Pacific Command, U.S., 567, 608, 610–11

Pacific Ocean, xxii, xxviii, 189, 230, 270, 575, 606–8, 610, 612

Pacific Strategic Intelligence Summary, 162

Pacific theater, 105, 114, 131, 137, 138, 144, 145, 146, 151

Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 258, 260, 408–10, 411

Paisley, John, 397–98

Pakistan, 287, 413, 415–16, 415, 416, 429, 459–61, 486, 488, 506, 518, 544, 569, 586, 591–92, 593–94

Al-Qaeda ties of, 535

bin Laden in, 592

drones in, 572–73, 577

nuclear weapons in, 416, 460, 518, 535–36, 537

Obama and, 571–75

Taliban in, 535, 571

U.S. arms sent to, 535–36

Palestine, 216–19, 488, 581

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 282, 463

as future target, 522, 526

Palestinians, 534, 545, 567, 573, 600–601

Palin, Sarah, 563

Palmer, A. Mitchell, 35

Panama, xxvii–xxix, xxx, 40, 116, 205, 338, 372, 432, 455–56, 471–72, 473, 476

Canal Zone of, xxviii

Panama Canal, 283

Panama Canal treaty, 404

Panamanian Defense Forces, 472

Pan American Oil, 39

Panetta, Leon, 575, 586, 611–12

Paraguay, 378, 603, 604

Paris, 31, 356, 408

Paris Commune of 1871, xix

Paris Peace Accords, 387

Paris Peace Conference, 30–36, 33, 34, 44

Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 318, 322–23

Pathet Lao, 295, 389

Patriot Act, 505, 565

Pauley, Edwin, 139, 193

Pauley’s coup, 139–40

Payne, Keith, 438, 540–41

Peace Declaration, 539

Peace Patriots, 73

Pearl Harbor, 275, 438

Japanese bombing of, 82, 98–100, 100, 101, 106, 131, 150–52

Pearlstein, Steven, 556–57

Pearson, Drew, 224–25, 235

Pelley, William Dudley, 53

Pendergast, Tom, 141, 163, 188

Pentagon, see Defense Department, U.S.

Pentagon Papers, 335, 360, 384–85, 386, 563

People’s Daily, 609

People’s Liberation Army, Chinese, 467

People’s Revolutionary Movement, Costa Rican, 428

Pepper, Claude, 108, 142–43, 192, 195, 200

perestroika, 468, 613

Perkins, Frances, 49, 50, 63, 110

Perle, Richard, 383–84, 399, 442, 454, 490, 502, 513, 514, 519, 524, 685n

Perot, Ross, 484

Pershing II missiles, 440

Pershing missiles, 443

Persia, xvi, 105

see also Iran

Persian Gulf, 190, 259, 408, 409, 416, 476, 477, 478, 512

Persian Gulf War, 478–81, 481, 483, 491, 504, 517, 576

Peru, 41, 138, 338, 341–42, 345, 604

Petraeus, David, 570, 572, 575, 578, 586, 587–88, 590, 594

Peurifoy, Jack, 262–63, 265

Pew Research Center, 573, 613–14

Phantom Public, The (Lippmann), 43

pharmaceuticals industry, 551, 558

Philadelphia, Pa., 419

black unemployment in, 59

Khaki Shirts movement in, 53

Philadelphia Ledger, xxv–xxvi

Philadelphia Record, 64

Philippines, xvi, 100, 113, 116, 150, 237–38, 246, 305, 328, 338, 429, 468, 606, 607, 612

death toll in, xxvi–xxvii, xxviii

Huk peasant insurgency in, 246

Islamic rebels in, 574

torture in, xxvii

U.S. annexation of, xxii–xxviii, xxiii, xxxi, xxxii

Pinochet, Augusto, 377–78, 379, 499

Pipes, Richard, 396–97, 399, 421

Platt Amendment, xxvii

plutonium, 143, 173

PNAC, 685n

Podhoretz, Norman, 399, 490, 522

Poland, 28, 84, 88, 102, 110, 111, 113–17, 122–23, 126, 128–29, 189, 210, 217, 225, 304, 406, 469, 484

casualties of, 87, 214

free elections in, 468

Iraq war opposed in, 524

NATO and, 471, 486

Nazi invasion of, 78

strategic importance of, 123

Polish Provisional Government of National Unity, 116

poor, poverty, 433, 436–38, 462, 505, 551, 556, 559

in Afghanistan, 578–79

in former Soviet republics, 485

global, 546–47

Indian, 608–9

Pope, James, 65, 67, 70, 75, 77

Popular Front period, 60

populism, 556

Portugal, colonialism of, 396

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 590, 596

Potsdam Conference, 129, 148, 161–66, 165, 171

Potsdam Declaration, 165, 175

Powell, Colin, 369, 425, 472, 474, 478, 479, 480, 482, 492, 494, 497, 502–3, 503, 511, 512, 513, 586

on National Guard and Vietnam-era influence, 523–24

UN Iraq War speech of, 519–20, 521

Powell, Jody, 415, 422

Power, Thomas, 303, 309

Prague, 356, 514

Pravda, 197–98, 208, 225

Precht, Henry, 409–10

Predator drones, 574, 577, 579

Preface to Morals, A (Lippmann), 43

Presidential Directive 59, 416, 443

President’s Council on Jobs and Competitiveness, 560

President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB), 398

Press, Daryl, 539, 541

Priest, Dana, 564–65

prisoners, humane treatment of, 507

privacy rights, xii, 404

Prize, The (Yergin), 38

Progressive movement, progressives, 56, 65, 400, 551

Progressive Party, 1, 55, 221, 251

Project Chariot, 283–84

Project for the New American Century (PNAC), 490–91, 494, 496, 497, 522

on Iraq, 503, 512, 527

9/11 and, 501–2

Project Gnome, 284

propaganda:

Kuwaiti, 476

Soviet, 255

U.S., 214, 262, 372–75

Propaganda Technique in the World War (Laswell), 10–11

ProPublica, 590

prostitution, 16–17

Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, 52–53, 79–80

public opinion, control of, 10–12

Public Opinion (Lippmann), 43

Public Works Administration (PWA), 50, 51, 62

Puck, xix, xxiii

Puerto Rico, xvi, 347

U.S. annexation of, xxii, xxiii

Pugwash Conference, 282

Putin, Vladimir, 486, 538, 539–40, 613

G. W. Bush and, 536–37

Qatar, 105, 544

Quadrennial Defense Review, 2010, 609

Quainton, Anthony, 422, 430

Quarterly Review of Commerce, 50–52

racism, 59, 59, 92, 151, 466, 492, 524, 550

of Allies, 32

Japanese internment and, 151–57, 153, 155

U.S., 234

Wilson and, 1–2, 44

Radford, Arthur, 255, 267, 268

radicalism, popular, 60–61

railroad strikes, xix, xxi

Ramparts, 338

RAND Corporation, 215, 257, 286, 302, 303, 360, 383, 384, 461

rape, 427–28

of Chinese women by Japanese soldiers, 85, 88, 150

in El Salvador, 432

of German women by Russians, 127

of prisoners at Abu Ghraib, 510

of Vietnamese women, 367

Rasoli, Hameed, 506–7

Rauschenbusch, Stephen, 65–66

Rayburn, Sam, 118, 281

Reagan, Nancy, 445

Reagan, Ronald, xxxi, 50, 212, 323, 392, 412, 425, 432, 444–45, 466, 536, 566, 567, 576, 601

administration of, 429, 471, 473, 482, 532

anti-Soviet viewpoint of, 407, 426, 440–47

bargaining over hostages by, 420

on CPD, 399, 436, 445

El Salvador and, 431–34

and fall of Berlin Wall, 421

fantasies and inventions of, 422–24, 430–31

foreign perceptions of, 444–45

Gorbachev and, 446–55, 449, 453, 466, 467, 468

Grenada invasion of, 434–36, 437

intellectual limitations of, 421–23, 423, 425, 429, 445, 454

Iran-Contra scandal and, 455, 456–59

military buildup of, 436

in negotiations with Gorbachev, 447–56

Nicaragua and, 431, 455–59

nuclear war feared by, 441–42

religious convictions of, 441

reputation and legacy of, 421, 461–62

as right-wing extremist, 399, 400, 417

SDI and, 442–43, 448, 451–55, 462

social programs cut by, 436–38, 462

on superiority of capitalism, 426

on Vietnam, 434

Red Army, 28, 95, 97, 102, 103, 106, 108, 111, 114, 115, 126, 127–28, 172, 175, 209

Red-baiting, 206, 221, 231–34

“Red Channels,” 233

Red Scare, 233, 235

Haymarket riots and, xx

Reich, Robert, 547, 553

Republican Guard, Iraqi, 478

Republican National Committee, 206

Republican National Convention:

of 2004, 512

of 2008, 512

Republican party, xiv, 6, 40, 61, 65, 90, 93, 140, 148, 200, 206, 223, 236, 242, 247, 278, 306, 322, 385, 417, 424, 484, 490, 492, 494, 496, 518, 524, 551, 559, 560, 567, 592, 609, 615

right wing of, 55, 63, 492

Republican (St. Louis, Mo.), xix

Reston, James, 202, 256–57, 296, 332, 392

Rhee, Syngman, 236, 251

Rhodes, Richard, 286, 454

Rice, Condoleezza, 140, 496–98, 500–501, 509, 511, 512, 515

Ridgway, Matthew, 244

Ríos Montt, Efraín, 428, 430

Rise and Fall of Great Powers, The (Kennedy), xvi

Risen, James, 563–64

Ritter, Scott, 515–16

Robeson, Paul, 84, 200, 234

Rockefeller, David, 372, 401–2, 410, 464

Rockefeller, Nelson, 122, 322, 359–60, 365, 399

Rockefeller oil, 80, 424

Rodman, Peter, 524, 685n

Roe v. Wade, 530

Rogers, Will, 46, 47

Rogers, William, 360, 362, 372–73, 394

Roman Empire, xvi, 19

Romania, 33, 38, 87, 90, 111, 113, 114, 209, 537

Rome, 356, 524

Romer, Christine, 552, 554–55

Romney, Mitt, 560

Rongelap, 270–71

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 77, 93, 118, 121, 193, 202, 230, 287–88

Roosevelt, Elliott, 112, 200

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 39–40, 142, 142, 180, 189, 190, 193, 194, 200, 216, 318, 550, 557–58

administration of, 64, 83, 92, 123

as anticolonial, 112–13

Atlantic Charter and, 98, 99, 102–3, 464

atomic bomb program and, 133–34

balance between Britain and Soviets achieved by, 182–84

on banking crisis, 47–49

business community opposed by, 61, 63

on costs of war, 505–6

H. Wallace selected by, 90, 92

illness and death of, 113, 120–21, 121, 124, 139, 142, 143, 194

inaction in Spain by, 84–85

inauguration of, 45–47, 47, 49

isolationism and, 83

lend-lease program of, 89–90, 93–94, 95

on Munich agreement, 88

munitions hearings and, 66–67, 69–70, 71

New Deal of, 49–58, 61–63, 90–92, 93, 101, 193, 354, 400–401

postwar vision of, 103

“unconditional surrender” language of, 146

on ungrateful capitalists, 557–58

in World War II, 96–100, 102–4, 108–17, 119, 122–23, 125, 128–29, 131, 138, 152, 157, 189

at Yalta Conference, 114–17, 118, 164, 216–17

Roosevelt, Henry L., 69

Roosevelt, James, 193–94

Roosevelt, Kermit “Kim,” 259–60, 263

Roosevelt, Quentin, 7–8

Roosevelt, Theodore, xxvi, xxviii, xxx, 1, 6, 7–8, 39, 43, 259, 289, 370

Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 7

Root, Elihu, xxviii, xxx

Rosen, Steven, 687n

Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius, 231, 251

Ross, Dennis, 601

Rostow, Eugene, 156, 399

Rostow, Walt, 292, 305, 340

Rotblat, Joseph, 143, 144, 160, 180, 280

Rotterdam, 81, 157

Royal Air Force, British, 23, 89

Royal Dutch Shell, 38, 39

Rubin, Robert, 551–52, 566

Rumsfeld, Donald, xv–xvi, 399, 400, 439, 490, 491, 496, 498, 503, 512, 542, 685n

high-tech weapons and, 507

on Iraq, 502, 503, 513, 515–16, 522, 525–26, 529, 530

larger agenda of, 504–5, 511

Rusk, Dean, 236, 291–92, 298, 319, 325, 329, 337, 339, 344, 349, 367, 399

Russell, Bertrand, 280

Russell-Einstein Manifesto of 1955, 280

Russia, 4, 9, 31, 43, 482, 488, 569, 576, 609, 610–11, 613

Bolsheviks in, 9–10, 26–30, 28, 33, 128

China’s ties with, 540

counterrevolution in, 28–30

G. W. Bush and, 536–42

nuclear weapons in, 486, 539–41

oil from, 4

post-Soviet, 484–86

Soviet nostalgia in, 538

in World War I, 5, 26, 87

see also Soviet Union

Russian Academy of Sciences, 541

Russian Bureau, U.S., 253

Russian Revolution, 26–27, 34, 35, 87, 95, 97, 101, 109, 253, 307

Russo-Japanese War, 87, 116

Rutherford, Ernest, 132–33

Sachs, Jeffrey, 484–85

Sadr, Muqtada al-, 595

Saigon, 329, 339, 387

St. Louis Hannegan-Dickmann Democratic machine, 142–43, 142

St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 182, 385

St. Petersburg Times, 373

Saipan, 138, 145

Sakhalin, 173

Sandinista National Liberation front, xxxi, 412, 430, 455–56, 567

Sandino, Augusto, xxxi, 412

San Francisco, Calif., 242, 369

blackout in, 152

general strike in, 57–58, 58

United Nations opening in, 121–22, 124

San Francisco Chronicle, 58, 544

Santa Anita, Calif., 153, 155

Santo Domingo, 40

Santos, Juan Manuel, 603–4

Sato, Eisaku, 380–82, 381

Saturday Review, 198, 313

Saudi Arabia, 105, 189–90, 216–17, 219, 258, 392, 416, 420, 436, 456, 459, 460, 461, 468, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 488, 506, 512, 522, 523, 536, 586, 602

as future target, 522, 526

oil in, 189–90, 216, 217, 258, 505, 527, 600

unfavorable opinions of U.S. in, 524

SAVAK, 260

Scaife Foundation, 399, 405

Schelling, Thomas, 37

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 91, 181, 291, 294, 295, 305, 309, 316, 508, 510

Schlesinger, James, 390, 393, 398–99

Schneider, René, 373–74

school desegregation, 274

school lunches, 438

School of the Americas, U.S. Army, 338, 372, 431–32, 471

Schroeder, Gerhard, 521

Schneider, William, Jr., 685n

Schwarzkopf, Norman, 474, 478, 479

Schweitzer, Albert, 284

science, scientists, xi, 101

atomic, 198, 200, 223

German, 215, 223

H. Wallace as seen by, 92

radicalization of, 59–60

Soviet, 57

Vietnam War opposed by, 364–65

in World War II, 131–32

Science, 365

Scientific American, 19

Scientists and Engineers for McCarthy, 365

Scott, Nathan, 21

Scowcroft, Brent, 399, 455, 477, 516

Screen Actors Guild, 212

Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation, 81

seas, freedom of, 6, 27, 31, 98

Seattle, Wash., general strike in, 34, 35

Secret Service, 512

securities exchanges, 554

security, 560

general, 98

Sedition Act of 1918, 13

segregation, 221, 492

Selective Service Board, 364

self-determination, 6, 26–27, 30, 42, 468

self-government, 98

Senate, U.S., 12, 44, 318, 326, 335, 351–52, 371, 478, 496, 518, 551

Armed Services Committee of, 498, 588

Committee on Atomic Energy of, 186

Committee on Banking and Currency of, 48

Foreign Relations Committee of, 26, 65, 72–73, 74, 264, 291, 294, 352, 424–25, 520, 592

inquiries into banks’ role in economic collapse, 48

Intelligence Committee of, 398, 455, 563, 565

PATRIOT Act in, 505

peace progressives in, 30

Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of, 383

Select Intelligence Committee of, 430

Special Committee Investigating the Munitions Industry of (Nye Committee), 65–79, 82–83

war profits hearings and legislation in, 71–77

Wilson’s “peace without victory” speech to, 6

Serbia, 3, 4, 28

Seven Days in May (Knebel and Bailey), 322–23

sexuality, men’s, 16–18

Shahzad, Faisal, 572–73

Shanghai, 85, 157

sharecroppers, 59

Sharia law:

in Afghanistan, 487

in Iran, 410

Shevardnadze, Eduard, 451, 454, 468, 470

Shiites, 457, 480, 528, 529, 531, 534, 595, 598

Shin Bet, 602

Shinseki, Erik, 590

short-range missiles, 451

Shultz, George, 428, 430–31, 439, 442–43, 445, 450–52, 456

Shulsky, Abram, 685n

Shute, Nevil, 284–85

Silesian-American Corporation, 81

Silver Legion, 53

Singapore, 100

Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, 87

SIOP-62, 298

Sisson, Edgar, 9–10

Sloan, Alfred, 63, 77, 79

Slovakia, 90

in NATO, 537

Slovenia, in NATO, 537

Smith, Al, 54, 63, 64, 90

Smith, Howard K., 208

Smith, Walter Bedell, 263, 268, 295

Smyth, Henry, 256, 283

Social Democrats:

German, 4, 45, 77

West German, 444

socialism, xxii, 16, 26, 30, 43, 56, 60, 72, 122, 188, 257, 273, 276, 322, 372, 426, 448, 467, 485

democratic, 373, 468

Soviet-style, 182

socialist democracy, 373, 446, 449

Socialist Party, 1, 16, 60, 62

socialists, 4, 36, 60

social justice, 44

Social Justice, 53

social programs, 438, 462, 484, 559

Social Security, 61

Soldiers’, Sailors’, and Workmen’s Council, 34

Solidarity trade union federation, 468

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 485–86

Somalia, xvi, 406, 408, 416, 574

as future target, 523, 526

on global corruption index, 507, 533, 583

Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, xxxi, 262, 412, 430

Sophocles, 226

Sorenson, Theodore, 289–90, 295, 314, 316, 318

“Sources of Soviet Conduct, The” (Kennan), 209–10

South Africa, 424, 456, 484

South America, 203, 603

South Asia, 105, 518

South Asians, in the wake of 9/11, 504

South Carolina, 492

South China Sea, 606–8, 610

Southeast Asia, 238, 266, 305, 315, 328, 347, 349

Southern Negro Youth Congress, 221

South Korea, 196, 235–39, 241–42, 244–46, 250–51, 263, 338, 429, 605, 606, 609

South Pacific Fleet, U.S., 177

South Yemen, 408

Soviet republics:

former, 481, 485, 488

in NATO, 537

Soviet Union, 45, 180, 201, 202, 213, 214, 215, 236, 242, 249, 257–59, 263, 268, 270, 286, 287, 304, 309, 348, 362–63, 421, 477

in Afghanistan, 408, 412–16, 446, 459–61, 464, 466, 467–68, 488, 506, 529, 535, 536, 571, 579, 581, 589, 613

Berlin blockade by, 219–20, 222

casualties of, 87, 106, 111, 114, 182, 214

China’s relations with, 223, 251, 349, 363

Cold War ended by, 463–64, 465

collapse of, 421

Communist hard-liners in, 481

concerns about German rebuilding by, 188, 189, 209, 219

conservative backlash against, 396–99

Cuba as ally of, 279, 303, 321

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 305–13

détente with, 383, 399–400, 404, 406–8, 413–14, 416, 426, 449, 468

deteriorating U.S. relations with, 187, 194–98, 201–26, 247–49, 255, 257

dissidents in, 425

economic decline of, 426, 438, 467–68

end of, 482

entry into Pacific war by, 111, 116, 122, 144, 147–49, 161–66, 165, 172–78

FDR and, 182–84

fear of U.S. first strike by, 443

first Five-Year Plan of, 56

German invasions of, 123

German nonaggression pact with, 60, 88, 102, 105, 124–25

ICBMs of, 274–75, 275, 278–79, 302, 306

industrialization of, 60, 227

international image of, 447

Iran and, 190, 194–96, 217, 259, 409, 410

Iraq and, 420

on Israel-Palestine, 218–19

Japan’s aggression against, 90

J. F. Kennedy’s reconsidered attitude toward, 317–19

Korean War and, 238–39, 251

lend-lease and, 96, 97, 102, 182–84

Luna missiles of, 660n

Nazi invasion of, 88, 94–96, 97

Nixon’s arms negotiations with, 379–80, 382–83

nonintervention by, 467–72

nuclear nightmares in, 441

nuclear test moratorium sponsored by, 284

nuclear weapons in, 160, 172, 178–79, 181, 184–87, 190, 203, 223–24, 226, 230, 236, 241, 253, 256–57, 272, 275, 281–82, 297, 299–300, 302–3, 306, 311, 397, 445

peaceful coexistence proposed by, 468

possible U.S. nuclear war of, 273, 298, 415

postwar rebuilding by, 188, 211

postwar U.S. sympathy for, 125–26, 127

Reagan’s hostility towards, 426

Reagan’s rekindling of arms race with, 437–38, 440–47

Russian nostalgia for, 538

SAC Emergency War Plan against, 227–28

space program of, see Sputnik

Stalinism and waning U.S. support for, 56, 60

strong economy of, 56–57

terrorists discouraged by, 427

Truman administration’s distrust of, 120–29

UN boycott by, 236

U.S. enthusiasm for, 56–60, 105–8, 248

U.S. relations with, 30

in World War II, 96–106, 107, 108–17, 109, 118, 120–29, 138, 144

Spaatz, Carl, 176, 215

space, weaponization of, 541–42

Space Command, U.S., xvii, 541–42

space race, 275–78, 304, 319–20, 323

militarization of, 277–78

Spain, 517, 521, 544, 587, 613

colonialism of, xvii, xxx

fascism in, 84–85, 85, 88, 89, 95–96

territories acquired from, xxii–xxiii

Spanish-American War, xxii, 116, 304

Spanish Civil War, 84–85, 85, 88, 89, 95–96, 180

Spellman, Francis, Cardinal, 269

Spitzer, Abe, 167–68, 173

Sputnik, 274–76, 278, 286

Stalin, Josef, 10, 56, 84, 96, 103, 108–10, 113, 189, 195, 200, 207, 211, 248, 251

on atomic bomb, 172, 178–79

atrocities committed by, 115

Berlin blockade by, 220

China and, 223

on Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech, 191

cult of personality of, 273

death of, 227, 228, 248

Korean War and, 236, 238–39, 244

lack of support by Western democracies felt by, 60, 88, 95, 102–4

meeting with Churchill of, 113–14, 115, 206, 209

post-Soviet nostalgia for, 486

at Potsdam, 161–66, 165

revival of interest in, 538

Tito confronted by, 208–9

Truman and, 120–21, 123–26, 128–29, 186, 188

at Yalta Conference, 114–17, 118

Stalingrad, 108, 125, 157

Nazi attack on, 104

Stalinism, 56, 60

Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, 554

Standard Oil, xxxii, 39, 78, 82

of California, 219, 350

of New Jersey, 345

Stanford University, 78, 365, 541

Applied Electronics Laboratory of, 365

State Department, U.S., xxxi, 9, 41, 76, 106, 175, 202, 205, 206, 207, 217, 229–31, 263, 264, 285, 294, 316, 329, 337, 344, 351, 360, 366, 412, 418, 430, 439, 459, 469, 488, 489, 506–7, 523, 529, 542, 543, 562, 569, 595, 601

on Iran, 409–10

McCarthy’s accusations against, 232, 367

Near East Division of, 190

sterilizations, forced, 80–81

Stern Gang, 219

Stettinus, Edward, 102, 120, 122

Stevenson, Adlai, 247, 281, 282, 284, 288, 321

Stiglitz, Joseph, 530, 533, 558, 590, 614

Stimson, Henry, xxxi, 96, 103, 105, 111, 113, 119, 122, 143–46, 152, 158–160–64, 165, 175, 178, 184

Stockhold International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), 289

stock market:

1920s boom of, 48

1929 crash of, 48

1987 collapse of, 462

Stone, I. F., 232, 278

Stone, Oliver, 336

Strategic Air Command (SAC), 227, 229, 241, 254, 286, 303, 383, 418

during Cuban Missile Crisis, 309, 311

Emergency War Plan of, 257

Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific, U.S., 176

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), 379–80

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), 404–5, 404, 407, 413–14, 415–16

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), 445, 482, 483

Strategic Command, U.S., 534–35

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI; Star Wars), 396, 442–43, 447–49, 448, 451–55, 462, 576

Strategic Rocket Forces, Soviet, 443

strategic weapons, 449, 451

offensive, 463

Strauss, Lewis, 270–71, 283

strikes, xviii–xix, 33–34, 35, 52

national textile, 57, 58

railroad, xix, xxi

in Venezuela, 39

Student Army Training Corps (SATC), 12

students, in protest movements, 335, 336, 338, 356, 357, 364, 369–71

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 335

submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), 379

submarines:

nuclear, 286–87, 302, 416, 540, 541

Soviet, 309

Sudan, 217, 523, 536

as future target, 523, 526

Suez Canal, 105, 189, 217, 259, 282, 408

Suez Crisis, 282, 414

Suharto, 350, 351, 352–53, 395–96

Sukarno, 347–52, 351

Sullivan and Cromwell, 82, 122, 254, 263

Sultan, Bandar bin, Saudi Crown Prince, 475, 488

Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, 262, 265

Sulzberger, C. L., 125–26

Summers, Lawrence, 484–85, 552, 554–55

Summit of the Americas, 603–4

Sunnis, 528, 532–33, 534, 598

Sun Oil Company, 63

Supreme Court, U.S., 80, 347, 511, 565

Citizens United in, 558

FDR’s court-packing plan for, 62

Pentagon Papers ruling of, 385

2000 election decision in, 494

Supreme Soviet’s Committee on Defense and Security Issues of, 420

Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council (UHVR), 214

surveillance, xii, 549, 551, 565

drone, 572, 576

Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) program, 508

Suskind, Ron, 495–96, 513, 532, 554

Suzuki, Kantaro, 147, 173

Sweden, 287, 547

Switzerland, 82, 499–500, 549

Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), 612

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 26

Syria, 219, 477, 507, 518, 536, 600, 601–2, 613

as future target, 522, 523, 526

systems analysis, 383

Szilard, Leo, 132–33, 135–36, 136, 160–61, 178, 180, 230, 272, 300

tactical nuclear weapons, 466, 482

Taft, William Howard, 1, 39

Taguba, Antonio, 510–11

Taiwan, 223, 238, 251, 328, 430, 456, 606, 609

Taliban, 486–90, 501, 503, 506–7, 534, 573, 577, 578

in Afghanistan, 486–90, 501, 503, 506–7, 534, 535, 571, 580, 581, 583–84, 588–89, 591, 594, 597

9/11 and, 501

Pakistan and, 535, 571

women and, 580

Tanforan, Calif., 153

Tanzania, 490

Taraki, Nur Muhammad, 412–13

Tarawa, 145

TASS, 445

taxes, 557

G. W. Bush’s cuts for the wealthy, 506, 545, 546, 559

income, 68, 254

in Iraq, 530–31

middle-class, 484

Reagan’s contradictory statements about, 445

Reagan’s cuts for the wealthy, 438, 462

war and, 505

on wealthy, 61

on working class, 63

Taylor, Glen, 192, 221

Taylor, Maxwell, 295, 305, 315, 367

Taylor, Telford, 173, 174

Tea Party, xiv

Tehran, 110, 116, 455

Teicher, Howard, 439

telecommunications, 551

Teller, Edward, 134–35, 229, 275, 284, 364

Tenet, George, 497–98, 502, 511, 514, 519, 528, 542

Tennessee:

bank holiday in, 47

Crusader White Shirts in, 53

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 196

terrorism, terrorists, 506, 528, 534, 535

domestic, 488

G. W. Bush’s war on, 504–5

national brainwashing on, 544

potential targets for, 505

state, 472

Tet Offensive, 316, 339, 341

Texaco Oil Company, 84

Texas, University of, 553

Thach, Nguyen Co, 365–66

Thailand, 100, 266, 304, 328, 338, 389, 576

Thatcher, Margaret, 434

Thieu, Nguyen Van, 332, 333, 358–59, 387, 393–94

third world, 257–58, 464

halt in economic growth of, 425–26

Soviet withdrawal from, 467–68

Thomas, Helen, 531–32

Three Russian Girls, 106

Three Soldiers (Dos Passos), 41

Thurmond, Strom, 221

Tibbets, Paul, 157, 166–67, 167

Time, 50, 52, 55, 101, 122, 140, 223, 240, 242, 258, 300, 341, 373–74, 387, 524, 613

Tito, Josip Broz, 208–9, 257

Toge, Sankichi, 169–70

Tojo, Hideki, 138

Tokyo, 147, 161, 356, 488

bombing of, 157–59, 158, 303

Tokyo war criminal trials, 215

Toledo, Ohio, general strike in, 57, 58

Tora Bora, 507

torture, 507–11, 511, 514, 549, 600

in Argentina and Chile, 424

in CIA “black site” facilities, 504, 507–10

G. W. Bush administration and, 499–500, 561, 568

in Pakistan, 429

psychological, 507–8

Toyama, 158

Toyoda, Soemu, 147, 175

trade unions, 4, 58–59, 138

Trading with the Enemy Act, 81

Trans-Pacific Partnership, 610–11

Transparency International, 533, 583

Treasury Department, U.S., 70–71, 530, 551–53

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 28

Treaty of London, 31–32

Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security (AMPO), 380–81

Treblinka, 127

Trident submarines, 416

Trilateral Commission, 401–3, 464, 490, 491

Triple Entente, see Allies

Trotsky, Leon, 9, 26, 28, 34

Troubled Asset Relief Plan (TARP), 553

Truman, Bess, 126, 151, 162

Truman, Harry, 53, 96, 121, 140, 158, 161, 190, 191, 194, 199, 211, 213, 223, 225, 237, 247, 254, 259, 262, 392, 635n, 640n

administration of, 224, 244

aggressive attitude of, 123–25, 141, 146–47, 163, 196, 200, 246, 248

background of, 140–42

Britain favored by, 184, 187

Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech and, 191–94, 191

H. Wallace’s firing by, 202–5

as H. Wallace’s replacement, 140, 142–43

interventionist foreign policy of, 207–9, 207

on Israel-Palestine, 218

Korean War and, 236–41, 243–44, 246

loyalty checks required by, 212

loyalty-security program of, 231

MacArthur fired by, 242–44, 243

in 1948 elections, 220–22

nuclear warfare and, 143–44, 158, 160–66, 171–72, 175–80, 185, 196–97, 228, 230–31, 256

at Potsdam, 161–66, 165, 171

racism and anti-Semitism of, 141, 151, 217, 218

response to Berlin blockade by, 220

rightward shift of, 186, 194

succession to presidency of, 117–19, 119, 143

wartime policy of, 120–29, 144–48

Truman, John “Peanuts,” 140, 163

Truman Doctrine, 207, 207

Tugwell, Rexford Guy, 48, 63, 69

Tunisia, 265, 305, 563, 613

Turkey, 4, 67–68, 189, 190, 206, 207, 208, 216, 474–75, 555, 601, 602

Iraq war opposed in, 524

U.S. IRBMs in, 302, 306–7, 308, 310

Turkish Straits, 189

Turkmenistan, 488, 591

Turley, Jonathan, 561–62, 565

Turner, Stansfield, 397, 403, 405

U-2 reconnaissance planes, 276, 279, 306, 307, 309–11

Ubico, Jorge, 260–61

U-boats, German, 5–6, 68

Ukraine, 28, 97, 214, 450, 537–38

Ukrainian National Organization, 214

UN Conference on Disarmament, 542

UN Convention Against Torture, 500, 508

unemployment, xxii, 45, 57, 61, 406, 614

African-American, 59

European, 188

unilateralism, 494, 496, 497, 549

United Arab Emirates, 506, 583, 586

United Fruit Company, xxviii, xxix, xxx, 82, 254, 262–65, 279, 291

United Nations, 114, 120, 121–22, 124, 201, 234, 241, 252, 265, 320, 321, 329, 389, 394, 404, 408, 420, 424, 434, 464, 477, 480–81, 489, 538, 569, 575, 583, 589

Assistance Mission of, in Afghanistan, 594

China and, 236, 313

Disarmament Commission of, 330

drug control agency of, 594

Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” speech in, 256

Electoral Complaints Commission of, 585

Gender-Related Development Index of, 580

General Assembly of, 218, 280, 376, 436

Gorbachev’s address to, 463–64, 465, 466, 467

Iraq’s use of chemical weapons brought before, 440

Korean War and, 236–37, 250–51

nuclear regulation plan in, 196–98

Palestine and, 218, 601

Powell’s UN Iraq War speech in, 519–20

Resolution 1441 of, 517

Resolution of, on the Prevention of an Outer Space Arms Race, 542

sanctions on Iraq by, 475

Security Council of, 236–37, 240, 346, 472, 476, 478, 491, 516, 517, 520–21, 532, 601

weapons inspectors of, 491, 515–17, 520, 532

United Nations Charter, 346, 384

United Railways of Central America, 254

United States:

aerial warfare by, 24, 157–59

Allied sympathies of, 5

arms manufacturers in, 439

ascendance in wake of World War I, 38

business interests of, 254, 263, 352–53, 356, 372, 376–77

casualties of, 87, 106, 138, 145, 244, 245

chemical warfare research in, 20–26

Cold War and, 180, 204–26

declining prestige of, 241–42, 256–58, 271, 289, 293, 304, 319, 349, 403, 510, 524, 544–45, 549, 600, 603–4

as defender of status quo, xxvii

economic collapse in, 462, 549, 605, 613, 615

economic hegemony of, 112–13, 114–15

economy of, 54, 61, 62, 123, 182, 418, 610

economy sanctions against Japan by, 90

eugenics in, 80–81

expansionist impulse in, xv–xvi

financial crisis of 1998 in, 549, 552, 554

future role of, 526

as global hegemon, xi, 355, 482, 490, 566, 604

immigration legislation in, 88, 151, 156, 217

imperialism of, xii–xxxiii, xxiii, 38–41, 101, 172, 222, 240, 275, 295, 377, 434, 500, 550

income inequality in, 545–47, 549, 554–56

industrial production in, 4, 182

isolationism in, 36, 38, 41, 83, 94

Korean War and remilitarization of, 246–47

lend-lease program and, 189–90

military interventions by, xxx, 29–30, 209

military strength of, 115

neutrality in World War I of, 5–7

as oil supplier, 4, 38–39, 83, 100, 189

peacetime European military alliance of, 220, 222

Pearl Harbor attack and, 82, 98–100, 100, 101, 106, 131, 150–52

possible Soviet nuclear war with, 273, 298, 415

rightward drift in, 399

sexual attitudes in, 16–18

social justice index of, 555–56

space program of, 277

Spanish-American war volunteers from, 84

trade deficit of, 392

world economy dominated by, 38

in World War II, 98–129

United States Information Agency, 272

United States Rubber Company, 350

Unocal, 488–90

uranium, 133, 134, 143, 161, 203, 410, 478, 519, 535, 593

Urey, Harold, 160, 223

Uruguay, 378, 604

USAID, 345, 484, 487

U.S. Army Counterintelligence Corps, 214

U.S. Conference of Mayors, 591–92

U.S. Information Agency, 285, 350

Utrik, 270–71

Uzbekistan, 544

Vance, Cyrus, 403, 404, 406, 407, 414–15, 418–19, 419

Vandenberg, Arthur, 65, 69–70, 75, 77, 94, 206

Vandenberg, Hoyt, 241–42

Vandenburg Air Force Base, 308–9

Vanderlip, Frank A., 54, 73–74

Van Zandt, James, 64

venereal disease, 16–17, 17

Venezuela, 38–39, 40, 391, 457, 603, 604

Vera Cruz, 2, 3

Vienna, 23, 80

J. F. Kennedy–Khrushchev summit in, 295–97, 297

Viet Cong, 329, 330, 367, 369

Viet Minh, 267–68

Vietnam, North, 250, 315, 327, 328, 329, 334, 335, 339, 340, 358, 360, 362, 366, 367, 370, 382, 384, 386–87, 390, 392–94, 404

Vietnam, South, 268–69, 294, 305, 306, 327, 328, 330, 333, 338, 358, 360, 361, 367, 370, 386–87, 392–94, 404

Vietnam, Vietnam War, 32, 33, 208, 238, 240, 266–70, 290, 296, 304–5, 348, 374, 380, 384–86, 392, 402, 434, 436, 456, 481, 523, 570, 576, 577–78, 606, 612

antiwar movement and, 335, 336, 338, 340–41, 341, 357, 364, 369–70, 371, 384–85

Cambodia invaded by, 389, 467

Carter on, 401, 403–4, 416

chemical warfare in, 306, 330–32, 331, 440

combat avoided by later war enthusiasts, 523–24

death toll in, 387

defense cooperation with U.S. by, 607

end of war in, 387, 392–94, 395

J. F. Kennedy’s plan to pull out of, 314–16, 323, 326–27

Johnson and, 326–35, 338–41, 343, 346, 353–54, 356, 358

My Lai massacre in, 367–70, 369

Nixon and, 358, 360–66, 368, 370, 379, 382, 384–89, 394, 404

Paris peace talks and, 359, 387, 394

Rolling Thunder in, 329

U.S. withdrawal from, 382, 387, 392

Vietnam syndrome, 434, 480, 481

Vietnam Veterans of America, 395

Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, 395

Villaraigosa, Antonio, 591–92

Virginia, forced sterilizations in, 80–81

Volcker, Paul, 403, 553–54

von Braun, Wernher, 215, 277

Voting Rights Act, 383

wage and price controls, 383, 401

Waiting for the Barbarians (Coetzee), xiii

Walker, William H., 22–23

Wallace, George, 356

Wallace, Henry A., xi, 63, 90–93, 101, 112, 117, 119, 121, 128, 134, 180, 193, 202, 217, 318, 377, 447, 550

as anticolonialist, 138, 180, 194, 204

antinuclear position of, 184–88, 194, 196, 199–204

Century of the Common Man and, xi, 101, 181

Korean war and retirement of, 251–52

Madison Square Garden speech of, 200–202, 204

removed from 1944 ticket of, 138–40, 142–43

as third-party candidate, 220–22, 234, 251, 323

Truman Doctrine opposed by, 207–8

Truman’s firing of, 202–5

Wall Street, xxxii, 7, 41, 55, 64, 73, 112, 122, 138, 184, 197, 231, 290, 426, 545–46, 547

under Obama, 550–54, 556–58, 560

opposition to, xxi, 48

rejection of gold standard and, 54

Wall Street Journal, xv, 34, 221–22, 256, 293, 343, 419, 432, 485, 493–94, 554, 567, 600

war crimes, G. W. Bush administration and, 499–500, 507, 511

War Department, U.S., 12, 19, 176, 177, 196, 199–200, 205

War Industries Board (WIB), 50

War Is a Racket (Butler), xxxi–xxxiii

Warnke, Paul, 404–5

War Powers Act of 1973, 472–73, 494

War Production Board, 122–23

War Relocation Authority (WRA), 154, 156

Warren, Earl, 151–52

Warren Commission, 323

war reparations, U.S.-German, 82

Warriors of Islam, 260

Warsaw, 111, 115, 157, 182

Warsaw Pact, 297, 298, 313, 469, 537

Wartime Civil Control Administration (WCCA), 153

Washington, D.C., xix, 20, 121, 242, 335

antiwar protests in, 369, 370

Washington, George, xxvii, 94, 289

Washington Evening Star, 19

Washington Post, 9–10, 16, 19, 64, 68, 69–71, 77, 108, 126, 148, 182, 191, 192, 195, 225, 249, 262, 272, 278, 284, 300, 338, 370, 385, 418–19, 423, 435, 464, 472, 476, 500, 504, 506, 510, 520, 530–31, 532, 539, 553, 556–57, 559, 564–65, 566, 567, 570, 575, 578, 588, 589, 591, 598, 611

waterboarding, xxvii, 508–10, 511

Watergate scandal, 387, 389–90, 401, 494

Watson, Thomas, 78–79

wealth inequities, global, 546–47

weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 482

Webster, William, 461, 475

Weekly Standard, xv, 503

Weinberger, Caspar, 442–43, 457–59, 466

Weiner, Tim, 213, 263, 279, 542

welfare state, 400–401

Wells, H. G., 23, 30, 132, 133

Werth, Alexander, 127–28, 172

West Berlin, 356

Western Defense Command, 156

Westmoreland, William, 340–41

West Point, 459, 586, 599

West Virginia, Knights of the White Camelia in, 53

Wheeler, Burton, 93–94

Wheeler, Earle, 330, 333–34

White, John Campbell, 38–39

White House Office of Faith-Based Community Initiatives, 495

White House Special Investigations Unit (“Plumbers”), 386

Whitman, Walt, xviii, 43, 367

Whitney, George, 36, 73

WikiLeaks, 26, 459, 562–64, 569, 576, 583, 613

Will, George, 480, 514

Willkie, Wendell, 90, 93, 108

Wilson, Charles E., 122–23

Wilson, Edmund, 56, 60

Wilson, Harold, 329, 340

Wilson, Woodrow, xiv, 1–3, 5–6, 17, 26, 28–30, 28, 29, 36, 39–40, 73–76, 103, 253, 354, 355, 392

declaration of war by, 7–8, 29, 75, 97, 98

failures of, 43–44

Fourteen Points of, 27, 30–33, 34, 98, 464

League of Nations and, 30, 32, 35–36, 37, 44

Mexico policy of, 2–3

at Paris Peace Conference, 30–35, 34, 44

“peace without victory” speech of, 6, 31

“world safe for democracy” speech of, 7, 31

Winged Defense (Mitchell), 24

Winthrop, John, xiii–xiv

wiretapping, 551, 563–64

Wisner, Frank, 213–14, 226, 348

Wolfowitz, Paul, 383–84, 397, 427, 466, 479, 480, 482–83, 485, 489, 490, 498, 503, 513–14, 519, 601, 685n

on Iraq, 502, 503, 512–14, 529

larger agenda of, 504

Woman’s Peace Party, 6

women, in Afghanistan, 488, 489, 579, 580

Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, 65

Woodward, Bob, 472, 495, 504, 578, 586

Woolsey, James, 491, 514, 685n

workers, xviii–xix, 52, 56, 57–58, 66

communism’s appeal for, 26–27

declining wages of, 545–46, 554–55

strikes by, xviii–xix, 33–34, 35

World War I and, 4, 5

working class, 436, 551, 554

Works Progress Administration (WPA), 61, 62

World Bank, 111, 337, 345, 375, 477, 484–85, 530

World Economic Conference of 1933, 54

World Trade Center, 500, 502, 504, 507

World War I, 3–28, 41, 44, 45, 50, 73–76, 100, 116, 141, 354, 521, 596–97

aerial warfare in, 23–24, 25

antiwar sentiment and, 5, 7, 8

beginning of, 3, 4, 87

casualties in, 18, 20

chemical weapons in, 18–26, 27

oil production during, 4, 38

profiteering investigations regarding, 65–79, 82–83

propaganda in, 8–10, 9

World War II, xv, 70, 87, 182, 190, 211, 227, 273, 303, 354, 358, 387, 414, 464, 481, 505, 538, 568

atomic bomb and, xiv, 44, 118, 120, 129, 131–37, 142–44, 146, 157–81, 236

end of, 181, 199

as “good war,” 87

Reagan’s imagined service in, 422–23

U.S. entry into, 44

Wurmser, David, 685n

Wyoming, 153, 154

Yale University, 424, 464, 523, 524, 542

Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics, 576

Yalta Agreement, 114–17, 118, 122–24, 128, 144, 164

Yeltsin, Boris, 481, 484–86, 487

Yemen, 477, 520, 526, 561, 563, 569, 586, 600, 613

drone campaign in, 574, 575

Yergin, Daniel, 38

Yoo, John, 501, 511

Young, Andrew, 404, 408

Yugoslavia, 87, 114, 129, 206, 208–9, 257, 486

Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, 510

Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 460, 528, 530

Zelikow, Philip, 500–501

Zhou Enlai, 238, 268

Zhukov, Georgi, 108, 172, 248

Zia ul-Haq, Muhammad, 415, 416, 429, 459–60

Zinni, Anthony, 523, 528

Zoellick, Robert B., 685n

Zubaydah, Abu, 509–10