The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia

at Moskva, 612&n, 622, 623

and Simonov, 369–70, 405, 512–13, 515, 517–18, 612

Latvia, Soviet invasion (1939), 372–3

Latvian Rifle Brigade, 469

Latvians post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469

seen as spies, 240

Lazarev, Lazar, 433, 434, 439, 441, 616, 624

Lebedev, Yevgeny, 62, 141

Lebedeva, Elena, 320–23, 322, 568

Left Opposition (1920s), 154, 219, 230

‘legality, socialist’, 537

Lend-Lease Agreement, 410, 443

Lenin, V. I., 2

on Bolsheviks, 32

followers of, 579

and mixed economy, 71

and NEP, 6–7, 8, 72

and rebellions (1921), 5, 6

and surveillance, 36

‘Lenin and the Guard’ (Zoshchenko), 489

Leningrad anti-Moscow feeling, 460, 465

anti-Semitism, 511–12

anti-Soviet mood (1941), 385

Astoria Hotel, 14, 192

citizens’ defence, 420

communal apartments, 174, 176, 177, 181, 183, 185

Communist Academy, 204, 205, 207

defence, 444

Ethnographic Museum, 528

Hermitage, 389

House of Pioneers, 329, 330

House of the Soviet, 294

housing conditions (1929), 120–21

housing shortage, 511

Institute of Electrical Engineering, 478

Institute of Pediatrics, 436–7, 652

Institute of Technology, 257

intelligentsia, persecution, 487–92

Kirov Factory, 351

life in, 79–80

mass arrests (1934), 235

Mining Academy, 35

Museum of the Defence of, 466

nobility and bourgeoisie, purging, 192

Party leadership, 465–6

People’s Volunteers, 331

Polytechnic Institute, 344–5, 461, 473, 477

post-war, 461 Public Library, 334, 445–6, 585

Pulkovo Observatory, 365

Red Triangle Factory, 201

siege of (1941–4), 330, 334–5, 381, 386–7, 388–9, 419, 444, 648

Smolny Institute, 1, 3, 43, 44n, 56, 349, 365, 430

Stalin and, 488

symbolic importance, 386

Workers’ Faculty, 344, 345

‘Leningrad Affair’, 466, 473, 512, 537–8

Leningrad journal, 488

Leningrad-Murmansk railway, 115–16 ‘Leningrad Opposition’, 237

Leningrad University, 334, 462, 466, 584, 645

Leninskaia smena

newspaper, 632

Leonhard, Wolfgang, 142–3, 189, 191, 259

Lesgaft, Pyotr, 22

Levanevsky, Sigizmund, 384

Levidova, Ada, 432, 440

Levin, Daniil, 570

Levin family, 570, 571, 598, 650

Levitan, Iurii, 460

Lialia ‘special settlement’, Urals, 133

Liberman family, 645–8

Lie, The (Afinogenov), 256–7

Life and Fate (Grossman), 410, 619

Likhachyov, Ivan, 444

Lileyev, Nikolai, 607–8

Lilina, Zlata, 9

lishentsy, 39n, 66, 67, 74

literacy, rural, 126

literature ‘anti-patriotic groups’, 494, 495, 496, 498, 499, 625

tasks of, 192

and ‘thaw’, 590–91

Literaturnaia gazeta, 483, 518, 519, 520, 591

Lithuania, Soviet invasion (1939), 372–3

Lithuanians, post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469

‘little terror’, post-war, 501

Liubchenko, Oleg, 293

living space austerity, 15, 161

struggle over, 173

urban, 172

Lobacheva, Olga, 430, 566–7

Lobova, Tatiana, 557

Loginov, Yevgeny, 289, 313

Loputina-Epshtein, Olga, 511–12

loyalty display, 37

material reward and, 14, 153, 159, 165, 265

Lugovskoi, Vladimir, 200, 268–9, 270, 408–9, 487, 539

Lukach, General, see Zalka, Mate

Lukonin, Mikhail, 374

Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 8, 20

luxury goods, production, 157–8Lysenko, Trofim, 488

Magadan city, 567, 638

Magadan labour camps, 215, 282, 320, 339, 365, 449, 450, 485, 581, 633

Magnitogorsk, 111, 151, 172, 427

Maiakovsky, V., 15, 489, 625

Mai-Guba logging camp, 209

Makedonov, Adrian, 133

Makhnach, Leonid, 165, 166, 379, 380, 384, 474–5, 563–4, 565

Makhnach, Vladimir, 164–6, 166, 379, 380, 381–3, 563–5, 564

Makhnacha, Maria, 379–81, 563, 565

Maksimov family, 115–16, 116, 601, 602

Malenkov, Grigorii, 488n, 498, 499, 508

as Chairman of Council, 536, 537

expelled from Party, 604

and Gulag, 468

inspects Leningrad Party, 466

and Leningrad Affair, 537–8

Maltsev, Orest (Rovinsky), 519&n

Malygin, Ivan, 265–6

Mamlin, Yevgeny, 184

Manchukuo, 240, 371

Manchuria, Japanese occupation, 235, 370, 371

Mandelshtam, Nadezhda, 75, 173, 190, 431, 526, 587–8, 622

Mandelshtam, Osip, 190, 252–3, 400, 622

denunciation, 280

Mankov, Arkadii, 156, 171, 255, 257

Mannheim, Karl, 187

Marian family, 129–30

Mariupol, Germans attack (1942), 390

Markelova, Galina, 185

marriage bogus, for living space, 173–4

as bourgeois convention, 30

as camouflage, 137–8

certificates, 161

civil, 10

de facto, 10

encouraged in 1930s, 161

with foreigners, 493

inherited fear and, 649–51

labour camps, 566–71

patriarchal, 8

secrecy in, 649–50, 653

Martinelli family, 553–4

Marx, Karl, 8, 463

Master and Margarita, The (Bulgakov), 622–3

Matveyev, Vladimir, 426

Mazina, Antonina, 450, 451

Medvedev family, 127–8

Medvezhegorsk labour camp, 195–6

Meir, Golda, 493

memoirs, 633–7

Memorial Society, 587, 634n

memories borrowed, 634

intermingling with myth, 633

suppression, 604

traumatic, 634

Mensheviks, 3n, 18, 39, 218

Merridale, Catherine, 607, 637

Meshalkin family, 650–51, 651, 654

Mesunov, Anatoly, 111

Metropol’, 626–7

Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 280

Mezhrabpomfilm studios, 167–8, 195, 198, 366, 557

MGB, 464, 465, 515, 521, 564

See also Cheka; KGB; NKVD; OGPU

Miachin, Ivan, 265

middle class

NEP and, 7

post-war, 470–73

Soviet, emergence, 157–63

Mikheladze family, 364

Mikhoels, Solomon, 68, 493, 494, 496, 536

Mikoian, Anastas, 137, 460, 538, 540

Military-Medical Academy, Petrograd, 13

military purges (1946–8), 464–5, 625 (1930s), 237–9, 383, 422, 615

Miller, Henry, 499

Milosz, Czeslaw, 472

minorities deportation and execution (1937–8), 240–41

post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469

Minsk Front, 411

German forces capture, 381

recapture (1944), 441

seizure of power (1917), 164

Minusova, Vera, 26, 26, 27, 643, 643–4, 649

Mironov, Mikhail, 329–30

Mirsky, Dmitry, 193, 194

Mogilyov battle (1941), 628

jail, 205

Moiseyenko, Mitrofan, 181–2

Moiseyev family, 254

Molostvov, Mikhail, 646

Molotkov, Boris, 264

Molotov (V. M. Skriabin), 379, 481, 522

and Beria, 537

and Great Terror, 239, 249, 594

Khrushchev and, 538, 604

and Piatnitsky, 231–2

Mongolia Japan’s imperial ambitions, 371

under Soviet influence, 371

MOPR, see International Society of Workers’ Aid morality Communist, 244

subordinated to needs of Revolution, 33

Morozov, Pavlik, 122–5, 126, 129, 261

cult, 124–5, 129, 162, 297, 300, 303, 341

Moscow Arbat area, 148, 149, 293, 512

Architectural Institute, 215

Avtozavod Station, 151, 151

battle for (1941), 330, 384, 392–3, 394, 395, 419

Bolotnaia Square, 65

Bolshevik seizure of power (1917), 511

Bolshoi Theatre, 66, 163

Butyrki jail, 75, 215–16, 250, 261, 285, 308, 310, 311, 324, 395

citizens’ defence, 420

Comintern Hotel, 168–9

Committee of Artists, 293

communal apartments, 174–7

Danilov Monastery detention centre, 314, 336–7, 343

Dinamo, 532n

Electromechanical Institute, 478

Energy, 214–15 energy supplies, 165

Experimental School (MOPSh), 297

Film School, 475, 564

First Meshchanskaia St, 66, 70

food, 170–71, 392

Gorky Film Studios, 574, 575

Gorky Literary Institute, 198, 199, 200, 259, 267–8, 369, 374, 408, 486, 487

Gorky Street, 150, 158, 189, 484, 498, 608

Historical-Literary Society, 634n

Hotel Lux, 231

House on the

Embankment, 163, 219, 228, 241–2, 249, 324

housing shortage (1930s), 120, 149, 152–3, 172

informers, 258

Institute of Economics and

Science, 650

Institute of Soviet Law, 204

Jewish population, 68

Jewish Theatre, 493, 494, 496, 515, 536

Kamerny Theatre, 376

Kremlin Hospital, 521

labour camps, 151

Lefortovo prison, 311, 515

Lenin Komsomol Theatre, 374, 375, 376

Lenin Mausoleum, 150, 447

living space, 172

Lubianka prison, 284, 606

Maiakovsky Station, 151, 151

Master Plan for Reconstruction, 149–50, 189

Memorial Society, 587, 634n

Metro system, 149, 150–51, 468

NEP and, 6, 65

Palace of the Soviets, 150, 151

pay rates, 171

Pedagogical Institute, 510

Polytechnic Museum, 489

population growth (1930s), 149poverty (1930s), 119–20

Power Engineering Institute, 562

private housing, 153, 160–61

propaganda, 149

Red Square, 150

Revolution Day parade (1941), 393

Riabushinsky mansion, 194

St Basil’s Cathedral, 150

School No. 19, 297–8

show trials (1937–8), 237–8

Soviet Theatre, 609

Sretenskaia Street, 66

Stalin Factory, 444, 512, 515, 536, 538, 539

State Yiddish Theatre, 68

Sukharevka market, 64, 65

as symbol of socialist

utopia, 189

Third House of Soviets, 177–9, 182

Tverskaia (later Gorky) St, 43, 150, 189

victory celebrations, 446–7, 465n

wartime destruction, 457

Yeliseyev store (Grocery No. 1), 158

Young Guard publishing house, 336

Zubov Square, 71, 74–5, 148, 539

Moscow Soviet, 314

and city reconstruction, 149, 150

‘condensation’ policy, 175

Moscow University, 214–15, 435, 468, 474, 510

Moscow–Volga canal, 111, 151, 206, 213

Mosgaz Trust, 165, 379, 381 Moskva journal, 612&n, 622, 623

mothers, working, 11–12

Motovilikha steelworks, 287

Mozhaisk, 292, 360

Muravsky, Valentin, 542–8, 543

Murmansk Railway, 338

Museum of the Armed Forces, 619

Muslim nationalism, 290, 291

MVD, 486, 512, 548

deceives relatives of executed prisoners, 582–3

formation (1946), 464

labour camp guards, 468

murders, 493

official’s suicide, 588

Political Department, 571 See also Cheka; KGB; NKVD; OGPU

names, Soviet, 11n, 31

nannies, 47–50, 48–50

Narkomfin house, Moscow, 10, 14

nationalism ‘Jewish’, 499, 509–10, 584

Muslim, 290, 291

Soviet-Russian, 487, 509

xenophobic, 487, 493

‘nationalists’, post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469

‘national operations’, 235, 240–41

Nazi movement, 37

anti-Semitic propaganda, 509

propaganda, 420

Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939), 372, 373, 374, 381

Neiman, Julia, 433

Nekrasov, Viktor, 619n

Nenets people, 210

NEP, see New Economic Policy Nestorova, Maria, 528

Netto, Igor, 532n

Netto, Lev, 469, 530, 531–2, 533, 579

Nevskaia, Veronika, 323–4, 323

New Economic Policy (NEP), 6–7, 75, 443, 466

‘bourgeois’ culture and, 7, 16, 157

campaign against, 71–5

class war halted by, 62

collective farms in, 83

and family, 9

and grain shortage (1920s), 72

housing ownership rights, 71

introduction (1921), 6–7, 93

market mechanism, 6, 65, 83

overturning, 71–5, 224

peasants and, 52, 86

support, 154

working class resentment, 66, 508

New Year customs, 146n, 163

New York Times, 597

Nicholas II, Tsar, 162

Nikitin family, 287–8

Nikolaev, Mikhail, 125–6, 341–3, 559–60

Nikolina Gora, 163, 286

Niva-GES hydro-electric

station, 313, 314

Nizhny Novgorod, 71, 74, 244

Nizovtsev, Pyotr, 11–13, 48, 264

NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 216, 431, 557, 631

arrests, opposition to, 283

‘blocking units’, 413

career advancement, 208, 283

children’s labour colonies, 329

and child runaways, 343

complaints to, 459

corruption, 283

Danilov Monastery detention centre, 314, 336–7, 343

evidence, fabrication, 231, 234, 235, 237

and families of ‘enemies’, 316

and Great Terror (1937–8), 239, 240, 242

Gulag administration, 208, 426, 631

informers, recruitment, 180, 258–66, 259, 270, 271, 445, 478–81, 587

Katyn massacre (1939), 373

OGPU merger, 113

partisans unit, 469

recruiting grounds, 341

reorganization (1946), 464

and student dissent, 462

torture, use, 303, 427–9 in troikas, 283

Trotsky murders, 248

victims’ passivity, 242

and wartime labour, 423, 424

See also Cheka; KGB; MVD; OGPU

Nomonham Incident (Khalkin Gol), 370–71, 373, 374

Norilsk labour camp complex, 313n, 327, 426–31, 549, 565

conditions, 426–7, 429

Gorlag prison, 530–34

labour force, 327, 430, 468–70

mineral reserves, 327, 426

post-Gulag, 638, 639–41 uprising (1953), 529, 530–34, 579

wages, 470

Norkina, Maia, 330–31

Not by Bread Alone

(Dudsintsev), 592, 615

Novikova, Minora, 177, 182, 186

Novoseltseva, Roza, 275, 439

Novyi mir journal, 483, 484–5, 486, 489, 497, 499, 590, 591, 592, 593, 615

Obolenskaia, Aleksandra, see Ivanisheva, Aleksandra

Obolenskaia, Daria (‘Dolly’), 61, 201–2, 203, 573

Obolenskaia, Liudmila (later Tideman), 61, 201, 202, 203, 573–4

Obolenskaia, Sonia, 61, 202, 203, 204, 573

Obolensky, Leonid, 56

Obolensky, Nikolai, 61

Obolensky family, 56, 58, 201–4

Obruchev, Vladimir, 12

Obukhovo village, 50, 51, 52, 53, 76–81, 121, 586, 654–6

kolkhoz, 76, 93–4, 146

‘October children’, 21

October Revolution (1917), see Revolution (1917)

OGPU (political police), 32–3, 80, 81, 112, 195, 216, 349

Cultural-Educational Department, 198

informers, recruitment, 39, 144‘kulaks’, quotas, 87, 144

and labour camps, 112, 113, 114, 116

NKVD merger, 113

on peasants, 84

searches, 62, 140–41

‘special settlements’, 93, 100

and White Sea Canal tour (1933), 192, 194 See also Cheka; KGB; MVD; NKVD Oklander, Sofya, 567

Okorokov family, 108–10

Okudzhava, Bulat, 552–3

Okunevskaia, Tatiana, 402&n

Old Believers, 48n, 215, 242, 264

Old Bolsheviks, 230, 281

Great Purge (1937), 154, 155

mass arrests, 231&n

seen as Jews, 420, 508

show trials, 235, 248

spartan cult, 14–19, 30, 157, 161

Olgino, dacha resort, 55, 56, 208, 209, 213

Olgino orphanage, 339–40

Olitskaia, Yekaterina, 46–7Omsk, 283, 354, 388, 389, 525, 629

Agricultural Institute, 354

Factory No. 174

strike, 458–9

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

(Solzhenitsyn), 604–5

Oparino orphanage, 338

Orakhelashvili, Ketevan, 364–5, 365

Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 267

Orenburg, 201, 202, 203, 573

Orlov, Vladimir, 520

Orlova, Liubov, 557–8

Orlova, Raisa, 188–9

Orlova, Vera, 176–7

orphans bullied, 319, 335, 340

damaged, 335

labour, 342

mutual support groups, 340

names, changed, 125–6, 316, 327, 342

numbers, 99, 329, 335 See also children’s homes, orphanages

Orsha, 65, 66, 382

Ortenberg, David, 420, 506–7Osipenko, Polina, 377

Osipovichi, Belarus, 106, 108, 260

Osorgin family, 253

Ostrovsky, Nikolai, 43n

Ozemblovsky family, 26–7, 39, 49–50 (49), 105–8, 260–61

Palchinsky, Pyotr, 196n

Pale of Settlement, 49, 65, 68, 69, 70, 511

Panova, Vera, 622

Panteleyev, Aleksei, 13

Paramonova, Nina, 177, 179

parents history, secrecy, 391–2, 646–7, 652, 654

loss, 319

renunciation, 295, 343–4, 349

reunited with children, 108, 449–54, 544–58, 560, 561–5, 571

role, 162

Partisan Tales

(Zoshchenko), 491

Party Ethics (Solts), 31–2, 37

‘Party Maximum’, 17, 18, 42

Party members arrest (1930s), 238, 273, 330, 594

arrogance, 393

austerity, 14–19, 30, 158, 161

autobiographies, 35

child care, 47

children of, 32–3

denunciation, 36, 306

double-life, 37–8

duties, 33–4

engineers, 153

and family life, 161

as husbands and fathers, 11

inspection and control, 34–40Jews, 68

and Khrushchev’s speech (1956), 597

‘kulaks’ barred, 355–6

and mass arrests, 281

personality submerged in Party, 34–5

private conduct/convictions, 34, 36

purge (1933), 157

qualifications, 32, 34–5, 36

questionnaires, 35

rehabilitation, 578, 579–80

religious observance, 47

salaries, 17, 18

selfless dedication to Party, 1, 2, 3–4, 8–9 sexual promiscuity, 11

struggle, cult of, 73

suspicion, divertment, 653 vydvizhentsy elite, 155–7, 160

wartime, 385

Western infuences on, 443

See also elite (Soviet) passports, internal, 98–9, 104, 110, 137, 149, 174, 273

Pasternak, Boris, 190, 268, 431, 484–5, 593&n

Patolichev, Nikolai, 188

patriotism, 413–14, 419, 620

local, 393, 419, 420, 639

poetry and, 401, 414–15

Pavlov, General Dmitry, 411

peasants age, 126

arrest, 82

and collectivization, 76–7, 83, 84–93, 92–4, 96–7, 128–9

communes, 51

complaints, 154

cultural/generation gap, 126

emancipation (1861), 51, 77

as ‘family’, 50–51

family farms, eradication, 81–7, 94

famine (1921), 5

and grain market, 72, 82

hired labour, 86

individualism, 50

as industrial labourers, 98, 172

literacy, 126

livestock, slaughter, 93, 96

and NEP, 6, 86

Party war against, 83–6

percentage of population, 50

as ‘petty-bourgeoisie’, 82

and prices, 72

and private property, 84, 94, 97

rebellions (1921), 5, 6

revolution (1917), 81, 92–3as rural proletariat, 82

social class, 78

spending power, 467

strikes, 442

taxes on, 86, 95

trades and crafts, 52

traditionalism, 50, 53, 76, 77, 84, 87, 126, 127

union with, 72

urban migration, 98–9, 118–19, 120, 121, 126–7, 128, 172

wartime trade, 467

work ethic, 52, 86 See also‘kulaks’

peat industry, 22, 165

penal battalions, 413

People’s Courts, 70

Peredelkino, 256, 484, 500, 503

perekovka,

see‘reforging’

Perekovka (journal), 195, 196

Perepechenko, Elizaveta, 547–8

Perm (Molotov), 252, 287, 303, 316, 317, 356, 652

food shortage (1941), 318–19Pedagogical Institute, 475

post-war, 455, 458‘Trotskyists’, arrest (1936), 580

personal appearance, 15–16, 158–9

personal hygiene, 159, 175

personal life idea, promotion, 160

sacrificed, 30, 158

Pestovo, 121, 145

Peter the Great, 488

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatny jail, 331

Petrov-Vodkin, Kuzma, 484

Petrovzavodsk concentration camp, 338‘petty bourgeois’ family as, 20

habits, eradication, 15

social impurity, 136‘

philistine byt’, 15, 16

Piatakov, Georgii, 237, 276

Piatakov, Iurii, 34, 197

Piatnitskaia, Julia, 227–9, 229, 232–3, 249–51, 288–9, 307–15

Piatnitsky, Igor, 228, 229, 249, 289, 314, 315

arrest, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311

denunciation, 231, 232

and Osip’s arrest, 233, 307

trial, 312–13n

Piatnitsky, Osip, 228–30, 229, 244, 249

arrest, 227, 233, 249, 288, 307, 308, 312

at Comintern, 228, 229–32, 232

torture, 309, 310–11

Piatnitsky, Vladimir, 228, 229, 231n, 241, 249, 297, 309

bullied, 289

and Osip’s arrest, 307–8

turns himself in, 313–14

Piatnitsky family, 228–9, 288–9

pilots, 376–7, 416

Pilsudski, Marshal Jozef, 241

Pioneers, 20, 25–8, 39, 45, 480

aim, 27

confidence, 46, 126

exclusion from, 26, 142, 146

as family, 125

function, 129

in labour camps, 359

militarism, 417

and renunciation, 300

‘reviews’, 27

and sense of acceptance, 341, 343, 349

‘work plans’, 27

Pirozhkova, Vera, 438

Podlubny, Stepan, 143–5

poetry

patriotism and, 401, 414–15

Socialist Realism, 397, 400

wartime, 396–401

Poland

German invasion (1939), 372

invasion of Russia, 164, 241

invasion of Ukraine, 240–41

reluctance to allow Soviet troops, 372

Soviet invasion of (1939), 372, 373

uprising (1862–4), 55

wartime devastation, 456n

Poles post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469

seen as spies, 240

Politburo

collective leadership, 536

decree against History of European Philosophy, 492

and forced labour, 113, 117

internal passport system, 98

and ‘kulaks’, 87, 93

Leningraders in, 465–6

purge (1933), 155

and Zhukov, 465

Pollitt, Harry, 229

Polovyk, Vasily, 375

Poloz family, 218–23

Popov, Yevgeny, 626–7

Popovkin, Yevgeny, 622

Portugalov, Valentin, 268

Potapov, Pyotr, 244

Potma labour camps, 331, 449, 450, 511, 561, 570, 650

Potupchik, Ivan, 124

poverty after arrests, 234, 249–51, 318, 405, 563

equality in, 181

hierarchy of, 171

post-war, 458

socialism and, 158

urban, 7

POWs, see prisoners-of-war

Pozern, Boris, 333–4‘

Prague Spring’, 623

Pravda, 93, 143, 159, 191, 397, 434, 490n, 491, 495, 498, 522, 527, 528, 592

Preobrazhensky family, 54

Priazhka Psychiatric

Hospital, Petrograd, 54

prices, inflation, 72, 467

Priestley, J. B., 482

priests arrest, 85, 113, 347, 348

social exclusion, 136, 137

under Soviet regime, 54

Prishvin, Mikhail, 251, 255–6, 257–8, 440

prisoners amnesty (1945–6), 467, 468

amnesty (1953–4), 530, 534, 535–7, 538, 539, 542, 552–73

amnesty (1956), 424

attitudes towards, 575

camp marriages, 566–71

children, conception, 364, 570

commitment to Soviet ideal, 578

compensation, 580–81

contribution to economy, 638, 640

correspondence, 142, 203, 218, 220–22, 224–6, 278, 311, 322, 359, 360–61, 368

demand for human dignity, 532–3, 534

effect of labour camps on, 553–60, 563, 571–2

employment on release, 575–6

and family, 218

fear of rearrest, 605–7

friendships, 565–72

Gulag change in values

and priorities, 218

housing on release, 572–5

informers, confronted, 583–9

in labour force, 467

loyalty to regime, 360

memoirs, 633–7

murder (1937–8), 234

patriotic pride, 447

political, 536, 538, 575

politics on release, 561–3, 564–5

promotion, 208‘redeeming guilt’, 425

rehabilitation (1953–7), 576–80

release certificates, 572, 573, 576

secrecy about fate, 581–3

silence on release, 560, 564, 565, 599–604, 605–7

speaking out, 598–9

and Stalin’s death, 529–31, 532–4

stoicism, 607

unknown crimes, 241

visits, 517

work for Gulag after release, 213, 214–15, 567, 576 See also

‘reforging’ (perekovka)

prisoners-of-war (POWs) Axis nationalities, 467

‘filtration camps’, 469, 531

German, 467

Soviet, 469–70, 531

US camps, 531

privacy, 161, 173

communal apartments

and, 180, 182–4 private housing, 152

private life, 7

public scrutiny, 34–40, 160, 183, 474

rejection of idea, 160

subordination to Party, 1, 2, 3–4, 8–9, 19

private property attitudes towards, 168, 169

eradicated, 5, 9

peasants’ loss, 97

return to (mid 30s), 158

Prokofiev, Sergei, 492

Proletarians of Zion, 70

‘proletariat’ dilution, 136

portrayed as ‘big family’, 162

propaganda, 111, 113, 131, 273–4, 275, 341

Provisional Government (1917), 3n, 18

pseudonyms, use by Jewish writers, 519–20Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 43, 166, 195, 254

Pukhova, Nadezhda, 120–21

purges, 508

Academy of Sciences, 208‘class enemies’, 137

culture of, 36, 137

denunciation as, 36

Great Purge (1937), 154, 239, 240, 283, 540

innocence and, 34

as inquisition into souls, 33

intensified (1933–), 155, 157, 192

Jews, 517, 519

Komsomol (1938), 376

legal academics, 205

meetings, 36–7, 268, 269, 369, 376, 473, 492

military (1937–8), 237–9, 289, 383, 422, 615

military (1946–8), 464–5, 625

origins, 34

targets of, 34

Writers’ Union, 505, 519

Pushkarev, Lev, 414

questionnaires (anketa), 35, 344, 354, 436, 473, 474, 475, 478, 510, 548, 598, 601, 654, 662

Rachkovaia, Maria 323–4Radchenko family, 3n, 22–4 (23), 73, 165

Radek, Karl, 237, 246

RAPP, see Russian Association of Writers

rationing, 5, 39, 74, 119, 423

Razgon, Lev, 310, 629–30Razumikhina, Zina, 55

Red Army

abandoned children with, 387–8Civil War, 4, 13, 35, 54, 58

commanders arrested (1941), 411

counter-offensive (1941–2), 393, 441

criticism and debate in, 434, 439–43equipment, 422–3Fourth, 395

invades Poland (1939), 373

invincibility, 371‘kulaks’ banned from front line, 355

losses (1941–2), 381–3, 386–7, 410, 420–21 military command, 422, 615

Party control, 422

portrayed as ‘big family’, 162

post-war purge, 464–5, 625

purge, 237–8, 289, 383, 422, 615

recruiting grounds, 341

reform movement, wartime, 441–3 retreat (1941), 381–4, 382, 411, 416

size, 441

Third, 382, 399

women in, 4, 417–19 See also soldiers Red Army Theatre, 500

Red Arsenal Factory, Leningrad, 155n

Redens, Stanislav, 284–5Red Guards, 3, 164

Red Putilov factory, Leningrad, 30

Reds and Whites, children’s game, 24–5Red Terror (1918), 5, 57–8‘reforging’ (perekovka), 205–7, 211, 212, 213, 215

failure, 206–7importance, in Gulag system, 101, 117

‘kulak’ children, 353

writers and, 193–4, 196, 197–8, 200

refuseniks, 646

rehabilitation, 576–80compensation and, 580–81 need for, 578, 579

process of, 577

Reifshneider family, 177, 182, 183

religion campaign against, 5, 7, 68, 127

family conflict over, 45–6

relaxation of controls on, 435, 437

secret observance, 46–7, 61

transmission, 44–6 See also Church, Russian Orthodox; priests renunciation, by children, 130–32, 300–304, 343–4, 349, 475–7repentance, Party and, 35, 244

Republic of Shkid (Belykh), 12–13residence, rights of, 98, 573–4, 652–3Revolution (1905), 3

Revolution (1917) ascetic culture, 158

fundamental goal, 4

intelligentsia and, 593

internationalism, 67

Jews and, 65

utopian projections, 187Revolution Betrayed, The (Trotsky), 157

Riazan, 47, 49, 50, 58, 61, 201, 293

Military School, 58

Right Opposition (1930s), 154, 230

Riutin, N. N., 154

Rodak, Maia, 277–80Rodchenko, Aleksandr, 193

Rokossovsky, General Konstantin, 395, 465

Romashkin, Vasily, 27–8, 29–30, 640, 640

Roskin, Gregorii, 492

ROVS, see Russian General Military Union Rubina, Liubov, 445–6

Rublyov family, 90–91, 104–5, 105, 526

Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP), 132, 256

Russian Empire, anti-Semitism, 508

Russian General Military Union (ROVS), 240

Russians, cultural/political superiority, 487

Rykov, A. I., 154, 230, 238, 438

‘saboteurs’, arrest, 113

sacrifice, military, as ideal, 487

sacrifice, personal cult of, 416

post-war, 467

readiness for, 416–17, 419

Revolution and, 30, 158

Sagatsky, Aleksandr, 548–52, 551

St Petersburg (later Petrograd and Leningrad), 3, 18, 365, 430

Sakharov, Andrei, 541n

Sakharov, Nikolai, 265

Salisbury, Harrison, 492–3Saltykov, Leonid, 476–7, 642, 642–3Salyn, Eduard, 283

samizdat literature, 605, 634, 635, 647

Samoilov, David, 416, 443–4Samoyeds, 210

Saratov, 38, 63, 139, 141

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 499

satirists, Soviet, 489

Sazonov family, 175, 184

Sbitneva, Svetlana, 525–6

schools, Soviet and change in children’s values, 32, 126

curriculum, 20

exclusion from, 142, 294–5, 330, 345

humanitarian teachers, 294–8 and ‘kulak’ children, 142, 145–6

‘Lenin corners’, 21, 24

Marxism, role, 20

peasants in, 126

population, 471

primary role, 20, 24

progressive, 21–2propaganda, 273–4 sciences ‘anti-Soviet elements’, repressive measures, 492

Soviet achievements, 487–8Scout movement, 25

Search and Requisition, children’s game, 25

Second World War (1941–45), 379–87, 392–4anti-Stalin songs, 434

Belorussian Front, 381, 441, 442

Briansk Front, 395, 399, 410

censorship in, 371, 383, 443, 464

Church in, 414

citizens’ defence, 420

as defining event, 618

demographic consequences, 456–7devastation caused, 455–8evacuees, 387, 388–92factories transported east (1941), 388, 423

food shortages (1941), 392

German retreat, 421–2German surrender, 446

government evacuated to Kuibyshev (1941), 392

industrial reorganization, 422–3Kerch offensive (1942), 395, 410‘labour army’, 423–5as ‘liberation’, 431–46memories, 618–20Minsk front, 411

national unity in, 419–20, 440

newspapers, 619

Operation Little Saturn, 418, 421

Operation Uranus, 418, 421

‘panic-mongerers’, war on, 381, 383, 385–6patriotism in, 413–15as people’s victory, 615–16, 617, 618

propaganda, 383, 401, 411, 413–14, 624–5railways built, 423

rationing, 423

rumours, spread, 384

South-West Front, 418

Soviet counter-offensive (1941–2), 393

Soviet losses (1941–2), 420–21, 616, 625

Soviet mortality, 456–7Soviet retreat (1941), 381–4, 411, 416

as spiritual purification, 440–41‘spontaneous de-Stalinization’ (1941–3), 432, 618

Stalin’s role, 615–16, 619

Ukrainian Front, 418–19, 441

victory, 446–9, 617, 618–20 Voronezh lost (1942), 410

Western Front, 386 See also Great Patriotic War Semashko, Nikolai, 14

Semyonova, Anna, 279

Serebrianyi Bor, 165

Serov, Anatoly, 376–7Serova, Valentina, 375, 375–8, 482, 484

alcoholism, 402, 608

breakdown, 609–10 divorce from Simonov, 608–10Simonov and, 375, 377–8, 394–7, 401–3, 403, 609 Stalin and, 377

Severnaia Zemlia, 214, 276

sexual attitudes, 11, 161

Shalamov, Varlam, 117, 566, 607, 635

Shaltyr ‘special settlement’, 100–103, 121, 122, 145, 656

Shaporina, Liubov, 241

Shaw, G. B., 482

Shcherbakov, Aleksandr, 401

Shcherbov-Nefedovich, Irina, 386

Sherbakova, Irina, 587, 635

Shklov, German capture (1941), 382

Shklovsky, Viktor, 193, 194–5‘shock labour’, 159n, 212

Sholokov, Mikhail, 519Short Course, The (Stalin), 156, 354, 511

shortages chronic, 6, 170, 171–2 private trade and, 171–2 (1920s), 66, 72

wartime, 438

Shostakovich, Dmitry, 492, 495n

show trials, 33, 230, 235, 237–8, 248, 276

Shreider, Mikhail, 283–5, 358

Shtakelberg, Iurii, 584–5Shtein, Galina, 548–52, 551 Shtern, Yevgeniia, 435

Shuvalova, Elena, 462

Shweitser, Viktoriia, 559–60Siberia anti-Semitism, 420

exile to, 55, 87, 90, 95, 128, 215, 349, 424, 543, 555

grain, 82

Japan’s imperial ambitions, 371‘kulak operation’, 240

‘kulaks’, 82, 88, 99, 100, 108

labour camps, 88, 93, 100–101, 112, 113, 117, 206, 332, 333, 349, 357, 430, 475, 602

mineral resources, 112, 113, 208

rumoured Japanese invasion, 240

Virgin Lands Campaign, 544

silence children, 254

ex-prisoners’, 560, 564, 565, 599–604, 605–7 trauma, perpetuating, 607

Simonov, Aleksei, 370, 377, 401, 406, 447, 512–15, 514, 517, 535, 539–40, 592, 611, 617

health, 405, 512–13 political views, 614–15relationship with

Simonov, 513–14, 612–14

Simonov, Kirill (Konstantin), 60, 195–204, 199, 406, 407, 409, 416, 443, 483, 492, 495, 504, 507, 592, 617, 627

and Akhmatova, 490, 491

and ‘anti-cosmopolitan’ campaign, 496–501, 507, 518–19

and arrests review, 280

and Borshchagovsky, 497–501

broken relationships, 610–11career, 199, 201, 266, 270

caution, 486–7censorship, 621

childhood, 58–64, 61 conscience, 503

death, 627, 628–9Dolmatovsky, denunciation, 269–70, 369

education, 139, 141, 198, 199, 200

factory work, 139, 141–2, 613

foreign visits, 481–2 and Great Terror, 266–7, 270–71 and hate campaign, 414

importance, wartime, 401

informed on, 259

and intellectuals who

avoided ‘struggle’, 490–91 and Ivanishev, 58–9, 406

and Koshchenko, 490, 491–2 and Laskin family, 612

liberalization, 622–7

liberal writers, attack on, 591, 592–3lifestyle, 483–4 literary talent, 198, 199, 269

at Literaturnaia gazeta, 483, 518–19, 520, 591

marriage to Larisa Zhadova, 608, 611

marriage to Valentina Serova, 401–2, 403, 608–9

marriage to Natalia Tipot (Sokolova), 198, 369

marriage to Zhenia Laskina, 198, 369–70, 370, 378, 517

as moderate conservative (1956–64), 616

mother’s criticism, 403–6 and Nazi–Soviet Pact, 373–4

at Novyi mir, 483, 484–5, 486, 489, 497, 499, 591, 592, 593, 615

as parent, 513–15, 612–14 and Pasternak, 484–5patronage, exercise, 485–7, 518, 574–5personal appearance, 199, 409, 483, 484, 507

political obedience, 278, 501–6, 507–8, 519, 612

pressured to inform, 267–8, 270–71 proletarian identity, 197, 203

public duty, sense of, 503

recycles love poems, 369, 377–8 and ‘reforging’, 197–8, 200

and relative’s arrest, 278

remorse, 622, 624, 625, 629

self-censorship, 506

self-criticism, 269, 506

and Serova, 375, 377–8, 394–7, 401–3, 403, 609

social origins, 56–7, 60–62, 63, 64, 139, 141, 197, 198, 199, 268

as Soviet deputy, 457

and Stalin, 266, 385, 409, 410–11, 503–6, 591, 593, 595, 611, 615, 621–2, 624–5, 626

Stalin and, 497

and Stalin’s death, 522–3, 524

success, 401, 415, 481, 482–3

support for regime, 60, 64, 141, 198, 204, 270, 406, 409, 410, 411, 507, 510, 616, 622, 624–5

and ‘thaw’ (1956–64), 615, 616

as war correspondent, 370–71, 381–4, 394, 399, 406–12, 446

wartime archive, 620n

whispering campaign against, 520

and White Sea Canal, 195–7

in Writers’ Union leadership, 482–3, 489

writings banned, 621

and ‘Zhdanovshchina’, 487, 489–90, 491, 506

WORKS: Alien Shadow, 505; Days and Nights, 419, 482; ‘Father’, 59; ‘Five Pages’, 369; Four Is, 627–8; ‘The General’, 200; ‘Horizon’, 198; A Hundred Days of War, 621; ‘Ice Battle, 270; If Your House is Dear to You (film), 621; ‘Kill Him!’, 414–15; The Living and the Dead, 383, 411, 614, 615–16, 619n; ‘New Year’s Toast’, 201; ‘Ode to Stalin’, 591; ‘An Open Letter to the Woman of Vichuga’, 399; ‘Parade’, 270; ‘Pavel Chorny’, 198; ‘Photograph’, 370; The Russian People, 415; Smoke of the Fatherland, 503–5; So

It Will Be, 449; Soldiers Are Not Born (film), 621; A Soldier Went (film), 620–21; ‘Tank’, 371; Through the Eyes of a Person of My Generation, 628; Various Days of War, 621; Wait For Me (film), 397; ‘Wait For Me’, 378, 396–401, 403–4, 449, 482; ‘The White Sea Canal’, 195;

With You and Without You, 400; A Young Man from Our Town, 374–5, 377

Simonov, Mikhail, 57

Simonova, Aleksandra (daughter), 611, 612, 626–7Simonova, Aleksandra (née Obolenskaia, later Ivanisheva), 56–8, 140–41, 142

Simonova, Maria (Masha), 403, 608, 609, 610–11Siniavsky, Andrei, 605

Sinilov, K. R., 393

Sinkevich, Zinaida, 609–10Skachkov, Pyotr, 46

Skachkova, Maria, 46

Skachkova, Nadezhda, 174

slave labour, 112, 468, 641 See also labour camps; prisoners ‘slave rebellions’, 529–30Slavin, Ilia, 69–70, 204–7, 206

arrest, 245–7, 293

death, 582–3 and perekovka, 205–7Slavin, Isaak, 70

Slavin family, 69–70, 71 Slavina, Esfir, 70, 71, 293–4, 360–61, 555–6, 556 Slavina, Ida, 247, 540, 555–6, 556, 582–3childhood, 28, 69, 70, 71, 204–5, 206

parents’ arrest, 245–7, 274–5, 293, 294, 360

schooldays, 22, 294–5, INDEX

296, 345–7, 346, 360, 361

SLON, see Solovetsky Camp of Special Significance Slutsky, Boris, 652

Smeliakov, Iaroslav, 487, 529

Smidovich, Sofia, 35

Smirnov, Fyodor, 531

Smirnov, I. N., 154, 219

Smirnov, Ivan, 248

Smith, Hedrick, 432, 435

Smolensk, 133, 134, 305

bombing, 457

German capture, 383, 386, 429

Pedagogical Institute, 132

Sobolev, Ivan, 121

social acceptance, children’s desire for, 341, 343, 345–7, 352–3, 354, 355–6

social class, manipulation, 136–47 social hierarchy, 159, 171

Socialist Realism, 188, 200, 397, 400, 590, 592

Socialist Revolutionary Party, 38n, 39, 47, 218, 224

Sofronov, Anatoly, 496

Sokolniki Industrial School, Moscow, 67

Sokolova (Tipot), Natalia, 198, 369, 498

Sokolovskaia, Aleksandra, 248

soldiers bravery, 411, 412–17, 419, 422

comradeship, 420–21criticism and debate, 434, 439–43 determination to fight, 411, 412, 415–16female, 417–19 future expectations, 441–2medals awarded, 422

memories, 620–21 penal battalions, 413

power on battlefield, 433

return home, 448–9 wartime executions, 411, 413

Western influences, 441–3 and wives’ fidelity, 397–401, 448

wounded, 448, 456

Solomein, Pavel, 125

Solovetsky Camp of Special Significance (SLON), 81, 112–13, 114, 116, 121, 219, 338–9, 390

efficiency, 112–13Gorky’s praise, 194

Solts, Aron, 16, 31–2, 37, 288

Solzhenitsyn, A., 285–6, 604–5, 623, 634, 635, 636

Soviet Information Bureau, 383

Soviet Procuracy, 283, 536, 537, 538–9Soviet regime, atheism, 46, 54

bureaucracy, 32, 187

chaos of, 234, 235

collapse (1991), 581, 601, 629, 641, 652

conduct in war, 615, 618

consolidation, 81, 159

crimes, exposure, 594, 604–5criticism of, 385, 458–64 currency reform (1947), 467

and dancing, 159

denunciation culture, 36

as deviation from Marxist principles, 531

and educated middle class, 470–72, 476

elite, 153, 156, 159, 265, 661‘enemies’, 131, 214, 234–5, 240, 275, 444, 464

ethnic scapegoating, 420

family metaphor, 162

and family values, 160, 161, 162

and famine, 98

Five Year plans and, 81, 111, 172

glasnost, 652

and Gulag, 112, 529–30, 534

and Jews, 420, 493, 614

justification, 618

Komsomol ethos, 30

legacies of, 645

and Leningrad intelligentsia, 488

loyalty to, 61, 77, 139, 153, 355, 360, 393

mutual surveillance in, 265

and Norilsk, 427

opposition to, 154, 201, 263, 283, 385, 426, 460, 461, 463, 468, 530, 599

peasants and, 82, 93, 99

private sphere, control, 561

propaganda, 125, 341, 401, 444

questioning, 439, 444

‘shock labour’, 159n

silent collusion with, 190, 266–7, 276, 502

Simonov’s support, 60, 64, 141, 198, 204, 270, 406, 409, 410, 411, 507, 510, 616, 622, 624–5

‘slave rebellions’, 529–30

specialists in, 35, 56, 213

traders and, 75

urban nature, 126

values, 186, 188, 618

wartime criticism of, 434, 438–40, 442, 443, 444–6

wartime relaxation, 432, 434, 435, 437–8

wartime victory and, 618

and women, 163–4

writers and, 256, 270, 590

Soviet Union air force, 376

and Allies, 443

anti-Semitism, 420, 508–12, 518, 521, 570, 646, 647, 648

border conflict with Japan, 371

Britain, negotiations with (1939), 372

collective leadership, 536

cultural/political superiority, 487

ethnic divisions, 420

foreign policy (1930s), 229–30, 236

international threat (1937–8), 235–6

invasion of Baltic States (1939), 372–3

invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), 541n

invasion of Finland (1939), 373

invasion of Poland (1939), 372, 373

joins League of Nations (1934), 229

Lend-Lease Agreement, 443

mineral reserves, 113, 327, 426, 427, 533, 639

national unity, wartime, 419–20, 440

speed of change (early 1930s), 189

wartime devastation, 455–8

See also Russia; Soviet regime

Spain, Popular Front government (1936), 230

Spanish Civil War, 200, 230, 236, 267, 373, 376

Spaso-Yefimeyev Monastery, Suzdal, 224

‘special settlements’, 87, 88, 101 conditions in, 100–103

escapes from, 105–10

for ‘kulaks’, 93, 100, 353

population reduction, 102

runaways from, 242

wages, 354

spoilt biographies, see biographies, spoilt

SR, see Socialist Revolutionary Party

Stakhanov, Aleksei, 159n

Stakhanovism, 159 & n, 416, 427, 429, 430, 640

Stalin, Iosif

and Afinogenov, 256

agricultural policy, 82, 83–4, 93, 564

and Akhmatova, 489

‘anti-cosmopolitan’ campaign, 494–503, 508, 509, 518, 521, 625

belief in, 275, 300, 460

body moved from Lenin’s Mausoleum, 604

on bourgeois culture, 7

breakdown (1941), 384

and Bukharin, 72, 74

bureaucrats, 156, 157

children, 161n

children’s loyalty to, 300, 303, 341, 342, 344

Civil War humiliation, 240–41

and Civil War virtues, 73

and collective responsibility of family, 248–9

and Comintern, 230–31, 234

on Communists, 31

and consumerism, 158, 159

as ‘counter-revolutionary’, 579

crimes, exposure, 538, 575, 593–6, 597–9, 614, 615, 646

criticism of, 154, 263, 446, 460

cult, 162, 270, 296, 341, 342, 433, 434, 461, 477, 527, 560–61

death (1953), 496, 522–30, 524, 547

as Defence Commissar, 386, 422

and Doctors’ Plot, 521

economic policy, 5, 72, 73–4, 187

evacuates government to Kuibyshev (1941), 392

executions, 234, 238–9, 248, 311

family policy, 161&n, 162

on father’s guilt, 295&n

fear of war (1937–9), 235–6, 371, 372

and forced labour, 112, 467

foreign policy (1930s), 229–30, 236

game-playing, 508

German invasion, unpreparedness for, 381, 383, 384–5

‘great break’, 84

and Gulag system, 468, 526

industrialization, forced, 81, 83, 111, 113, 165, 564, 565

innocent victims, 275, 279, 599

and JAFC, 494

and Japan, 236, 371

and Jews, 493, 515, 518, 519, 521

and Kirov murder, 236&n, 264

and Komsomol, 30, 376

on Kondratiev, 224

and Kosaryov, 376

‘kulaks’, war against, 82, 84, 86, 87, 240

leadership destabilized (mid 30

s), 153–5

and Leningrad, 465, 488

loyalty, rewarding, 14, 153, 159, 165, 265

mass arrests, review (1939), 279

Moscow, support for (1941), 393

and Moscow Reconstruction, 149, 150, 151

Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 372, 373, 374, 381

and NEP, 72, 73, 508

nostalgia for, 641–4

opposition to, 197, 219, 230, 237, 253, 264, 461, 462–3, 551

Order Number 270, 411

Order Number 227 (‘Not One Step Backwards!’), 413, 414

paranoic fear of ‘enemies’, 154–5, 236

and peasants, 84

and Piatakov, 34

and Piatnitsky, 231&n

and Poles, 240–41

post-war political clampdown, 464–6, 487

on private property, 158

and ‘reforging’, 193

reputation, 605

and resistance to Communism, 191

rise, 71

on Russians, importance, 487

and satire, 489

on selflessness, 2

and Serova, 377

Short Course, The, 156, 354, 511

and Simonov, 402, 491, 497, 498, 504, 505

on socialism, 158

and Soviet writers, 192

and Spanish Civil War, 230, 236

and ‘struggle’, 73–4, 124, 191

support, 352, 410–11, 433, 463, 475, 477, 480, 507, 560

and victory, 447

view of politics, 236

and ‘Wait For Me’, 401

wartime leadership, 383, 384–5, 386, 392, 393, 395, 410, 411, 413, 422, 605, 615–16, 619

Western influences, campaign against, 488

and White Sea Canal, 114

and Zhukov, 465

See also Great Terror (1937–8)

Stalin Factory Affair, 515, 536, 538

Stalingrad (later Volgograd)

battle (1942), 412, 413, 418, 419

mourning site, 619

post-war gender imbalance, 457

Soviet counter-offensive, 418

Stalinsk, 110

Starostin, Andrei, 532n

state commission stores, 172, 333

State Museum of Modern Western Art, 492

Stavsky, Vladimir, 267–8, 269, 270, 280–81, 371

steel, production, 426, 427

Stepan Razin (Zlobin), 507–8

Streletsky, Dmitry, 87–9, 103, 275, 297, 353–6, 355

Streletsky, Iurii, 387–8, 477–8

Streletsky, Nikolai, 89

Streletsky family, 103

Stroikov family, 215, 216–17, 292–3

students

as informers, 478–81

post-war dissent, 460–64

post-war expansion, 471

recantations, 268

Subbotniki, 27n

Sukhobezvodny labour camp, 349, 350

Surkov, Aleksei, 414, 506, 520

surveillance

level of, 258

mutual, 35, 37, 180

system of, 34–40, 174, 180, 264, 385, 464, 605

See also informers

survival mechanisms, 601

conformism strategy, 277, 472–8

memories, suppression, 604

Suslov, Mikhail, 619, 625

Suzdal special isolation prison camp, 38

Sverdlov, Iakov, 3, 4

Sverdlovsk, 395

Mining Institute, 354

University, 436

synagogues, closure, 68

Tagirov family, 290–92 (291)

Taishet labour camp, 430

Taisina, Razeda, 251

Tambov uprising (1921), 38

Tatars, 290, 420

Tatlin, Vladimir, 622

Tbilisi (Tiflis), 161n, 350, 351, 387–8, 391, 477, 545, 546, 645

Tbilisi University, 552

teachers, humanitarian, 294–8

technical specialists

correspondence permitted, 327

demand for, 118, 153, 210, 214, 436

Tell, Vilgelm, 254

Temnikovsky labour camp, 357, 559

Tetiuev family, 39–40 (40), 347–9

‘Thaw’ (1956–64), 383, 433, 486, 561, 562, 593, 611, 619

accepted understanding of, 599

literature and, 504, 590–91

reversed, 616–17

and Stalin’s victims, 604–5

Thaw, The (Ehrenburg), 590–91

theatre, Soviet, 494–5

critics denounced, 494, 496

Tideman, Liudmila, 573–4

Tideman, Maximilian, 201

Tikhanov, Aleksandr, 336, 337

Tikhanova, Valentina, 16

Timashuk, Lydia, 521

Timoshenko, Marshal S. K., 386

Timur and His Team (Gaidar), 417

Tipot, Natalia, See Sokolova, Natalia Tito, Josip, 402n

Tolmachyov, V. N., 113, 154

Tolmachyovo orphanage, 339

Tolstoy, Aleksei, 193

Tolstoy, Leo, 12, 499, 532n

Tomsk labour camp, 357

Tomsky, Mikhail Pavlovich, 197

Torchinskaia, Elga, 303, 444–5, 527, 528

Torgsin shops, 172

torture, use, 142, 248, 272, 283, 284, 303, 310–11

trade, private, 171–2

eradicated, 5–6, 65

legalized (1921), 6, 65

nationwide assault on (1927–), 71

resentment of, 66

shortages and, 171–2

taxed, 66, 71, 79

traders

arrest, 113

social exclusion, 136, 137

‘Trans-Pacific Counterrevolutionary Organization’, 331

troikas, 282–3, 305

Trotsky, Aleksandr, 248

Trotsky, Leon, 58, 69, 181, 469

defeat, 71

expulsion, 31

on family breakdown, 11

followers repressed, 214, 223, 237, 277, 595

and industrialization, 72

and Kronstadt mutiny, 6

Left Opposition, 154, 219, 230, 237

on policy change (mid30

s), 160

Revolution Betrayed, The, 157

sexual politics of families, 164

on women’s role, 163–4

Trotsky family, 248

Trubin family, 602–4 (603)

trust, Great Terror and, 298–313

truth

based on experience, 273

Party, 273

Revolutionary, 190–91

subjective, 191

Tselmerovsky, Lev, 300

Tukhachevsky, Marshal M. N., 237, 245, 272, 278, 298, 642

Turkin family, 252, 287, 303, 579, 580

Tvardovsky, Aleksandr, 132–6, 523, 591

Tvardovsky family, 132–6

Tychina, Pavlo, 452

Uborevich, General, 237

Uglitskikh, Ivan, 118, 119, 553, 576

Ukraine

anti-Semitism, 509

Hitler and, 386

mortality (1930–33), 98

nationalist partisans, 427

Pioneer Organization, 570

post war famine, 457

Soviet rule, 218, 537

wartime, 418–19, 427–8

Ukrainians post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469

Ulbricht, Walter, 597

unemployment, 438

Union of Contemporary Architects, 10, 152

United Labour Schools, 20, 22–3

United Opposition, 72, 237

United States

Israeli alignment with, 493, 494

Jews seen as allies of, 509

Lend-Lease Agreement, 410, 443

POW camps, 531

Simonov visits (1946), 481–2

See also Cold War

universities

admission to, 435–6, 473, 510

‘kulak’ children excluded, 142, 145, 301

post-war expansion, 471

Urals labour camps, 87, 88, 89

‘special settlements’, 93

Ustiuzhna, 79, 80, 81

utopia, Communist, 187–9

Vaigach expedition (1931), 209–13

Vaigach Gulag, 55

values

schools and, 32–3

wartime change, 432, 440

Vavilov, Nikolai, 502

Vavilov, Sergei, 502

Vdovichenko, Viktor, 497

Venivitinov, Dmitry, 229

Verkneuralsk prison camp, 219, 222

Verzhbitsky, N. K., 384, 385, 392

Vesnin Brothers’ architectural workshops, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152

Vetlag Gulag complex, 349

Vetukhnovskaia, Roza, 385–6

VGIK, see All-Union State Film Institute Viatka labour camps, 511, 529, 606

Victory Day, 618, 619–20

vigilance

lack of, 129, 239, 249, 259, 262, 268

as Soviet virtue, 87, 143, 265, 281, 519

Virag, Terez, 645n

Virgin Lands Campaign, 543–4, 547, 561

Vishlag pulp and paper mill, 116, 117, 118, 214–15

Vishnevsky, Vsevolod, 443

Vishniakova, Nina, 28–9

Vitkevich, Maria, 606

Vitkovsky, Dmitry, 114

Vittenburg, Pavel, 55–6, 113, 208–14, 209, 212, 275–6

Vittenburg family, 55–6, 56, 208–14, 217

Vladivostock, Siberia, 55, 331–2

Vlasov, Vladimir (Zikkel), 475

Vlasova, Olga, 475

Voitinsky family, 18–19 (19)

Volga–Don Canal, 468, 591

Volga Germans, 420

in labour army, 424

social exclusion, 137

Volkonskaia, Elena, 44n

Vologda region, 52, 79, 100

Volovich, Hava, 362–4

Vorkuta labour camps, 248, 329, 515, 517, 535

friendships, 566

uprising (1953), 529

Vorobyov family, 327–9 (328)

Voronezh, 75

Komsomol, 126

loss (1942), 410

post-war gender imbalance, 457

Voroshilov, Kliment, 77, 231, 536, 538, 594

Voshchinsky, Mikhail, 148, 148, 152

Voznesensky, Aleksandr, 463, 466

Voznesensky, Nikolai, 466

Vyshinsky, Aleksandr, 235

vydvizhentsy, 155–7, 160, 170–71

wall-newspapers, 143

War Communism, 5–6

war scare (1927), 73

wedding rings, 161

Werth, Alexander, 415

Western states

influence, 441–3, 488

Soviet relations with, 229–30, 236, 371–2

whispering, 40, 44&n, 110, 184, 207, 230, 253, 264, 294

White Army, 4, 5, 58, 167, 218, 648, 654

White Sea Canal, The, 193–4

White Sea Canal (Belomorkanal), 94, 111, 206, 624

construction, 114–15, 121, 136, 196

in propaganda, 192–5, 624

writers tour (1933), 192–7

wives

arrest, 305

pressured to renounce husbands, 305, 306

unwanted, denunciation, 265

Wolf, Christa, 506

women

childcare role, 161

domestic slavery, 164, 165–6

equality, 8

husband’s innocence, belief in, 305–7

independence, 127

in labour camps, 356–68

marriage as camouflage, 137–8

military service, 417–19

in Norilsk, 427–9

rape by guards, 248, 364, 631, 632

regime and, 163–4

See also Akmolinsk Labour Camp; grandparents; mothers; wives

workers

anti-Soviet mood (1941), 385

complaints, 154, 187

living space, 172–3

post-war protests, 458–9

rewards, 153, 159–60, 161

workplace tribunals, 206

Writers’ Union, 255, 267, 268, 280, 281, 489

admission to, 486

anti-Semitism, 494–5, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 519, 520

First Congress (1934), 188

Pioneer camp, 540

reorganization (1946), 482–3

xenophobia, post-war, 487, 493, 585

yardmen, as informers, 180

Yefimov, Mikhail, 365–6, 567–8

Yeliseyeva, Vera, 296–7

Yevangulov family, 44

Yevangulova, Yevgeniia (Zhenia), 44–5, 257, 344–5

Yevseyev family, 289–90

Yevseyeva, Angelina, 13, 289, 290, 598

Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 612n

Yezhov, Nikolai, 275

denounces Piatnitsky, 232, 233

downfall, 279–80

and Kremlin ‘spy ring’, 237

and mass arrests, 239, 279, 284

‘Yezhov terror’, 279

Yiddish culture, 68

Young Guard, The (Fadeyev), 461n, 504

youth, rural, 126–9

Zabolotsky, Nikolai, 484

Zaidler, Ernst, 512

Zalka, Mate (General Lukach), 200

Zalkind, A. B., 27

Zamiatin, Yevgeny, 10, 489

Zapregaeva, Olga, 97

Zaslavsky, David, 495&n

Zaveniagin, Avraam, 427

Zhadova, Katia, 610

Zhadova, Larisa, 608, 609, 610, 611

Zhdanov, Andrei, 487, 488&n, 491, 505

and Akhmatova, 489, 490

death, 465, 521

Leningraders, patronage, 465

‘Zhdanovshchina’, 487–92, 506

Zhukov, Anatoly, 578

Zhukov, Marshal Georgii

at Khalkin Gol, 371

post-war purge, 464–5&n

Second World War, 393, 422, 447

Zinoviev, Gregorii, 72, 230, 237, 248

recants (1934), 197

‘Zinovievites’, 237

Zionism, 70, 536

Zlobin, Stepan, 507–8

Znamensky, Georgii, 652, 653, 654

Znamia journal, 506, 619

Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 193–4, 488, 489, 490–92, 500n

Zuevka orphanage, 338

Zvezda journal, 488, 489