36. Pokrovsky, M. N., History of Russia, 11; Fustel de Coulanges questioned this—cf. Dopsch, 26.
37. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 186.
38. Mavor, J., Economic History of Russia, I, 15.
39. Kluchevsky, I, 88.
40. Rambaud, A., History of Russia, I, 84.
CHAPTER XIX
1. Paul the Deacon, History of the Longobards, i, 9.
2. Bury, Later Roman Empire, II, 299.
3. Munro and Sellery, 538.
4. Dante, Eleven Letters, 135.
5. Note by W. D. Foulke in Paul the Deacon, 309.
6. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 80.
7. Molmenti, P., Venice, I, I, 212-4.
8. Cambridge Medieval History, III, 170.
9. Pirenne, Medieval Cities, 110.
10. Ruskin, Stones of Venice, II, 55.
11. Lanciani, R., Ancient Rome, 57.
12. Ibid., 275.
13. Castiglione, 301.
14. Dozy, Spanish Islam, 440.
15. Coulton, G. G., Five Centuries of Religion, I, 174.
16. Hume, M., The Spanish People, 129; Spain, 191; Encyclopaedia Britannica, V, 699.
17. In Guizot, History of France, I, 171.
18. Ibid., 168.
19. Pirenne, Cities, 243; Voltaire, XIII, 131.
20. Freeman, E. A., Historical Essays, First Series, 179.
21. Cambridge Medieval History, II, 613.
22. Guizot, France, I, 229f; Guizot, History of Civilization, II, 193-6.
23. Pollock and Maitland, I, 117; Barnes, H. E., History of Western Civilization, I, 775.
24. Lea, Superstition and Force, 469.
25. Guizot, Civilization, II, 225f.
26. Capitulary of Charlemagne, year 803, #3, in Guizot, Civilization, II, 222.
27. In Pirenne, Cities, 166.
28. Ibid., 58; Cambridge Medieval History, II, 665; Rickard, Man and Metals, II, 510.
29. Cambridge Medieval History, II, 657.
30. Letter of Alcuin in William of Malmesbury, i, 3, p. 66.
31. Eginhard, Life of Charlemagne, 61.
32. Hodgkin, T., Life of Charlemagne, 312.
33. West, A. F., Alcuin, 55.
34. Eginhard, p. 14.
35. Ibid., 62.
36. Ibid., 64.
37. Capitulary of 802 in Bebel, A., Woman under Socialism, 60.
38. Eginhard, 33.
39. Bury, Eastern Empire, 318.
40. Eginhard, 56-8.
41. Raby, F. J., History of Secular Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages, I, 190.
42. Eginhard, 52.
43. Ibid., 48; Russell, C. E., Charlemagne, 262.
44. Guizot, France, I, 241.
45. Morey, C. R., Medieval Art, 207.
46. Ibid., 191.
47. Davis, Medieval England, 266.
48. Guizot, Civilization, II, 375.
49. Erigena, J. S., De divisione naturae, i, 69.
50. In Guizot, Civilization, II, 383.
51. Erigena, #517.
52. Ibid., #443.
53. #518.
54. #896.
55. #919-26, 937-40.
56. #861.
57. Poole, R. L., Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought, 61.
58. Guizot, Civilization, II, 388.
59. William of Malmesbury, ii, 4.
60. Guizot, France, I, 303.
61. Ibid., 311.
62. Ibid., 329.
63. Ibid., 336.
CHAPTER XX
1. Asser, Alfred the Great, 51.
2. Asser, 66, 78, 85.
3. Alfred, Preface to tr. of Gregory I’s Cura pastoralis, in Ogg, Source Book of Medieval History, 191.
4. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 176.
5. Boissonnade, Life and Work in Medieval Europe, 83.
6. Green, J. R., Conquest of England, 135, 329, 359-60.
7. Stubbs, W., Constitutional History of England, I, 146, 157.
8. Hume, D., History of England, I, 181.
9. Pollock and Maitland, II, 450.
10. William of Malmesbury in Coulton, G. G., Social Life in Britain, 20; Green, J. R., Making of England, 192.
11. Traill, H. D., Social England, I, 204.
12. Hume, D., History of England, I, 188.
13. Briffault, R., The Mothers, II, 419.
14. William of Malmesbury, i, 4.
15. Ibid., i, 2.
16. Ibid., ii, 5.
17. Bede, v, 24.
18. Ibid., i, 15.
19. Ibid., Introd., xvi.
20. Gordon, R. K., Anglo-Saxon Poetry, 81-2.
21. In Ker, W. P., Epic and Romance, 63.
22. Beowulf, xxxvii and xliii, in Gordon, Anglo-Saxon Poetry, 60, 70.
23. Bede, iv, 23.
24. Plummer, Life and Times of Alfred the Great, 14.
25. In Addison, J., Arts and Crafts in the Middle Ages, 4.
26. Aldhelme (c. 709) in Addison, 199.
27. Bede, iv, 18.
28. Freeman, E. A., Norman Conquest, II, 298.
29. William of Malmesbury, iii, 238; Ordericus Vitalis, Historia Ecclesiastic a, 492A; Freeman, Norman Conquest, II, 244.
30. Guizot, France, I, 345; Freeman, Norman Conquest, III, 320.
31. Mabinogion, 1f.
32. Hyde, Literary History of Ireland, 233.
33. Joyce, Short History of Ireland, 39-46.
34. Thompson, J. W., Economic History, 148.
35. Boissonnade, 78.
36. Joyce, 80.
37. Ibid., 163.
38. Ibid., 155, 158.
39. Hyde, 222.
40. Ibid., 239.
41. Ibid., 279f.
42. Thompson, Sir E. M., Introd. to Greek and Latin Palaeography, 374.
43. Joyce, 189-92.
44. Keating in Hyde, 488.
45. Horn, F. W., Literature of the Scandinavian North. 13; Cambridge Medieval History, II, 481.
46. Sturluson, S., Heimskringla, Harald the Fairhaired, ch. 3.
47. Ibid., Haakon the Good, ch. 23.
48. Ibid., Olaf Tryggvesson, ch. 7.
49. Ibid., ch. 92.
50. Ibid., ch. 87.
51. Ibid., St. Olaf, ch. 56, 131.
52. Ibid., ch. 74.
53. Ibid., Appendix to Olaf Tryggvesson’s Saga; Encyclopaedia Britannica, art. Columbus.
54. Beowulf, xxxv.
55. Sturluson, Son of Magnus, ch. 33; Du-Chaillu, P., The Viking Age, II, 370, 379.
56. Saxo Grammaticus, Danish History, I, 23.
57. Hastings, Encyclopedia, III, 499c.
58. DuChaillu, II, 1.
59. Haskins, Normans in European History, 36.
60. DuChaillu, I, 486.
61. Saxo, 25.
62. Thompson, J. W., The Middle Ages, I, 327.
63. Sturluson, Magnus the Good, ch. 16.
64. Sigfusson, Saemund, The Elder Edda, 22-56.
65. Ibid., 23.
66. 59.
67. 66.
68. 14.
69. 84.
70. 102.
71. 81.
72. 65.
73. 73.
74. 121.
75. 58.
76. 55-6.
77. 36.
78. 68.
79. Horn, Literature of the Scandinavian North, 41.
80. Faereyinga Saga in Ker, Epic and Romance, 236.
81. Sturluson, Olaf Tryggvesson’s Saga, ch. 9.
82. Sturluson, Ynglinga Saga, ch. 6. and note; Hodgkin, Charlemagne, 154; Saxo, 44.
83. Milman, III, 216. Milman persuasively defends the credibility of this account, which German historians deny.
84. Cambridge Medieval History, 270.
85. West, Alcuin, 127.
86. Raby, F. J. E., History of Christian Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages, 183.
87. Welch, Alice K., Of Six Medieval Women, 5.
88. Addison, Arts and Crafts, 16.
CHAPTER XXI
1. Cambridge Medieval History, I, 536.
2. In Russell, B., History of Western Philosophy, 379.
3. Rule of St. Benedict, ch. 3, in Ogg, 87.
4. Ch. 2.
5. Ch. 53.
6. Dudden, I, 111.
7. In Maitland, S. R., Dark Ages, 196-8.
8. In Dudden, I, 58.
9. Ibid., 289.
10. Bede, ii, 1.
11. Gregory of Tours, 227.
12. Dudden, I, 245.
13. Thompson, J. W., Middle Ages, I, 178.
14. Dudden, II, 156; McCabe, J., Story of Religious Controversy, 307.
15. Bede, ii, 1.
16. Ibid., 198.
17. Gregory I, Ep. xiii, 45, in Dudden, I, 278.
18. In Abélard, Ouvrages inédits, Quaestio, 1a.
19. Gregory I, Magna Moralia, in Dudden, II, 313.
20. Dialogues, iv, 7, in Dudden, I, 330.
21. Dudden, II, 434f.
22. Ibid., 38.
23. Thompson. T. W., Middle Ages, I, 178.
24. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 90.
25. Cambridge Medieval History, II, 690.
26. Funk, I, 287; Cambridge Medieval History, V, 710.
27. In Milman, III, 25.
28. Gibbon, IV, 82.
29. Sarton, I, 555.
30. Poole, R. L., Illustrations, 20.
31. Taylor, H. O., Medieval Mind, I, 136.
32. Dudden, I, 86.
33. Ibid.
34. Montalembert, Comte de, Monks of the West, I, 553.
35. Guizot, Civilization, II, 113-9; Toynbee, A. J., Study of History, II, 331.
36. Waddell, H., Wandering Scholars, 34.
37. Bede, i, 17.
38. William of Malmesbury, i, 2.
39. Bede, i, 30.
40. Bede, Letter to Egbert.
41. Green, Making of England, 413.
42. Gibbon, V, 534.
43. Coulton, Five Centuries of Religion, I, 222.
44. Ibid., 352.
45. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 662.
46. Ibid., III, 67.
47. Milman, III, 111.
48. Cambridge Medieval History, III, 455.
49. Milman, III, 160; McCabe, Crises in the History of the Papacy, 128f.
50. Ibid., 131, quoting the Liber Pontificalis.
51. Milman, III, 171; Cambridge Medieval History, III, 455.
52. Milman, III, 178.
53. Ibid., 185f.
54. Sandvs, Sir John, Companion to Latin Studies, 847.
55. Vincent of Beauvais, Spec. Hist., in Milman, III, 221.
56. Thorndike, Magic and Experimental Science. T. 704.
57. Cambridge Medieval History, III, 199.
58. Hulme. E. M., Middle Ages, 339; Coulton, G. G., Life in the Middle Ages, I, 1; Sarton. I, 734.
59. Funk, I, 262.
60. Stephens. W. R. W.. Hildebrand, 14; Milman, III. 230: McCabe, Crises, 140.
61. Cambridge Medieval History, 510.
62. Guizot, France, I, 160.
63. Porter, A. K., Medieval Architecture, II, 2.
64. Ibid.
65. Carlvle, R. W., History of Medieval Political Theory in the West, IV, 52.
66. Coulton, Five Centuries of Religion, IV, 187.
67. Coulton, From St. Francis to Dante, a tr. of The Chronicle of Salimbene, 286.
68. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 9-10.
69. Catholic Encyclopedia, I, 156.
70. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 12.
71. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 210.
72. Lecky, Morals, II, 237.
73. Lea, History of Auricular Confessions, I, 46.
74. Letter to Egbert in Bede, p. 4.
75. Catholic Encyclopedia, III, 486.
76. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 268.
77. Ibid., 272.
78. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 194, 223; Thompson, Social and Economic History, 662.
79. Lea, Celibacy, 226.
80. Bryce, Jas., Holy Roman Empire, 158.
81. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 99.
82. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 663.
83. Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 55.
84. Letter of Gregory VII to William I of England, 1080, in Bryce, 160.
85. Catholic Encyclopedia, X, 871c.
86. Figgis, Political Aspects of St. Augustine’s City of God, 88.
87. Catholic Encyclopedia, X, 871c.
88. Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, IV, 64.
89. Stephens, Hildebrand, 116.
90. Thatcher and McNeal, 159.
91. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 74f.
CHAPTER XXII
1. Lot, End of the Ancient World, 125.
2. Dopsch, 283.
3. Seebohm, F., English Village Community, 126f, 179.
4. Seignobos, C., Feudal Regime, 34; Barnes, Economic History, 139.
5. Clapham and Power, 237-8.
6. Letters, iv, 2.
7. Coulton, G. G., Medieval Village, 151.
8. McCabe, Story of Religious Controversy, 325.
9. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 679.
10. Coulton, Medieval Village, 492.
11. Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 322.
12. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I IIae, xciv, 5.
13. Decree of Fourth Council of Orléans, in Dopsch, 250.
14. Lecky, Morals, II, 70; Sarton, II (ii), 799; but cf. Catholic Encyclopedia, XIV, 38.
15. Ashley, Introd. to English Economic History, II, 276.
16. Coulton, Medieval Village, 59.
17. Westermarck, E., Short History of Marriage, 14; Coulton, Medieval Village, 80.
18. Seignobos, 14; Coulton, Medieval Village, 464.
19. Bebel, 57.
20. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 721.
21. Coulton, Life in the Middle Ages, III, 123-5.
21a. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 722.
22. Seignobos, 21.
23. Coulton, Medieval Village, 65.
24. Cram, R. A., Substance of Gothic, 181.
25. Lynn White, Jr., in Speculum, Apr. 1940, p. 151.
26. Taine, H., Ancient Regime, 9; Carlyle, T., Past and Present, 55f.
27. Barnes, Economic History, 145.
28. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 741.
29. Coulton, Medieval Village, 311-18.
30. Ibid., 21, 243.
31. Coulton, Panorama, 92.
32. Speculum, Apr. 1940, 154.
33. Ibid., 155.
34. Chateaubriand, Vicomte de, The Genius of Christianity, iv, 1.4.
35. Coulton, Medieval Village, 119.
36. Lacroix, Paul, Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages, 165.
37. Hitti, History of the Arabs, 663; Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 131.
38. Lacroix, Paul, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 299f.
39. Beaumanoir in Seignobos, 55.
40. Coulton, Panorama, 50.
41. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 131.
42. Thompson, Feudal Germany, 301.
43. Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, 463.
44. Pollock and Maitland, II, 242.
45. Maine, Sir H., Ancient Law, 135.
46. Coulton, Medieval Village, 528.
47. Jenks, E., Law and Politics in the Middle Ages, 23.
48. Coulton, Medieval Village, 187.
49. Lea, Superstition and Force, 286, 297, 314.
50. Coulton, Panorama, 379.
51. Lea, Superstition, 178.
52. Ibid., 140f, 179.
53. Seignobos, 79.
54. Lea, Superstition, 129.
55. Sumner, W. G., Folkways, 522.
56. Barnes, Western Civilization, I, 798.
57. Seignobos, 81.
58. Coulton, Medieval Village, 248.
59. Lacroix, Military Life, 49.
60. Davis, W. S., Life on a Medieval Barony, 176.
61. Coulton, From St. Francis to Dante, 20.
62. Seignobos, 74.
63. Coulton, Chaucer and His England, 199.
64. Coulton, Panorama, 247.
65. Prestage, E., Chivalry, 72.
66. Speculum, Apr. 1930, 189.
67. Thorndike, Magic and Science, II, 31.
68. Hoover, H., and Gibbons, H. A., Conditions of a Lasting Peace, 29.
69. Prestage, 75.
70. Coulton, Panorama, 239.
71. Traill, I, 379.
72. In Briffault, Mothers, III, 383, 394-5.
73. Bebel, 63.
74. Prestage, 9.
75. Rowbotham, 283.
76. Prestage, 98.
77. Davis, Life on a Medieval Barony, 77.
78. Vossler, K., Medieval Culture, I, 299; Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 562.
79. Miss Amy Kelly in Speculum, Jan. 1937, 5.
80. Rowbotham, 224, 235.
81. Ibid., 249.
82. Ibid., 245.
83. In Vossler, I, 323.
CHAPTER XXIII
1. Thompson, Middle Ages, I, 565.
2. LeStrange, Palestine under the Moslems, 202.
3. Coulton, Panorama, 327.
4. Lacroix, Military and Religious Life, 108.
5. Ogg, 282-8.
6. William of Malmesbury, 358.
7. Chanson de Roland, 11. 848f, in French Classics, Paris, n.d., Lib. Hatier.
8. Munro, D. C., in N. Y. Herald Tribune, Apr. 26, 1931.
9. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 389.
10. Guizot, France, I, 384.
11. Lacroix, P., History of Prostitution, 904.
12. Guizot, France, 388.
13. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 334.
14. Gibbon, VI, 72.
15. Gesta Francorum, app.
16. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 396.
17. Gibbon, VI, 75.
18. William of Tyre, Siege of Jerusalem, ch. clxi.
19. In Taylor, Medieval Mind, I, 551.
20. Albertus Aquens in Milman, IV, 38n.
21. Thompson, Economic History, 397.
22. Archer and Kingsford, Crusades, 171.
23. Milman, IV, 251.
24. William of Tyre, xxi, 7.
25. Archer, 176.
26. Muir, Caliphate, 578.
27. Guizot, France, 427f; Cambridge Medieval History, V, 307.
28. Adams, B., Law of Civilization and Decay, 94.
29. In Munro and Sellery, 275f.
30. Lane-Poole, Saladin, 175.
31. Ibid., 205f.
32. 232.
33. 246.
34. De Vaux, Carra, Penseurs d’Islam, I, 26.
35. Guizot, France, 439f; Gibbon, VI, 119.
36. Lane-Poole, Saladin, 307.
37. Ibid., 351f.
38. 357.
39. Ibid.
40. De Vaux, I, 27.
41. Lane-Poole, Saladin, 367.
42. Giraldus Cambrensis, Itinerary through Wales, i, 3.
43. Adams, Civilization and Decay, 133.
44. Gibbon, ed. Bury, VI, 528.
45. Villehardouin, Introd:, xvii.
46. Adams, Civilization and Decay, 130.
47. Gibbon, VI, 100.
48. Oman, C. W. C., Byzantine Empire, 280-2.
49. Robert of Clari in Villehardouin, Introd., xxiv.
50. Villehardouin, 31.
51. Jackson, Sir T. C., Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, I, 101.
52. Diehl, Manuel, 635.
53. Dalton, Byzantine Art, 538.
54. Gibbon, VI, 171.
55. Beard, Miriam, History of the Business Man, 109.
56. Encyclopaedia Britannica, VI, 788; MacLaurin, C., Mere Mortals, II, 215f.
57. Kantorowicz, E., Frederick II, 185f.
58. Villehardouin, 177.
59. Ibid., 220.
60. 320.
61. Day, Clive, History of Commerce, 88.
62. Hitti, 346.
63. Guizot, Civilization, I, 534.
64. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 152.
65. Speculum, Oct. 1938, 391.
66. In Gibbon, VI, I, 25n.
67. Speculum, Oct. 1938, 403.
68. Hitti, 665.
69. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 60.
CHAPTER XXIV
1. Day, Commerce, 57; Pirenne, Medieval Cities, 87.
2. Boissonnade, 173.
3. Thompson, Economic History, 577.
4. Speculum, Apr. 1940, 145.
5. Boissonnade, 173.
6. Coulton, Panorama, 325.
7. Ibid., 322.
8. Beard, 79.
9. Zimmern, H., The Hansa Towns, 183.
10. Ibid., 95.
11. Ibid., 152, 200.
12. Thompson, J. W., Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages, 451.
13. Id., Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 581.
14. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 478.
15. Gest, A. P., Roman Engineering, 142.
16. Haskins, C. H., Studies in Medieval Culture, 101.
17. Usher, History of Inventions, 125.
18. Thompson, Later Middle Ages, 504.
19. Hitti, 667.
20. Rickard, Man and Metals, II, 561.
21. Salzman, L. F., English Industries of the Middle Ages, 1.
22. Rickard, II, 595.
23. Ibid., 615.
24. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 500.
25. Renard, G., Guilds in the Middle Ages, 24.
26. Pirenne, H., Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, 211.
27. Thompson, J. W., Later Middle Ages, 5.
28. Boissonnade, 187.
29. Ibid., 186.
30. Pirenne, H., Economic History, 113.
31. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 198.
32. Schoenhof, J., History of Money and Prices, 98.
33. Jusserand, J. J., English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages, 192.
34. Boissonnade, 221.
35. Coulton, Panorama, 285.
36. Id., Five Centuries of Religion, V, 282.
37. Pirenne, Economic History, 120.
38. Coulton, Panorama, 343.
39. Boissonnade, 167.
40. Pirenne, 128.
41. Pirenne, Cities, 223.
42. Matthew Paris, Historia maior, 1235, I, p. 2.
43. Ashley, English Economic History and Theory, I, 201.
44. Pirenne, Economic History, 130.
45. Ibid., 135.
46. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 15.
47. Ibid.
48. Id., Later Middle Ages, 449; Day, 93.
49. Schoenhof, 63.
50. Ibid., 57; Thompson, Later Middle Ages, 432.
51. Adams, Law of Civilization, 167.
52. Lacroix, Manners, Customs, and Dress, 272.
53. Davis, Medieval England, 376.
54. Zimmern, Hansa, 165; Thompson, Later Middle Ages, 449.
55. Molmenti, Venice, Part I, Vol. I, 149; Thompson, Later Middle Ages, 420, 452; Crump, C. G., Legacy of the Middle Ages, 441.
56. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 246; Later Middle Ages, 449-50.
57. Aristotle, Politics, i, 10.
58. Luke vi, 34.
59. In Ashley, English Economic History and Theory, I, 126.
60. Ibid., 128.
61. Ibid.
62. 158.
63. 149.
64. 411.
65. Coulton, G. G., Medieval Scene, 146.
66. Ashley, I, 149, 157.
67. Ibid., II, 405.
68. Pirenne, Economic History, 137.
69. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 638.
70. Coulton, Medieval Village, 284.
71. Pirenne, Economic History, 129.
72. Ashley, I, 198.
73. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 491.
74. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, II IIae, lxxviii, 2.
75. Ashley, I, 196; Coulton, Panorama, 336.
76. Boissonnade, 166.
77. Ashley, I, 203.
78. Abbott, G. F., Israel in Egypt, 112.
79. Baron, S., Social and Religious History of the Jews, II, 16.
80. Rivoira, G., Lombardic Architecture, I, 108.
81. Dopsch, 338.
82. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 484.
83. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 792.
84. Lethaby, W., Medieval Art, 145.
85. Richard, E., History of German Civilization, 195; Lacroix, Manners, 271.
86. Saunders, O. E., History of English Art in the Middle Ages, 85.
87. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 493.
88. Id., Later Middle Ages, 196.
89. Day, 47.
90. Coulton, Medieval Scene, 92.
91. Walsh, J. J., Thirteenth the Greatest of Centuries, 437.
92. Barnes, Economic History, 184; Renard, Guilds, 37.
93. Ashley, I, 81.
94. Addison, J., Arts and Crafts, 2.
95. Power, Eileen, and Power, R., Cities and Their Stories, 74.
96. Bebel, 59.
97. Villari, P., Two First Centuries of Florentine History, 35.
98. Guibert of Nogent, Autobiography, 6-bis, 7-9.
99. Pirenne, H., History of Europe, 276.
100. Boissonnade, 207; Renard, Guilds, 62; Coulton, Panorama, 293; Schevill, Siena, 68.
101. Barnes, Economic History, 162-3.
102. Day, 51.
103. Headlam, C., Story of Nuremberg, 152.
104. Salzman, 335.
105. Pirenne, Economic History, 213.
106. Coulton, Chaucer, 128; Medieval Village, 329.
107. Boissonnade, 237.
108. Pirenne, Cities, 75.
109. Barnes, Economic History, 163.
110. Clapham and Power, 337.
111. Ibid.
112. Matthew Paris, I, 11, 42, 48, 156, 164, etc.
113. Coulton, Panorama, 456.
114. Porter, Medieval Architecture, II, 149.
115. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 801.
116. Guizot, France, I, 614.
117. Beard, 85.
118. In Zimmern, Hansa, 49.
119. Coulton, Social Life in Britain, 101; Schoenhof, 125.
120. Rogers, J. E. T., Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 92; Jusserand, 99; Schoenhof 119.
121. Rogers, 73; Renard, 16.
122. Matthew Paris, 1251; Milman, VI, 57f; Lea, H. C., History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, I, 270.
123. Munro and Sellery, 468.
124. Pirenne, Economic History, 203.
125. Ashley, I, 82.
126. Ralph Higben’s Chronicle, viii, 145, in Coulton, Social Life, 356.
127. Beard, 145.
CHAPTER XXV
1. Benjamin of Tudela in Komroff, Contemporaries, 265; Diehl, Manuel, 390.
2. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 760.
3. Vasiliev, A. A., History of the Byzantine Empire, II, 151.
4. Matt. Paris, Chronica maiora, v, 38; Historia minor, iii, 38-9, in Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 493.
5. Vasiliev, II, 237, 241.
6. Finlay, G., History of Greece, III, 372.
7. Kluchevsky, I, 185; Pokrovsky, 78.
8. Rambaud, I, 96.
9. Vernadsky, G., Kievan Russia, 93-5.
10. Rambaud, I, 129; Kluchevsky, I, 323.
11. Vasiliev, II, 237.
12. Rambaud, I, 154.
13. Affirmed by Karamsin, denied by Soloviev, cf. Rambaud, I, 169.
14. Rambaud, I, 172.
15. Morey, Medieval Art, 158f.
16. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 468.
17. Lönnrot, E., Kalevala, I, vii.
18. Rambaud, I, 144.
19. Lützow, Bohemia, 44.
20. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 348.
21. Richard, German Civilization, 186; Thompson, Feudal Germany, 161.
22. Richard, 186.
23. Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, V, 88; III, 89.
24. Freeman, Norman Conquest, II, 181.
25. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 168.
26. Ibid., 163.
27. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 274.
28. Hume, D., History of England, I, 504.
29. Davis, Medieval England, 355; Milman, IV, 298, 302.
30. Stubbs, Constitutional History, I, 309; Freeman, Norman Conquest, IV, 430.
31. Ibid., 714.
32. Vinogradoff, P., English Society in the Eleventh Century, 472; Coulton, Medieval Village, 11.
33. Stubbs, I, 330.
34. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XI, 432.
35. Cf. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 206-8.
36. Coulton, Life, III, 5-7; Panorama, 229.
37. Pollock and Maitland, I, 104; Freeman, Historical Essays, 2d Series, 114.
38. Text in Rowbotham, 62.
39. Coulton, Panorama, 231.
40. Hume, D., I, 478.
41. Holinshed, Chronicle, 18.
42. Ogg, 304-10
43. Jenks, 35.
44. Pollock and Maitland, I, 138.
45. Encyclopaedia Britannica, VIII, 9a.
46. Draper, Intellectual Development of Europe, II, 81.
47. Pollock and Maitland, I, 465; II, 398.
48. Coulton, Panorama, 379.
49. Home, Roman London, 118.
50. Speculum, Jan. 1937, 20.
51. Coulton, Panorama, 297.
52. Joyce, Ireland, 246-8; Hume, I, 356. Cardinal Gasquet (Monastic Life in the M. Ages, 169) argues unconvincingly against the authenticity of this bull.
53. In Coulton, Panorama, 66.
54. Brown, P. H., History of Scotland, I, 88.
55. Thierry, A., Conquest of England by the Normans, I, 21.
56. Blok, P. J., History of … the Netherlands, I, 230.
57. May, Sir T., Democracy in Europe, I, 338-9.
58. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XXI, 912c.
59. Guizot, France, I, 524.
60. Ibid., 312.
61. 522.
62. Belloc, Paris, 154.
63. Adams, H., Mont St. Michel and Chartres, 177.
64. Joinville, Chronicle, 153.
65. Lacroix, Manners, 32.
66. In Munro and Sellery, 520.
67. Joinville, 308.
68. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 347.
69. Joinville, 139.
70. Taylor, H. O., Medieval Mind, I, 365.
71. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 349.
72. Joinville, 149.
73. Ibid., 310; Guizot, France, I, 556; Munro and Sellery, 496.
74. Joinville, 316.
75. Munro and Sellery, 498.
76. Joinville, 148.
77. Munro and Sellery, 493, 500.
78. Guizot, France, I, 543.
79. Joinville, 150.
80. Guizot, Civilization, I, 184; Lacroix, Manners, 234.
81. Coulton, From St. Francis, 140.
82. Guizot, France, I, 452.
83. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 44; Porter, Medieval Architecture, II, 264.
84. Thompson, 40.
85. Ibid., 22.
86. Hearnshaw, F., Medieval Contributions to Modern Civilization, 67; Encyclopaedia Britannica, X, 702b; Hearnshaw, Social and Political Ideas of Some Great Medieval Thinkers, 145, 157, 163.
87. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 409.
88. Thompson, 349.
89. Chapman, C. E., History of Spain, 90; Carlyle, R. W., Political Theory, V, 134.
90. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 695-702.
91. Pirenne, J., Les grands courants, II, 157.
92. Lea, H. C., History of the Inquisition in Spain, I, 58.
93. Sterling, M. B., Story of Parzival, 20f.
94. Milman, V, 61.
CHAPTER XXVI
1. In Waern, Sicily, 36.
2. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 131.
3. Sarton, II(1), 119.
4. In Waern, 50f.
5. Bryce, 292.
6. Catholic Encyclopedia, I, 749a.
7. Hazlitt, W. C., Venetian Republic, I, 190f.
8. Molmenti, I(1), 82.
9. Ibid., 84.
10. 145.
11. Thompson, Economic History of the Later Middle Ages, 11.
12. Beard, 107.
13. Ruskin, Stones of Venice, I, 8.
14. Beard, 102-5.
15. Dante, Eleven Letters, 160, letter of March 1314 to Guido da Polenta.
16. Molmenti, I(2), 49, 53.
17. Ibid., 9, 13-15; Sedgwick, H. D., Italy in the Thirteenth Century, II, 200.
18. Molmenti, I(2), 139, 154, 157.
19. Molmenti, I(1), 204.
20. Beard, 146.
21. Coulton, From St. Francis, 215.
22. Ibid.
23. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 421.
24. Sedgwick, I, 175.
25. Thompson, 441; Cambridge Medieval History, V, 230.
26. Kantorowicz, 26.
27. Ibid., 30.
28. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 137.
29. Kantorowicz, 204.
30. Ibid., 219.
31. 282.
32. 310.
33. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 150.
34. Kantorowicz, 288.
35. Ibid., 529.
36. Pirenne, J., Grands courants, II, 114; Kantorowicz, 311.
37. Ibid., 307.
38. 355.
39. 195.
40. Matt. Paris, 1238, 157.
41. Ibid.
42. Sedgwick, I, 133; Kantorowicz, 308.
43. Ibid., 251.
44. 343.
45. 460.
46. 615.
47. 624-32.
48. Nietzsche, F., Beyond Good and Evil, #200.
49. Kantorowicz, 611.
50. Sedgwick, I, 440; Kantorowicz, 332.
51. Ibid., 292.
52. Milman, VI, 240f.
53. Renard, 24; Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 496.
54. Thompson, Later Middle Ages, 259.
55. Beard, 140.
56. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 471.
57. Villari, First Centuries of Florentine History, 178.
58. Ibid., 221.
59. 498.
CHAPTER XXVII
1. In Coulton, Social Life, 15.
2. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, lxiv, 4.
3. In Coulton, Five Centuries of Religion, I, 60.
4. Ibid., 31.
5. Gregory I, Dialogues, iv, 30, 35, in Lecky, Morals, II, 220.
6. Ibid., 221.
7. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, I, 723; Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 71.
8. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Supplement, xcvii, 5, 7.
9. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, III, 384.
10. Ibid., 385.
11. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 40.
12. Gregory I, Dialogues, i, 4, in Dudden, II, 367.
13. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 445-9; II, 665.
14. Coulton, Panorama, 416.
15. Id., Social Life, 337.
16. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, I, 722.
17. Coulton, Panorama, 416.
18. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 635.
19. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 19.
20. Id., Panorama, 417.
21. Id., Medieval Village, 241.
22. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, xxiii, 7.
23. Coulton, Life, I, 54.
24. Lecky, Morals, II, 220.
25. In Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 18.
26. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 322.
27. Dudden, II, 427.
28. Renan, E., Poetry of the Celtic Races, 177.
29. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 75.
30. Id., Inquisition and Liberty, 2.
31. John of Salisbury, Metalogicus, vii, 2.
32. In Munro and Sellery, 489.
33. Giraldus Cambrensis, Gemma Ecclesiastica, ii, 24, in Robertson, J. M., Short History of Free Thought, II, 311.
34. Ibid., i, 51, in Robertson, II, 311.
35. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, III, 558.
36. Coulton, Social Life, 218; Five Centuries, 1, 71.
37. Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum Morale, ii, 3.6; ii, 1.11.
38. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 31.
39. Coulton, The Inquisition, 62.
40. Quoted by Berthold of Regensburg in Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 72.
41. Aucassin et Nicolette, line 22.
42. Coulton, Panorama, 17.
43. Id., Five Centuries, I, 303.
44. Reese, G., Music in the Middle Ages, 110.
45. Wright, Th., The Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry, prologue, and ch. 35. 174.
46. Coulton, Village, 254.
47. Raby, Christian Latin Poetry, 358.
48. Durand, Rationale divinorum officiorum, in Raby, 357.
49. Raby, 356.
50. Giraldus Cambrensis, Itinerary, i, 2.
51. Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum Historiale, vi, 99, in Coulton, Life, i, 1.
52. Caesar of Heisterbach, ii, 170.
53. Ibid.
54. Milman, III, 242.
55. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 300.
56. Moore, Judaism, II, 4.
57. Catholic Encyclopedia, I, 634.
58. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 136.
59. In Spengler, O., Decline of the West, II, 295.
60. Voltaire, III, 137.
61. Lea, Auricular Confession, II, 443.
62. Ibid., III, 285.
63. Catholic Encyclopedia, VII, 787.
64. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 678; Funk, I, 379.
65. Adams, B., Law of Civilization and Decay, 64.
66. Lanfranc, De corpore et sanguine Domini, in Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 678.
66a. Lacroix, Military, 454.
67. Matt, vi, 7.
68. Encyclopaedia Britannica, VI, 795.
69. Montalembert, I, 57.
70. Male, E., L’art religieux du XIIIe siècle en France, 309-11.
71. Coulton, Panorama, 107.
72. Coulton, Life, I, 168.
73. Addison, Arts, 65.
74. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 94.
75. Haskins, Renaissance of Twelfth Century, 235.
76. Jusserand, 327.
77. Ibid.
78. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 106.
79. Clavijo, G. de, Embassy to Tamerlane, 7, 63, 81.
80. Coulton, Five Centuries, V, 105.
81. Ibid., IV, 120.
82. V, 99.
83. Coulton, Five, IV, 98.
84. Ibid., 116.
85. 111.
86. Haskins, Renaissance, 235.
87. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 121.
88. Funk, J, 297.
89. Howard, C., Sex Worship, 78-93; Coulton, Life, IV, 209-10.
90. Davis, Medieval England, 202; Frazer, Sir J., Magic Art, II, 370.
91. Weigall, A., The Paganism in Our Christianity, 131.
92. Adams, H., Mont St. Michel, 91.
93. Coulton, From St. Francis, 119.
94. In Adams, H., 262.
95. Ibid., 93, 254.
96. 259.
97. 258.
98. Funk, I, 296.
99. Catholic Encyclopedia, IX, 791d.
100. Julian Ribera in Thorndike, Short History of Civilization, 350.
101. For tr. of Dies irae cf. Van Doren, M., Anthology, 460.
102. Gibbon, VI, 494f
103. Renard, 42; Brentano in Smith, T., English Guilds, lxxxv.
104. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 674; Barnes, Economic History, 164.
105. Catholic Encyclopedia, V, 679.
106. Villari, 161.
107. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 333; Medieval Village, 294.
108. Ibid.
109. Maine, Ancient Law, 132.
110. Coulton, Panorama, 172, 293; From St. Francis, 293; Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 283; Matthew Paris, I, 83.
111. Davis, Medieval England, 28.
112. Coulton, Panorama, 137, 154.
113. Id., Medieval Village, 295.
114. Ibid., 303; id., Panorama, 197, 204; Social Life, 213; Life, III, 39.
115. Lecky, Morals, II, 335.
116. Coulton, Panorama, 129.
117. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, I, 3.
118. Thatcher, 165-6.
119. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 543.
119a. Jewish Encyclopedia, I, 550.
120. Lea, op. cit., I, 13.
121. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 8.
122. Ibid., 3; Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 303.
123. Carlyle, R. W., Political Theory, V, 157, 182.
124. Ibid., 162.
125. Encyclopaedia Britannica, II, 370a.
126. Clayton, J., Pope Innocent III, 181.
127. Walsh, J., Thirteenth Century, 370.
128. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 2.
129. In Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, I, 129.
130. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 694.
131. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XII, 370b.
132. Coulton, From St. Francis, 275.
133. Funk, I, 358.
134. Coulton, From St. Francis, 277.
135. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 120.
136. Luke Wadding in Coulton, From St. Francis, 277.
137. Ibid., 225.
138. Coulton, Panorama, 165.
139. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 688.
140. Voltaire, XIII, 130.
141. Clapham and Power, 189.
142. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 17.
143. Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 303; Thompson, Economic Middle Ages, 689.
144. Id., Feudal Germany, 19.
145. Boissonnade, 82, 243.
146. Ibid., Lacroix, Manners, 12.
147. Fisher, H. L., Medieval Empire, II, 64.
148. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 692.
149. Ibid., 691.
150. Id., Later Middle Ages, 12.
151. Funk, I, 355.
152. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, III, 624.
153. Lavisse, E., Histoire de France, III, 318.
154. Matthew Paris, I, 50.
155. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 522.
156. Coulton, Life, I, 36.
157. Milman, V, 139.
158. Porter, Medieval Architecture, II, 164; Coulton, Social Life, 215.
159. Cf. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, I, 21-30, for many instances of ecclesiastical self-reform.
CHAPTER XXVIII
1. Coulton, From St. Francis, 12.
2. Beer, M., Social Struggles in the Middle Ages, 135, 177.
3. Luchaire in Munro and Sellery, 438.
4. Ibid.; Beer, 133.
5. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XXIII, 288b.
6. Coulton, Panorama, 463.
7. Vacandard, Inquisition, 70.
8. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 662.
9. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 21.
10. Sabatier, Life of St. Francis, 43.
11. Matthew Paris, I, 66.
12. Vacandard, 83.
13. Ibid., 74.
14. 91.
15. Luchaire, 444.
16. Vacandard, 77; Beer, 129-31.
17. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 79; Vacandard, 97; Luchaire, 441.
18. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 70; Vacandard, 73; Morey, Medieval Art, 255.
19. Vacandard, 77.
20. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, 1, 103.
21. Rowbotham, 293.
22. Luchaire, 434.
23. Ibid., 436.
24. Lea, I, 120, 133.
25. Thatcher, 209.
26. Lea, I, 139.
27. Ibid., 141.
28. Ibid.
29. 146.
30. 153.
31. 154.
32. Guizot, France, I, 507; Coulton, Life, I, 68.
33. Lea, I, 162.
34. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 490.
35. Lea, 554.
36. Maimonides, Guide to the Perplexed, III, introd., xli.
37. Vacandard, 48.
38. Ibid.
39. 63.
40. 68.
41. Sumner, Folkways, 238.
42. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 28c.
43. Lea, 237.
44. Vacandard, 63.
45. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 49.
46. Vacandard, 37.
47. Lea, 69.
48. Nickerson, H., Inquisition, 61.
49. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 689; Jusserand, 280.
50. Lea, 318.
51. Ibid., 321.
52. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 49.
53. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 29a; Vacandard, 52.
54. Ibid., 119.
55. Coulton, Inquisition, 59; Inquisition and Liberty, 66.
56. Vacandard, 61.
57. Sarton, II (2), 546.
58. Vacandard, 183.
59. Ibid., 163.
60. Davis, Medieval England, 406.
61. Thatcher, 309.
62. Lea, 371; Vacandard, 190.
63. Lea, 381.
64. Ibid., 436.
65. 317.
66. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 31d.
67. Lea, 441.
68. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 31c.
69. Lea, 441.
70. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 32b.
71. Ibid., 32d.
72. Ibid.
73. Coulton, Inquisition, 86.
74. Vacandard, 183.
75. Lea, II, 97.
76. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 33d.
77. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 723; Vacandard, 203.
78. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 689.
79. Vacandard, 144, 178.
80. Lea, I, 549.
81. Ibid., 550.
82. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 723; Vacandard, 196; Lea, I, 551.
83. Ibid., 393.
84. 113.
CHAPTER XXIX
1. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 603.
2. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV. 15.
3. Gilson, E., Philosophy of St. Bonaventure, 31.
4. Coulton, Life, IV, 98.
5. In Coulton, From Francis, 70.
6. Coulton, Life, IV, 238.
7. Lea, I, 35.
8. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 604.
9. Milman, IV, 259.
10. Coulton, Life, IV, 155.
11. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 96, 367-77.
12. In Coulton, Life, IV, 199.
13. Caesar of Heisterbach, i, 249, in Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 377; Jocelyn’s Chronicle, in Carlyle, Th., Past and Present, p. 72.
14. Waddell, H., Wandering Scholars, 210.
15. Taylor, Medieval Mind, I, 268.
16. Ibid., 430.
17. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 183.
18. Lacroix, Paul, History of Prostitution, 692.
19. Cf. Longfellow’s “Golden Legend.”
20. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 675.
21. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 612.
22. Etienne de Bourbon, Anecdotes, in Coulton, Five Centuries, 1, 79.
23. Ogg, 258.
24. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 308.
25. Ibid., IV, 165.
26. I, 304.
27. Munro and Sellery, 410.
28. In Gilson, É., La philosophie au moyen âge, I, 92.
29. W. B. Yeats, Introd. to Tagore, R., Gitanjali, xviii.
30. Munro and Sellery, 412.
31. Ibid.
32. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 305.
33. Ibid., 391.
34. 336.
35. 387.
36. Jörgensen, St. Francis, 12.
37. In Sabatier, 149.
38. Jörgensen, 21.
39. Sabatier, 26; Bonaventure, Life of St. Francis, ch. 1.
40. Sabatier, 59f.
41. Mirror of Perfection, ch. 14.
42. Tres Socii, 35, in Sabatier, 74.
43. Mirror, ch. 69.
44. Ibid., ch. 11.
45. Ibid.
46. Coulton, Panorama, 529.
47. Tres Socii, 38-41.
48. Little Flowers of St. Francis, ch. 8.
49. Ibid., ch. 9.
50. Mirror, ch. 61.
51. Ibid., chs. 29-35.
52. Ibid., ch. 114
53. Little Flowers, ch. 22.
54. Ch. 16.
55. Sabatier, 97.
56. Arnold, M., Essays in Criticism, First Series, 155.
57. Little Flowers, ch. 11.
58. Ch. 24.
59. Sabatier, 229.
60. Ibid., 227.
61. Dr. E. F. Hartung in Time, Mar. 11, 1935.
62. Mirror, ch. 116.
63. Ch. 120.
64. Faure, É., Medieval Art, 398.
65. Text of the will in Sabatier, 337.
66. Milman, V, 242.
67. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 737f.
68. Matt. Paris, ii, 443, in Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 170.
69. Ibid., 388.
70. Coulton, From Francis, 101-2.
71. Ibid.
72. Funk, I, 370.
73. Crump, 413.
74. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 105.
75. Power, E., Medieval People, 64.
76. Little Flowers, ch. 33.
77. E.g., Nun’s Rule (Ancren Riwle), 105, 185.
78. Cf. pp. 294-6.
79. Montalembert, II, 703.
80. Ibid.
81. Lea, Celibacy, 264.
82. Taylor, Medieval Mind, I, 492.
83. Coulton, Panorama, 622.
84. Power, Medieval People, 80.
85. Ibid.
86. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, III, 10-17.
87. Lea, I, 272.
88. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 789.
89. Sabatier, 52.
90. Lea, II, 326.
91. Coulton, Life, III, 54; Kantorowicz, 419.
92. Sabatier, 52; Taylor, Medieval Mind, I, 460.
93. Milman, VI, 123.
94. Coulton, Life, I, 205.
95. Catholic Encyclopedia, II, 662d.
96. Ibid., 663.
97. Thatcher, 311.
98. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 7-8.
99. Milman, VI, 282; Coulton, Panorama, 212.
100. Guizot, France, I, 591.
101. Catholic Encyclopedia, II, 666c.
102. Ibid., 667c; Ogg, 383-8.
103. Adams, B., Law of Civilization and Decay, 173; Draper, Intellectual Development, II, 83.
104. Guizot, France, I, 596.
105. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 18.
106. Guizot, 601; Draper, II, 86.
107. Milman, VI, 494f
108. Lea, II, 58.
109. Hume, England, I, 511.
110. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 118.
111. Coulton, From Francis, 150.
CHAPTER XXX
1. In Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 176.
2. Id., Medieval Village, 103.
3. Bede, i, 27.
4. Coulton, Life, IV, 160n.
5. In Coulton, From Francis, 18.
6. Benvenuta da Imola in Coulton, From Francis, 416; Lacroix, Prostitution, I, 694.
7. Ibid., 695.
8. 700.
9. 697.
10. II, 908.
11. Wright, ed., Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry, Prologue and ch. 35.
12. In Briffault, Mothers, III, 417.
13. Lecky, Morals, II, 152.
14. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 904.
15. Ibid., 905.
16. 904.
17. I, 721.
18. II, 869; Sumner, Folkways, 529; Bebel, 61; Garrison, History of Medicine, 192; Sanger, Wm., History of Prostitution, 98.
19. St. Augustine, De or dine, ii, 4.
20. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, II IIae, x, 11.
21. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XVIII, 598a.
22. Ibid.
23. Lacroix, Prostitution, I, 733-42.
24. Ibid., II, 751; Sanger, 95.
25. Coulton, Panorama, 172.
26. Lecky, Morals, II, 218.
27. Power, E., Medieval People, 118.
28. Pollock and Maitland, II, 387.
29. Coulton, Panorama, 634.
30. Bevan, E., and Singer, C., Legacy of Israel, 102.
31. Crump, 346.
32. Thomas Aquinas, Summa contra Gentiles, iii, 122.
33. Himes, Contraception, 160f.
34. Lacroix, Prostitution, I, 699.
35. Coulton, Medieval Village, 404.
36. Schoenfeld, H., Women of the Teutonic Nations, 122.
37. Freeman, Norman Conquest, II, 166.
38. Wright, Th., History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments, 275.
39. Pollock and Maitland, II, 390; Crump, 297; Butler, P., Women of Medieval France, 30.
40. St. John Chrysostom in James, B., Women of England, 108.
41. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Supplement, lxxxi, 3.
42. Ibid., I, xciii, 4.
43. Supplement, xxxix, 3.
44. II IIae, xxvi, 10.
45. In Coulton, Panorama, 614, quoting Gratian, Decretum, II, xxxiii, 5.
46. Coulton, Life, III, 114; Five Centuries, I, 174.
47. Id., Chaucer’s England, 212.
48. Id., Panorama, 618.
49. Schoenfeld, 41.
50. Davis, Life on a Medieval Barony, 102.
51. James, Women of England, 182.
52. Renard, 20.
53. Cf. James, 116.
54. Wright, T., Domestic Manners, 273-4.
55. Butler, Women of France, 104.
56. Adams, H., Mont St. Michel, 211.
57. Butler, 123.
58. Tout, T. F., Medieval Forgers, in Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 310.
59. Haskins, Renaissance, 89.
60. Exs. in Coulton, Chaucer’s England, 200; Five Centuries, I, 251.
61. Lacroix, Manners, 41.
62. Coulton, Medieval Village, 72, 344.
63. Id., Panorama, 74, 369.
64. Encyclopaedia Britannica, VIII, 8d.
65. Coulton, Inquisition, 47.
66. Hume, I, 185.
67. Salzman, 309.
68. Ashley, II, 73.
69. Coulton, Chaucer, 131.
70. Coulton, Life, III, 57f.
71. Id., Medieval Village, 30.
72. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 571; Porter, Medieval Architecture, II, 159.
73. Coulton, Panorama, 377.
74. Ibid.
75. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, I, 234-5.
76. Coulton, From Francis, 218.
77. Sumner, 472; Jusserand, 212; Boissonnade, 262.
78. Coulton, Social Life, 395.
79. Joinville, 309.
80. Cf. Coulton, From Francis, app. C.
81. Jusserand, 132f.
82. Davis, Medieval England, 425.
83. Zimmern, Hansa, 111.
84. Ibid.
85. Coulton, Social Life, 371, 425.
86. Ashley, II, 328.
87. Bacon, R., Opus maius, ed. Bridges, II, 251.
88. Ashley, II, 307.
89. Ibid., 323.
90. Davis, Life on a Medieval Barony, 95.
91. Traill, I, 484.
92. James, Women, 208.
93. Speculum, Apr. 1940, 148; Encyclopaedia Britannica, IV, 470.
94. In Adams, H., 202.
95. Friedlander, Roman Manners, II, 183.
96. Butler, Women, 147.
97. Dante, Purgatorio, xxiii, 102.
98. Coulton, From Francis, 271.
99. Davis, Life on a Medieval Barony, 96.
100. In Coulton, Life, III, 64.
101. Crump, 431.
102. Beard, 69.
103. Coulton, Life, IV, 173.
104. Speculum, Apr. 1928, 198.
105. Sarton, II(1), 96.
106. Speculum, Jan. 1934, 306.
107. Ibid.
108. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 75.
109. Lacroix, Manners, 176.
110. Butler, Women, 150.
111. Giraldus Cambrensis, Description of Wales, i, 10.
112. Salzman, 171.
113. Lacroix, P., Arts of the Middle Ages, 13.
114. Rogers, Six Centuries, 46.
115. Sedgwick, Italy, II, 197.
116. Power, Medieval People, 103.
117. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 595.
118. Müller-Lyer, Marriage, 56.
119. Coulton, Panorama, 313; Addison, Arts, 272.
120. Coulton, Medieval Village, 27.
121. Schevill, Siena, 349.
122. Haskins, Studies in Medieval Culture, 122.
123. Sedgwick, II, 206.
124. Coulton, Panorama, 96.
125. Power, E., Medieval People, 76.
126. Lacroix, Manners, 239; Coulton, Medieval Village, 559.
127. Coulton, Panorama, 96.
128. Kirstein, L., Dance, 88.
129. Wright, Th., Domestic Manners, 257.
130. Walsh, J., Thirteenth Century, 452.
131. Davis, Medieval England, 372.
132. Davis, Life on a Medieval Barony, 64.
133. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XIII, 791c.
134. Lacroix, Manners, 233.
135. Gardiner, E. N., Athletics of the Ancient World, 237.
136. Coulton, Panorama, 83.
137. Gardiner, 238.
138. Coulton, Panorama, 95.
139. Coulton, Social Life, 392.
140. Id., Chaucer, 278.
141. Chambers, E. K., The Medieval Stage, I, 287; Maitland, Dark Ages, 174; Lacroix, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 240
142. Ibid.; Chambers, I, 323; Coulton, Panorama, 606.
143. Chambers, I, 343.
144. Time, Dec. 31, 1945.
145. Wad dell. Wandering Scholars, 200.
146. Coulton, From Francis, 56.
147. Ibid., 55.
148. 57.
149. 13.
CHAPTER XXXI
1. Jackson, Sir T., Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, 94.
2. Id., Gothic Architecture, I; 59.
3. Spencer, H., Principles of Sociology, III, 291; Coulton, Life, IV, 169.
4. Theophilus, Sehedula diversarum artium, Introd., in Dillon, Glass, 126.
5. Addison, Arts, 86, 59.
6. Ibid., 186.
7. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 115.
8. Saunders, English Art in the Middle Ages, 65.
9. Ackerman, Phyllis, Tapestry, 42f
10. Ruskin, Stones of Venice, I, ch. 2.
11. Morey, 195.
12. Short, E. H., The Painter in History, 75.
13. Mâle, L’art religieux du XIIIe siècle, 80.
14. Taine, H., Italy: Florence and Venice, 49.
15. Encyclopaedia Britannica, V, 706d.
16. Vasari, Lives, I, 66.
17. Morey, 267.
18. Lacroix, Arts, 251f.
19. Adams, H., Mont St. Michel, 137.
20. Saunders, 105.
21. Mâle, 78.
22. Bond, F., Wood Carvings in English Churches, I, 167.
23. Ibid.
24. Mâle, 74.
25. S. Reinach in Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 106.
26. Kantorowicz, 535; Morey, 314; Sedgwick, II, 225.
CHAPTER XXXII
1. Pope, A. U., Iranian and Armenian Contributions to the Beginnings of Gothic Architecture, 127.
2. Porter, II, 170.
3. Speculum, Jan. 1927, 23.
4. Mâle, 66; Morey, 234.
5. William of Malmesbury, v, 3.
6. Encyclopaedia Britannica, VII, 763.
7. Cram, Substance of Gothic, 119.
8. Pope, Contributions, 137.
9. Bond, F., Gothic Architecture in England, 263; Pirenne, J., Grands courants, II, 135; Porter, II, 63.
10. Addison, Arts, 201.
11. Panofsky, I., Abbot Suger.
12. Cram, 144.
13. Coulton, Life, II, 18; Porter, I, 151f.
14. Headlam, C., Story of Chartres, 140.
15. Jackson, Gothic Architecture, I, 96.
16. Ferguson, J., History of Architecture, I, 540.
17. Adams, H., 66.
18. Headlam, Chartres, 229.
19. Ibid., 208.
20. Ibid.
21. Adams, H., 76.
22. Connick, C. J., Adventures in Light and Color, 10.
23. Robillard, M., Chartres, 54.
24. Faure, Medieval Art, 348; Bond, Gothic Architecture in England, 33; Moore, C. H., Development of Gothic Architecture, 124.
25. Jackson, Gothic Architecture, I, 189.
26. Ibid.
27. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 108.
28. Armstrong, Sir W., Art in Great Britain, 46.
29. Morey, 293. Germany was closed to mere scholars during the composition of these pages, which must therefore speak of German architecture and sculpture at second hand, or from vague memories of visits in 1912 and 1932.
30. De Wulf, Medieval Philosophy, I, 3.
31. Morey, 297.
32. In Taine, Italy: Florence, 89.
33. Beard, 143.
34. Street, G., Gothic Architecture in Spain, 106.
35. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 168; Dieulafoy, Art in Spain, 147.
CHAPTER XXXIII
1. Lang, P. H., Music in Western Civilization, 51.
2. Ibid., 43.
3. Reese, Music in the Middle Ages, 63.
4. Ibid., 20f; Oxford History of Music, introductory volume, 137.
5. Lang, 71.
6. Grove, Dictionary of Music, s.v. Notation.
7. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 17; Sarton, II (1), 25, 406.
8. The date and identity of Franco are disputed; cf. Grove, s.v. Franco of Cologne.
9. Lang, 130.
10. Ibid., 139.
11. Giraldus Cambrensis, Description of Wales, i, 8.
12. Lang, 97.
13. Jusserand, 196.
14. Reese, 206.
15. Ibid., 246.
16. So argues, with considerable scholarship, Julian Ribera in La musica de las cantigas; cf. McKinney, H. D., and Anderson, W. R., Music in History, 181. Beck, Gennrich, and Reese prefer to derive the name and songs of the troubadours from the trope; cf. Reese, 218.
17. Lacroix, Arts, 203.
18. Addison, Arts, 110.
19. Reese, 123.
20. Rowbotham, 6; Lacroix, Arts, 205.
21. Ibid., 204.
CHAPTER XXXIV
1. In Ogg, 145.
2. Vossler, K., Medieval Culture, I, 5.
3. Dante, La Vita Nuova, xxv.
4. Munro and Sellery, 330.
5. Cf. Pollock and Maitland, I, 57.
6. Mumford, L., Technics and Civilization, 438; Encyclopaedia Britannica, XXI, 1006a.
7. Lyra Graeca, III, 679, app. by J. M. Edmonds.
8. Munro and Sellery, 282; Haskins, Renaissance, 16; id., Normans, 236.
9. Haskins, Renaissance, 72.
10. Thorndike in Speculum, Apr. 1937, 268.
11. Haskins, Renaissance, 72.
12. Coulton, Panorama, 683.
13. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, I, 554.
14. Lacroix, Arts, 472.
15. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 156.
16. Coulton, Medieval Scene, 124; Panorama, 576; Haskins, Renaissance, 71.
17. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XIV, 3.
18. Haskins, Renaissance, 43.
19. Calvert, Moorish Remains in Spain, 426.
20. Haskins, Studies in Medieval Culture, 100.
21. Bevna, Legacy of Israel, 230.
22. Ibid., 211.
23. Sarton, II(1), 125.
24. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 347.
25. Ibid., 244.
26. Wright, Domestic Manners, 271.
27. De Wulf, Medieval Philosophy, I, 61; West, Alcuin, 57.
28. John of Salisbury, Metalogicus, i, 24, in Poole, Illustrations, 98.
29. Thorndike in Speculum, Oct. 1940, 401.
30. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 28.
31. Thorndike, l.c.; Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, III, 350; Crump, Legacy of the Middle Ages, 262-3.
32. Abélard, Historia Calamitatum, Introd. by R. A. Cram, p. v.
33. Coulton, Medieval Village, 254.
34. Jusserand, 279.
35. Coulton, Panorama, 388.
36. Thorndike, Speculum, Oct. 1940, 408.
37. Rashdall, Universities, III, 370.
38. Aristotle, Politics, viii, 1.
39. Crump, 266.
40. Rashdall, I, 93.
41. Ibid., 113.
42. Lea, Inquisition in the Middle Ages, I, 59.
43. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 33; Baedeker, K., Northern Italy, 471.
44. Rashdall, I, 149-67.
45. Ibid., 196.
46. 196-7.
47. Paetow, L. J., Guide to the Study of Medieval History, 448.
48. Haskins, Renaissance, 396.
49. Rashdall, I, 445.
50. Thorndike, Magic, II, 53.
51. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 746.
52. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XI, 995.
53. Rashdall, III, 29n.
54. Ibid., 33.
55. 199.
56. 246n; Sarton, II(2), 584.
57. Davis, Medieval England, 398.
58. Encyclopaedia Britannica, X, 9006b.
59. Ashley, I, 203.
60. Munro and Sellery, 350; Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 65.
61. Waddell, Wandering Scholars, 171.
62. Walsh, 65.
63. Rashdall, IV, 325-36.
64. Ibid.
65. Coulton, Social Life, 95.
66. Rashdall, III, 386.
67. Ibid., 439.
68. 441.
69. 440.
70. 96n.
71. 431.
72. 432; Coulton, Life, III, 73.
73. Rashdall, III, 439.
74. Castiglione, 328.
75. Munro and Sellery, 350.
76. Rashdall, I, 466-70.
CHAPTER XXXV
1. V. Cousin in Abélard, Ouvrages inédits, xcix.
2. Gilson, É., La philosophie au moyen âge, ed. 1947, 238.
3. De Wulf, Medieval Philosophy, I, 103.
4. Ibid., 46.
5. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, i, 1.
6. Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, I, 386.
7. Abélard, Historia Calamitatum, ch. 6.
8. Rémusat, C. de, Abélard, I, 39.
9. Abélard, Calamitatum, ch. 5.
10. Gilson, La philosophie au moyen âge, ed. 1922, 1, 89.
11. Abélard, Calamitatum, ch. 5.
12. Rémusat, I, 30n.
13. Abélard, ch. 16.
14. Rémusat, I, 54.
15. Abélard, ch. 6. He does not say that he accompanied her.
16. Ibid., ch. 7; Lea, Celibacy, 269.
17. Abélard, ch. 7.
18. Ibid.
19. Poole, Illustrations, 125.
20. Abélard, Dialectica, introd. to Part IV, in Ouvrages inédits.
21. Ibid.
22. In Rémusat, II, 534-5.
23. Ouvrages inédits, p. clxxxvii.
24. Abélard, Sic et non, in Ouvrages, p. 16.
25. De Wulf, Medieval Philosophy, I, 201.
26. Abélard, Calamitatum, ch. 9.
27. Rémusat, I, 77.
28. Abélard, Calamitatum, ch. 9.
29. Ch. 11.
30. Rémusat, II, 197.
31. Ibid., 196; Gilson, La philosophie au moyen âge, ed. 1947, p. 291.
32. Ueberweg, I, 387.
33. Rémusat, II, 203.
34. Ibid., 205.
35. Abélard, Calamitatum, ch. 12.
36. Ch. 13.
37. Ch. 15.
38. Ch. 14.
39. In Scott-Moncrieff, Letters of Abélard and Héloïse, 53-6.
40. Ibid., p. 82.
41. P. 103.
42. Butler, Women, 68.
43. Prof. Paetow considered the “letters of Héloïse … the vain imaginings of a very vain man.”—Speculum, Apr. 1927, 227. Prof. Gilson concludes in favor of their general authenticity; cf. his Héloïse et Abélard, Paris, 1938, and Speculum, July 1939, 394.
44. Abélard, Scito te ipsum, xiii-xiv, in Rémusat, II, 466.
45. Abélard, Ep. xiii, in Cambridge Medieval History, V, 798.
46. St. Bernard, Eps. 191 and 338, in Taylor, Medieval Mind, I, 417, and II, 385; Adams, H., 313; Ueberweg, 396.
47. Raby, Christian Latin Poetry, 321.
48. Rémusat, I, 260.
CHAPTER XXXVI
1. Duhem, Système du monde, III, 88.
2. De Wulf, History of Medieval Philosophy, I, 154.
3. Poole, Illustrations, 151.
4. Ibid., 185.
5. 108.
6. Thorndike, Magic, II, 58.
7. Ibid., 50; italics mine.
8. Ibid., 58.
9. Poole, 158.
10. Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 402.
11. In Poole, Illustrations, 164.
12. In Adams, H., 292.
13. John of Salisbury, Polycraticus, v, 16; vi, 24; vii, 17.
14. V, 16.
15. IV, 3.
16. V, 6; vi, 6, 12, 25; iii, 15.
17. VIII, 20.
18. VII, 11.
19. Munro and Sellery, 460; Sarton, II(2), 860; De Wulf, History of Medieval Philosophy, I, 248.
20. Ibid.
21. Robertson, J. M., History of Free Thought, I, 325.
22. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, I, 99.
23. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 345.
24. Id., Medieval Scene, 111.
25. De Wulf, I, 189.
26. Lea, II, 319.
27. Gilson, La philosophie au moyen âge, ed. 1947, 384.
28. Rashdall, I, 354.
29. Lea, II, 320-3.
30. Renan, Averroès, 288.
31. Coulton, Panorama, 449.
32. Rashdall, I, 264.
33. De Wulf, II, 97.
34. Hearnshaw, Medieval Contributions to Modem Civilization, 145.
35. Lea, III, 440.
36. Castiglione, 330.
37. Coulton, Panorama, 461.
38. Gilson, La philosophie, ed. 1947, 564.
39. De Wulf, II, 96, 103.
40. In Gilson, ed. 1947, 564.
41. Ibid., 565.
42. 562.
43. 558; Renan, Averroès, 268.
44. Ibid., 273-5; Gilson, ed. 1947, 559.
45. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 822.
46. De Wulf, I, 144.
47. Id., Philosophy and Civilization in the Middle Ages, 51.
48. Gilson, Philosophy of St. Bonaventure, 8.
49. Sabatier, 41.
50. Gilson, La philosophie, ed. 1922, II, 9.
51. Sarton, II(2), 938; Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 451.
52. Maritain, J., The Angelic Doctor, 32.
53. Ibid., 29.
54. 31; D’Arcy, Thomas Aquinas, 35.
55. Ibid., 51.
56. 46.
57. Grabmann, M., Thomas Aquinas, 32.
58. Wicksteed, P. H., Dante and Aquinas, 93; D’Arcy, 47.
59. Maritain, 45.
60. D’Arcy, 52.
61. De Wulf, Philosophy and Civilization, 166.
62. Maritain, 40.
63. Bevan, Legacy of Israel, 267.
64. Diesendruck, Z., Maimonides and Thomas Aquinas, 5.
65. Gilson, La philosophie, ed. 1922, I, 114.
66. In Sarton, II (2), 915.
67. Thomas Aquinas, De caelo et mundo, lect. 22, in Grabmann, 44.
68. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, i, 2.
69. Ibid.
70. Id., Comm. on Aristotle’s Metaphysics, 333.
71. Id., Summa Theologica, I, xvi, 8.
72. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, i, 12.
73. Ibid., i, 3.
74. Id., Summa Theologica, II IIae, i, 5.
75. Ibid., II IIae, x, 7.
76. Id., Quodlibeta, II, a, 7, in Grabmann, 50.
77. Id., Summa Theologica, II IIae, i, 10.
78. Ibid., xxvi, 10.
79. Id., De veritate, ii, 10.
80. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, i, 11.
81. Id., Summa Theologica, I, ii, 3; Summa contra Gentiles, i, 16.
82. Ibid., i, 3; i, 30.
83. Id., Summa Theologica, I, lxxxiv, 7.
84. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, ii, 38.
85. Ibid., 35.
86. Ibid., iii, 23.
87. Id., Quodlibeta, xi, 4.
88. Id., Comm. on II Sent., VIII, vi, 4, in Hopkins, C. E., Share of Thomas Aquinas in … the Witchcraft Delusion, 78.
89. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, cxvii, 3.
90. Ibid., lcxv, 3; xcv, 5.
91. Ibid., 4.
92. Id., Comm. on Aristotle’s Metaphysics, 146, 157.
93. Id., Summa Theologica, I, lxxvi, 1.
94. In Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 444.
95. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, lxxv, 4.
96. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, ii, 72.
97. D’Arcy, 147.
98. Thomas Aquinas, Comm. on Aristotle’s Metaphysics, 179.
99. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, ii, 49.
100. Id., De anima, iii, 7.
101. Id., Summa Theologica, I, lxxviii, 1-4.
102. Ibid., I, v, 6.
103. De Wulf, History of Medieval Philosophy, II, 25.
104. Thomas Aquinas, De veritate, xxiv, 1.
105. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, i, 1.
106. Id., Summa Theologica, I, lxxvi, 1.
107. Ibid., I IIae, iv, 6.
108. Id., De veritate, ii, 2.
109. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, iii, 27-31.
110. Id., Summa Theologica, II IIae, xiv, 3; xxvii, 1; xxxi, 4.
111. Id., Comm. on Aristotle’s Metaphysics, 207; Summa Theologica, I, xcii, 1; xcix, 2; cxv, 3.
112. Ibid.
113. Ibid., I, xcii, 3.
114. Ibid., I, v, 3.
115. Ibid., II IIae, x, 11.
116. Ibid., II IIae, civ, 1; I IIae, xix, 5; De veritate, xvii, 5; on IV Sent., 38.
117. Id., Summa Theologica, II IIae, x, 11.
118. Ibid., 10.
119. Ibid., 11.
120. Ibid., 8.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid., II IIae, xi, 4.
123. Ibid., I IIae, xcvii, 3.
124. Ibid., I, ciii, 3.
125. Ibid., I IIae, cv, 1; cvii, 1.
126. Id., De regimine principum, i, 6.
127. Id., Summa Theologica, II IIae, lxvi, 2.
128. Ibid.
129. Ibid., II IIae, cxviii, 1.
130. Ibid., II IIae, lxvi, 7.
131. Ibid., II IIae, lxxvii, 4.
132. Ibid., II IIae, lxxviii, 1-4.
133. Ibid., I IIae, xcii, 1; cv, 1; II IIae, lvii, 3; lxx, 3.
134. Ibid., I IIae, vii, 1f; Comm. on II Sent., xliv; Summa contra Gentiles, iv, 76; Hearnshaw, Social and Political Ideas, 102.
135. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, xxiii, 5.
136. Ibid., I, xxiii, 1, 3; Summa contra Gentiles, iii, 163, quoting Paul, Ephesians, i, 4.
137. Wicksteed, 266.
138. Gilson, Bonaventure, 7.
139. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, xii, 1, 7-8.
140. Ibid., II IIae, clxxix-clxxxii.
141. Sarton, II(2), 916.
142. Thomas Aquinas, Summa contra Gentiles, i, 1.
143. Sarton, II(2), 906.
144. Gilson, Reason and Revelation, 30.
145. Id., La philosophie, ed. 1947, 606.
146. De Wulf, Medieval Philosophy, II, 85.
147. Ibid., 84; Gilson, 603.
148. Quoted in Mill, J. S., System of Logic, pref.
149. Waddell, Wandering Scholars, 113.
150. Gilson, La philosophie, ed. 1922, I, 154.
CHAPTER XXXVII
1. James, Women, 120.
2. Thorndike, Magic, II, 8.
3. Ibid., 814.
4. Coulton, Panorama, 105.
5. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 251.
6. Himes, 161.
7. Coulton, Panorama, 106.
8. Kantorowicz, 354.
9. Thorndike, Magic, II, 169.
10. Coulton, Life, I, 33.
11. Id., Panorama, 115.
12. Milman, I, 542.
13. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, III, 424.
14. Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, III, 421a.
15. Pauphilet, A., Jeux et sapience du moyen âge, 317n.
16. Coulton, Social Life, 526.
17. Singer, Chas., Studies in the History and Method of Science, I, 165.
18. Castiglione, 385.
19. Thorndike, Magic, II, 167.
20. Lacroix, Science and Literature, 208.
21. Thorndike, II, 319.
22. Ibid., 328.
23. 689, 949.
24. Sarton 11(2), 1082.
25. Walsh, The Popes and Science, 52.
26. Sarton, 11(2), 1082.
27. Cf. text in Walsh, Popes, app.
28. Ibid., 31, 43.
29. Pliny, Natural History, xxxvi, 26, 67.
30. Thorndike, II, 237.
31. Sarton, 11(2), 611.
32. Thorndike, II, 449.
33. Sarton, 11(2), 617.
34. Singer, Studies, II, 105.
35. Ibid., I, 18.
36. Thorndike, I, 775.
37. Addison, Arts, 78.
38. Giraldus Cambrensis, Itinerary, 6.
39. Augustine, City of God, xvi, 9.
40. Sarton, I, 516.
41. Joinville, 258.
42. Raby, Christian Latin Poetry, 356.
43. Sarton II(2), 575.
44. Kantorowicz, 360.
45. Mumford, 22.
46. Sarton, II(1), 21.
47. Speculum, Apr. 1941, 242.
48. Sarton, 11(2), 1024.
49. Ibid.; Singer, II, 398.
50. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 97.
51. Kantorowicz, 354.
52. Sarton, 11(2), 1030.
53. Willoughby, W., Social Justice, 14.
54. Sarton, 11(2), 1041.
55. Ibid., 1098.
56. 1037.
57. 1038-9.
58. Thorndike, I, 740.
59. Garrison, 148.
60. Sarton, II(1), 81, 242.
61. Garrison, 175.
62. Ibid., 181.
63. Castiglione, 381.
64. Bartholomaeus Anglicus, xlv, 4, in Coulton, Social Life, 502.
65. Castiglione, 384.
66. Kantorowicz, 356.
67. Lacroix, Science, 149.
68. Thorndike in Speculum, Apr. 1928, 194; Neuman, Jews in Spain, II, 110.
69. Garrison, 170.
70. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, III, 52.
71. Ibid., 52-7.
72. Garrison, 144, 172.
73. Lacroix, Science, 154.
74. Garrison, 144.
75. Coulton, Panorama, 448.
76. Sarton, II(1), 72.
77. In Castiglione, 337.
78. Garrison, 153.
79. Castiglione, 388.
80. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 345.
81. Sarton, II(1), 84.
82. Joyce, Ireland, 151.
83. Garrison, 186.
84. Speculum, Jan. 1937, 19.
85. Munro and Sellery, 266.
86. In Coulton, Panorama, 304.
87. Jackson, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, I, 142; Barnes, Economic History, 165.
88. Thorndike, II, 28f.
89. Ibid., 25.
90. 538.
91. Ibid.
92. 526, 551, 566, 568, 583.
93. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 48.
94. Albertus Magnus, De animalibus, iv, 3, in Sarton, II(2), 938.
95. Sarton, II(1), 72.
96. Bacon, Opus tertium, ch. 17.
97. Id., Opus maius, I, xi.
98. Bridges, J. H., Life and Work of Roger Bacon, 125.
99. Bacon, Opus tertium, Brewer ed., p. 28.
100. Id., Opus maius, i, 10.
101. In Little, A. G., Roger Bacon Essays, 10.
102. Opus maius, i, 1.
103. Compendium studii philosophiae, ed. Brewer, p. 469.
104. Opus maius, ii, 12.
105. Ibid.
106. VII, 1.
107. Little, 117; Sarton, II(2), 805, 961.
108. Opus tertium, ch. 29.
109. Opus maius, iv, 16.
110. Ibid., iv, 4; De coelestibus, in Little, 15.
111. Opus maius, vi, 1.
112. Thorndike, II, 650.
113. Opus maius, iv, 4.
114. Bridges, 36; Little, 180.
115. Sloane MS., folio 83b, 1-2, in Little, 178.
116. De secretis operibus artis et naturae, ch. iv, in Little, 178.
117. Little, 321; En. Br., XI, 3.
118. In Bridges, 93.
119. Opus maius, v, 4.
120. De secretis operibus, in Singer, II, 397.
121. Singer, II, 132.
122. Opus maius, vii, ad initium.
123. Bridges, 387.
124. Ibid., 127.
125. 52.
126. De Wulf, Med. Philosophy, II, 139.
127. Opus maius, ii, 5.
128. Compendium philosophiae, in Coulton, Life, II, 55f.
129. Opus tertium, in Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 523.
130. Ibid, in Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 135.
131. Taylor, II, 530.
132. Little, 26.
133. Ibid.
134. 28.
135. Taylor, II, 347.
136. Thorndike, II, 196.
137. Ibid., 203.
CHAPTER XXXVIII
1. Cf. Saxo Grammaticus, 89.
2. Joinville, 140.
3. Iacopo de Voragine, Golden Legend, pp. 48-56.
4. Mâle, 320.
5. Raby, Secular Latin Poetry, II, 289.
6. Haskins, Renaissance, 177.
7. Waddell, Wandering Scholars, 188.
8. In Raby, op. cit., 171.
9. Tr. by Helen Waddell in Medieval Latin Lyrics, 171.
10. In Van Doren, M., Anthology of World Poetry, 454.
11. In Waddell, op. cit., 278.
12. Bieber, M., History of the Greek and Roman Theater, 423.
13. Chambers, Medieval Stage, II, 44; Matthews, B., Development of the Drama, 115.
14. Mantzius, History of Theatrical Art, II, 5.
15. Matthews, 114.
16. Symonds, J. A., Studies of the Greek Poets, 310.
17. Raby, Christian Latin Poetry, 219.
18. Mantzius, II, 10f.
19. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, II IIae, clxviii, 3.
20. Chanson de Roland, 11. 1989-2009.
21. Sturluson, Prose Edda, #72, in Sigfusson.
22. Dasent, G., Story of Burnt Njal, 237-58.
23. In Butler, Women, 101.
24. Cambridge Medieval History, III, 128.
25. Cf. an excellent fictionalized biography of Peire Vidal in Cronyn, G., The Fool of Venus.
26. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 17.
27. Lecky, Morals, II, 232.
28. Speculum, Oct. 1938, 380-7.
29. Tr. by Ezra Pound in Van Doren, 660.
30. Reese, Medieval Music, 232.
31. Fiedler, Das Oxforder Buch Deutscher Dichtung, 5.
32. Walther von der Vogelweide, I Saw the World, 41.
33. In Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 56.
34. Walther von der Vogelweide, Songs and Sayings, 33.
35. Walther von der Vogelweide, I Saw the World, 16.
36. Taylor, II, 62.
37. Walther von der Vogelweide, I Saw the World, 69.
38. Walther von der Vogelweide, Songs and Sayings, 22.
39. Taylor, II, 58.
40. Prestage, Chivalry, 100; Coulton, Life, III, 77; Francke, German Literature, 111.
41. Kroeger, A. E., The Minnesinger of Germany, 4.
42. Schoenfeld, Women of the Teutonic Nations, 162.
43. Tr. by Arthur O’Shaughnessy in Van Doren, 663.
44. Chrétien de Troyes, Arthurian Romances, 1.
45. Ibid., 318, 309.
46. 287.
47. Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival, I, 67.
48. In Taylor, II, 8.
49. Wolfram, I, 188; vi, 937.
50. Aucassin et Nicolette, 6.
51. Ibid., 12. French text in Pauphilet, 444.
52. Aucassin, 13.
53. William of Lorris and Jean Clopinel de Meung, Romance of the Rose, ll. 8767f, 8858.
54. Lines 8511f.
55. 7849.
56. 1685.
57. 9267-70, 9725-47.
CHAPTER XXXIX
1. Tr. by D. G. Rossetti.
2. Asin y Palacios, Islam and the Divine Comedy, 271f.
3. Dante, Purgatorio, xxvi, 91f.
4. Sedgwick, Italy, II, 277.
5. Tr. by D. G. Rossetti.
6. Vossler, II, 152.
7. In Sedgwick, II, 291.
8. Cf. Purgatorio, xxx, 55.
9. Sedgwick, II, 283.
10. Vossler, I, 323.
11. Dante, Inferno, xv, 85.
12. Vossler, I, 164.
13. Dante, La Vita Nuova, ii, tr. Rossetti.
14. Ibid., iii.
15. xix.
16. xxvi.
17. xxxii.
18. Paradiso, xxx, 28.
19. Id., Purgatorio, xxxi, 60.
20. Symonds, Dante, 55.
21. Dante, De monarchia, iii, 11.
22. Ibid., 16.
23. De monarchia, pref., xxxiii.
24. Dante, Eleven Letters, vi.
25. Ep. vii.
26. Symonds, Dante, 79.
27. Ep. x.
28. Symonds, Dante, 92.
29. Letter to the Italian Cardinals (1314).
30. Dante, Il Convito, x, 5.
31. Ibid, vii, 4.
32. The authenticity of this letter has been unconvincingly questioned by Vossler, I, 76.
33. Dante, Eleven Letters, p. 197.
34. In Coulton, Panorama, 208.
35. Dante, Paradiso, end.
36. Ibid., x, 137f.
37. Cf. Blochet, Sources orientales de la Divine Comédie, Paris, 1901, and Asin y Palacios, La escatologia musulmana en la Divina Comedia, Madrid, 1919, translated as Islam and the Divine Comedy.
38. Asin y Palacios, 55-61.
39. Ibid., 171-3, 276-7.
40. Ibid., 232.
41. Rowbotham, 130.
42. Dante, Inferno, i, 1-3.
43. Ibid., i, 86.
44. Ibid., iii, 1-9.
45. Ibid., iii, 50.
46. Ibid., iv, 131-43.
47. Ibid., v, 121-42; tr. Cary.
48. Ibid., xix, 53.
49. Ibid., xxviii, 22-42; tr. Cary.
50. Id., Purgatorio, v, 13.
51. Ibid., vi, 76-93.
52. Ibid., xxvi, 112.
53. Ibid., xxvii, end.
54. Ibid., xxx, 37-9.
55. Ibid., xxxi, 49-51.
56. Ibid., end.
57. Id., Paradiso, iii, 85.
58. Ibid., xxvii, 22-8.
59. Id., Inferno, xviii, 57-63.
60. Id., Paradiso, ix, 127.
61. Id., Inferno, xxiv, 125.
62. Ibid., xxxiii, 152.
63. Ibid., xxxiii, 80-4.
64. Ibid., xxxiii, 148.
EPILOGUE
1. Coulton, Medieval Village, 290.
Index
The main reference to an item is italicized. The articles a, the, al, and el are ignored in alphabetization.
Aachen, 465, 469, 470, 471, 474
art of, 845
coronations at, 566
palaces at, 467, 479
Aama, et-Toteli, el-, 320
Aaron of Lincoln, 377
Aaron ben Meshullam, 991
abacus, 989, 990
Abba Areca, see Rab
Abbad, Sahib ibn, 237
Abba Umna, 361
Abbas, uncle of Mohammed, 187
Abbas I, 148
Abbasa, 199
Abbasids, 206, 218, 225, 226, 240, 292
Abbaye aux Dames (La Trinité), Caen, 869
Abbaye aux Hommes (St. Étienne), Caen, 479, 482, 668, 869, 871
abbeys, 847, 883
income of, 767
abbots, 564, 661, 786, 871
elections of, 760
Abd al-Aziz, 291-292
Abdallah, 162, 284
Abdallah, son of al-Mansur, 295
Abdallah, son of Zobeir, 193-194
Abdallah, uncle of Abu al-Abbas, 196
Abdallah ibn Qaddah, 261
Abdallah ibn Tumart, 314
Abdallah ibn Zobeir, 219, 229
Abd al-Latif, 282
Abd-al-Malik, Amarid, 295, 296
Abd-al-Malik, Umayyad, 193, 194, 195, 208, 219, 228, 229
Abd al-Mumin, 314
Abd al-Muttalib, 162
Abd-er-Rahman I, 292, 302, 303
Abd-er-Rahman II, 292, 301
Abd-er-Rahman III, 293, 297, 302, 371
Abd-er-Rahman V, 296
Abd-er-Rahman ibn Awf, 190
Abd-er-Rahman Shandjul, 296
Abd-er-Rahman, son of Hakam II, 294
Abel, 1028-1029
Abélard, Peter, 66, 255, 450, 479, 595, 697, 707, 746, 754, 790, 806, 808, 903, 907, 914, 920, 923, 931-948, 949, 951. 953, 959, 974, 983, 984, 996, 1004, 1009, 1018, 1029
followersb of, 1082
Abi’l-Khayr, Abu Said ibn, 256-260, 261, 322
abortion, 76-77, 223, 360, 824, 844
Abou ben Adhem, 261
Abraham, 161, 184, 211, 216, 229, 414, 417
Abraham ben David, 415, 417
Abraham, father of Omar Khayyam, 321
Abraham ibn Daud, 407
Abraham ibn Ezra, 403
Abraham al-Fari, 396
Abraham ben Hiyya (Savasorda), 403, 911, 991
Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra, 397-398
Abraham ben Moses, 414
Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia, 417
Abraham (Hroswitha), 515
Absalon of Lund, 665, 1019
absolution, 544, 741, 760, 782, 815
absolutism, 504, 656, 674, 726
Abul-Faraj, see Bar-Hebraeus
Abul-Faraj, see Isfahani, al-
Abu Zaid, 320
Abubacer, 334-335
Abulcasis, see Zahrawi, Abul Qasim al-
Abulfeda, 233
Abydos, 425
Abyssinia, 49, 146, 156, 165, 349, 993
Negus of, 172
academies, 383
Jewish, 366, 400, 401
Acarnania, 605
accountants and accounting, 629, 757, 908
Accursius, elder, 908, 917, 918
acolytes, 749, 896, 1027
Acre (Aqqa), 592, 593, 595, 596, 597, 599, 601, 602, 607, 608, 609, 610, 616, 620, 713, 716, 717
siege of, 822
actors, 157, 643, 840, 841, 1028, 1029
Actus Beati Francisci, 798
Ad Carolum regem (Theodulf), 470
adab, 264
Adalbero, Archbishop of Reims, 475, 540, 778, 856
Adam, 15, 68, 69, 161, 238, 354, 412, 950, 1028
Adam of Bremen, 619
Adam de la Halle, 1029
Adam de Ros, 1068
Adam of St. Victor, 750
Adamnan, 532
Adams, Henry, 879
Adelaide, wife of Otto II, 511, 512
Adelard of Bath, 342, 911, 1003-1004, 1009, 1016
Ademar, Guillem, 1038
Aden (Adana), 156, 207, 208
Adeodatus, 65, 66, 67
Adham, Ibrahim ibn, 261
adban, 212
Adhemar of Monteil, 591
Adhemar, Viscount of Limoges, 673
Adid, al-, 311
Adil, al-, 366, 598, 600
Adonai, 354
adornment, 273, 847-848, 850
administration, 126, 308, 442, 464, 467, 653, 1083
ecclesiastical, 521, 754
treatises on, 429
Adrianople, see Hadrianople Adriatic, 454, 616, 617, 708, 812
Adud al-Dawla, 203, 271
adultery, 113, 137, 181, 355, 362, 431, 465, 575, 825, 842, 1049
laws on, 755
Advent, Second, 809, 1008
Aeneid (Virgil), 134, 270, 987, 1018, 1068
aeromancy, 987
Aeschylus, 283
Aesculapius, 75
Aëtius, 38, 40, 41, 91, 117
Aëtius of Amida, 120, 121
Afak, 168-169
Affonso II, 702
Affonso III, 702
Aflah, Jabir ibn, 329
Afghanistan, 136, 196, 203
Africa, 22, 29, 37-38, 46, 47, 48, 65, 72, 108-109, 117, 209, 242, 264, 275, 282-286, 286-291, 292, 307, 310, 320, 330, 371, 372, 405, 423, 457, 464, 521, 525, 530, 554, 590, 615, 663, 703, 705, 992
Islamic, 286-289, 410, 616, 980
“Against the Galileans” (Julian), 15
Against Those Famous Men in Philosophy, Albert and Thomas (Siger of Brabant), 957
Agathias, 124
Agapetus II, 538
Agha Khan, 310
Aghmat, 307
Agnes of Meran, 689
Agnus Dei, 749
agnosticism, 264, 301, 331
Agobard, St., 531, 985
Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 495
agriculture, 140, 298, 330, 371, 375, 429, 435, 445, 475, 521, 558-559, 645, 652, 666, 669, 689, 700, 702, 710, 753, 949, 975, 1007
organization of, 560
treatise on, 359
Agrippa von Nettesheim, Cornelius, 418
Agron (Saadia), 368
agronomy, 298, 330
A Guide to the Solitary (Ibn Bajja), 334
Ahmar, Muhammad ibn al-, 316
Ahriman, 137, 139, 140
Aidan, St., 534
Ailly, Pierre d’, 1010
Ain-Jalut, 312, 313, 340
Ainnle, 498, 499
Akiba, 351, 355, 362-365, 416
Aisha, 166, 167, 172, 173, 174, 191, 220, 221, 276
Aisne River, 37, 876
Aistulf, 452
Aix-en-Provence, 688
Aix-la-Chapelle, see Aachen
Akkad, 343
Ala ad-Dawla, 248
Ala al-Din Muhammad, 339
Alain of Lille, 955
Alamut, 262, 309, 310, 340
Alani, 24, 26, 28, 37, 38
Alaric, 9, 26, 27-28, 35-37, 38, 40, 41, 69, 72, 111, 817
Alaric II, 88, 91, 95
Alban, St., 533
Albania, 657
Albategnus, see al-Battani
Alberic, opponent of Abélard, 940
Alberic, Roman patrician, 538
Alberigo, 725, 1080
Albert of Aix, 822
Albert, Bishop, 659
Albert the Great. See Albertus Magnus
Albertus Magnus, 124, 257, 402, 414, 803, 838, 879, 912, 923, 941, 949, 953, 955, 957, 960-961, 962, 965, 969*, 977, 988, 991, 992, 995, 1003-1005, 1010, 1016, 1077
Albigensians, 47, 612, 708, 764, 770-772, 907
Albinus, 100, 101
Albrecht III, 375
Alcantara, Knights of, 697
Alcazar, 271, 302, 315, 892
alchemy, 122, 244-245, 249, 305, 328, 720, 988, 996-997, 1007, 1072
alcohol, 244*, 997, 1084
Alcuin, 465-468, 470, 483, 497, 514, 564, 579, 742, 914, 1018
alembic, 244
Alemanni, 12, 22, 687
Alençon, 481
Aleppo, 202, 230, 271, 273, 312, 317, 318, 319, 429, 592, 595, 596, 652
Alexander the Great, 108, 128, 142, 147, 673, 933, 934, 989, 1044
Alexander II, Pope, 494
Alexander III, Pope, 370, 388, 631, 662, 671, 672, 702, 745, 758, 761, 766, 768, 770
Alexander III, King of Scotland, 683
Alexander IV, Pope, 725, 759, 765, 922, 957
Alexander VI, Pope, 735
Alexander of Aphrodisias, 240, 337, 720, 911
Alexander of Bernay, 1044
Alexander, Patriarch of Constantinople, 7
Alexander of Hales, 406, 414, 802, 922, 941, 955, 958, 959
Alexander Nevsky, 655
Alexander Severus, 19
Alexander of Tralles, 121
Alexandria, 9, 18, 33, 45, 58, 61, 106, 115, 119, 121, 122, 123, 128, 132, 147, 201, 208, 218, 239, 282, 283, 289, 311, 349, 369, 399, 408, 432, 530, 616, 710, 909, 949, 1047
library, 282-283
lighthouse, 272
museum, 122
Alexandreis (Walter of Châtillon), 1022
Alexiad (Anna Comnena), 650
Alexians, 1002
Alexis, Patriarch, 430
Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor, 431, 453, 586, 598, 590, 591, 592, 650
Alexius I Comnenus, Emperor of Trebizond, 651
Alexius III, Byzantine Emperor, 603, 604
Alexius IV, Byzantine Emperor, 603, 604
Alexius V. Ducas, Byzantine Emperor, 604
Alfarabius, see Farabi, al-
Alfonso I, 458, 697, 702
Alfonso II, 458, 701, 1037
Alfonso VI, 306-307, 373, 398, 459, 700, 701, 892
Alfonso VII, 373, 702
Alfonso VIII, 697
Alfonso IX, 690, 762
Alfonso X the Wise, 373, 568, 698, 699, 901, 919, 955, 984, 991, 1085
“Alfonsine Tables,” 698, 991
Alfred the Great, 483-485, 491, 496, 500
algebra, 241, 912, 990, 995
Algebra (Omar Khayyam), 321
Algeria, 230, 314
Algorismus vulgaris (Sacrobosco), 991
Algoritmi de numero lndorum (al-Khwarizmi), 241
Alhambra, 270, 271, 315, 316
Alhazen, see Haitham, Muhammad ibn al-
Ali, son-in-law of Mohammed, 162, 164, 177, 187, 191-192, 193, 217, 222, 254, 366, 1072
Ali, slave leader, 210
Ali Baba, 263
Alighieri, Dante, see Dante Alighieri
Alighieri, Alighiero, 1058
alkalis, 244
All Souls’ Day, 75
Allah, 161, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 182, 183, 184, 192, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 235, 250, 258, 259, 260, 264, 333
allegiance, oaths of, 566
military, 553
allegory, 867, 907, 1051-1052
Almagest (Ptolemy), 240, 244, 912, 991
Almanzor, see Amir, Muhammad ibn Abi
Almeria, 304, 315
Almohads, 314, 315, 372, 697
Almoravids, 314
alms, 214, 518, 693, 803, 831
Alp Arslan, 308, 312, 318
Alpetragius, see Bitruji, al-, 329, 911, 991
alphabet, 1067
Arabic, 277
Hebrew, 406, 417
Latin, 897, 906
Slavonic, 535
Alphonse, brother of Louis VIII, 776
Alps, 616, 617, 687, 839
Alptigin, 203
Alrui, David, 385
Alsace, 12, 444, 663
altars, 863, 866, 1085
Althing, 1083
Alypius, 66, 67, 135
Amalasuntha, 102, 109
Amalfi, 290, 434, 436, 586, 593, 612, 616, 703, 989
Cathedral, 439
Amalric of Bene, 954, 955-956
Ambrose, St., 26, 34, 35, 42, 45, 47, 54, 55-56, 66, 69, 76, 78, 79, 81, 87, 135, 457, 630, 749, 750, 896, 933, 964, 1008
“Ambrosian chant,” 896
America, 156*, 241, 270, 504, 990, 1082
amethysts, 992
Amfortas, 1047, 1048
Amida (Diarbekr), 13, 121, 312, 340, 874
Amiens, 37, 474, 623, 639, 647, 648, 690, 876
Cathedral, 579, 697, 743, 846, 853, 859, 861, 865, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 887, 889, 983, 1085
Amin, 235, 280
Amir, Caliph, 319
Amir, Muhammed ibn Abi, 294-295
Amirid family, 296
Amleth (Hamlet), Prince of Jutland, 1019
Ammar, ibn, 297
Ammianus Marcellinus, 3, 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, 24, 31-32, 33, 51, 78, 136, 141, 515
amoraim, 351, 352
Amr, mosque of, 286
Amr ibn al-As, 170, 192, 282-283, 369
Amstel River, 686
Amsterdam, 686, 695
amulets, 417, 433, 986
Anabaptists, 809
Anacharsis, 446
Anacletus II, 760, 791
Anacreon, 907, 1086
Anagni, 706, 815, 962, 1000
Anan ben David, 367
Anastasius I, 55, 103
anathema, 755, 780
Anatoli, Jacob, 386, 910, 961
anatomy, 266, 720, 994
Anatomy of Melancholy (Burton), 403
Anaxagoras, 1070
anchorites, 788*, 792
Ancient Chronicle (of Russia), 448
Ancona, 616, 708, 714, 725
Ancren Riivle, 806
Andalusia, 292, 297, 306, 307, 314, 315
Andrea Pisano, 890
“Andreas” (Cynewulf), 491
Andreas Capellanus, 577
Andrew I, 658
Andrew II, 607, 658, 810
Anécdota (Procopius), 106, 107, 120, 125
anemia, 693
anesthesia, 246, 1001
Aneurin, 495
angels, 325, 416, 524, 977, 1079
Angers, 475, 697, 916, 923
Angles, 22, 43, 80, 89, 450, 483, 489, 492, 501, 522, 532, 683, 905
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Alfred), 483*, 491, 625*
Anglo-Saxons, 114, 487, 495, 568, 667*, 668
Angoulême, 91, 393
Cathedral, 868
Ani, 205
mosque of, 317
Aniene River, 737
animals, 357, 797, 853, 859, 994, 1005, 1054, 1055
Anjou, 393, 480, 671, 688, 689, 791
Anna, sister of Basil II, 448
Anna Comnena, 650, 827
Annals of the Apostles and Kings (al-Tabari), 238
Annibaldi, 706
Annunciation, 747, 881, 885
Anselm of Aosta, St., 669, 734, 808, 916, 932-933, 949, 969, 979
Anthemius, Emperor, 42
Anthemius, mathematician, 130
Anthemius, Patriarch, 107, 113
anthologies, 305, 371-372, 437
Anthony of Egypt, St., 51, 57, 743
Anthony of Padua, St., 802, 904
anthrax, 1002
anthropomorphism, 250, 314
Antichrist, 772
anticlericalism, 769-784, 1052
Antidotary (al-Razi), 910
Antigone (Sophocles), 89
Antioch, 8, 9, 10, 11, 19, 21, 31, 45, 49, 51, 52, 59, 119, 121, 128, 132, 143, 145-146, 190, 201, 218, 230, 239, 375, 404, 429, 586, 590, 591, 592, 593, 595, 596, 598, 608, 663, 827, 949
public buildings of, 440
see of, 530
Antiochus Epiphanes, 359
Antiphonary of St. Gall, 852
antipodes, 992, 1073
anti-Semitism, 385-394
Antonina, 108
Antonines, 114, 1002
Antoninus Pius, 14, 77, 114
Antwerp, 618, 686
Anwari, 232, 320
Apamea, 145, 147
Apennines, 549, 553, 802
Aphorisms (Hippocrates), 240, 910
aphrodisiacs, 220
apocalypses, 732
Apocrypha, Christian, 416
Hebrew, 416
Apollinaris, St., 30, 112
Apollinaris Sidonius, 57, 78, 85, 86-88, 93, 531, 539, 552, 1018
Apollinia, St., 743
Apollo, 5, 19
Apollonius of Perga, 122, 240, 854, 911
Apology for Christianity (al-Kindi), 251
Apostles, 132, 739, 759, 770, 794, 802, 1079
Apostles’ Creed, 479
Apostolic See, 50, 952, 1079
appeal, right of, 525, 692, 693, 780
appeals, court of, 759
appointments, 756, 762, 828
lay, 546-547
apprentices, 634, 635, 636, 914, 915
apses, 865, 885
Apuleius, 466, 1018, 1022-1023
Apulia, 453, 717, 724, 812, 861, 1056
Aqqa, see Acre
Aqsa, mosque of el-, 874
aqueducts, 313, 456, 531, 713, 1003
Aquileia, 26, 35, 40, 55, 453
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 94, 124, 252, 255, 257, 338, 407, 412*, 414, 554, 611, 632, 733, 734, 751, 752, 785, 803, 822, 824, 825, 838, 897*, 912, 913, 921, 923, 933, 940, 941, 949, 953, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961-967, 968-972, 976-977, 980, 981, 991, 995, 1005, 1009, 1014, 1026, 1030, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1074, 1077, 1078
style of, 964-965
Aquitaine, 37, 461, 475, 480, 671, 672, 688, 690, 828, 1039
duchy of, 689, 827, 828
Ara pads, Ravenna, 132
Rome, 861
Arab conquests, 187-196
arabesques, 270, 273, 287, 876
Arabi, Muyhi al-Din, 333, 462, 1068
Arabia, 119, 143, 146, 155-162, 187, 188, 190, 195, 200, 206, 215, 218, 219, 223, 238, 264, 273, 282, 284, 349, 358, 367, 369, 596, 617, 847
Arabia Deserta (Doughty), 155*
Arabs, 4, 22, 48, 49, 109, 115, 117, 140, 144, 146, 148, 151-344, 349, 357, 370, 371, 372, 423, 425, 544, 624, 629, 645, 831, 874, 913, 1085
Aragon, 402, 698, 699, 700, 701, 762
Arbogast, 26
Arbre de sciencia (Lully), 979
arcades, 457, 874, 881, 882, 884
Arcadius, 26, 27, 64, 103
Arch of Khosru, 148-149
archbishops, 511, 525, 564, 667, 758, 763, 802, 914
archery, 570, 678, 840, 1050
arches, 303, 304, 455, 873, 874
converging, 899
diagonal, 866, 872
half, 873
horseshoe, 286
longitudinal, 866
pointed, 286, 872, 873, 874, 882, 883, 884, 887, 888, 890
principle of, 866
ribbed, 867
Romanesque, 457, 861, 892
round, 268, 286, 870, 871, 872, 874, 877, 889, 891
transverse, 866, 872
triumphal, 432
archimagus, 139
Archimatheus, 998
Archimedes, 99, 911, 912, 990
Archipoeta, 1025-1026
architects, 457, 467, 491, 846, 847, 864, 889
English, 864, 883
French, 875, 882
Gothic* 864, 865, 873, 881
Greek and Saracen, 704
Seljuq, 317
architecture, 127-134, 267, 270, 286, 311, 312, 313, 341, 440, 441, 450, 452, 491, 492, 653, 704, 752, 846, 856, 861, 866, 895, 899, 915, 1028, 1085
Byzantine, 441
cathedral, 864, 894
civic, 886, 888
classic, 893, 894
Coptic, 132
ecclesiastical, 516, 847, 870-871
in England, 494
Gothic, 148, 692, 858, 872-875, 893, 894, 906
Islamic, 273
medieval, 892, 926
military, 271, 316
Moslem, 271-274
Norman, 669, 870
Persian, 274
Renaissance, 894
Sasanian, 148-149, 272
Seljuq, 317
Spanish, 700
tower, 272
Western, 845, 846, 868
archives, 278, 909
keeper of, 908*
Arctic, 655, 666
Ardagh chalice, 499
Ardan, 478, 499
Ardashir I, 142, 148
Ardashir III, 151
Ardistan, 274
Areca, Rab, 362
Arezzo, 638, 779, 898, 919, 1062
Argenteuil, 914, 942
Arians, 46-47, 58, 62-63, 91, 92, 100, 101, 108, 451
Ariosto, Lodovico, 1054
Aristippus of Catania, 912
aristocracy, 7, 275, 303, 423, 432, 433, 464, 486, 497, 506, 552, 577, 639, 660, 683, 707, 711, 840, 975, 1037
Arab, 293, 295-296
of birth, 647, 710
of the East, 120
English, 578, 675-676, 679, 905
feudal, 552, 560-564, 826, 836
Florentine, 1061
French, 840, 858
German, 661, 665
Ghibelline, 729
Greek, 432
Hungarian, 658
Islamic, 197, 237, 342
Jewish, 372
ladies of, 578, 1039
landed, 560
mercantile, 641
Roman, 512, 537-538
Viennese, 1040
Aristotle, 9, 99, 122, 123, 138, 240, 241, 250, 251, 253, 255, 257, 288, 335, 336, 337, 342, 405, 406, 407, 412, 476, 554, 606, 611, 630, 720, 804, 820, 860, 879, 911, 912, 913, 915, 925, 928, 931, 938, 949, 953-955, 959, 960, 961, 962, 964, 968, 969, 972, 973, 974-975, 977, 978, 981, 982, 988, 994, 1005, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1014, 1017, 1070
commentaries on, 910, 957, 1004
banned, 415, 954
interpretation of, 336-338, 929
translated, 49, 336
Aristoxenus of Tarentum, 135
Arius, 7-8, 946
Arles, 85, 474, 648, 688, 869
kingdom of, 513
Armagh, 84, 500
arme Heinrich, Der (Hartmann von Aue), 1049
Armenia, 3, 13, 49, 64, 128, 143, 146, 147, 156*, 196, 204-205, 242, 308, 317, 340, 366, 430, 440, 528, 530, 590, 762
Armenians, 140, 432, 436, 619, 652-653
armillary spheres, 242, 244
armies, 23-25, 41, 294, 307, 340, 423, 424, 500, 566, 569, 619, 651, 655, 678, 683-686, 725, 793, 799, 822
armor, 342, 570, 848
Arnaud of Cîteaux, 774, 775, 803
Arno River, 616, 645, 728, 1080
Arnold of Brescia, 707-708, 767, 790, 945
Arnold of Cologne, 391
Arnold of Villanova, 987, 988, 1000, 1016
Arnolfo di Cambio, 811, 861-862, 889-890
Arnstadt, 838
Arnulf, Archbishop of Reims, 511, 540
Arras, 37, 476, 627, 643, 771, 851, 1029
arrengo (popular assembly), 709
Ars cantus mensurabilis (Franco of Cologne), 898
Ars magna (Raymond Lully), 418
Arsacids, 142, 149
art, 292, 310, 311, 312, 432, 450, 455, 456, 457, 501, 544, 578, 652, 653, 657, 669, 704, 748, 750, 752, 827, 845, 846, 857-858, 869, 876, 893, 910, 1015, 1084-1085
Byzantine, 126-135, 439-442, 846
calligraphic, 853
Chinese, 273
Christian, 150, 700, 747
classic, 719, 861
Dutch, 686
German, 515-516
Gothic, 205, 701, 846, 847, 875, 880, 1086
Greek, 150, 444, 1086
Irish, 499
Islamic, 237, 270-278, 286, 315-319, 341, 342, 343, 441
Italian, 456, 802, 855, 890
military, 892
miniature, 479
Moorish, 315-319
pictorial, 851-857
purpose of, 847
religious, 441-442
rewards of, 854
Sasanian, 148-150, 270
Serbian, 657
teaching of, 920
Art of Love (Ovid), 939, 1018
Artabanus V, 142
Arte della Lana, 623, 624, 728
Arte de’ Calimala, 624, 728
Artemis-Diana, 48, 746
arthritis, 999
Arthur, Count of Brittany, 674
Arthur, King, 81, 496, 575, 673, 822, 1019, 1045-1048
Arthurian cycle, 1045-1047
artisans, 270, 278, 350, 553, 579, 688, 864, 875, 876
Byzantine, 455
Greek and Saracen, 704
Hebrew, 376
Moslem, 342
artists, 270, 276, 278, 293, 309, 440, 479, 516, 757, 854, 864, 876
Byzantine, 128-129, 455, 846, 851
French, 880
Gothic, 455
Greek, 449, 704, 845
Italian, 852
Moslem, 273, 857, 908
Renaissance, 862
secular, 847
Artois, 475
count of, 814
arts, 285, 287, 857, 923, 924, 994
Byzantine, 133-135
ceramic, 849
and crafts, 491, 847
domestic, 807
French, 476-479
German, 512
home, 505
Islamic, 318
metal, 848
patronage of, 724
resurrection of, 845-862
schools of, 917, 919, 923
seven, 920
in Spain, 96
training in, 914
aruspex, 987
Aryans, 136, 141
Asaf-ha-Jehudi, 403
Asal, 334-335
Ascalon, 592, 613
asceticism, 258, 259, 260, 358, 518, 520, 527, 790, 799, 802
asepsis, 1001
Asgard, 507
Ashari, Abul-Hasan al-, 252, 405
Ash down, battle of, 483
Asher ben Yehiel, 380, 415, 416
Ashi, Rab, 351
Ashkenazim, 370*
Ashoka, 58
Ashot III, 205
Ashraf, Kab ibn al-, 169
Asia, 4, 13, 49, 107, 128, 192, 218, 219, 270, 275, 285, 298, 312, 330, 369, 371, 383, 393, 423, 434, 525, 586, 610, 612, 616, 658, 673, 857, 993
Byzantine, 155
Central, 119, 238, 339, 992
Islamic, 249, 616
Roman, 146
Western, 147, 187, 192, 207, 218, 227, 242, 312, 341, 423, 554, 638
Asia Minor, 3, 46, 128, 130, 147, 150, 151, 156*, 191, 200, 206, 308, 311, 317, 318, 329, 348-349, 369, 370*, 431, 440, 590, 603, 616, 652, 769
Askold, 448
Asma, 168
Aspasia, 319
Assandun, 485, 492
assassination, 285, 292, 295, 296, 308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 368, 396, 428, 433, 501-502, 529, 568, 671, 783, 952, 958
Balkan, 657
Assassins, 262, 309-310, 340
assemblies, 463, 467, 718, 814, 839
Asser, 483, 484, 491, 496
Assisi, 753, 792, 793, 794, 796, 798, 799, 800, 801, 854, 855
basilica of, 802
Cathedral, 888
Assyria, 343
Astarte, 746
Astrakhan, 208, 446
astrolabe, 242, 244, 305, 937, 991
astrology, 121, 122, 139, 217, 244, 352, 364, 409, 417, 433, 438, 720, 911, 956, 970, 984, 987, 991, 996, 1000, 1005, 1007, 1016, 1067
astronomers, 309, 403, 991
Christian, 698
Irish, 533
Islamic, 242, 288
Jewish, 402-403
Astronomical Canon (Ptolemy), 122
astronomical tables, 241, 244, 305, 911
astronomy, 139, 240, 241, 242, 244, 288, 322, 329, 336, 343, 352, 372, 398, 402-403, 408, 437, 438, 460, 497, 698, 911, 913, 915, 919, 987, 990, 991, 1007, 1067, 1077, 1084
Asturias, 462
King of, 458, 459
asylum, right of, 753
asylums, 693, 823
for insane, 331
poor, 293
Ataulf, 36-37
Athanagild, 92, 95
Athalaric, 102
Athanaric, 46
Athanasius, St., 7-8, 18, 55, 57, 58, 115
atheism, 331, 334, 336, 674
atheists, 725, 955-956
Athens, 9, 11, 27, 33, 61, 62, 73, 99, 121, 123, 138, 258, 446, 654, 845, 893
University of, 9
Athos, Mt., 440, 530
Atiyya, Abu’l, 223
Atlantic Ocean, 196, 462, 596, 695, 752, 845
atomism, 905, 955
atonement, 359, 523, 740, 964*
Day of, 384
Attalia (Antalya), 595
Attica, 128, 434
Attila, 38-41, 41-42, 97, 443
also see Etzel
Attis, 75
Aucassin, 1050-1051
Aucassin et Nicolette, 697, 736, 1049-1051
Audovera, 92
Augsburg, 444, 549, 619, 809
Augusteum, Constantinople, 5, 129, 130
Augustine, St., 30, 31, 38, 45, 48, 54, 55, 56, 64-75, 76, 78, 121, 122, 177, 260, 332, 522, 523, 524, 533, 630, 734, 735, 737, 738, 744, 750, 788, 808, 822, 896, 932, 959, 961, 964, 967, 971, 976, 977, 980, 984, 986, 992, 1013
Augustinian Canons, 788
Augustus, 23, 34, 132, 156, 428, 1063, 1085
Aurelian, 23, 88, 108
Ausculta fili (Boniface VIII), 814
auscultation, 998
Ausonius, 56, 57, 75, 78, 85-86
Austin Friars, 804
Austrasia, 92, 93, 460
Austria, 607, 658, 660, 663, 664
authors, 236, 293-294, 322, 757, 908, 1016
autocracy, 425, 525, 526, 706
auto-da-fé, 782, 783
Auvergne, 87, 475
Auxerre, 83-84, 466, 476, 479, 670, 951
Cathedral, 857, 860
Avars, 4, 423, 424, 443, 446, 451, 462, 660
Ave Maria, 693, 742, 985
Avempace (Abu Bekr ibn Bajja), 333-334, 337, 957
Avenzoar, see Zuhr, Abu Marwan ibn
Averroës (Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Rushd), 123, 249, 251, 255, 257, 258, 330, 332, 333-338, 342, 343, 407-408, 415, 606, 910, 913, 954, 955, 957, 961, 963, 964*, 909, 971, 977, 978, 982, 984, 1005, 1068, 1070
Averroism, 337-338, 370, 955-958, 979
Aversa, 452
Avesta, 89, 141, 142, 186*, 269
aviaries, 840
Avicebron, see Gabirol, ibn
Avicenna (Abu Ali al-Husein ibn Sina), 203, 223, 243, 244, 247-249, 251, 255-257, 259, 276, 279, 322, 325, 334, 336, 337-338, 342, 407, 412*, 898, 910, 911, 913, 954, 955, 957, 961, 963, 982, 1011, 1014, 1068, 1070
Avignon, 292, 389, 577, 610, 621, 648, 688, 695, 706, 822, 919
Council of, 387
papacy to, 729, 815
Avila, 701, 890
Cathedral, 890-891
Avitus, 42, 86, 87
Avranches, 671, 939
Awan, ibn al-, 330
Awfi, Muhammad, 319
Aw ja, ibn Abi al-, 212
Aybak, 312
Ayyub, 310
Ayyubids, 311, 312
Azbar, el-, 273
mosque of, 286, 287-288
Azerbaijan, 210, 328, 340
Aziz, 284, 287
Aziz, ibn, 276
Azriel, Jewish mystic, 417
Baalbek, 230, 271, 310, 319, 404
Babik al-Khurrani, 210
Babylon, 157, 191, 232
Babylonia, 185, 241, 343, 366, 367, 369, 384, 402, 405, 417, 989
Babylonian Captivity, 365, 815
backgammon, 838
Bacon, Francis, 243, 336, 981, 982, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1015
Bacon, Roger, 249, 251, 257, 288, 289, 338, 733, 802, 804, 831, 843, 899, 912, 913, 923, 925, 953, 958, 980, 982, 988, 991, 992, 995, 1003, 1006-1015, 1016, 1082
badges, 387, 388, 392, 764
yellow, 394
Badi al-Hamadhani, 263
Badia y Leblich, Domingo, 155*
Badoer, Agnello, 454
Badon, Mt., battle of, 81
Baghdad, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 222, 223, 226, 227, 232-234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 246, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 264, 265, 268, 273, 278, 285, 297, 302, 304, 308, 309, 310, 312, 317, 330, 331, 338, 340, 366, 369, 404, 432, 436, 438, 440, 447, 457, 467, 597, 719
Christians in, 333
Great Mosque of, 593
colleges in, 319
Bagratuni family, 205
Bahram I, 149
Bahram II, 149
Bahram V Gur, 144
Bahram Cobin, 146
Bahya, 386, 910
Baibars, 312-313, 340, 607, 608
Baitar, Abu Muhammad ibn, 329, 330
Bajazet, 840
Bajja, ibn, see Avempace
bakers, 625
Bakhtisha, Jibril ibn, 246
Balas, 144
Baldur, 507
Baldwin I, Latin Emperor, 603, 605
Baldwin II, Latin Emperor, 652, 694, 849
Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, 590, 592
Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, 593
Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem, 595
Baldwin IV, King of Jerusalem, 1020
Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, 481, 482, 493
Balearic Islands, 698, 919
Balian, Lord of Nablus, 598
Balkans, 23, 25, 39-40, 43, 47, 98, 118, 150, 432, 443-446, 462, 528, 553, 586, 657-659, 665, 769, 779, 832, 903, 992
Balkash, Lake, 993
Balkh, 49, 136, 144, 152, 191, 194, 323, 324, 337, 340, 993
ballads, 268, 508, 1030, 1031, 1033
Balliol, John, 924
Balliol, John, King of Scotland, 683, 924
Baltic Sea, 443, 447, 448, 462, 514, 618, 645, 654, 658, 664, 665
ports, 376
states, 616, 659, 832
Baluchistan, 136, 196
Bamberg Cathedral, 886, 909
Bangor, 497, 500
banishment, 335, 374, 393, 427, 525, 528, 529, 533, 730, 777, 779, 1061
bankers and banking, 120, 379, 436, 613, 627, 628, 710, 729, 730, 839, 1084
Cahorsian, 628
Christian, 377, 385, 392
Florentine, 728-729
French, 767
Italian, 628
Jewish, 378, 385, 393, 395
Bannockburn, 682, 684
banquet, 836
baptism, 462, 467, 475, 528, 738, 740, 769, 821
compulsory, 389, 390, 393
Bar Cocheba, 347
bar mizvah, 382*
Barbad, 138
barbarians, 22-43, 314, 434, 444, 473, 519, 754, 818, 829-830, 843, 893, 906, 930, 1039
barbarism, 79, 423, 443, 445, 464, 470, 514, 520, 893, 984, 1036, 1073, 1082, 1084
barbers, 1000-1001
Barcelona, 372, 400, 402, 403, 404, 459, 462, 571, 612, 615, 617, 623, 638, 699, 857, 892, 979, 1000, 1085
Cathedral, 909
Count of, 460
Bardas, the Caesar, 428, 430, 437, 528, 529
Bardesanes, 528
Bardi family, 628, 629
bards, 495-496
Irish, 901, 1054
Islamic, 263-270
Welsh, 684, 901, 1054
Bar-Hebraeus (Abu-’l-Faraj), 282, 283, 984
Bari, 290, 369, 440, 453, 616
Barmakids, 197, 199, 246, 308
barons, 472, 560, 566, 691, 774, 822
robber, 565, 614, 688
baroque, 894
Bar-sur-Aube, 615
Bartholomew of England, 1006, 1015
Bartholomew, St., 743
Basel, 619, 641, 642, 687
Cathedral, 848
Bashin, 200
Basil I the Macedonian, 428-429, 432, 435, 439, 529
Basil II, Bulgaroctonus, 430, 435, 444, 448
Basil, St., 9, 55, 62, 78, 792, 895, 896, 1002
Basilica (Leo VI), 434
basilicas, 127, 129, 132, 450, 479, 864-865, 876, 895
Basina, 91
Basques, 458, 462, 1030
Basra, 175, 191, 207, 208, 210, 232, 237, 252, 254, 259, 262, 273, 320
bathing, 271, 356-357, 379, 835
baths, 5, 67, 129, 130, 293, 302, 313, 456, 611, 718, 835
Battani Abu Abdallah, al- (Albategnus), 241, 242, 991
Batu, 655, 656, 658
Batuta, ibn, 339
Bavaria, 39, 92, 444, 462, 511, 556, 906
Bavarians, 510, 665, 905
Bayeux, 474
Cathedral, 851
Tapestry, 851
Bazh, 268
beards, priests’, 528, 529
Beatific Vision, 258, 807, 973, 1069, 1079
Beatitudes, 742, 1073
Beatrice, 729, 1037, 1058-1061, 1065, 1067-1069, 1075-1079
Beauvais, 474, 475, 481, 623, 639, 643, 648, 841
Cathedral, 865, 873, 881-882, 890
Bede, St., 80, 83, 483, 484, 488-489, 491, 522, 533, 534, 542, 872, 902, 1077
Bedouins, 22, 157-158, 216, 219-220, 263
Bee, 479, 482, 494
Becket, Thomas à, 486, 669-672, 684, 739, 743, 744, 753, 761, 768, 784, 871, 951, 987
Beghards, 769, 809
Béguines, 769, 809
Beirut (Berytus), 132, 239, 592, 600, 609
Bekr, Abu, caliph, 165, 166, 175, 187, 188, 189, 215, 227, 228, 258, 334-335, 336
Bela IV, 658
belfries, 342, 754, 865
Belgium, 622, 648, 685
Belgrade (Singidunum), 13, 39
Belisarius, 47, 102, 106, 107-111, 115, 116, 117, 125, 132, 146
Benedict I, 520
Benedict V, 539
Benedict VI, 539
Benedict VIII, 540
Benedict IX, 540
Benedict XI, Blessed, 815
Benedict XV, 978
Benedict of Aniane, St., 536
Benedict Biscop, 488, 491
Benedict of Nursia, St., 57, 517-519, 522, 524, 527, 536, 742, 805, 909, 1078
Benedictine order, 457, 545, 785, 958
Benedictine Rule, 517-519, 536
Benediktbeuren, 1024
Benevento, 440, 451, 452, 538, 706, 723
duchy of, 543
Duke of, 290
Benjamin of Tudela, 366, 375, 376, 404, 433
Benoît de Ste. Maure, 1044-1045
Benveniste, Sheshet, 404
Benvenutus Grassus, 403
Beowulf, 489-491, 504, 1030, 1044
bequest, rules of, 754, 766
Berbers, 22, 23, 117, 202, 283, 284, 285, 289, 290, 291, 295-296, 299, 371, 372, 408, 458
Berengar II, 511-512
Berengar of Tours, 476, 543, 741
Berengaria, wife of Alfonso IX, 762
Bérenger of Tours, 945, 1023
Bergamo, 662, 712, 722
Bergen, 618, 666
Bergson, Henri, 71, 969
Bergthora, 1033
Berlin, 274, 391, 618
Bernard de Caux, 783
Bernard of Chartres, 908, 914, 950
Bernard, of Clairvaux, St., 391, 593, 594, 595, 639, 707, 760, 768, 779, 785, 786, 787-792, 808, 827, 832, 842, 847, 868, 909, 917, 941, 945-946, 947, 950, 951, 959, 988, 1018, 1079
Bernard de Tirón, 846
Bernard de Ventadour, 1037
Bernardino of Feltre, Blessed, 632
Bernardino of Siena, St., 802
Bernewald of Hildesheim, 516
Bernoulli, John, 995
Bertha, wife of Ethelbert of Kent, 533
Bertha, wife of Robert the Pious, 480
Berthold of Regensburg, 571, 734, 735, 769, 829, 834, 986, 1018
Bertrade, Countess of Anjou, 688
Bertrand de Born, 1037
Bessarabia, 444
Bessarion, Johannes, 59
bestiality, 821-822
bestiaries, 853, 994
Beth Din, 347, 382
Bethlehem, 54, 607
betrothals, 380, 418, 823
Beverly Minster, 859
Bewcastle, 491
bezants, 120, 625
Béziers, 393, 775
Council of, 387, 404
Bianchi, 730, 731, 1061
Bible, 46-47, 49, 54, 66, 70, 83, 114, 175, 184, 185, 186, 205, 238, 336, 350, 352*, 353, 367, 396, 401, 406, 412, 414, 477, 479, 523, 532, 698, 724, 748, 770, 776, 777, 790, 853, 907, 915, 921, 939, 953, 967, 975, 978, 981, 987, 1009, 1014, 1067
commentaries, 368, 398, 497
also see New Testament, Old Testament
bibliomancy, 417
bills of exchange, 437, 629
biography, 305, 319, 329, 352
biology, 245, 437, 973, 994
Birger, Earl, 666
Biruni, Abu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-, 203, 242, 243-244, 247, 249, 257, 991
bishop, boys’, 842
bishoprics, 300, 461, 468, 511, 513, 518, 541, 552, 767
German, 547
sold, 513, 548
“Bishop’s Roll,” 491
bishops, appointment of, 541, 546, 547
armed, 564
Eastern, 61-64
elections of, 760
of England, 493, 533, 668, 871
French, 548, 549, 689
German, 541, 546-547, 548, 549, 661, 784
Italian, 512, 548
Lombard, 547, 549
power of, 472
wealth of, 845
Bismarck-Schönhausen, Otto von, 510, 663, 665
Bitruji (Alpetragius), Abu Ishaq al-, 329, 911, 991
Bjerne Her juifsson, 504
Blachernae, Constantinople, 650
Black Death, 642, 894
Black Forest, 837
black markets, 119, 641
Black Mass, 986
Black Sea, 25, 27, 104, 119, 145, 146, 147, 191, 443, 444, 446, 447, 448, 454, 465, 506, 554, 612, 616, 619, 654, 664, 709
Black Stone, Mecca, 161, 170, 171, 193, 215, 216, 262
Blacks, see Neri
Blaise, St., 743
Blanche of Castile, 402, 690-691, 694, 775-776, 827, 880, 891
Blanche of Navarre, 827
Blanquerna (Lully), 979
blasphemy, 569, 720, 776
laws of, 755
Bleda, 38
Blesilla, 54
Blois, 393
blood, circulation of, 403
bloodhounds, 840
bloodletting, 999
boat building, 506, 710
Bobbio, 476, 533
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 1045, 1054, 1058, 1059, 1063, 1065, 1066, 1081, 1082, 1086
Bodhisattvas, 217
Boethius, 99-102, 135, 450, 476, 484, 938, 965, 990, 1011, 1077
Bogomiles, 47, 767, 769
Bogolyubski, Andrey, 654
Bohemia, 391, 589, 622, 660, 663, 809, 832
dukes of, 511, 1075
sects in, 784
Bohemians, 657, 659, 661
Bohemund, 575, 589, 590, 591
Böhme, Jakob, 418
Boileau, Etienne, 635
Bokhara, 194, 206, 207, 231, 237, 247, 268, 278, 308, 339, 993
Boleslav I, King of Poland, 660
III, 660
V, 660
Boleslav I, Duke of Bohemia, 660
II, 660
Bologna, 42, 88, 114, 434, 616, 624, 630, 643, 662, 670, 708, 717, 722, 724, 754, 756, 777, 803, 811, 862, 888, 889, 903, 905, 911, 917-919, 922, 923, 979, 998, 1001, 1057, 1058, 1062, 1065, 1067, 1080
University of, 916-919, 926, 929, 988
Bolsena, 889
Bonanno of Pisa, 868
Bonaventura, St. (John of Fidanza), 406, 632, 802, 843, 923, 959-960, 978, 1077
bonds, government, 628, 629, 632
Bone, 284, 703
Boniface IV, St., 530
Boniface VII (Bonifazio Francone), 539
Boniface VIII, 404, 694*, 695, 696, 730, 783, 806, 811-816, 817, 919, 1000, 1062, 1072, 1077, 1085
Boniface, governor, 38, 74, 117
Boniface of Montferrat, 603
Boniface, St., 23*, 461, 487, 535, 542, 822
Book of Ceremonies (Constantine VII), 429
Book of Critique (Jonah ibn Janaeh), 396
Book of Crowns (Prudentius), 56
Book of the Countries (al-Yaqubi), 242
Book of the Gospels, 134
Book of the Hours of the Virgin, 853
Book of Hymns, 501
Book of Information (al-Masudi), 239
Book of Jubilees, 416
Book of Kells, 499, 501
Book of Leinster, 501
Book of Plants (al-Dina-wari), 245
Book of Religions and Sects (ibn Hazm), 305
Book of Religions and Sects (al-Shahrastani), 320
Book of Routes (ibn Khordadbeh), 376
Book of Soul and Spirit (Isaac Israeli), 405
bookkeeping, 628, 629-630
books, 277, 293-294, 304-305, 371, 465, 515, 785, 852-853, 903, 906-909, 996, 1008
of hours, 852, 906
illuminated, 319
sizes of, 907-908
booksellers, 236, 907, 908
Books of the Wars (Procopius), 125
Booth, William, 733*
Bordeaux, 36, 56, 85, 86, 91, 393, 474, 588, 617, 620, 648, 827, 828
Borel, Count of Barcelona, 539
Borgognoni, Teodorico, 1001
Borgoña, Felipe de, 891
Boris, Khan, 443-444
Boris of Bulgaria, 536
Borr orneo, St. Charles, 739
borrowing, 343, 377
Bosnia, 658, 769, 771
Bosporus, 3, 4, 64, 109, 130, 147, 424, 425, 448, 589, 595, 612, 652
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, 238
Bostia, 162-
botany, 245, 329-330, 1005
Botheric, 25
bourgeoisie, 568, 572, 618, 638, 640, 644, 646, 685, 700, 708, 729, 730, 746, 836, 861, 1042, 1055, 1065
Bourges, 383, 615
Cathedral, 857, 860, 882
Bou vines, battle of, 571, 675, 685, 690, 715, 717
Bowayb, El-, battle of, 151
Box, G. H., 351*
boycotts, 618, 619, 897
student, 917
Brabant, 686
Bracton, Henry de, 375, 678, 824
Brahe, Tycho, 242
Brahmagupta, 989
brain, 956
concussion, 1001
Bramante (Donato d’Agnolo), 127
Brangäne, 1049
Brandenburg, Margrave of, 375, 664
Bratislav I, 660
Braulio of Saragossa, 96
Braye, Cardinal de, 862
bread and ale, “assizes” of, 641
bread, sacramental, 740-741, 749
Breasted, James H., 279*
Bremen, 615, 618
Brémule, battle of, 571
Brescia, 617, 662, 712, 727
Breslau, 660, 664
Brethren of the Free Spirit, 809
Brethren of Purity, 234
Brethren of Sincerity, 254, 279, 338
Brevarium (Alaric II), 88
Breviloquium, (Bonaventura), 959
brewing, 348, 624, 625, 786, 837, 997, 1003
Brian Boru, 498, 500
bribery, 290, 306, 372, 377, 433, 464, 526, 538, 541, 567, 667, 828, 1004
Bridge, battle of the, 151
bridges, 308, 465, 500, 560, 621, 718
brigandage, 293, 296, 314, 829, 935
Brigid, St., 84
Brindisi, 404, 616, 716, 717
Bristol, 487, 640, 682
Britain, 3, 22, 25, 43, 80-81, 82, 107, 156, 204, 450, 465, 466, 476, 486, 496, 497, 501, 522, 568, 578, 617, 627, 642, 648, 673, 1045, 1046
North, 748
Britons, 81, 495, 501, 553, 668, 681
Brittany, 81, 91, 480, 495, 688, 689, 931, 936, 937, 942, 987, 1042
Count of, 674
brothels, 822, 823, 927, 1054
Browning, Robert, 397
Bruce, Edward, 682, 684
Bruce, Robert, 682, 683-684
Bruges, 615, 617, 618, 623, 627, 629, 635, 640, 642, 647, 648, 680, 685, 886, 888
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 729, 890
Brunhild (a), 92, 93, 533, 1032-1033, 1034-1035
Bruno, St., 515, 788
Bruno, Giordano, 1082
Brunswick Cathedral, 861
Brussels, 686
Cathedral, 886
Brut (Layamon), 1045
Brut d’Angleterre, Le (Wace), 1045
Brutus, Marcus Junius, 1045, 1073
bubonic plague, 1001, 1002
buccaneers, 651, 670, 684
Bucoleon, Constantinople, 432
Büche von Troye (Wolfram) Buda (Budapest), 39, 658, 659
Buddha, 139, 532
buffoons, 838, 842
Buildings (Procopius), 106
Bukhari, al-, 211
Bulgaria, 443-445, 446, 657, 762, 769, 771
Bulgars, 424, 430, 432, 442, 443-444, 446, 586, 653, 832
Volga, 655
Bulgarus, 916
bullfight, 701
Buonsignori family, 628, 727
Buran, 208
Buraq, 166
Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig, 155*
bureaucracy, 29, 225, 433, 442, 472
burial, 379, 741, 755, 780
Burgos, 459, 460, 638
Cathedral, 891, 892, 893
Burgundians, 22, 89, 510, 687, 831, 1035
Burgundy, 92, 460, 475, 480, 663, 686-688, 946, 1034
kingdom of, 513
Burma, 993
burning (at the stake), 780-784
Burton, Sir Richard, 155*
Bury, 752
Busen to River, 36
Bustan (Sa’di), 326-327
buttons, 832-833
buttresses, 455, 865, 867, 871, 872, 873, 875, 886, 893
Buwayhids, 202-203, 204, 233, 242
Buzurgmihr, 145
Byron, Lord, 124, 1065
Byzantine art, 126-135
architecture, 127
civilization, 118-135, 614
economy, 118-120
Empire, 7, 100, 112, 113, 114, 119, 120, 124, 147, 393, 424, 431, 444, 445, 585, 605, 606, 625, 652
emperors, 193, 387
fleet, 103
government, 218, 219, 282
Institute, 131
life, 431-437
style, 131, 132
Byzantines, 109, 125, 203, 230, 453, 703
Byzantium, 3, 97, 98, 128, 135, 140, 145, 147, 150, 156, 157, 171, 187, 188, 197, 200, 204, 225, 241, 270, 276, 297, 375, 423-449, 450, 451, 453, 454, 457, 468, 469, 470, 515, 525, 535, 536, 550, 563, 586, 603, 604, 605, 612, 613, 616, 642, 650-652, 654, 655, 657, 663, 708, 709, 831, 846, 849, 876
Christian, 609
also see Constantinople
Cabala, 405, 415, 416-418, 979
Cade, William, 627
Cadiz, 97, 304, 441, 617, 638, 697, 754, 1085
Cadwgan ap Bledyn, 684
Caedmon, 490
Caen, 479, 482, 668, 869, 871
Caesar, Gaius Julius, 13, 40, 108, 120, 784, 991, 1074
Caesarea, 62, 78, 125, 608, 1002
Caesarean section, 1001
Caesarius of Heisterbach, 775, 785, 787, 986
Caetani family, 706
Cahors, 392, 627
Cathedral, 868
Cahorsians, 627, 631, 632
Cairo (Qahira), 208, 226, 236, 239, 257, 273, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 304, 311, 312, 313-314, 317, 318, 319 320, 330, 403, 408, 409, 413, 414, 585, 600, 616, 854, 909
Calabria, 99, 452, 453, 808
Calatrava, Knights of, 697
Calculation of Integration and Equation (al-Khwarizmi), 241
calculi, 990
Calderón de la Barca, Pedro, 701
Caledonia, 80, 501
calendar, 139, 402-403, 991-992
ecclesiastical, 743
Gregorian, 171, 992
Jewish, 347, 403
Julian, 1010
Moslem, 171, 321
Persian, 309, 321
reform, 925, 1009, 1010
Seleucid, 403
caliphate, 263, 291-297
Abbasid, 196-204, 261, 276, 280, 340, 376, 429, 471
Aghlabid, 289-290
Cordovan, 295, 296, 460
Umuayyad, 192-196
Calixtus II, 546, 760
calligraphy, 277, 278, 319, 341
Callinicus of Syria, 424
Callisthenes, 1044
Calvin, John, 74
Cam River, 926
Cambrai, 475, 476, 567, 618, 623, 639, 769
Cambridge, 1003
University, 135, 828, 924-925
Camel, Battle of the, 191
cameos, 849
camera obscura, 289
Campagna, 42, 111, 290, 379, 541, 707, 963
Campo Santo, Pisa, 861, 862
canals, 283, 447, 454, 559, 560, 621, 646, 686
Canary Islands, 992
cancer, 437
candelabra, 846, 848
Cannes, 57
Canon (Avicenna), 910
canonical hours, 518, 742
canonists, 756, 826
canonization, 427, 444, 524, 672, 760, 764, 783, 801, 806, 963
Canossa, 549, 551, 667
Canterbury, 392, 483, 621, 668, 671, 672, 753, 761, 1002
Cathedral, 491, 671, 744, 857, 871, 883, 884, 909
Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 806, 830
“Canticle of the Sun” (St. Francis), 797, 800-801
Cantigas del Rey Sabio, Las, 853
cantors, 384, 896
Canute, 487
Capella Palatina, Palermo, 291, 705, 852
Capetian kings, 696
capitals, 861, 866, 872
Capitol, Rome, 450, 706, 707
Capitulare de litteris colendis (Charlemagne), 466
capitularies, 404, 466, 467
Cappadocia, 10, 46, 62, 78, 1002
Caprasius, St., 57
Capua, 452, 517, 703, 719
Carcassonne, 87, 772, 775, 782
cardinals, 545, 759, 760, 761, 768, 834
caricatures, 804
Carinthia, 444, 511, 660
Carloman, 461, 474, 511, 538
Carlyle, Thomas, 926, 1080
Carmathians, 262
Carmelites, 792, 804, 806
Carmen (Bizet), 980
Carmina Burana, 838, 1024, 1027
Carnival, 711, 929
Carolingians, 460-475
Carpathians, 447, 553, 658
carpets, 278, 432, 835
Persian, 318
Carpini, Giovanni de Piano, 339, 608, 656, 993
carriages, 621
Cartagena, 37, 624
Carthage, 30, 31, 38, 41, 64, 65, 67, 69, 109, 283, 284, 289
Carthusians, 788, 909
cartography, 329, 994
cartularies, 786*
carving, 846, 847-848, 857, 859-860, 884
Casanova, Giovanni Iacopo, 53
Caspian Sea, 144, 208, 231, 238, 241, 446, 447, 448, 506, 616, 655
Cassiodorus, 98, 99, 102, 915
castellum, Roman, 892
Castile, 295, 402, 458, 459, 697, 698, 699, 700, 702, 766, 802, 891, 892, 919
castles, 271, 378, 474, 553, 561, 643, 644, 651, 729, 797, 835, 837, 888, 892
English, 870
Frank, 317
Norman, 493, 870
Saracen, 291
Castor and Pollux, 745
castration, 433, 437
casuistry, 358, 364, 945
rabbinical, 358
Catalonia, 373, 459, 480, 571, 651, 698, 919
Catalaunian Fields, battle of the, 40
Catania, 704
cataract, operations for, 330
Categories (Aristotle), 240
Cathari, 767, 771-774, 778, 779, 780, 783
cathedral chapters, 863, 915
funds, 853-854
cathedrals, 276, 341, 343, 491, 564, 579, 636, 642, 649, 697, 747, 748, 753-754, 766, 785, 844, 845, 850, 852, 853, 854, 857, 859, 861, 863-869, 895, 913, 1066, 1086
English, 847, 870-872, 883, 885
French, 767, 876-882
funds for, 378
German, 886-887
Gothic, 640, 873, 875, 1085
Italian, 888-890
libraries of, 909
Norman, 873
Romanesque, 846, 870
Spanish, 890-892
Catholicism, 115, 521, 653, 747, 748, 801, 957
Catholics, 67-68, 451, 775
orthodox, 1083
Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Censor), 34
Cato, Marcus Porcius (Uticensis), 1074
cattle, 140, 435, 645
Catullus, Gaius Valerius, 76, 466
Caucasians, 26
Caucasus, 146, 156*, 341, 369, 446, 448, 653
Causae et curae (Hildegarde), 998
cautery, 295, 1001
Cavalcanti, Guido, 731, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1061
Cavallini, Pietro, 845
cavalry, 552, 569, 687, 839
Cecco d’Ascoli, 988
Cefalú Cathedral, 852
ceilings, 866, 870, 872
Celestial Hierarchy (Dionysius), 477
Celestine I, St., 48, 83, 896
Celestine III, 689, 808
Celestine V, St., 812
celibacy, 45, 47, 53, 76, 113, 181, 220, 259, 360, 529, 542, 757*, 787, 788
clerical, 544, 550, 784
Celts, 80, 82, 492, 531-532, 668, 681, 832
Iberian, 458
censorship, 907
census, 297
Cephalonia, 453
Cephisus River, 651
ceramics, 275, 310, 342
ceremonies, 382, 807, 986
Christian, 841, 1053
Jewish, 415
Cerchi family, 730
Cerularius, Michael, 544-545
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, 1055
Ceuta, 284, 329
Ceylon, 208, 238, 242, 993
Chalcedon, 147, 424
Council of, 49, 61, 64
Chalcis, 9, 51
Chalcondylas, Demetrius, 907
Chama ben Ilae, 361
Champagne, 401, 480, 615, 695
champions, paid, 568
champlevé, 849
Champollion, Jean François, 237
Chananya, 367
chancery, papal, 545, 768
chandeliers, 287, 303
Chang-an, 198, 241
Chanoch, 369
Chanson de Roland, 462, 576, 578, 697, 1030-1031
chansons de geste, 697, 1042, 1044-1051, 1054
chants, Ambrosian, 896
Gallican, 897
Greek and Syrian, 895
Gregorian, 895, 896-897, 899, 1085
Mozarabic, 897
chapels, 863, 891
chapter house, 883
Charibert, 94
charity, 77-78, 360, 379, 433, 470, 521, 785, 805, 820, 844, 1060, 1083
administration of, 831
Christian, 1002
communal, 382-383
ecclesiastical, 706
Jewish, 361
of St. Francis, 796
organized, 378, 818
Charlemagne, 93, 150, 198, 200, 207, 370, 443, 450, 452, 459, 461-471, 476, 479, 480, 483, 484, 492, 500, 510, 525, 526, 528, 535, 541, 544, 547, 564, 579, 587, 626, 660, 662, 663, 673, 763, 765, 817, 831, 845, 848, 897, 913, 914, 1019, 1030, 1031, 1044, 1063, 1078
capitularies of, 630, 633
court of, 1018
law of, 824
truce of, 837
“Charlemagne’s cloak,” 440
Charles IV, 696
Charles V, 315, 316
Charles of Anjou, 694, 699, 726, 727, 912, 963
Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor, 472, 473, 474, 476-479, 497, 515, 531, 833, 904, 914
Charles the Fat, Holy Roman Emperor, 472, 474
Charles the Good, Count of Flanders, 568
Charles Martel, 292, 461, 463, 766
Charles III the Simple, King of France, 275, 472
Charles, son of Charlemagne, 470, 471
Charles of Valois, 730-731, 812
Charter of Love, 788
charters, 389, 638, 690, 699, 828, 882
Chartres, 474, 475, 476, 481, 695, 753, 846, 863, 914, 923, 1023
school of, 949-953
Cathedral, 132, 317, 579, 691, 697, 753, 858, 859, 860, 861, 865, 873, 874, 875, 877-880, 882, 883, 892, 1084
chastity, 76, 527, 798, 804, 805, 824, 1026, 1038
Châteaudun, 892
Château Gaillard, 892
châteaux, 850, 892
libraries in, 909
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 343, 681, 805, 806, 830, 904, 905, 1019, 1045, 1052*, 1054
chauvinism, 458
cheating, 829
checkers, 838
chemistry, 122, 244-245, 305, 720, 911, 994, 996-997, 1000, 1012
Chernigov, 448, 653, 656
cherubim, 354, 1079
chess, 342, 838, 928
Chester, 487
Chevalier de la charette, Le (Chrétien), 1045
Chichester Cathedral, 871
Childebert I, 92
Childebert II, 92
Childeric I, 91
Childeric III, 461
childlessness, voluntary, 360
children, 138, 381, 466, 821, 825, 826, 864, 1007
of aristocracy, 562-563
care of, 360
Christian, 388
German, 838
of heretics, 781
illegitimate, 529, 822
Jewish, 360-361, 380, 390
peasant, 557
poor, 914
of priests, 542
sacrifice of, 386
school, 360
unbaptized, 984-985
Chilperic, 92-93, 94, 370, 530-531
China, 49, 118, 140, 150, 152, 219, 236-238, 242, 263, 277, 285, 376, 441, 616, 617, 655, 658, 993
Chinchilla, 851
Chinese, 209, 216, 236, 328, 658, 989, 996
Chinon, 672
Chintila, 370
Chioggia, 713
Chios, 440
Chirurgia (Salicetti), 1001
Chirurgia magna (Lanfranchia), 1001
chivalry, 459, 496, 551, 552-579, 651, 669, 698, 748, 844, 1018, 1039, 1045, 1046, 1049, 1084
Chivi al-Balchi, 367
Chlodio, 91
Chlodomer, 92
Chlotar I, 92, 94
Chlotar II, 93, 460
Chlotar IV, 461
Choice of Pearls (ibn Gabirol), 406
choirs, 859, 885, 886, 896, 1027
cholera, 379
Chosroes, see Khosru
Chrétien de Troyes, 81, 1045-1046, 1049, 1086
Christ, 18, 30, 53, 58, 59, 63, 66, 68, 69, 70, 74-75, 81, 83, 103, 123, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 139, 147, 161, 167, 184, 185, 186, 211, 214, 215, 229, 230, 231*, 238, 254, 342, 353*, 362, 367, 386, 401, 426, 439, 442, 477, 496, 508, 518, 523, 526, 528, 529, 546, 585, 591, 592, 593, 606, 630, 649, 705, 719, 720, 732, 733, 734, 737, 739, 740, 742, 743, 744, 759, 769, 772, 776, 787, 790, 793, 794, 796, 802, 808, 820, 860, 887, 889, 908, 942, 944, 945, 946, 976, 977, 994, 1017, 1018, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1028, 1031, 1046, 1063, 1066, 1070, 1078, 1079
blood of, 741, 744, 1020
divinity of, 7-8, 47, 48, 49, 62, 385, 418
horoscope of, 988
mosaic of, 439, 440
nature of, 107, 115, 116, 205, 249, 524
Vicar of, 551
visions of, 799, 855
“Christ” (Cynewulf), 491
Christ in Glory (Cimabue), 855
Christendom, 72, 75, 121, 127, 138, 186, 209, 217, 223, 239, 249, 253, 267, 311, 332, 337, 338, 341, 342, 343, 347, 403, 405, 406, 414, 441, 444, 512, 529, 554, 572, 586, 588, 602, 607, 608, 626, 671, 738, 787, 808, 811, 819-844, 914, 929, 949, 951, 987, 1006
East and West, 544
evils of, 763
intellectual center of, 434
and Islam, 376
Jewish life in, 374-385
Jews of, 366, 380, 395
Latin, 221, 257, 298, 517, 526, 627, 765, 817, 868, 982, 990
literature of, 1049
united, 763, 777, 817
Western, 1009, 1022
Christian belief, 338
conquest of Europe, 530-537
Fathers, 985
shrines, 858
Christianity, 15-16, 17, 21, 30, 32, 44-79, 81, 83, 88, 90, 91, 93, 95, 99, 101, 111, 112, 123, 126, 127, 128, 132, 139, 143, 145, 156, 163, 170, 176, 178, 182, 183, 185, 187, 200, 204, 252, 258, 289, 290, 305, 333, 340, 341, 343, 347, 356, 360, 370, 386, 388, 389, 390, 402, 415, 425, 426, 442, 443, 444-445, 456, 470, 477, 483, 489, 492, 496, 497, 502, 503, 504, 505, 508, 511, 523, 535, 551, 569, 575, 576, 579, 585, 586, 608, 658, 659, 710, 714, 721, 732, 733, 736, 737-738, 769, 777, 786, 801, 802, 807, 811, 820, 821, 825, 843, 844, 857, 867, 905, 930, 932, 939, 949, 955, 958, 962, 966, 974, 977, 978, 980, 982, 983, 1010, 1012, 1022, 1036, 1068, 1082, 1083
Armenian, 204-205
British, 533-534
challenge to, 530
doctrines of, 735
early, 835
Eastern, 74, 116
German, 534-535, 665
Gnostic, 251
Greek, 426, 432, 442, 446, 655, 808
Greek and Roman, 103, 140, 205, 528, 530, 535, 544
hatred for, 364
heretical, 530
Oriental, 70
rationale of, 941
Roman, 116, 445, 446, 468, 535, 655, 659, 660, 706, 783, 816
Spanish, 459
Christians, 7-9, 18, 21, 34, 35, 38, 46, 48, 49, 51, 53, 56, 58, 62, 63, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78 112, 122, 142, 147, 156, 163, 164, 180, 182, 190, 194, 202, 208, 216, 218, 222, 233, 243, 252, 285, 289, 290, 292, 299, 300, 301, 303, 305, 307, 309, 312, 314, 315, 316, 333, 334, 338, 343, 347, 348, 349, 355, 356, 360, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 377, 379, 380, 385, 389, 401, 404, 407, 408, 410, 416, 447, 458-460, 464, 467, 481, 517-551, 564, 572, 575, 588, 590, 591, 593, 596, 597, 598, 600, 607, 608, 612, 616, 645, 652, 697, 705, 711, 725, 732, 734, 770, 777, 780, 792, 802, 820, 829, 831, 895, 910, 929, 938, 939, 980, 984, 985, 1008, 1014, 1018, 1023, 1027-1028, 1041
in Arabia, 171
Coptic, 440
Damascene, 230
Eastern, 219
islamic, 300
and Jews, 370
laws for, 755
Monophysite, 282
Nestorian, 138, 240, 993
persecution of, 554, 784, 844
in Persia, 139-140
Spanish, 955
Christmas, 797, 841
mythology, 62*
Christopher, St., 743, 1021-1022
Christos Pantocrate, 705
Chrobati, 446
Chronica maiora (Matthew Paris), 1020
Chronicle (Jocelyn), 926
Chronicle (Nennius), 1045
Chronicle (Salimbene), 804
Chronicle of the XXIV Generals of the Order, 1014
chroniclers, 429, 674, 767, 1019, 1045, 1084
chronicles, 308, 851, 854, 1019, 1044
Chronicles (Froissart), 822
Chronicon (Cassiodorus), 99
Chronographia (Psellus), 438
chronology, 1009, 1067
Chrysanthius, 11
Chrysoloras, 1082, 1086
Chrysostom, St. John, 9, 54, 55, 57, 63-64, 78, 120, 825, 842
Church, the, 18, 44-46, 68, 73, 75-78, 79, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 113, 300, 341, 353*, 364, 377, 392*, 401, 404, 416, 425, 429, 430, 431, 450, 456, 461, 462, 464, 467, 468, 471, 480, 514-516, 517-551, 554, 556, 557, 559, 566, 568, 571, 572, 574, 575, 576, 586, 600, 612, 621, 626, 628, 630. 632, 664, 668, 671, 672, 675, 690, 694, 695, 698, 699, 701, 707, 722, 754, 763, 772-774, 777, 779, 780, 785, 786*, 791, 801-804, 809, 810, 811, 812-813, 816, 818, 819, 820, 823, 824, 825, 826, 828, 829, 830, 831, 835, 841, 842, 845, 848, 854, 865, 881, 903, 906, 907, 913, 917, 925, 926, 930, 931, 932, 937, 945, 947, 952, 953, 958, 968, 978, 980, 981, 985, 986, 987, 988, 996, 1012, 1014. 1022, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1036, 1038, 1041, 1055, 1063, 1083, 1085
Armenian, 205
benefices, 542
British, 534
Christian, doubts of, 769
creed of, 857, 1083
and dancing, 838
doctrines, 47-49, 929, 941
dogmas of, 957, 1052
Eastern, 50, 64, 74, 124, 426, 525, 527, 581, 765
Eastern and Western, 107, 108, 115-116
English, 676, 766
Fathers, 55, 426, 630, 921, 933, 939, 944, 959, 967, 975
feudalized, 564
French, 571, 697, 864, 923, 976
German, 511, 535, 543
Greek, 424, 431, 469, 527-533, 536, 544, 592, 605, 651, 652, 762, 765
Irish, 682
Italian, 1086
and Jews, 387, 393
Monophysite, 107
role of, 917
Roman, 51, 88, 112, 434, 469, 529, 605, 611, 651, 765, 817, 923
Roman Catholic, 539*, 732-768
Russian, 536, 653, 656
in Scotland, 683
secular heirarchy of, 537
Spanish, 370
and state, 45-46, 364, 468, 472, 547-551, 760, 923, 976
wealth of, 631, 767, 1026
Church of the Apostles, Constantinople, 441
Church History of the English Nation (Bede), 488
Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, 285
churches, 93, 218, 230, 272, 285, 289, 300, 404, 408, 426, 429, 432, 435, 440, 444, 449, 456, 474, 476, 479, 484, 492, 500, 503, 529, 532, 631, 636, 652, 666, 703, 753-754, 767, 785, 863, 895, 914
abbey, 846, 863
Eastern, 867
English, 870
Greek Christian, 348
Milan, 896
pre-Gothic, 873
Roman, 127, 812
Romanesque, 869-870
Sienese, 727
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 15, 32, 52, 72, 76, 78, 85, 87, 93, 100, 120, 860, 879, 915, 1014, 1018, 1022, 1070
letters of, 439
orations of, 539
Cid, 701, 1030
Cid, El, 459-460, 1031
Cilicia, 13, 425, 599, 652, 663
Cimabue, 802, 846, 852, 855-856, 888, 1085
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quintius, 34
Cino da Pistoia, 1057
Cinque Ports, 617, 677
cipher, 241
Circumcelliones, 48
circumcision, 233, 299, 357, 379, 382, 418, 751
circuses, 127, 450, 840
Cistercians, 621, 792, 805, 812, 909
Cîteaux, 789
monastery at, 788
monks of, 602
cities, 293, 295, 296, 347, 374, 456, 484, 572, 618, 637, 639, 642-643, 645, 685, 766, 797, 803, 913, 915, 916, 1018, 1084
Baltic, 915
Chinese, 710
Dutch, 640
English, 842
Flemish, 621, 640
free, 699
French, 690, 841, 842
German, 511, 665, 710, 842
holy, 264
Islamic, 227-234, 291
Italian, 474, 662-663, 712, 724, 888, 918, 919, 1062, 1085
Lombard, 638, 664, 713, 716, 721, 723, 791, 916, 1063
Moorish, 304
Portuguese, 702
Roman, 637
Russian, 653, 656
Spanish, 295, 297, 459, 699, 701
Western, 846
of Western Asia, 341
citizenship, 388, 712
City of God (Augustine), 30, 72-73
city-states, Italian, 762
of Moslem Spain, 306
Spanish, 296
Ciullo d’Alcamo, 1056
civilization, 206, 278, 282, 332, 343-344, 405, 445, 451, 459, 464, 470, 475, 534, 579, 788, 819, 820, 844, 852, 854, 900, 1063, 1083, 1085, 1086
Anglo-Saxon, 485-491
Byzantine, 118-135, 427-428, 442, 450
Christian, 697
classic, 894
European, 646, 656
French, 575, 771
German, 514-516
Greek, 442
Irish, 496-501
Islamic, 153-344, 609, 611, 1082*
Italian, 456-458
Judaic, 345-419
Roman, 23, 107, 843
Sasanian, 243
Spanish, 701
Viking, 504-510
Clairvaux, 594, 789-791, 792
clans, 495, 497, 501
Serb, 657
Clara, St., 798, 805-806
Clarendon, 671
Assize of, 680
Constitutions of, 671, 672
class, artisan, 619
mercantile, 618, 631
differences, 379, 839, 840
feeling, in Britain, 648
raiment, 833
war, 209-210, 295-296, 306, 646-649, 685, 729
classes, 637, 646, 695, 756, 845, 934
business, 908
educated, 263, 294, 307, 954
in Florence, 729
university, 921
upper, 280, 302
classics, 365, 477, 724, 907, 939, 944, 952, 1018, 1027
Confucian, 265
copies of, 906
Greek, 239, 497, 907, 1086
Latin, 466, 915, 1023, 1086
classrooms, 927
Claudian, 30, 33, 56, 75, 78
Claudius, Bishop of Turin, 743
cleanliness, 356-357, 386, 456, 835, 836, 1001
Clement I, St., 525
Clement II, 540
Clement III, 550-551
Clement IV, 726, 765, 993, 1007, 1014
Clement V, 610, 680, 695, 755, 782, 783, 815-816, 1000, 1072
Clement of Alexandria, 630
Cleopatra, 1070
clerestory, 867, 873
clergy, 53, 426, 429, 434, 441, 463, 465, 466, 467, 468, 472, 481, 500, 515, 521, 537, 541-542, 546, 551, 553, 559, 640, 646, 653, 696, 706, 754, 756-760, 763, 768, 769, 784, 812, 813, 817, 847, 878, 900, 904-905, 908, 915, 916, 921, 927, 941, 998, 1000, 1013, 1029-1030
Anglo-Saxon, 668
Christian, 18, 373, 389, 596, 763
of Constantinople, 529
Dutch, 686
English, 668, 671, 675, 676, 677, 679, 683
French, 694, 814, 815
Gallic, 531, 533
German, 543, 663
Greek, 528, 604, 605
Irish, 682
Italian, 540
Latin, 528, 652
Norman, 668
Russian, 653
secular, 404, 521, 757, 785, 787, 802, 914
Spanish, 95, 700
Clericos laicos (Boniface VIII), 813, 815
Clermont, 86, 87, 586
Council of, 387
Clichy, Council of, 630
Cligès (Chrétien), 1045
clinics, 330
clocks, 995, 1084
cloisonné, 847
Clonard, school at, 497
Clonmacnois, 500
school at, 497
Clontarf, 500
Clorumia, 147
Clotaire, see Chlotar
Clothilde, 91, 92
Clovis, 91-92, 93, 94, 349
Cloyne, 500
Cluny, 537, 786, 791, 831, 847, 868-869, 946, 947
library of, 909
monk artists of, 845
Clyde, Firth of, 501
Cnut, 485, 491, 492-493, 503, 924, 986
Code des Rhodiens, 620
codes, barbarian, 434, 567
maritime, 342, 1083
Codex Constitutionum, 111-112
Coimbra, 292, 869
coin clipping, 378, 625
coinage, 299, 695
Arab, 208
gold, 622, 625-626
private, 566
rights, 626
silver, 487
coins, Augustan, 625
clipped, 380
of Frederick II, 718-719
German, 1041
coitus, 1002
coitus interruptus, 824
Colchis, 119
College of Eighteen, Paris, 922
Collège des Hautes Études, Paris, 440
colleges, 236, 239, 285, 293, 304, 319, 366, 500, 514, 828, 922, 923, 924, 925, 978, 1084
collegia, 29, 922
Colmar, 472
Cologne, 12, 88, 92, 369, 390, 391, 462, 474, 476, 516, 545, 606, 615, 619, 624, 635, 640, 642, 769, 830, 870, 903, 914, 922, 960, 962, 977, 980, 1025
Archbishop of, 664, 758
Cathedral, 865, 886-887, 889
Colonna family, 706, 812, 815, 817
Colonna, Jacopo and Pietro, 812-813
Sciarra, 815
colonies, 370, 440, 447, 1086
colonnades, 865, 891
colors, 879-880
heraldic, 562*
and mixtures, 847
oil, 854, 997
Colosseum, Rome, 450
Columba, St., 532, 533, 579
Columban, St., 532-533
Columbkille, 532
Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, 558
Columbus, Christopher, 617, 1010, 1082, 1085
columns, 286, 303, 304, 455, 458, 859, 866, 879
combat, judicial, 568
trial by, 89-90
comedies, 515, 835
comets, 1005, 1019
comfort stations, public, 835
Comités, 7
Commentaries (Gaius), 112
Commentary (Galen), 910
Commentary on Boethius (John of Salisbury), 951
commerce, 315, 342, 359, 369, 370, 373, 376, 386, 432, 436, 447, 451, 454, 456, 487, 497, 552, 565, 612, 614-621, 642, 652, 654, 657, 660, 685, 696, 702, 704, 710, 712, 727, 767, 816, 903, 915, 919, 923, 949, 994, 1084
Atlantic, 617
Byzantine, 436
Christian, 845
Florentine, 729
French, 876
German, 618
Islamic, 207-209
Italian, 654
Jewish, 376
Latin, 651
Rhenish, 389
common pleas, 676
communal movement, 638-641
communes, 459, 637-643, 649, 688, 690, 699, 708, 845, 854, 863, 893, 949
communication, 283, 552, 566
Communion, First, 741
communism 144, 252, 261, 262, 444, 630, 769, 975
Como, 452, 629, 633, 667, 712, 714
compass, 611, 615-616, 1084
floating, 996
Compendium (David Kimchi), 396
Compendium Scientiarum (Grosseteste), 925
Compendium studii philosophiae (Roger Bacon), 1012-1013
Compendium studii theologiae (Roger Bacon), 1014
Compendium theologiae (Aquinas), 966
Compiègne, 476
Cathedral, 932
composers, 897, 898, 899
compurgation, 486
trial by, 89
Computus (Grosseteste), 991
Computus naturalium (Roger Bacon), 1007
Comyn, John, 684
Conall Cernach, 82, 83
conception, 985, 997
conceptualism, 934, 951
Conchobar, 82
Conciliator controversiarum (Peter of Abano), 956
concubinage, 53, 65, 181, 197, 222, 380, 521, 546, 757, 824
clerical, 541-542, 770, 932
concubines, 340, 460, 471, 503, 554, 822, 927, 942
Condorcet, Marie Jean de Caritat, Marquis de, 982
condottieri, 453, 724, 1085
conduct, code of, 939
of Church, 754-756
confederado, 687
confession, 473, 543, 739-742, 779, 781-782
“Confession of Goliath” (Archipoeta), 1025-1026
Confessions (Augustine), 71-72, 808
Confessions (St. Patrick), 84
confirmation, 382, 418, 738
confiscation, 292, 300, 377, 378, 390, 393, 427, 431, 461, 465, 723, 766, 779, 782, 783, 812, 814, 1062
confraternities, 766
congregations, Jewish, 374, 389-390, 896
Conies (Apollonius of Perga), 122, 911
Connaught, 82, 496, 682
Conor, 82, 498
Conquête de Constantinople (Villehardouin), 1020
Conrad I, 511
Conrad II, 513
Conrad III, 595, 661
Conrad IV, 723, 725, 726
Conrad of Canterbury, 871
Conrad of Hochstaden, Archbishop of Cologne, 886
Conrad of Marburg, 784, 810
Conrad of Montferrat, 310, 600
Conrad, Duke of Lorraine, 512
Conradin, 726
Consolation of Philosophy (Boethius), 484
Constance, 513, 662, 687
Council of, 952
Diet of, 714
Constance, wife of Henry VI, 705, 714, 715
Constans I, 3, 8
Constans II, 424, 525
Constantia, 127
Constantina, 423
Constantine I the Great, 3, 4, 7-8, 9, 10, 37, 43, 50, 58, 77, 103, 105, 108, 119, 120, 127, 128, 347, 425, 428, 433, 465, 547, 845, 869, 1078
Constantine II, 3
Constantine IV Pogonatus, 424
Constantine V Copronymus, 426-427, 452, 525
Constantine VI, 427
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, 389, 429, 441
Constantine VIII, 430
Constantine IX Monomachus, 430*, 431, 438
Constantine X Ducas, 431
Constantine the African, 457, 910, 988
Constantine Cephalas, 437
Constantine, Roman emperor in Britain, 80
Constantinople (Nova Roma, Byzantium), 3-6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 25, 26, 27, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 48, 62, 63-64, 97, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131*, 132, 135, 147, 150, 197, 198, 201, 218, 230, 233, 236, 240, 257, 282, 302, 349, 369, 404, 423-449, 453, 454, 455, 467, 468, 409, 520, 525, 527, 529, 530, 539, 586, 589, 590, 594, 603-606, 610, 611, 612, 615, 616, 619, 629, 633, 642, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 680, 694, 697, 706, 708, 709, 762, 765, 849, 850, 901, 907, 912, 949, 984, 992, 993, 1044
churches in, 129, 544, 744
council at, 115-116
Latin, Kingdom of, 605, 651
libraries of, 984
patriarchs of, 426, 436
University of, 124, 437, 438, 528
also see Byzantium, St. Sophia
Constantius, Emperor, 3, 11, 12, 13., 18, 31, 46, 50, 347.
Constantius, general, 37
constellations, 329, 987, 988
Constitution of Constantine, 6
Constitution of Diocletian, 6
consuls, 456, 620, 638, 707, 713
Consulate of the Sea, 699
Conte del Graal (Chrétien), 1045, 1047
Conti family, 706, 761
contraception, 120, 121, 223, 360, 824
contracts, 555, 680, 864
“Convent of Repentance,” Theodora’s, 107
convents, 467, 757*, 763, 767, 805, 806, 839, 913, 914, 998
conversion, 388, 389, 390, 791, 943
Convivio (Dante), 1062, 1066
cookery, 836, 837, 905
Cooldrevna, 532
Copenhagen, 665
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 305, 329, 913, 991
copper, 847, 848
Copts, 61, 135, 289, 874
copyists, 906-908
Cordova, 37, 96, 97, 237, 241, 274, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303-304, 305, 306, 307, 314, 315, 329, 335, 369, 371, 383, 396, 408, 432, 436, 459, 467, 642, 697, 909
mosques of, 274, 303-304
University of, 293, 304, 372
Corfu, 404, 453
Corinth, 436, 616, 624
Cork, 500
Cormac MacAirt, 82
Cornificius, 950
Cornwall, 376, 622
coronations, 468-470, 566, 568
coroners, 829
Corpus iuris canonici, 755
Corpus iuris civilis (Justinian), 112, 755, 916
Correctorium fratris Thomae (William de la Mare), 977
corruption, 314, 341, 430, 431, 433, 524, 647-648, 711, 763, 768, 773, 828, 829, 952, 1080
Corsi family, 706
Corsica, 27, 110, 116, 289, 474, 616, 617, 713
Cortenuova, battle of, 722
Cortes, 373, 646, 700, 1083
Corwen, battle of, 684
Cosmas Indicopleustes, 134
Cosmas and Damian, Sts., 745
cosmetics, 834, 997
cosmogony, 124, 416, 982, 1067
costume, 832, 833, 905, 1027
cotton, 206, 718
Cotton, John, 899
Coucy, castle of, 892
Coulton, George Gordon, 626*
Council of One Hundred, 730
councils, 293, 467, 679, 791, 900
church, 387, 426, 529, 531, 571, 572, 630, 754, 815, 907, 954
ecclesiastical, 456, 527, 759, 982
national, 459
papal, 759
powers of, 758
count palatine, 658
counterfeiters, 625, 1072
counts, 459, 480, 565, 685, 688, 690
Courbet, Gustave, 229
Course of Religious and Secular Studies (Cassiodorus), 99
courses, 309, 921, 922, 928
courtesans, 728*, 823, 927
courtoisie, 578, 839
Courtrai, 474, 648, 685
battle of, 686
courts, 263, 264, 460, 463, 464, 468, 566, 668, 671, 672, 1083
abbey, 564
Aghlabid, 403
Almohad, 320
baronial, 691, 1054
communal, 374
ecclesiastical, 531, 564, 567, 569, 668, 671, 679, 694, 754, 755, 758, 763, 817-818
English, 679, 905
guild, 634
Hanseatic League, 618
Italian, 1056
Khazar, 447
manorial, 486, 560, 567, 812
mercantile, 620
Moslem, 342, 447
provincial, 472
royal, 567, 691, 718, 719, 1053
seignorial, 645
Courts of love, 577-578
Cousin, Victor, 939
Coutances, 696
Cathedral, 882
Covadonga, battle of, 458
Coventry, 488
Cracow, 658, 660, 664
crafts, 291, 505-506, 558, 622-625, 633, 647, 841, 914
craftsmen, 275, 291, 370, 530, 700, 826, 829, 846, 1013
Byzantine, 436
French, 876, 882
Jewish, 375-376
creation, 70-71, 184, 331, 333, 336-337, 405, 412, 416-418, 477, 732, 867, 889, 941, 954, 957, 958, 969-970, 977, 1052
Crécy, battle of, 575
credit system, 437, 629
Credo, 742, 749
credulity, 732, 737, 984, 1019, 1083
creeds, 278, 343, 818
Christian, 528, 957
Islamic, 176-179
cremation, 741
Cremona, 35, 616, 662, 712, 714, 783, 1001
Crépy-en-Valois, 644
Crescentius, 513, 539
Crespin family, 627
Creswell, K. A. C, 148*
Crete, 196, 289, 429, 431, 529, 616
Crimea, 525, 536, 655
crimes, 290, 295, 360, 362, 379, 380, 427, 430, 463, 464, 650, 671, 679, 718, 725, 829, 830, 844, 894, 1036, 1071
Croats, 446
Crom Cruach, 83
Cromwell, 183
crop rotation, 558, 645
Cross, 325
symbolism of, 528
crossbows, 570
Crotone, 616
crown lands, 667
crown of thorns, 743
cruelty, 224, 285, 445, 470, 492, 825, 829-830, 842
Crusade, Albigensian, 691, 692, 774-776, 904, 1039
Crusade, Children’s, 606
Crusade, Eighth, 608
Crusade, Fifth, 606
Crusade, First, 385, 389-390, 401, 562, 585-594, 595, 611, 616, 650, 740, 787, 901, 1019, 1036
Crusade, Fourth, 377, 602-606, 657, 706, 709, 1020
Crusade, Second, 390, 391, 594-595, 596, 827
Crusade, Seventh, 608
Crusade, Sixth, 607
Crusade, Third, 598-602, 663, 683, 992
Crusades, 149, 204, 208, 223, 239, 285, 310, 333, 338, 342, 343, 368, 376, 392, 393, 431, 551, 565, 572, 575, 585-613, 597, 617, 629, 644, 692, 695, 706, 746, 755, 757*, 764, 765, 783, 792, 821, 827, 829, 835, 845, 876, 882, 893, 954, 955, 1018, 1020, 1036, 1052
failure of, 713, 769, 816
funds for, 611-612, 767
Crusaders, 206, 218, 229, 271, 313, 317, 326, 328, 366, 373, 389-390, 399, 413, 425, 443, 562*, 588, 651, 652, 673, 697, 716, 724, 762, 766, 769, 799, 822, 849, 892, 901, 912, 989, 1003
“Crusader’s Hymn” (Walther), 1041
Ctesiphon, 20, 136, 140, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 424
Cuchulain, 82, 498, 822
culture, 78-79, 285, 290, 442, 529, 686, 910, 911, 913
Bulgarian, 657
Byzantine, 456, 998
Christian, 857, 1086
classic, 235, 450, 1082
German, 618, 1039
of Greek Empire, 431-437
Irish, 497
Islamic, 239*, 244, 341-395, 460, 701
Italian, 904
Jewish, 372, 397
Cumans, 440, 586, 653, 655
“Cup of Khosru,” 150
Cur Deus homo? (Anselm), 933
cures, 404, 986
curfew, 643, 667
Curia, 759, 762-763, 817, 828, 925, 958
curia regis, 566
currency, 120, 208-209, 436, 465, 625-627, 641, 644, 685, 718
curriculum, 288, 915, 920, 1027
cursing, formulas of, 986
custom, 375, 1008, 1015
and law, 566
Cuthbert, St., 752, 872
Cybele, 16, 18, 746
Cyclades, 426, 431
Cymri, 495
Cynewulf, 490-491
Cyprian, St., 69
Cyprus, 196, 289, 429, 431, 592, 599, 610, 616, 663, 792
Cyrene, 27, 61, 283, 289
Cyril, 49
Cyril of Alexandria, St., 48, 49, 122-123, 535, 746
Cyrus, 193, 234
Czechs, 445, 535
Dagobert I, 94, 460, 633
Dahriyya, 331
Dai-d-Duat, 261
dairy farming, 645
products, 837
Dalmatia, 116, 127, 446, 454, 799, 850
Damascus, 147, 155*, 175, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 207, 219, 229, 230-231, 236, 246, 253, 257, 262, 264, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 310, 311, 312, 317-318, 319, 330, 333, 340, 399, 404, 592, 595, 596, 597, 598, 607, 652
Great Mosque at, 228, 274
Damasus I, St., 50, 52, 54, 909
Damghan, 231
Damietta, 399, 607, 608, 799
damnation, 278, 382, 820, 976, 1076
Dan Mikillati, 502
dancing, 280, 381, 830, 838, 900, 928
Dándolo, Enrico, 603, 604, 605, 709, 1085
Danegeld, 485, 667
Danehof, 666
Danelaw, 484, 578
Danes, 450, 465, 473, 483-485, 502, 532, 534, 666, 668, 669, 832
Daniel, Arnaud, 1038
Daniel of Morley, 909
Danielis, 428, 435
Danishwar, 268
Dannebrog, 666
Dante Alighieri, 72, 101, 124, 179, 343, 386, 451, 489, 576, 579, 664, 711, 719, 725, 728-729, 767, 809, 834, 843, 905, 978, 988, 1016, 1027, 1036, 1038, 1039, 1056-1081, 1082, 1085, 1086
Danube River, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 37, 38, 39, 40, 46, 116, 369, 423, 428, 443, 444, 451, 465, 510, 589, 614, 616, 617, 619, 658, 659, 664, 665, 673
Danzig, 618, 664
Daphne (Antiochene park), 19
Daphni, convent of, 440
Daqiqi, 268
Dara, 146, 147
Darius I the Great, 22, 146, 148
Darius II, 142, 147
Dark Ages, 117, 132, 420-519, 642, 747, 777, 785, 846, 849, 852, 903, 991, 998, 1083
Dastagird, 147, 149
Data (Euclid), 911
Daud, ibn, 910, 953
dauphin, 688
Dauphiné, 663, 688
David, King of Judah and Israel, 184, 715, 1078
David I, King of Scotland, 683
David ben Abraham, 414
David of Dinant, 954, 955-956
David ap Gruffydd, 684
David ben Zakkai, 368
Day of Atonement, 359
Day of Indulgence (1043), 513
De aedificiis (Procopius), 125
De anima (Aristotle), 253, 337
De anima (Petrus Hispanus), 999
De animalibus (Albertus Magnus), 1005
De arte venandi cum avibus (Frederick II), 994
De consolatione philosophiae (Boethius), 101
De cultura hortorum (Strabo), 515
De divina praedestinatione (Erigena), 477
De divisione naturae (Erigena), 477
De duabus civitatibus (Otto of Freising), 1020
De haereticis, 777
De libero arbitrio (Augustine), 68
De medicamentis (Marcellus), 121
De mercibus (Mashallah), 403
De mirabili potestate artis et naturae (Bacon), 1007
De monorchia (Dante), 1062-1063
De multiplieatione specierum (Bacon), 1007
De Música (Boethius), 135
De ratione ponderis (Jordanus Nemorarius), 995
De regimine prineipum (Aquinas), 974
De scientia motus orbis (Mashallah), 403
De sepulturis (Boniface VIII), 989
De speculis comburentibus (Bacon), 1007
De Triangulis (Regiomontanus), 328
De Trinitate (Augustine), 68
De vegetabilibus (Albertus Magnus), 1004-1005
De vulgari eloquentia (Dante), 1066
deacons, 757
Dead Sea, 271
Deadly Sins, 1073
dean, 920, 921
death, 267, 279, 355, 393, 410, 419, 462, 464, 556, 578, 732, 820, 1023, 1026
for heresy, 777, 779, 782
rate, 757*
Deeds of Ardashir, 138
decimal system, 912-913, 990, 1084
declensions, 904
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 156*
decoration, 270, 271, 272-273, 277, 287, 316, 431, 432, 439, 440, 455, 846, 847, 850, 851, 852, 891
interior, 850, 851
decretals, 828, 914, 978
Decretum (Gratian), 754-755, 820
dedication, of cathedrals, 867
book, 908
Defoe, Daniel, 334
degrees, academic, 917, 918, 929
Deirdre, 498-499
deists, 331
Delfidius, 12
Delft, 640, 686
Delhi, 257, 339
democracy, 459, 506, 641, 678, 687, 706, 720, 729, 759, 975
Democritus, 1070
demons, 357, 404, 416, 417, 524, 734, 970, 984, 986, 1005
denarius, 90*
Denmark, 89, 493, 500, 502, 536, 619, 665-666, 992
Deorham, battle of, 81, 483
deposition, 296, 427, 428, 473, 475, 529, 538-539, 540, 549, 675
Derbyshire, 622
Derry, 532
dervishes, 260, 279, 327, 332-333
dancing, 259, 325
Descartes, René, 71, 995, 1082
“Descent of the Soul” (Avicenna), 248
Description of the Moslem Empire (Muhammad al-Muqaddasi), 242
Desiderius, Abbot, 530, 846, 916
Desiderius, King, 452, 462
despotism, 656, 669, 672, 724
Destruction of the Destruction (Averroës), 336
Destruction of Philosophy (al-Ghazali), 336
Deuteronomy, 352*, 382, 383, 410, 776
Devil, see Satan
devils, 734, 794, 795, 985, 986, 988, 1028
Devon, 622
devotion, 351, 406, 536, 572, 807, 844, 894, 899, 943, 944, 1017
Dhimmi, 218
Dhu Nuwas, 156
diagnosis, 404, 998-999
dialectic, 466, 933, 934, 938
Dialéctica (Abélard), 938
dialects, French, 904
Iberian, 904
Italian, 905, 1066
Tuscan, 905
“Dialogue Between Lover and Lady” (Chillo d’Alcamo), 1056
Dialogue Between a Philosopher, a few, and a Christian (Abélard), 938-939
Dialogues (Gregory I), 517, 522
diamonds, 992
Diarbekr, see Amida
Diarmuid, 84, 532
dice, 838
dicing, 668, 928
dictionaries, 396, 437
Dicuil, 497
Diderot, Denis, 266
Didier, Bishop of Cahors, 531
Dido, 1044, 1070
Dies irae (Thomas of Celano), 751, 897*
diet, 357-358, 379, 409, 999, 1001
meat in, 792
Diet (German), 646, 665
Digesta, 111-112
Digestorum artis mulomedicinae libri IV (Vegetáis), 122
Digges, Leonard, 1012
dikes, 646
Dinant, 476, 618, 623, 648
dinar, 208*
Dinawari, Abu Hanifa al-, 245
Diniz, 702, 919
Diocletian, 7, 20, 105, 108, 112, 119, 128, 428, 433, 471
Diogenes, 912, 1070
Dionysius, the Areopagite, 123, 477, 743, 965-966
Dionysius Exiguus, 125
Diophantus, 241, 990
Dioscoras, 49
Dioscorîdes, 240, 245, 408
Diotisalvi, 868
diplomacy, 431, 442, 525, 670, 691, 695, 696, 709, 763, 791, 839, 903, 919
Dir, 448
dirhem, 208*
discantus, 899
discipline, 786, 913, 915, 918, 1084
knightly, 572-573
Discourse on Method (Descartes), 327*
discussion, forbidden, 780
freedom of, 939
method of, 940
diseases, 249, 357, 379, 445, 986, 1083
contagious, 1002
eye, 330, 1002
infectious, 247
plant, 330
disbalance, numerical,” 757*
dishes, 836
dispensations, 759, 767
Dispersion, 350, 359, 382, 384, 385, 939
disputations, 921, 929, 980
poetical, 1022
public, 921, 980
dissection, 720, 988, 989, 1001
distillation, 997
Divan (Jalal), 325
Divan (Sa’di), 326
divination, 417, 433, 984, 986-987, 988, 1005
Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 270, 342, 524, 893, 905, 978, 1051, 1058, 1062, 1064, 1066-1081
diviners, 47, 1072
divorce, 113, 181, 341, 362-363, 378, 380, 526, 698, 754, 755, 825, 827-828
diwans, 272
Diwrigi, mosque of, 317
Djamasp, 144
Dnieper River, 444, 446, 447, 449, 616, 654-656
Dniester River, 22, 24, 654
Docetists, 186
“Doctors of the Church,” 55
documents, spurious, 814
doge, 605, 709
dogmas, 338, 406, 867, 934, 939, 945, 974
basic, 939
Christian, 755, 964, 966
Mohammedan, 250, 337
revealed, 336, 405
dogmatism, 266, 930, 1083
dogs, 928
hunting, 840
doles, 433, 785, 831
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 229, 270, 593, 598, 607, 874, 895
domes, 303, 455, 846, 868, 895
Domesday Book, 622, 667
Dominic, St., 774, 802-804, 862, 1078
Dominica, 25
Dominicans, 401, 693, 780, 803-804, 806, 922, 955, 960, 962, 982, 988, 1014
Don Astruc (Abba Mari), 415
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 459, 578, 1086
Don River, 22, 38, 443, 444, 447, 654, 993
Donatello, 862, 889
Donati, Corso, 730-731, 1061
Gemma, 1061
Picarda, 1077
“Donation of Constantine,” 50, 526
“Donation of Pepin,” 461, 462, 525, 526
Donatists, 38, 46, 47-48, 64, 67-68, 112
Donatus, 47, 860
Donin, Nicholas, 401-402
Donnolo (Shabbathai ben Abraham), 403
“doomsday,” 733*
doors, bronze, 271, 317, 439, 467
cathedral, 848
historiated, 516
mosque, 287
Dordrecht, 474, 640, 686
Dorian mode, 895
Doric order, 128
Dorpat, 618, 664
Dorylaeum, 590, 595
Douai, 476, 615, 622, 623, 640, 642, 648, 685, 690
doubt, 332, 802, 932, 956, 1052
Doughty, Charles Montagu, 155*, 157*, 215
Douglas, James, 684
Doukhobors, 528
dowries, 379-381, 679, 691, 755-756, 823, 943
dragons, 490, 984, 999
drainage, 643, 646
drama, 515, 752, 818, 1027-1030, 1085
Christian, 752
classic, 1027, 1028
religious, 748, 897
drapery, 850, 851
Dream of Scipio (Cicero), 32
dreams, 217, 364, 1005, 1015
interpretation of, 416, 987, 1000
dress, 379, 831-834, 1084
academic, 927
design, 850, 851
peasant, 557
regulation of, 387
Roman, 861
drinks, 837
Moslem, 342
dropsy, 1001
droughts, 1003, 1019
drugs, 245-246, 342, 720, 824, 997, 999
Druids, 84
drunkenness, 358, 380, 445, 467, 470, 534, 764, 830, 837, 842, 928
Dryburgh, 683, 883
dualism, 47
Manichaean, 769
Zoroastrian, 416
dubitabilia, 952
Dublin, 682
kingdom of, 500
Dubois, Pierre, 696-697
Dubrovnik, see Ragusa
Duchesne, Louis, 58
Duccio, 657, 727, 846, 852, 854-855, 1085
duchies, 480, 481, 688
ducking stools, 568-569
duel, by champions, 568
judicial, 568, 691
dues, feudal, 555-556
dukes, 452, 511, 553, 565, 688, 690
French, 479-482
German, 661, 687
Norman, 571
Dunbar, battle of, 683
Duncan I, 501
Dundalk, 682
Dungal, 497
Duns Scotus, 406, 802, 923, 980-982, 983
Dunstan, St., 486, 491, 902
duodecimal system, 990
Durand, Guillaume, 737, 823
Durandal, 570, 1031
Durazzo, 436, 453
Durham, 501, 622, 640, 684, 752, 871
Castle, 893
Cathedral, 871-872, 874, 882
Dürnkrut, battle of, 660
Dürnstein, 673
Durrow, 532
Dutch, 646, 832
Dvina River, 447, 449, 639
dyes, 728, 997
dysentery, 986
Eadmer, 932
earls, 667
Viking, 506
earth, center of, 1069, 1073
holy, 862
life of, 992-994
rotation of, 991
sphericity of, 329
Earthly Paradise, 1073, 1075, 1077
earthquakes, 116, 316, 343, 519, 558, 871
East Anglia, 483, 484
East, arts of, 704
Byzantine, 435, 437, 627, 644, 845, 846
Christian, 58-64, 431, 468
Greek, 426, 527, 845, 909, 949, 1002, 1044
monks of, 58-61
Monophysite, 524-525
Moslem, 246, 248, 249, 271, 308-312, 559, 612, 624, 644, 845
Slavic, 391
tales and wonders from, 1018
East Indies, 242
Easter, 60, 62, 533, 738, 745, 751-752, 929
“Easter Trope,” 1028
Eastern Empire, 4, 103, 442, 443, 526, 544, 553
Ebro River, 292, 645
Ecbatana, 136
Ecclesiastical History (Sozomen), 125
Ecclesiastical History of England (Bede), 484, 490
ecclesiastics, 465, 466, 471, 521, 690, 711, 772, 784, 811, 907, 944
Eckhart, Meister, 810
eclipses, 289, 418, 1019
ecliptic, 288
Ecloga, 434
economic co-operation, 504
development, 642
heritage, 1083
life, transformation of, 552
life of woman, 826
revival, 614-619, 949
revolution, 706
statistics, 710
Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages (J. W. Thompson), 759*, 786*
economy, Byzantine, 118-135
disrupted, 340
European, 625
feudal, 558
French, 696
Islamic, 206-234
Jews in, 375-378
national, 649, 718
rural, 645
semisocialistic, 641
urban, 519
Eddas, 496, 505, 508-509, 1032
Eden, 86, 167, 227, 478, 825, 1028, 1076
Edessa, 49, 128, 132, 147, 586, 590, 592, 593, 594
Edgar, 486
“Edict Concerning Prices” (Theodoric), 98
Edinburgh, 501, 684
Edith (Edgitha), wife of Edward the Confessor, 493, 833
Edith, mistress of Harold I, 495
Edmund “Ironside,” 485, 486, 492
Edmund Rich, St., 752, 985
Edred, 486
education, 121, 123, 124, 138, 310, 327, 360, 437, 450, 465, 466, 467, 484, 486, 505, 547, 578, 765, 817, 818, 828, 831, 876, 905, 913, 915, 918, 922, 940, 953, 1083
Anglo-Saxon, 488-489
baronial, 562-563
defects of, 929-930
free and general, 466
handbook of, 979
higher, 304, 348, 383, 807, 877
Jewish, 349, 365, 372
knightly, 342
moral, 913, 1084
Moslem, 221, 235-236
sexual, 821
in Spain, 95
Edward I, 378, 392, 570, 609, 678, 679, 680, 683, 684, 695, 700, 729, 766, 812, 813, 829, 835, 901, 1085
Edward II, 611, 678, 680, 684, 841
Edward III, 90
regents for, 684
Edward the Confessor, 493, 667, 833, 870, 885, 892, 986
grave of, 752
Edward the Martyr, 486
Edward, son of Alfred, 484
Edwig, 486
Edwin, King of Northumbria, 501
Egbert, Bishop of York, 465, 488, 806
Egbert, King of Wessex, 483
Egica, 370, 375
Egidio, Brother, 959-960
Egil Skallagrimsson, 509
Egilbert, 390
Eginhard, 466, 467, 469, 470
Egypt, 3, 19, 29, 46, 49, 50, 58, 59, 61, 62, 107, 115, 117, 118, 119, 128, 134, 135, 140, 147, 149, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 191, 192, 195, 196, 202, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 218, 219, 227, 228, 230, 236, 238, 241, 244, 258, 261, 264, 270, 273, 276, 278, 282, 284, 285, 286-289, 292, 310, 311, 312, 313-314, 316, 318, 326, 343, 349, 367, 368, 369, 376, 397, 403, 404, 405, 411, 416, 424, 440, 442, 530, 596, 602, 603, 606, 607, 608, 617, 647, 692, 694, 716, 724, 799, 849, 857, 874, 990
Egyptians, 134, 328, 357, 436, 989
eisteddfod, 684
Ekthesis (Heraclius), 524
Elba, 622
Elbe River, 80, 443, 445, 451, 473, 510, 511, 553, 614, 618, 644, 646, 661, 665
Eleanor of Aquitane, 577, 594, 595, 622, 670, 672, 673, 674, 689, 690, 827-828, 1036, 1037
Eleanor of Castile, 835, 861
Eleazar of Mainz, 419
Eleàzer ben Isaac, Rabbi, 363, 378, 384
Eleazer of Worms, 417
electoral princes, German, 664-665
Elementa super demonstrationem ponderis (Jordanus Nemorarius), 995
Elements (Euclid), 240, 244, 910
Eleusis, 27, 440
Eleusinian Mysteries, 9, 11, 17
Elias, Brother, 802, 888, 996
Elias de Derham, 885
Elisha ben Abuyah, 353
Elizabeth of Schonau, 810
Elizabeth of Hungary, 810
Elohim, 184
Ely Cathedral, 871, 883
“Octagon,” 885
Emad-Eddin, 822
emanation theory, 337
embroidery, 487, 491, 850, 851
embryotomy, 1001
Emesa (Horns), 189, 230, 319, 592
Emico of Leiningen, 589
Emin, al-, 198, 200
emirs, 291-297, 891
Emma, wife of Cnut, 492
Emma, wife of Ethelred, 485
emperors, 349, 427, 428, 433, 435, 442*, 519, 528, 564, 687, 706, 714, 728, 729, 731, 758, 759, 763, 916
Byzantine, 290, 297, 349, 440, 472, 527, 656, 754, 907
Eastern, 452, 525, 777
Franconian, 513
German, 290, 466, 540, 545, 547, 661-665
Hohenstaufen, 1039
Holy Roman, 547, 1062
Macedonian, 441, 544
Roman, 719
Salian, 513
Western, 512
Empire State Building, New York, 1084-1085
Empedocles, 1070
enamels, 441, 530, 611, 847, 848, 849, 876, 997
encyclopedias, 241, 403, 437, 1007, 1015-1017
French, 1058
geographical, 329
Jewish, 359-360
medical, 305
poetic, 319
scientific, 979
Encyclopedia of Science (al-Farabi), 253
encyclopedists, 250, 319, 1015-1017
energy, 465, 536, 994-997, 1085
Engelbert, Archbishop of Cologne, 715
engineers, 271, 713
England, 69, 80-81, 83, 114, 236, 363, 366, 375, 387, 392, 393, 397, 401, 447, 450, 465, 473, 478, 482, 483-495, 500, 501, 502, 509, 510, 521, 522, 531, 532, 533, 537, 554, 564, 571, 575, 615, 618, 620, 622, 623, 624, 625*, 626, 628, 632, 634, 640, 645, 646, 647, 648, 663, 666-681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 688, 689, 691, 692, 695, 699, 702, 743-744, 758, 760, 762, 763, 766, 767, 784, 792, 801, 812, 813, 816, 817, 823, 828, 831, 835, 838, 839, 841, 842, 847, 850, 851, 861, 865, 868, 883, 892, 893, 894, 899, 900, 903, 905, 908*, 909, 913, 914, 920, 932, 951, 982, 986, 990, 991, 992, 1003, 1042, 1044, 1045, 1068
bishops of, 541, 542, 668
castles of, 561
Gothic in, 882-885
interdicts on, 756
Jews in, 369-370, 377
kings of, 627, 628
Norman style in, 870-872
Roman, 622
English Channel, 37, 81, 392, 465, 484, 495, 616, 617, 671, 673, 677, 882
engraving, copperplate, 849
Enguerrand de Coucy, 691
Enoch, 184, 354
entertainment, 719, 838
Enzio, 723, 724, 726
Ephesus, 11, 17, 128, 132, 427, 436, 651
Church councils at, 48, 49, 70, 431, 746
Ephthalites, 144
Ephraim, St., 1002
epics, 268-269, 325, 455, 832, 1018, 1022, 1028, 1030-1036, 1054
Epicurus, 9, 955
epicycles, 991
and eccentrics, theory of, 329
epidemics, 246, 343, 642, 894, 986, 987, 1003
epilepsy, 791, 986, 1002
Epirus, 27, 453, 605, 651, 652, 657
episcopate, 525, 543, 547, 548, 758, 914
epistemology, 204
Epístola de magnete (Petrus Peregrinus), 996
Epitome of History (Zonaras), 650
equestrian order, 552, 707
equinoxes, 242, 288
Er, vision of, 949
Erasmus, Desiderius, 365, 983
Erec et Enide (Chrétien), 1045-1046, 1049
Eric V Glipping, King of Denmark, 666
Eric of Norway, 503
Eric IX, King of Sweden, 659
Erigena, John Scotus, 124, 450, 476-479, 484, 497, 991
Ermanaric, 24
Ernoul, 598, 603
Ernulf, 871
erudition, 331, 1025
erysipelas, 1002
Erz Gebirge, 622, 659
eschatology, 185, 249
Esdraelon, battle on, 597
espionage, 289, 295
Essay on Definitions (Isaac Israeli), 405
Essay on Intercourse (Maimonides), 409
Essay on the Manners and Morals of Europe (Voltaire), 759*
Essenes, 58, 416
estates, landed, 430, 465, 480, 552, 667, 766
three, 646, 814
Estates-General, 696, 826, 1083
Este, Azzo d’, 956
Este family, 708
Esther, 352*, 359
Esths, 659
Estonia, 618, 666
Ethandun, battle of, 484
Ethelbald, 487
Ethelbert, King of Kent, 533
Ethelfled, daughter of Alfred, 488
Ethelred I, 483
Ethelred II the Unready, 485, 492
ethics, 254, 772, 843, 966, 982
Koranic, 179-182
Talmudic, 359-364
Ethics (Aristotle), 912, 966
Ethics (Spinoza), 966
Ethiopia, 22, 119, 208, 326, 357
Ethiopica (Heliodorus), 1044
etiquette, guides to, 839
problems of, 577
Etymologiarum sine originum libri xx (Isidore of Seville), 96
Etzel (Attila), 1035
Etzelnburg, 39
Eucharist, 89, 288, 477, 544, 674, 738, 740-741, 748-749, 769, 790, 879, 1009, 1012
Euclid, 99, 244, 248, 321, 910, 911, 990, 1011
Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III, 41
Eudocia, wife of Basil the Macedonian, 428, 429
Eudocia, wife of Romanus IV, 431
Eudocia Augusta, wife of Theodosius II, 103
Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, 64
Eudoxia, wife of, Valentinian III, 41
Eugene “the Emir,” 912
Eugenius III, 388, 594, 662, 707
Eugenius, Roman emperor, 26, 35
Eulogius, 300, 301
Eumenius, 121
Eunapius, 9, 125
eunuchs, 222, 376, 433, 437, 554
Euphrates River, 19, 108, 136, 142, 143, 146, 151, 192, 206, 231, 241, 292, 616
Euphronius of Autun, 57
Euric, 87, 88, 95
Euripides, 605
Europe, 22, 43, 80-102, 127, 128, 136, 140, 156*, 206, 207, 208, 209, 237, 242, 245, 246, 247, 249, 264, 270, 277, 279, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 298, 299, 305, 312, 321, 330, 340, 349, 369, 376, 380, 389, 400, 401, 403, 404, 405, 410, 416, 424, 431, 442, 443, 444, 450, 454, 458, 459, 461, 468, 502, 506, 509, 514, 515, 525, 531, 547, 548, 549, 551, 559, 575, 578, 579, 586, 588, 590, 593, 595, 598, 602, 608, 610, 612, 613, 614, 616, 624, 626, 628, 629, 635, 641-642, 649, 657, 661, 665, 673, 685, 688, 692, 695, 697, 698, 703, 704, 709, 710, 717, 720, 722, 723, 726, 757*, 760, 777, 783, 786*, 802, 803, 805, 806, 811, 817, 818, 828, 831, 835, 837, 840, 842, 844, 845, 849, 861, 863, 869, 871, 876, 893, 906, 909, 912, 913, 916, 923, 928, 945, 964, 966, 980, 982, 984, 990, 992, 999, 1002, 1012, 1018, 1020, 1044, 1081, 1083
Central, 446, 513, 616, 618, 656
Christian conquest of, 530-537
Eastern, 349, 450
Latin, 434, 436, 499, 526, 537, 586, 837, 912, 931, 989, 998
modern, 559, 578, 649
Northern, 241, 389, 469, 493, 618, 624, 1039
Renaissance, 1086
Southern, 375
Transalpine, 638
Western, 434, 471, 473, 497, 510, 518, 525, 544, 552, 559, 572, 605, 629, 640, 644, 645, 646, 653, 657, 660, 756, 758, 770, 817, 830, 832, 845, 846, 847, 863, 874, 876, 894, 897, 903, 938, 950, 982, 984, 989, 990, 1053, 1082
Europeans, 305, 596, 611
West, 589, 832-833
Eusebia, 11, 13
Eusebius, 10, 46
Eustace, St., 857
Eustathius, 142
Eustachium, 53, 54, 55
Eutyches, 49, 112
Everlasting Gospel (Joachim of Flora), 809
Eve, 69, 264, 363, 412, 820, 825, 933, 950, 973, 1028
evil, 256, 820, 974
eye, 970, 986
Évreux, 474, 475
Evroul, St., monastery of, 1019
examinations, 929
entrance, 926
for heresy, 781
postmortem, 1001
exarchate, 521, 525, 544
Excalibur, 570
excommunication, 368, 374, 380, 415, 480, 494, 526, 528, 529, 539, 543, 544, 546, 548, 549, 550, 551, 571, 639, 662, 671, 675, 677, 682, 684, 688, 699, 707, 710, 716, 722, 723, 726, 741, 753, 755, 756, 761, 762, 773, 774, 777, 778, 780, 782, 812, 813, 815, 922, 928, 930, 977, 1029-1030
executions, 339, 378, 413, 782-783, 928
Exeter, 487
Cathedral, 744, 871, 883
exilarch, 348
hereditary, 366
exiles, 347-349, 372, 427, 569, 731
Exodus, 352*, 383, 490, 776, 987
exogamy, 824
exorcism, 417, 986
experimentation, 249, 925, 1004-1005, 1008-1010
exploitation, 299, 313, 464, 472, 481, 521, 578, 654, 704, 1000
explorers, 454, 506, 1085
extreme unction, 741
Exuperius, 37
eye, diseases of, 403
structure of, 995
eyeglasses, 996, 1084
Ezekiel, 416
Ezra family, ibn, 371
Ezzelino da Romano, 723, 725, 783, 1057, 1085
Fabiola, 78, 1002
fables, 265, 857, 1054-1055
Fables (Bidpai), 262, 263, 320, 910
fabliaux, 574, 767, 1054-1055
fabrics, Cairene and Alexandrian, 287
façades, 846, 865, 869, 870, 871, 876, 879, 881, 891
factions, 105, 285, 296, 527, 718, 729, 730, 798
faculties, 917, 922, 926
Fada, Abu al-, 403
Fadl, al-, 199, 236
Faggiuola, Uguccione della, 1064
faïence, 274, 286
fairies, 984, 1029
fairs, 465, 615, 617, 664, 829, 1083-1084
faith, 79, 325, 338, 367-368, 405, 407, 413, 724, 820, 932, 941, 945, 967-968, 980, 982, 1067
Byzantine, 442
Catholic, 777
Christian, 336, 393, 427, 526, 925, 933, 939, 946, 947, 956, 964*, 981, 986, 1048, 1084
crises in, 954-955
Islamic, 210-219
Jewish, 385
Shia, 314
Fakhru’d Din, 607
fakirs, Hindu, 258
falconry, 691, 719, 840
Falkirk, battle of, 683
Fall, 69, 354, 489, 867, 978, 1036, 1068
“False Decretals” (Isidorus Mercator), 525-526
family, 76-77, 360, 380, 433, 495, 819, 913
famine, 116, 285, 343, 423, 435, 445, 558, 642, 693, 785, 802, 894, 1003, 1019
fana, 260
fanaticism, 307, 338, 400, 442, 528, 880
faqihs, 299, 332-333
Far East, 118, 133, 143, 150, 242, 376, 616, 993
Farabi, Muhammad Abu Nasr al-, 202, 249, 253-254, 257, 279, 337, 407, 898, 911, 913, 954, 957, 1014, 1068
Faraj ben Salim, 912
farce, 1027, 1029, 1055
Farghani, Abu’l-, 242
Farid al-Din Attar (Muhammad ibn Ibrahim), 324
Farinata degli Uberti, 1057
farmers, 348, 352, 370, 435, 554, 645, 718, 826
Fars, 136
Fasa, mosque of, 274
fasts, 214-215, 358, 382, 748, 807, 850, 1020
fatalism, 177, 323, 769
Fathers, 219, 363, 477, 746, 754
Fatima, 162, 172, 284
Fatimids, 284-286, 289, 290, 310, 585, 590-591
fealty, mutual, 375, 553, 560
Feast of Saturn (Macrobius), 32
feasts, 75, 359, 830, 841, 1029
Christian, 745, 751, 752, 794, 841, 889, 964, 1028
Jewish, 358, 359
Fecamp, 1054
abbey of, 479
fees, 543, 767-768, 825, 918, 921, 999
Feis, 82
Felix, Bishop of Nantes, 531
fellowships, 924
Fenellosa, Ernest, 150
“Fenian” cycle, 498
Ferdinand and Isabella, 404, 1010
Fergil, St., 497, 992
Fergusson, James, 272, 878
Fernando I, 459
Fernando III, St., 697, 699, 891, 919
Ferrara, 616, 662, 708, 770, 998
fertility, 445, 447, 502, 987, 997
fertilizer, 559
Festival of the Ass, 841
festivals, 271, 291, 358, 382, 830, 831
agricultural, 838, 841, 1027
Jewish, 347, 418
pagan, 745
religious, 751
academic, 928
fetishism, 744-745
feudal baronies, 651
counts, 686
courtesy, 839
dues, 644, 767
lords, 644, 651, 825, 835
origins, 552-553
vassalage, 675
war, private, 691
feudalism, 113, 298, 434, 435, 456, 459, 511, 551, 552-519, 609, 638, 649, 653, 658, 661, 667, 669, 670, 677, 690, 699, 717, 718, 748, 766, 776, 829, 876
French, 405
German, 445, 664
Persian, 140-141
feudality, 564, 664
feuds, 504, 509, 757*, 1032
Fez, 282, 283, 284, 296, 316, 334, 408
Fibonacci, Leonardo, 720, 989, 990, 995
fidelity, 365, 564, 575, 576, 691, 807
fiefs, 552, 567, 658, 686, 698, 762, 763
figures, 848, 869, 879, 880, 881
filioque clause, 528
Filles-Dieu, 693
finance, 308, 359, 371, 375, 377, 387, 400, 452, 472, 480, 625-633, 710, 845, 1084
Church, 765-768
French, 729
Jews in, 376-378
papal, 728
financiers, 370, 388, 392, 626, 627, 630
fines, 90, 374, 381, 568, 826, 830, 918, 928
Finiguerra, Maso, 849
Finland, 208, 619, 659
Finns, 444, 447, 659, 832
Fioretti, 792*, 795-798
Firdausi (Abu’l-Qasim Mansur), 137, 203, 244, 268-269
fire, 643, 872, 906
firearms, 658
Firnas, ibn, 298
First Cause, 253, 254, 968, 969
Firuz, 144
Firuzabad, 148
roses of, 271
fish, 379, 505, 666, 837, 841
FitzGerald, Edward, 267*, 322
FitzGilbert, Richard, 682
Fitzralph, Richard, 926*
“Five Pillars of Islam,” 212
Flagellant craze, 809
Flanders, 476, 479, 480, 615, 617, 620, 623, 624, 627, 633, 640, 642, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 665, 685, 688, 809, 869-870, 886, 915, 935
Flavian of Constantinople, 49
fleet, 471
Arabian, 425
Byzantine, 109, 289, 424
Danish, 484
Italian, 132, 290, 376, 453, 457
mercantile, 119, 728
Norse, 473, 474
Saracen, 290, 457
Vandal, 38
Flemings, 685, 832
flogging, 532, 569, 781, 915, 928
floods, 558, 1019
Flora, 300, 301
Order of, 808
Floralia, 75
Florence (Florentia), 392, 451, 568, 578, 616, 621, 623, 624, 626, 628, 629, 633, 635, 638, 642, 643, 649, 696, 710, 713, 725, 727, 728-731, 756, 778, 779, 783, 811, 812, 835, 838, 851, 854, 855-856, 862, 863, 865, 889-890, 915, 988, 990, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1061-1065, 1072, 1080
Baptistery, 852
Cathedral, 862, 888, 889-890
florin, Florentine, 626
Flotte, Pierre, 695
flowers, 271, 273, 323
stone, 859-860
Fludd, Robert, 418
“flying machines,” 1010
Foggia, 370, 717, 719, 725, 726, 911
folio, 907, 908
folk dances, 838
song, 704, 900
folklore, Jewish, 359, 406
Folquet (Folque), troubadour, 901, 1077
Fondaco de’ Tedeschi, Venice, 619
Fons Vitae (ibn Gabirol), 406, 911
Fonteney, battle of, 473
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