Utopia in Power

Libya, 457

Lie, The (Afinogenov), 264 life expectancy, 665 Lilina, Zlata, 61 lishentsy, 64, 285 Liskof, Alfred, 367, 370 literacy, 174-75 literature, Russian, 172—73 literature, Soviet:

under Brezhnev, 680—81

censorship of, 679—80

Communist party control over, 191—94,

199-200, 487-90 during Five Year Plan of 1929, 269-76 heroes in, 487-88 ideology and, 678—79 under Khrushchev, 587 official vs. unofficial, 680 samizdat network for, 589, 614 Stalin's views on, 218 Literaturna Ukraina, 622 Literaturnaya gazeta, 255—56, 269—70, 503

Lithuania, 51, 76, 122, 342, 357, 470, 622

alcoholism in, 664

Kalenta funeral demonstrations in, 667 Little Land, The (Brezhnev), 660 Litvinov, Maxim, 119, 309, 310, 323-24,

330, 502 Litvinov, Pavel, 616, 627 Liu Shao-chi, 541—42 Living Church, 138 Lloyd George, David, 91, 96-97, 113,

122, 123 Lloyd's Register, 306 Lockhart, Robert Bruce, 83-84 Lominadze, Besso, 210, 213, 245 Lomonsov, Mikhail, 485 Lopez, see Mercader, Ramon Louis, Victor, 640 Lozovsky, Solomon, 502 Ludwig, Emil, 259, 261, 296 Lukin, historian, 235 Lukin, M. F., 435 Lukyanenko, Lev, 586 lumber production, 319—20 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 39, 43, 52-53,

191, 193-94, 198, 263 Lutsev, 354 Luxembourg, 351 Luxemburg, Rosa, 123, 133 Lvov, Georgy, 28 Lyapunov, Aleksandr, 141

Lyons, Eugene, 266 Lysenko, Trofim, 290, 482-84 Lysenkoism, 482-84

MacArthur, Douglas, 442 McCarthyism, 504

Machaiski, Jan Waclaw, see Volsky, A.

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 280

machine and tractor stations (MTSs), 240,

545, 546, 549 50 machine industry, 21 Macmillan, Harold, 572 Madonna of the Don, The, 675 Mahogany (Pilnyak), 270 Mai-Maevski, Vladimir, 87 Main Frontier Troops Administration

(GUPV), 362 Main Literature and Art Administration,

see Glavlit Mai sky, Ivan, 363, 500 Maistre, Joseph de, 147 Makarenko, Anton, 286 Makarov, Oleg, 673 Makhno, Nestor, 102, 103, 106-7 Maksimov, Vladimir, 680, 685 Malenkov, Georgy, 376, 474-75, 498- 500, 501, 507 Bohlen on, 637

in first post-Stalin triumvirate, 508, 512-14, 523, 527-28 Maleter, Pal, 540, 543, 544 Malevich, Kazimir, 196 Malinin, Mikhail, 543 Malinovsky, Rodion, 371, 388, 441 Malinovsky, Roman, 23 Malyshkin, Vasily, 432, 433, 434 management systems, 635—36 Mandelstam, Osip, 197, 200, 221, 275 Manevich, Lev, 361 Mann, Heinrich, 258 Manstein, Eric von, 400, 401 manufactured goods, shortages of, 230 Manuilsky, Dmitry, 280-81 Mao Tse-tung, 458, 460, 461, 512, 562, 566-70, 599 on atomic bomb, 568 cultural revolution under, 639 Maramzin, Vladimir, 685 Marchenko, Anatoly, 613 Marchlewski, Julian, 92-93, 95 Marchuk, Georgy, 699 Markizova, Gelya, 282 Markov, Georgy, 678

Marr, Nikolai, 485

marriage, 61, 170, 175, 285, 466-67 Marshall Plan, 457

Marx, Karl, 43, 51, 62, 130, 134, 188,

266, 288, 298 Marxism, 295, 296, 298 Hitler on, 63

Stalin and, 245, 249, 259, 265-66 Western, 289-90 Marxism and Problems of Linguistics

(Stalin), 485 Marxism and the Natural Sciences, 265 Masaryk, Tom&S, 521 Mashkov, Sergei, 586 Masked Ball, The, 55 Matsuoka, Iosuke, 360, 365 Matteotti, Giacomo, 252 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 55, 56, 200, 218,

225, 270, 271, 584 meat production, 548—49 Medunov, S. F., 707 Medvedev, Roy, 685 Medvedev, S., 209, 279 Medvedev, Zhores, 616 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 295, 323 Mekhlis, Lev, 387, 606 Mekhtiev, Boris, 497 Melnik, Andrii, 397 Melnikov, Leonid, 501 Mensheviks, 22, 23, 43, 45, 47, 75, 115, 134, 178, 205, 225, 273, 278 Georgian, 75, 76 1931 trial of, 229 Menshikov, Vladimir, 584 mental hospitals, 589—90 Mercader, Ramon (Lopez), 352 Merekalov, Aleksei, 330 Meretskov, Kirill, 345, 386, 441,444 Merkulov, Vsevolod, 407, 451 Metropol, 680

Metropolitan-Vickers, 231—32 Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 55, 197 Michael, King of Romania, 418 Mickiewicz, Adam, 92 Middle East, 457 Mikhailov, Nikolai, 527 Mikhoels, Solomon, 502 Michnik, Adam, 689 Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 415, 416 Mikoyan, Anastas, 135, 184, 203, 376, 530

in Novocherkassk strike, 595 military production:

Western allies' contributions to, 411—12

military production (cont.) during World War I, 21 during World War II, 400, 417 Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC),

40-41, 42 military spending:

as economic drain, 643 in pre-World War II period, 318, 347 in post-World War II period, 464 U.S. spending compared to, 642 military training, 713—16 Miller, Eugen^, 313 Milyukov, Pavel, 178 Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), 707 Mints, Isaac, 491 Mironov, Demyan, 218 Mironov, Filipp, 100-101 Mishin, Victor, 714, 716 missile production, 557 Mlynar, Zdenek, 640-41 Moch, Jules, 504 Moldavia, 343

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 234, 241, 242, 300, 305-6, 310, 323-24, 329, 330, 351, 499 in first post-Stalin triumvirate, 508,

513, 519, 528 as foreign affairs commissar, 330, 331, 332, 333-34, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341-42, 343, 421 during German invasion, 374 in meeting with Hitler, 357—59 in non-aggression pact talks, 329, 330, 331, 332, 335, 336, 338, 341-42, 350

on Poland invasion, 339, 340 monetary reforms, 127, 463, 559—60 Monstrov, К. I., 102

Moral and Class Norms of Bolshevism, The

(Preobrazhensky), 171 morality, 171, 175 Morishima, Michio, 732 Moroz, Valentyn, 622 Morozov, Pavlik, 286 Moskalenko, Kirill, 523 Moscow, Battle of, 383-86 Moscow Olympics (1980), 639 Moscow Soviet, 36 Moscow University, 491-92, 584 Muller, Hermann Joseph, 485 Munich agreement (1938), 328-29 Munzenberg, Willy, 210 Muradeli, Vano, 490 Museum of the Revolution, 280

Muslims, 73-75, 152, 154, 671, 672, 676-77

Mussolini, Benito, 252, 323, 403, 529 Myaskovsky, Nikolai, 490 Myasnikov, Gabriel, 165, 191 My Brother Aleksei s Journey to the Land of

Peasant Utopia (Chayanov), 229 My Testimony (Marchenko), 613 Mzhavanadze, Vasily, 635

Nabokov, Vladimir, 180-81, 314 Nagy, Imre, 522-23, 539, 540, 541-44,

567, 703 Nakanune, 176 Nansen Committee, 120 Napoleon I, 147 Nasreddinova, Zaituna, 635 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 564 national bolshevism, 148, 668 National Committee of the Northern

Caucasus, 392 national income, 699—700 nationalism, 295—96 anti-Semitism and, 670 authorized, 668 nationalist movements, 71—77 in Byelorussia, 72—73 centralization and, 152—53 muslims in, 73—75 of 1960s, 621 in postwar period, 490—91 repression of, 668—69 in Russia, 667—68 in Ukraine, 71-72, 621-22 Nationalists, 21 nationalities:

in Caucasus region, 75 population growth of, 671—72 Russian Empire policies on, 70 during World War II, 379-80 National Labor Alliance of Russian

Solidarists (NTS), 313, 435 national republics:

Great Terror in, 300—301 indigenization of, 299 purges in, 299—300 National Socialists, 232 National Union of Russian Youth, 313 Naujocks, Alfred, 305 navy, 642 —43 nazism, 288

Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact (1939), 322-42 collapse of, 357—60

common border created by, 347—48 historiography of, 348—50 Kandelaki initiative in, 326, 327 military cooperation under, 354—55 Poland invasion and, 339—42, 349 raw materials supplied under, 353—54 Near East, 332, 413 Neizvestny, Ernst, 589 Nekrasov, N., 585 Nekrasov, Viktor, 487 Nekrich, Aleksandr, 581 Nemchinov, Vasily, 611 neo-Slavophilism, 668 Nepmen, 127, 168, 176 Netherlands, 351 Neumann, Heinz, 210, 213, 253 Neurath, Conrad von, 327 Nevsky, Alexander, 296, 297 Nevsky, Vladimir, 36 New Church, 410

New Economic Policy (NEP), 114-19, 121, 125-26, 134-35, 147 American standards applied to, 217 capitalist economic forms under, 126—

127, 168 in culture, 197 debates on, 187-88 end of, 201-2, 207-8 Five Year Plan of 1929 and, 262, 263 Nepmen and, 168 results of, 170, 508 United Opposition and, 204—5 New York Times, 256, 639, 692, 697,

705, 715 Nicaragua, 691, 721 Nicolaevsky, Boris, 278, 287, 288, 289,

291, 434 Nicolas I, Tsar of Russia, 290 Nicolas II, Tsar of Russia, 17, 18, 20-21,

25, 26, 27, 67, 70, 169, 202 Nielsen, Asta, 176 Nikishov, Ivan, 382-83 Nikitin, Aleksei, 690 Nikolaev, Leonid, 277-78 Nikolaevich, Grand Duke Nikolai, 177 Nikulin, Lev, 255-56 1984 (Orwell), 208, 608 Nixon, Richard M., 650-51 NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 311, 496 as economic cornerstone, 319—20 emigr6s and, 312—13 establishment of, 280 executions by, 279

during Great Terror, 303—8, 319 Katyn massacre and, 404, 405-6, 407 Nazi Germany monitored by, 326, 327 in Poland, 342 prison labor used by, 319—20 in repatriation, 451 in Ukrainian insurrections, 453, 454 war exiles and, 533—34 during World War II, 393 nomenklatura, 608—9 under Brezhnev, 696—99 dynasties within, 697—98 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 459, 642, 717-18 Norway, 122, 209, 351, 354, 356, 357 Noske, Gustav, 275 Not by Bread Alone (Dudintsev), 579 Novak, Zenon, 538 Novaya zhizn, 39, 42, 53 Nove, Alex, 633 Novikov, Aleksandr, 500 Novocherkassk riot, 592-97 Novoe vremya, 716 Novotny, Antonin, 623 Novozhilov, Valentin, 611 Novy grad, 312 Novy mir, 587-88 nuclear freeze, 718

nuclear nonproliferation treaty (1968), 636 nuclear test ban treaty (1963), 578 nuclear weapons, 572—73, 591—92 end of U.S. superiority in, 641—42 1968 nonproliferation treaty on, 636 Nuremberg trials, 338, 405 Nuzhdin, Nikolai, 483

Oak and the Calf The (Solzhenitsyn),

604-5 Observer (London), 122 Occidental Petroleum, 649 October, 659 October revolution:

armed insurrection in, 38—39 disorder after, 53—54 February revolution compared to, 43 intelligentsia and, 55—56 leaders of, 38

nationalist movements and, 71 peasants and, 58-59 Petrograd taken in, 41—42 Provisional Government collapse in, 39-43

Russian state disintegrated in, 76

October revolution (cont.) workers and, 56—58 World War I as cause of, 15 see cdso civil war Octobrists, 21, 22 Ogarkov, Nikolai, 719-20, 726 Ogurtsov, Igor, 620 oil production, 225, 317 Okhrana, 22-23 Okhrimovich, 456 okruzhentsy, 381, 382 Okudzhava, Bulat, 585, 696-97 Okulicki, Leon, 422 Old King and the Young, The, 298 Olshansky, Doctor, 407 On Guard, 194, 199, 200 On the Irtysh (Zalygin), 680 One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,

(Solzhenitsyn), 588, 602, 613 Operation Trust, 313 Orbeli, Leon, 484

Ordzhonikidze, Georgy, 112, 113, 114, 156

as industry commissar, 231 as Transcaucasian Bureau head, 156 Oreshin, Petr, 217 Organizational Bureau (Orgburo), 87 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists

(OUN), 397, 453-56, 496 Orlov, Aleksandr, 242, 273, 277, 305, 306

Orlov, Yuri, 591, 663, 665-66 Orwell, George, 9, 208, 295, 608 Osadchy, Mikola, 622 Osinsky, Valerian, 161 Osipov, Vladimir, 585, 667, 669 Osorgin, Mikhail, 117 Ossinotorf Brigade, 428 Ossovsky, Yakov, 205 Ost, Plan, 393-94 Outer Mongolia, 212

Pakistan, 720 Palmov, I. S., 141 Panfilov, Ivan, 384 Pannowitz, Helmut von, 396 parasitism, 560—61, 666 Pare ham, 693

Parents' Book, The (Makarenko), 286

Paris Commune, 51, 62

Party Card, 286

Parvus, Alexander, 34

Pascal, Pierre, 38

passports, internal, 260

Pasternak, Boris, 197, 243-44, 579-81, 587

patriotism, 93-94, 295, 481-82 anti-Semitism and, 486—87 nationalism vs., 668 official, 578-79 Pauling, Linus, 591 Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich von,

400-401 Pavlenko, Petr, 297, 302 Pavlov, Dmitry, 371 Pavlov, Ivan, 141, 265, 290-91, 484 Pavlov, Georgy, 612

Pavlovsky Regiment, Fourth Company of, 25

peace movement, 504 Peasant Army, 102 peasants:

Bukharin's program for, 188—89 in civil war, 85, 86, 98-107 under communal land share law, 17 under compulsory labor service, 60 electoral rights of, 64 February revolution mandates presented

by, 30-31 in grain crisis, 205, 206—7 as kulaks, 99-100 Lenin's program for, 44 as lishentsy, 64

nationalist movements among, 71 NEP and, 114-15, 135, 509 after October revolution, 58—59 taxes on, 202, 515-16 see also collectivization; kulaks pedology, 291-92 Pedology, 291 penal code, 142 pension laws, 558—59 People's Army of Izhevsk, 99 People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs,

see NKVD People's Commissariat of Justice, 67 People's Commissariat of Nationalities, 154

people's patrols, 712 Pereverzev, V., 270, 272 Persia, 125

Pervukhin, Mikhail, 552 Peters, Yakov, 65 Petersburg (Bely), 70 Peter the Great, 10, 295, 298 Peter the Great (Tolstoy), 296 Peter III, Tsar of Russia, 10 Petlyura, Simon, 93

Petrichenko, Stepan, 108, 110 Petrograd Commissariat of Food Supply, 64

Petrograd Committee, 26 Petrograd demonstration of July 4, 1917, 32-33

Petrograd Military Organization (PMO),

39, 139 Petrograd Soviet, 36, 41 Petropavlovsk, 108 Petrov, Vladimir, 303 Petrovsky, Grigory, 65—66 Petrzhak, K. A., 439 philosophy, 265—66 Phoenix, 616 Phoenix ^y61, 585 physics, 485-86 Pickford, Mary, 176

Pilnyak, Boris, 197, 202, 206-7, 270-71

Pilsudski, Jozef, 92, 93, 95, 96

Pioneers, 281-82, 657

Pisar, Samuel, 639

Pisarev, Sergei, 290

Plan Barbarossa, 356, 359, 361

Plan Ost, 393-94

Platform of the Forty-Six, 163-64

Platonov, Andrei, 59, 243, 275

Platonov, Sergei, 290

Plekhanov, Georgii, 67, 162-63, 265

Plevitskaya, Nadezhda, 313

Pliev, Issa, 536, 594

podpisant, 615

Podvoisky, Nikolai, 41

Ротсагё, Raymond, 228

Pogruzhalsky, 586

Pokrovsky, Mikhail, 9, 102, 111, 172,

268, 269, 293, 295, 298 Poland:

Catholic church in, 675—76 censorship in, 679—80 economic difficulties in, 646—47 emigration policies of, 683 German invasion of, 339—42, 349, 351 Katyn massacre and, 403—7 martial law in, 689 Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact talks and, 329, 330-31, 333, 334-36 1956 rebellion in, 536-38 Potsdam conference decisions on, 439 Red Army occupation of, 415—16 Soviet nonaggression pact with, 252 state security agencies in, 526—27 Ukranian insurgents, in, 454-55 Warsaw uprising in, 415—16

workers' movement in, 688—89 in World War I, 19, 51, 71, 90-91 as Yalta conference issue, 421—23 Polevoi, Boris, 487 Polikarp, Bishop, 409 Polish National Liberation Committee,

415, 416 Polish October, 621 Polish Resistance, 341 Polish-Soviet war of 1920, 92-98 Polish United Workers party (PUWP), 537 Politburo, Communist Party, 113, 143, 166, 169, 190, 223, 278-79 Czechoslovakia invasion and, 624, 625 1922 elections for, 158 Platform of the Forty-Six and, 163-64 re-establishment of, 607 replacement of, 500, 508 rival groupings in 498—501 political prisoners, 220 Political Prisoners in the USSR (Amnesty

International), 663 pollution, environmental, 466 Pomerantsev, Vladimir, 579 Pomoshch, 117 Pompidou, Georges, 629 Ponomarev, Boris, 691—92 poor peasants' committees, 68, 78 Popov, George, 69, 220, 255 Popovsky, Mark, 290 Po prostu, 584 popular militia, 374—75 population:

of Central Asia, 671-72 male/female imbalances in, 171 1918-1922 diminution of, 120 1939 census on, 316 1959 census on, 671-72 1970 census on, 671 in post-World War II period, 462 in pre-World War I years, 16 Stalin era decimation of, 511 poputchiki, 194 Pospelov, Petr, 529, 530 Postyshev, Pavel, 299-300 Potapov, Nikolai, 81 Potsdam conference (1945), 438-41 power, philosophy of, 63 Powers, Francis Gary, 571, 720 power supplies, 556 Prague Manifesto, 433-34 Prague Spring (1967-68), 621-29 Pravda, 28-30, 46, 64-65, 94, 105-6, 116, 119, 123, 125, 131-32, 137,

Pravada (cont.)

142, 145, 149, 150, 162, 166, 169, 175, 176, 182, 183, 193, 205, 209, 217, 221, 223, 229, 232, 236, 239- 240, 262, 266, 273, 279, 280, 281, 284, 285, 290, 292, 293, 295, 296, 304, 305, 337, 339, 352, 367, 437, 490, 519, 580, 582, 587, 611, 612, 615, 625-26, 643-44, 646, 656, 691, 700, 712 Pravo i zhizn, 141

Precocious Autobiography (Evtushenko), 587

Preobrazhensky, Eugeny, 162, 171, 188, 207

Presidium of the Central Committee, 500,

508, 541-42, 533, 554, 600 press, Soviet:

under Glavlit, 191-92 after October revolution, 63 press, Western, 256—57 Prezent, Isaak, 483 prices, 227, 476-77 standardized, 283 uniform state system for, 463 during World War II, 463 Primakov, Vitaly, 251, 304 prisons, prison camps, 306 alcoholism and, 664 categories of prisoners in, 492 under Chernenko, 727 collectivization arrests and, 241 concentration camps, 66, 80, 81, 316, 319

conditions in, 493-94 development of, 264 Kengir uprising and, 519—20 labor in, 230 list of, 493 in 1970s, 665-66 political prisoners in, 589—90 postwar population of, 493—95, 509 rebellions in, 495-97, 519-20, 525 rehabilitation and, 525-26 during Soviet retreat, 393 special regime, 494—95 tsarist vs. Soviet, 219-20 war prisoners in, 492 during World War II, 381-83 private enterprise, 168 private trade, 59—60 Problems of History, 579 Problems of Philosophy, 485

Problems of the Development of the USSR

(Trotsky), 247 prodnalog, 114—15 prodrazverstka, 60, 114 production, workers' control of, 56—57 Profintern, 138

Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and

Intellectual Freedom (Sakharov), 627 Progressive Bloc, 21-22, 25 Progressives, 21, 22 Prokofiev, Mikhail, 715 Prokofiev, Sergei, 490 proletarian internationalism, 698-99 Proletarian Music, 267 Proletarskaya revolyutsia, 266, 267, 268 Proletkult, 192-93

Provisional Government, 28, 30, 31—32, 33-34, 35-36, 38, 77, 89 collapse of, 39—43 Constituent Assembly and, 47 Krasnov's defense of, 44—45 nationalities policies of, 70-71, 72, 74-75

Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee (Poirevkom), 95 Pskovsky party, 673 public opinion, Western, 255-58 publishing houses, 140-41 Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 275 Pugachev, Emelyan, 98, 103 purges:

under Brezhnev, 658, 660 in Eastern Europe, 532—33 of 1929, 223, 510 in Ukraine, 605—6 Pushkin, Aleksandr, 173, 711 Putna, Vitovt, 304-5 Puzitsky, S. V., 313 Pyatakov, Yuri, 72, 77, 160, 161, 181, 289

Queen Margot (Dumas), 680

Rabochaya gazeta, 42 Rabochaya revolyutsiya, 57 racial tensions, 536

Radek, Karl, 94, 124, 125, 127-28, 131,

232-33, 254, 263, 310, 325, 328 Radio Free Kabul, 721 Rado, Alexander, 361 Raeder, Admiral Erich, 354, 355 railroads, 15

Rajk, Laszlo, 538

Rakosi, Maty as, 124, 210, 522-23, 538 Rakovsky, Cristian, 119, 157, 215 Ramzin, Leonid, 228 Rapallo treaty of 1922, 124, 209, 211, 252

Rapoport, Joseph, 484 Rasputin, Grigory, 18, 20-21, 28, 483 Ratushinskaya, Irina, 708 Razin, Stepan, 98 Reagan, Ronald, 695, 727 Rebet, Lev, 456 Rebirth, The (Brezhnev), 660 Recollections of Lenin (Zetkin), 170-71 Red Army, 66, 68, 79, 81-82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 108 in Battle of Stalingrad, 399-402 in Bukhara, 111-12 in Caucasus, 112—13 in China, 251 in collectivization, 236—37 Europe occupied by, 416—19 foreign armaments for, 215 funds raised for, 378-79 in German invasion, 372 German military training for, 211 during Great Terror, 304-5, 311 Jews in, 486-87 in Kursk offensive, 402-3 in Leningrad blockade breakthrough

attempts, 386, 414-15 in Manchuria, 441-42 military titles in, 284 under Nazi-Soviet pact, 323 party members in, 478, 480-81 peasant rebellions and, 102, 103 in Poland, 92-96

Poland invaded by, 340, 341, 342, 351 post-World War II demobilization of, 464

pre-World War II preparedness of, 346—

347, 350-51, 367-69 rebellion in, 101 security agencies and, 480-81 on Southwestern Front, 388, 414-15 in Soviet-Finnish war, 344-47 in Vistula-Oder operation, 426-27 in Volga offensive, 390-93 World War II casualties in, 373, 388- 389

Red Book of the Cheka, 68, 80 Red Cavalry (Babel), 263 Red Guards, 79

in October revolution, 41, 42, 43, 44- 45, 46

Petrograd demonstration fired on by, 48-49 Red Star, 246

Red Trade Union International, see

Profintern Red Virgin Soil, 199 Reed, John, 40, 162 rehabilitation commissions, 526 Reikhman, Leonid, 407 Reiss, Ignace, 314 Reissner, Larissa, 55 Remmele, 253 Rendel, Leonid, 584 Renenkampf, General, 79 reparations, war, 424 Republican-Democratic Alliance, 178 research institutes, 225 Respublika, 108 Retour de VURSS (Gide), 293 Revolutionary Military Council, 86 Rhee, Syngman, 460 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 333, 335—36, 337, 338, 339, 341, 357-58, 363- 364

Riga peace treaty, 97 right deviations, 222-23 rites and holidays, 677 Rodionov, Nikolai, 499 Rodzaevsky, Konstantin, 314-15 Rodzyanko, Mikhail, 25-26 Roehm, Ernst, 278-79 Rokossovsky, Konstanin, 537, 538 Rokotov, 560

Romania, 329, 330-31, 342-43, 357, 358, 359, 363, 417, 418, 520-21 Romanov, Grand Duke Mikhail, 165 Romsha, Bishop, 455 Ronkin, Valery, 586 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 309, 413, 414, 416-17, 419, 438 at Yalta conference, 419—26 Rosenberg, Alfred, 394 Rosengolts, Arkady, 308 Rozanov, Vasily, 255 Rozanova, Maria, 685 Rude pravo, 719 Rudenko, Roman, 530 Rudzutak, Ian, 531 Rusk, Dean, 458 Russian army:

decomposition of, 28, 46

Russian army (cont.)

in February 1917 demonstrations, 27 First Machine Gun Regiment of, 32 in World War I, 18-20 Russian Association of Proletarian Writers

(RAPP), 199, 296 Russian Communist Party, 112, 153 Russian Fascist Party, 314 Russian Liberation Army (ROA), 431,

434, 435-37 Russian National Committee, 432—33 Russian National Liberation Army

(RONA), 428 Russian Orthodox church, 175—76, 407—

410, 590-91, 673, 674-75 Russian people, 75 birthrate of, 671, 672 in key government posts, 669—70 nationalism among, 667-68, 669 during World War II, 380-81 Russian Physics and Chemistry Society, 139

Russian Republic (RSFSR), 113, 151, 155

Russian Social Democratic Labor party

(RSDLP), 23, 62 Russian Union of All Military Men

(ROVS), 313 Russification, 70, 517-18, 621-22, 667- 668

Ryabushinsky, Pavel, 228 Ryazanov, Professor, 228 Rykov, Aleksei, 43, 46, 129, 191, 206, 223

Ryumin, M. D., 523, 527 Ryutin, Mikhail, 246

Sablin, Yuri, 70 Saburov, Maxim, 552 Sacco, Nicola, 210

Sakharov, Andrei, 591-92, 653-54, 731 convergence concept promoted by, 627— 628

in dissident movement, 662—63, 684— 685

as liberal opposition personified, 616 on Soviet weapons expansion, 642 on totalitarianism, 655 Sakharov, Colonel M., 429 Sakulin, Pavel, 198 SALT I treaty (1973), 636-37 SALT II treaty (1979), 636-37 Saltykov-Schedrin, Mikhail, 167 samizdat, 205, 614, 627, 628

Sapronov, Timofei, 279 satellite states, 456, 457-58 Save the Children League, 173 Savinkov, Boris, 675 Savitsky, Petr, 178 Scali, John, 576

Schacht, Hjalmar, 311, 326, 327 Schiff-45, 355 Schiller, Friedrich, 433 Schnurre, Julius, 333, 366 Schomler, Joseph, 496 Schorner, Ferdinand, 436 Schrodinger, Erwin, 484 Schulenburg, Verner von, 331—37, 363 Schweitzer, Albert, 591 sciences, 265, 290-91, 440 under Khrushchev, 556—57 Lysenkoism in, 482 -84 physics, 485-86 religion and, 673 state subsidies for, 556—57 Western science and, 484-85, 648 Second Congress of Soviets, 44 Second Congress of the RSDLP: Report of the Siberian Delegation, The (Trotsky), 63 second economy, 634—35 Second Shock Army, 386-87, 430 Secretariat, Communist party, 164 Section for the Maintenance of State Security and Public Order in the Capital, 24 Sedov, Lev, 352 Selkhoztekhnika, 550 Selvinsky, Ilya, 218 Semashko, Nikolai, 141 Semenov, Nikolai, 484 Serapion Brothers, 195 Serafimovich, Aleksandr, 487 Seraphim, Metropolitan, 408 Sergeev, Andrei, 94

Sergii, Metropolitan, 175, 176, 408, 409 Sergii Voskresensky, Metropolitan, 409 Serov, Ivan, 342, 524, 544 Setter, David, 690 Sevastopol, 108 Shabad, Theodore, 639 Shaginyan, Marietta, 678-79 Shakhmatov, A. A., 141 Shakhty trial, 208, 211-12, 217, 223, 228

Shakhurin, Aleksei, 500 Shalamov, Varlam, 589 Shaposhnikov, Boris, 349

Shapovalov, Mikhail, 428

sharashka, 264

Shatskin, Lazar, 245

Shaumyan, Stepan, 87

Shavyrin, Boris, 318-19

Shaw, Bernard, 257, 282

Shcerbina, Vladimir, 489

Shcerbitsky, Vladimir, 621

Shcheptitsky, Metropolitan, 455

Shcherbakov, Aleksandr, 275

Shchors, Nikolai, 307

Shelepin, Aleksandr, 524, 585, 604-5

Shelest, Petr, 669

Shepilov, Dmitri, 564

Shestakov, Aleksandr, 300

Shevarnadze, Edward, 644

Shevchenko, Taras, 587

Shevtsov, Sergei, 670

Shipler, David, 697

Shklovsky, Viktor, 194, 274, 290

Shlyapnikov, Aleksandr, 25, 26, 27, 31 —

32, 35, 43, 134, 209 Shmalgauzen, Ivan, 484 shock brigades, 505—6 shockworkers, 225, 227, 285 Sholokhov, Mikhail, 218, 618 Short Course in the History of the USSR, A

(Shestakov), 300 Short Course on the History of the Soviet

Communist Party, 511 Short Political Dictionary, 630—31 Shostakovich, Dmitry, 488 Shtern, Grigory, 344, 346-47 Shtern, Lina, 484

Shuisky, Vasily, Tsar of Russia, 659 Shukhevich, Roman, 453 Shulgin, Vasily, 16, 20, 21, 25, 26-27, 147

Shulgin, V., 172 Shults, Fedor, 582 Shultz, George, 728 Shvernik, Nikolai, 612 Siberia, 102, 103 Siberian Government, 83-84 Sikorski, Vladislav, 404 Silence (Bondarev), 587 Simonov, Konstantin, 487, 503, 579 Sino-Soviet split, 565—70 Sinyavsky, Andrei, 612-16, 618-19, 680 Sivers, Rudolf, 78, 79 Six Day War (1967), 670 Sketches of the Russian Turmoil (Denikin), 84

Skirdo, M., 643

Sklyansky, Efraim, 104

Skrypnik, Nikolai, 150-54, 299-300

Skuratov, Malyuta, 10

Skutarevsky(Leonov), 286

Slashchov, Yakov, 87

Slavyanskaya zarya, 144

Slipoy, Metropolitan, 455

Slonimski, Antoni, 307

Slovakia, 329, 359, 418

Slovaks, 79

Slutsky, A., 266

Small Soviet Encyclopedia, 52, 120, 172, 296, 300

Small Soviet Political Dictionary, 662, 691

Smena vekh, 143

SMERSH, 391, 481

Smirnov, Lev, 675, 683

Smirnov, Nikolai, 217

Smirnov, Sergei S., 579, 580

Smirnov, Sergei V., 675

Smolensk GPU, 135-36

Smolny Institute, 41

Smrkovsky, Joseph, 624

smychka, 135, 167

Snegov, Aleksei, 581

social Christians, 619

social classes:

food rations based on, 64—65 under NEP, 127 school teachings on, 172 Social Democrats, 22, 31, 178, 252-53, 254

social estates, 64, 68 socialist realism, 274 Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 22, 47, 48, 52, 58, 68-69, 74, 75, 80, 140, 178, 509 social memory, 9, 10, 172-73, 292 social sciences, 485 Society of Former Hard Labor Convicts, 280

Society of Old Bolsheviks, 280 Sofronov, Anatoly, 490 Sokolnikov, Grigory, 162 Solidarity, 688-89 Sologub, Nikolai, 94 Solts, Aron, 132, 169-70 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 11, 287, 306, 307, 319, 511, 588, 591, 595, 604- 605, 613, 661 on censorship, 620 as Christian ideology symbol, 616 democratic system criticized by, 684 deportation of, 683

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (cont.) on detente, 651—52 in dissident movement, 662, 663 on ideology, 655, 656, 657 on Sakharov phenomenon, 628 see also specific works Sorge, Richard, 361 Sosnovsky, Lev, 194, 217 Sotsialistichesky vestnik, 178, 278 Souvarine, Boris, 161, 162-63, 164, 191, 248, 263, 272, 302, 304 on origins of Soviet state, 661 on Stalin-Hitler pact, 309-10 Soviet Communism: A New Civilization?

(Webb and Webb), 257 Soviet-Finnish war, 343—47, 355 Sovietization:

of Armenia, 112—13 of Caucasus, 112—14 of Germany, 124—25 Soviet Portraits (Dmitrievsky), 248 Soviet rites, theory of, 677 sovnarkhozy, 553—54, 556 Sovnarkom, see Council of People's

Commissars Sovremennye zapiski, 312 Soyuz spaceship, 651 Spanish Civil War, 311 Speransky, Aleksai, 484 spies, Soviet, 722 Spiridonova, Maria, 48, 70 Spiridovich, Aleksandr, 23-24 Spirin, Leonid, 15-16, 21, 99 Sputnik, 557 Stakhanov, Aleksei, 282 Stakhanovites, 282, 284-85, 548 Stalin, Joseph, 71, 82, 126, 151, 176, 264, 274, 275, 298 on alcohol monopoly, 169 as anti-Semitic, 501—4 in arms industry planning, 318 asceticism and, 262—63 atomic bomb and, 439, 440 autonomization plan of, 154—56 in Big Lie, 288-89 biographies of, 247-49, 250-51 Brezhnev on, 632 on centralized power, 77 China policy of, 212, 213 in civil war, 87

collectivization under, 232, 233—34,

239-41, 242, 244 Communist party and, 129—30, 133, 182-83

constitution of 1936 and, 287, 288, 289

as Council of People's Commissars

chairman, 366 cult of, 232-33, 244-45, 247, 249-51 cultural affairs and, 218, 269, 271-72,

274, 275 death of, 506, 507, 508 egalitarianism rejected by, 227 first Five Year Plan under, 224-25,

239, 260-62 Fouch6 and, 301-2 German invasion and, 362—63, 370,

372, 374, 376 German relations with, 253—55 Great Change and, 222-24 in Great Terror, 301—8 historiography influenced by, 292-300 on Hitler, 308 "humanized," 281-82 Khrushchev on, 301, 303, 307, 308,

502, 530-33 Kirov assassination masterminded by,

277-79, 280 in Korean War, 460—62 legacy of, 508-11 Lenin and, 37, 160—61, 166 Lysenkoism and, 482, 483 Mao and, 458

Marxism and, 245, 249, 259, 265-66 as nationalities commissar, 43 national republics under, 298—300 in Nazi-Soviet pact, 322-40, 348-50 in October revolution, 38 on patriotism, 481—82 peasantry and, 167 in Polish-Soviet war, 96 Politburo rival groupings and, 498,

501

as Pravda editor, 28, 29-30

rehabilitation of, 614-15, 658

right-wing and, 207, 222-23

rise to power of, 181—91

Russian nationalism and, 268—69, 295

Ryutin's critique of, 246

satellite country purges ordered by,

501

scale of repression under, 661

at Seventeenth Party Congress, 249—50

Sino-Soviet relations under, 566—67

Social Democrats and, 252—53

in Soviet-Finnish war, 343—46

in Sovietization, 112

state strengthened under, 259, 261

at Teheran conference, 414 theoretical works by, 485 Trotsky's murder ordered by, 352 United Opposition and, 205—6, 216 as war leader, 443—49 war scare of 1927 and, 215 Western Europe offensive launched by, 504-5

at Yalta conference, 419—26 Stalin, Vasily, 517

Stalin: A New World Seen Through One

Man (Barbusse), 250-51 Stalingrad, Battle of, 399-402 Standard Oil, 214

State and Revolution (Lenin), 50—51, 53, 59, 62

State Commission for the Electrification of

Russia, see GOELRO State Committee for Defense, 376 State Department, U.S., 647 state farms, 545, 633—34 State Political Administration (GPU), 140,

142-43, 264 state power:

as autonomous, 466 over enterprises, 259—60 laws for enforcement of, 259—61 State Security Committee, see KGB Stavka, 387

steel production, 15, 317 Steffens, Lincoln, 257 Stepanyan, Akop, 668 Stetsko, Yaroslav, 397 Stolypin land reform, 202 Stolypin, Petr, 202, 474 Stone, Norman, 16 Strange Herbs of Chevengur, The

(Platonov), 59, 126 strategic material sales, 647—48 strikes:

food shortages and, 646—47 under NEP, 134 at Novocherkassk, 592-97 after October revolution, 54—55, 107—8 punishments for, 227—28 Strong, Anna Louise, 258 Struggle for Russia, The (Ustryalov), 145 Strumilin, Stanislav, 226, 230, 282-83 Struve, Nikita, 136 Struve, Petr, 146, 148, 178 Sturmer, 670 Sudetenland, 328-29 Suez Canal crisis (1956), 564—65 Sufi brotherhoods, 676

Sukhanov, Nikolai, 30, 248, 273-74 Sultan-Galiev, Mir-Said, 154—55 Sun Yat-sen, 212

Supreme Economic Council, see VSNKH Supreme Soviet, 338, 339, 440, 517

social composition of, 480 Surkov, Aleksei, 489, 507, 579 Suslov, Mikhail, 488, 597, 600, 731 Sutton, Anthony, 213 Sverdlov, Yakov, 37, 63, 78 Sweden, 122, 209, 359 Swedish Red Cross, 120 Symonenko, Vasil, 587 Syntax, 585, 685 Syrtsov, Sergei, 245

Tagantsev, Vladimir, 139

Tagore, Rabindranath, 228

Tairov, Aleksandr, 55—56, 197

Talantov, Boris, 590

Tales from Odessa (Babel), 670

tamizdat, 614

Tanner, Wajno, 344

Taraki, Nur Mukhamed, 693

Tarikat, 676

Tarle, Evgeny, 290

Tarnavsky, Nikolai, 586

Tarsis, Valery, 587

TASS, 367, 668

tax in kind, 114—15

Teheran conference (1943), 390, 414

Ten Days That Shook the World (Reed),

40, 162 Tereshchenko, Mikhail, 39—40 Thaelmann, Ernest, 253 Thaw, The (Ehrenburg), 579 theater groups, 588—89 theft, 664

Thermotechnical Institute, 591

ТЬёгу, Edmond, 15, 16

Third International, see Comintern

Third World, 723

Thompson, Llewellyn, 630

Thorez, Maurice, 505

Tikhon, Patriarch, 136-37, 177

Tikhonov, V. A., 687

Tikhvinsky, M., 139

Timashuk, Lidiya, 503

Times (London), 519

Timoshenko, Semen, 346, 370, 371, 372, 388

Tippelskirch, Kurt von, 402 Tito, Josip Broz, 418, 458, 542, 562 Tkachev, Petr, 146

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 17 Togliatti, Palmiro, 505 Toiling Peasants' Party, 229 Tolstoy, Aleksei, 145, 200, 296, 297, 298 Tolstoy, Lev, 729 Tomsky, Mikhail, 57, 223 Torgsin stores, 645 totalitarianism, 654—55 trade, Soviet, 124, 125 trade unions, 129, 212, 215, 223, 227- 228, 259-60 SMOT formed as, 689-90 Trans-Caspian government, 90 Transcaucasia, 70, 75-76, 90, 299, 380 Transcaucasian Commissariat, 75 Transcaucasian Federation, 76, 156 Transniestria, 394 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 700 Trauberg, Leonid, 275 Treaty of Versailles, 211 Treaty of Westphalia (1648), 651 Trepper, Leopold, 361 Tresckow, G. von, 429 Tretyakov, Sergei, 270 Trial, The (Krasin), 704 Trial of the Four, The (Litvinov), 616 trials:

of bribe takers, 708 of dissidents, 663 of Fedorovites, 237-38 of Jewish hijackers, 682 of Mensheviks, 273—74 of 1966-1967 protesters, 615-16 of post-Stalin era, 614 "second economy" revealed in, 634—35 of wreckers, 228-30, 231-32 Tripartite Pact (1940), 352, 356, 357,

358, 359 Trofimov, Victor, 584 Trotsky, Leon, 17, 35, 51, 65, 194, 225, 264, 267, 271 in Bolshevik party leadership, 36, 37 in Brest-Litovsk negotiations, 51, 52 on bureaucratic caste, 607 on Changing Landmarks, 149 on China policy, 212 coalition government rejected by, 45, 46

on Communist party, 129, 130 concentration camp proposal by, 66 as foreign affairs commissar, 43 on history revisions, 292—93 Kronstadt rebellion and, 108, 109, 110 labor armies advocated by, 116

Lenin and, 160-62, 163

murder of, 352

nazism and, 253, 254

in October revolution, 38, 39, 40, 42

on permanent revolution, 185—86

as Petrograd Soviet president, 36

Platform of the Forty-Six and, 163-64

tax in kind suggested by, 115

in United Opposition, 181, 183, 184,

185, 188, 190, 204-5, 207, 216 as war commissar, 80-82, 83, 84, 87,

89, 94, 95-96, 117-18, 129 on World War I, 51, 52 see also specific works Trotskyists, 185-86, 246-47, 279 Trudovik party, 26 Trukhin, Fedor, 432 Truman, Harry S., 309, 459, 462

at Potsdam conference, 438, 439, 440— 441

Truman Doctrine, 457

Tsereteli, Trakly, 32

Tsvetaeva, marina, 180, 197, 314

Tsvigun, Semen, 707

Tucker, Robert C., 245, 266-67

Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 94, 95-96, 103,

105, 109, 304, 305, 323 Turaev, Boris, 141 Turkestan, 70, 74 Turkestan-Siberia Railway, 230 Turkey, 76, 112, 125, 152, 358-59, 360,

410, 459 Tvardovsky, Aleksandr, 587 Tverdokhlebov, Andrei, 628, 662, 663

Uborevich, Jeromin, 304 Uchraspred, 164 Uglanov, Nikolai, 223, 246 Ukraine, 52, 71, 86, 101, 518 anti-Semitism in, 501—2 Central Rada of, 71-72 collectivization in, 234 cultural treasures destroyed in, 586—87 famine of 1947 in, 468-69 indigenization in, 299—300 1938 purge in, 605-6 1965 arrests in, 621-22 in Polish-Soviet war, 92, 93, 94, 98 Prague Spring and, 624—25 RSFSR treaty with, 151 Russification in, 667 wartime insurrectional movements in, 453-55 Ukrainian church, 408

Ukrainian Communists, 94, 152, 153 Ukrainian Council of People's Commissars, 119

Ukrainian Herald, 622

Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 453—55

Ukrainian nationalists, 397

Ukrainian Workers' and Peasants' Union,

585-86 Ulam, Adam, 563, 573 Ulbricht, Walter, 522 Ulyanova, Maria, 39 Unamuno, Miguel de, 50 unemployment, 168, 202 Uniate church, 453, 455 Unified National party, 667 unified political days, 677 Unified State Political Administration

(OGPU), 140 Union for Repatriation, 314 Union for the Salvation of the Homeland

and the Revolution, 45 Union of Activists in the Arts, 191 Union of October 17, see Octobrists Union of Patriots of Russia, 584 Union of Polish Patriots, 404 Union of the Russian People, 24 Union of Towns, 22 Union of Zemstvos, 22 United Nations, 420-21, 440-41, 461- 462

Afghanistan invasion and, 695 Hungarian revolution and, 542, 543— S44

uTT

Khrushchev at, 572 Zionism resolution passed by, 671 United Opposition, 181-82, 188, 190-

191, 204-7 United Revolutionary Organizations (ORI),

573, 574 United States:

Afghanistan invasion and, 692—95 anticommunism in, 459 bank credits for USSR from, 648-49 in Cuban missile crisis, 573—78 exports to USSR from, 637 in Geneva meeting of 1985, 728 grain sales to USSR by, 646—47 Marshall Plan and, 457 military spending in, 642 1953 USSR proposal to, 519 prison population of, 666 public opinion on USSR in, 637 in Russian civil war, 89—90, 91 in SALT treaties, 636—37

Sino-Soviet relations and, 640—41 as Soviet ally, 411

Soviet famine relief from, 118, 119-20 Soviet wartime relations with, 353,

411-12, 413 technical agreements with firms in, 212 in Vietnam war, 694 in World War II, 401 Urals Regional Government, 83 Urartu, 10, 300 uravnilovka, 227 Uritsky, Mikhail, 65 Urlanis, Boris, 120, 242 USSR Academy of Sciences, 265, 291,

484-85, 558 Ustinov, Dmitry, 713, 714 Ustryalov, Nikolai, 147, 150, 189, 205 U-2 spy plane incident, 571, 577, 720

Valentinov, N. (Volsky), 202, 204

Vannikov, Boris, 318

Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 210

Vardin, Ilya, 199

Varga, Evgeny, 491-92

Vassilevsky, Aleksandr, 388, 441, 442, ллл

w r W

Vatsetis, Joachim, 69, 86, 87, 88

Vatutin, Nikola, 391

Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 482

Vavilov, Sergei, 484

Veche, 667, 669

Veniamin, Metropolitan, 137

Ventsel, Konstantin, 171

Veresaev, Vikenty, 196

Versailles treaty, 322

Vertov, Dziga, 197

Vesely, Artem, 203

Vestnik truda, 57

Victory (Chakovsky), 652-53

Vietnam war, 630, 648

Viktorin, Bishop, 674

VIKZHEL, 45

Virgin Lands, The (Brezhnev), 660

Vinhranovsky, Mikola, 587

Vins, Petr, 622

Virun, Stepan, 586

Vishnevsky, Vsevolod, 489

Vissarionovich, Joseph, see Stalin, Joseph

Vladimirovich, Kirill, 177

Vladimov, Georgy, 680

Vlasov, Andrei, 427, 430-38

Vlasovites, 382, 432-38

Voikov, Petr, 215

Voinovich, Vladimir, 680

Volga Flows to the Caspian, The (Pilnyak), 271

Volga Germans, 379, 381-82

Volga Tatars, 73

Volsky, A. (Jan Machaiski), 57

Volunteer Army, 78-79, 82-83, 85, 86

Voronin (Voronov?), leader of labour camp

uprising, 497 Voronov, Nikolai, 446 Voronsky, Aleksandr, 199, 270 Voroshilov, Kliment, 190, 304, 323, 324,

337, 346, 376, 530 Voroshilov amnesty (1953), 517 Voskresensky, Sergei, 409, 513 Voss, August, 713 voting rights, 287 Vovsy, Miron, 503

Voznesensky, Nikolai, 376, 498, 499 Vprok (Platonov), 243

VSNKH (Supreme Economic Council), 204 Vvedensky, Aleksandr, 137, 138 Vyshegradsky, 228 Vyshinsky, Andrei, 425 Vysotsky, Vladimir, 681

wages, 168, 202, 283-84, 475-76, 478,

645-46 Wagner, Richard, 364 Walesa, Lech, 688 Wallace, Henry, 382-83 war communism, 59—60, 126 war scare of 1927, 215-16 Ward Number Seven (Tarsis), 587 Warsaw Pact, 563, 717-19

in Czechoslovakia invasion, 629 NATO forces compared to, 642 Warsaw uprising, 415—16 Washington Post, 639, 690, 705 Wavell, Archibald Persival, 410 We (Zamyatin), 195-96, 270 Webb, Beatrice, 257 Webb, Sydney, 257 Week, The (Libedinsky), 130-31 Weizsaecker, Ernest von, 330 What's Life from the Standpoint of Physics

(Schrodinger), 484 Welles, Sumner, 362 wheat production, 16 White Army, 78-79, 82-85, 86, 87, 91, 103

in Poland, 92-93 White Book, 683 Wilson, Edmund, 257, 258 Wilson, Woodrow, 123

Winter, Ella, 257 Witte, Sergei, 18 Wolf, Erwin, 352

Wojtyla, Carol Cardinal (Pope John

Paul II), 676 women's rights, 466—67 Worker and Theater, 292, 294 workers:

absenteeism of, 710 under Andropov, 708-9 benefits for, 475

under Brezhnev constitution, 686

canteens for, 226—27

from Central Asia, 672-73

in civil war, 98—99

food consumption of, 282—83

in free trade union movement, 689—90

under labor code, 259—60

material incentives for, 227

under NEP, 116, 127-28, 134-35

under 1940 labor laws, 321-22

in 1962 plant disturbances, 592-97

under 1983 law, 709-10

after October revolution, 56—58

pensions for, 558—59

political impact of, 478

in pre-World War I period, 17

productivity of, 57, 58, 116, 168, 478,

644-45 purchasing power of, 475—77 right to change jobs and, 558 shortage of, 226

in Stakhanovite movement, 282, 284

on state farms, 633—34

wages of, 168, 202, 283-84, 475-76,

478, 645-46 work week for, 224, 475, 559 during World War II, 376 Workers' Group, 165 Workers' Opposition, 129, 131, 279 World War I:

army authority crisis in, 19—20 army unprepared for, 18—19 Brest-Litovsk negotiations in, 51—52 Czech surrender in, 79 governmental instability in, 18 munitions shortage in, 19 October revolution as consequence of, 15

Russian civil war and, 89 World War II, 370-449 atomic bomb in, 441 Battle of Moscow in, 383-86 Battle of Stalingrad in, 399-402

casualties in, 443—45 Deportations during, 379—82 factories relocated in, 376—77 fall of France in, 351—52 German occupation of USSR in, 393— 399

German-Soviet border preparations in,

367-69 heroism in, 445 Japanese surrender in, 442 Kursk offensive in, 402—3 Leningrad Front in, 386—87 Nazi-Soviet pact in, 322-42, 348-50 Northwestern Front in, 387 partisans in, 397—99 Poland invaded in, 339-42, 349, 351 repatriation after, 450—52 second front issue in, 412 social conditions during, 374—83 Southwestern Front in, 388, 414—15 Soviet leadership errors in, 445—49 Soviet peace program in, 412—13 Soviet prisoners in, 389—90 Soviets warned of German invasion in,

360-67 Volga offensive in, 390—93 Western allies in, 410—16 Yalta conference on, 414, 416—26 Wrangel, Petr, 95, 98, 145 wrecker trials, 208, 228-30, 231-32 Writers' Union, 270, 275, 488-89, 580

Yagoda, Genrikh, 272, 278, 302, 304, 315

Yakhimovich, Ivan, 655—66 Yakir, Iona, 304, 307, 531, 582 Yakir, Petr, 582

arrest of, 663

in dissident movement, 662 Yakovlev, A., 169 Yakovlev, A. J., 536 Yakovlev, Nikolai, 500 Yakovlev, Yakov, 234 Yakubovich, Mikhail, 229 Yakunin, Father Gleb, 590 Yalta conference (1945), 414, 416-26 Yamada, General Otodzo, 441 Yaroslavsky, Emelyan, 175, 229 Yasnov, Mikhail, 536 Yellow House, The (Zinoviev), 656 Young Bukhara party, 111-12, 152 Young Communist League, 175 Young Guard, The (Fadeev), 487, 490

Young Russia party, 179, 180 youth:

disenchantment among, 611—13 Marxism-Leninism taught to, 612 "truth" meetings organized for, 612 youth circles, 583—85 Yudenich, Nikolai, 84 Yugoslav Communist party, 458, 562 Yugoslavia, 359-60, 365, 418, 562 Yurenev, Konstantin, 252 Yuri Dolgoruky, 10

zaandropit, 708

Zalkind, A., 291-92

Zalygin, Sergei, 680

Zamyatin, Evgeny, 56, 195-96, 197,

270-71 Zaporozhets, Aleksandr 368 Zaporozhets, Viktor, 277-78 Zarubin, NKVD General, 406, 407 Zaslavsky, V. I., 318 Zasulich, Vera, 67 Zatikyan, Stepan, 668 Zetkin, Clara, 114, 170-71 Zharov, Aleksandr, 196 Zhdanov, Andrei, 318

in Politburo rival groupings, 498—500 Zhebrak, Anton, 484 Zheleznyakov, Anatoly, 48, 53—54 Zhemchuzhina, Polina, 517 Zhilenkov, Georgy, 428, 432, 434 Zhivkov, Todor, 624 Zhizn Natsionalnostei, 154 Zhukov, Georgy, 369, 370, 384, 388, 400

Khrushchev and, 554—55 Zhukovsky, Nikolai, 141 Zhukovsky, Petr, 484 Zinoviev, Aleksandr, 656 Zinoviev, Grigory, 33, 37, 39, 46, 82,

123, 124, 125, 132, 138, 157, 160, 163, 166, 181, 252 as Comintern chairman, 210 on German Communists, 254—55 in prison, 279 "Secret Letter" of, 212 trial of, 304

in United Opposition, 181, 183, 188, 190, 205 Zionism, 501, 670-71 Zorin, S., 608

Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 200, 488 Zvezda, 489 Zweig, Stefan, 302 Zykov, Milety, 427-28, 432

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Mikhail Heller was born in 1922 and is a historian by profession, having received his Ph.D. and post-doctoral degrees in Historical Sciences. Since 1969 he has lived in Paris, where he teaches at the Sorbonne. Mikhail Heller's books include: The World of Concentration Camps and Soviet Literature (London: Overseas Pub­lications, 1974) and Andrei Platonov in Search of Happiness (Paris: IMCA Press, 1982). He has authored numerous articles on literary as well as historical topics.

Aleksandr M. Nekrich was born in 1920 and completed his doctoral and post­doctoral education in Historical Sciences. From 1950 to 1976, A. Nekrich was a Senior Scholar at the USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of History. Since 1976 he has been at Harvard's Russian Research Center. His works include: British Foreign Policy 1939—1941 (Moscow: Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 1964); June 22, 1941 (Moscow: Nauka Publishers, 1965); The Punished Peoples (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979); and Forsake Fear (London: Overseas Publications, 1979). Currently A. Nekrich is Editor-in-Chief of the analytical journal Obozrenie (Paris).