Агрессия в архаических обществах (на примере охотников-собирателей полупустынь)

1

Ardrey R.. The Territorial Imperative. New York: Athenium, 1966; Bigelow R.. The Dawn Warriors. Boston etc., 1969; Vayda A.P. Hypothesis About Function of War // War: Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression. New York, 1968; Idem. War in Ecological Perspective. New York, 1976; Chagnon N.A. Yanomamö: The Fierce People. New York etc., 1977.

2

Fabbro D. Peaceful Societies: an Introduction // Journal of Peace Research 1978. Vol. 15. P. 76–83; Ferguson R.B. Introduction: Studing War // Warfare, Culture and Environment / Ed. R.B. Ferguson. New York. 1984; Idem. Blood of the Leviathan: Western Contact and Warfare in Amazonia // American Ethnologist. 1990. Vol. 17. P. 237–257; Robarchek R.A. Helplessness, Fearfulness and Peacefulness: the Emotional and Motivational Contexts of Semai Social Relations // Anthropological Quarterly. 1986.Vol. 59. №4; Montagu M.F.A. The Nature of Human Aggression. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976; Dentan R.K. (1978). Notes on Childhood in a Nonviolent Context: The Semai Case (Malaysia) // Learning Non–aggression: The Experience of Non–literate Societies / Ed. M.F.A. Montague. Fair Lawn: Oxford University Press, 1978. P. 94–143.

3

См, например: Ember C.R. Myths About Hunter–gatherers // Ethnology. 1978. Vol. 17. P. 439–448; Dennen J. M. G., van der. The Origin of War: the Evolution of a Male Coalitional Reproductive Strategy. Groningen: Origin Press, 1995. 2 vols. P. 620–621, 643–645, 661–662; Otterbein K.F. An Eye for an Eye, a Tooth for a Tooth: A Cross-Cultural Study of Feuding // American Anthropologist. 1965. Vol.67. P. 1470–1482; Idem Internal War: A Cross-Cultural Study // Ibid. 1968. Vol. 70. P. 277–289; Idem. The Evolution of War: A Cross-Cultural Study. New Haven: HRAF Press, 1970.

4

Ember M. Statistical Evidence for an Ecological Explanation of Warfare // American Anthropologist. 1982.Vol. 84 P. 645–649.

5

Шнирельман В.А. У истоков войны и мира // Першиц А.И., Семенов Ю.И., Шнирельман В.А. Война и мир в ранней истории человечества. Часть первая. С. 5–176. M.: ИЭА РАН, 1994. C. 102.

6

Коротаев A.В, Крадин Н.Н. (личные сообщения).

7

Eibl-Eibesfeld I. Die !Ko–Buschmann Gesellschaft. Monogr. zur Humanethologie. Bd. 1. Munchen: Piper, 1972; Idem. The Biology of Peace and War. London: Thames and Hudson, 1979.

8

Ciochon R.L. Hominid Cladistics and the Ancestry of Modern Apes and Humans // New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry / Eds. R.L. Ciochon, R.S. Corruccini. New York: Plenum Press, 1983. P. 781-843; Фогель Ф., Мотульски А. Генетика человека. Пер. с англ. Т. 3. М.: Мир, 1990. C. 7–18; Блан М. Генетическая эволюция человека // Генетика и наследственность. Пер. с франц. / Ред. С.Г. Васецкий. М.: Мир, 1987. С. 116-137.

9

Goodall, J. The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge (Mass.) – London: Belkap Press, 1986. P. 282–284, 313–356.

10

Чебоксаров Н.Н., Чебоксарова И.А. Расы. Народы .Культуры. М.: Наука, 1985. C. 176–178; Goring-Morris A.N. At the Edge: Terminal Pleistocene Hunter–Gatherers in the Negev and Sinai // BAR. 1987. (British Archaeological Reports). Vol. 361.

11

Cм., например: Johnson A.W., Earle T. The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000 P. 61–82.

12

Cводки, см., например: Шнирельман В.А. Указ. соч.; Dennen J.M.G., van der. Op. cit.

13

Шнирельман В.А. Указ. соч.; Шнирельман В.А. Война и мир в традиционных обществах. М.: ИНИОН РАН; ИЭА РАН, 1992.

14

Goodall J. Op. cit.

15

Dyson-Hudson R., Smith E.A. Human territoriality: An Ecological Reassessment // American Anthropologist. 1978.Vol. 80. P. 21–41.

16

Cashdan E. Territoriality Among Human Foragers: Ecological Models and an Application to Four Bushman Groups // Current Anthropology. 1983. Vol. 24. P. 47–66.

17

Шнирельман В.А. Война и мир в традиционных обществах. C. 73–75, 95–96.

18

Ibid. C. 73–75, 95–96; Smith E.A. Risk and Uncertainity in the "Original Affluent" Society: Evolutionary Ecology of Resource–sharing and Land Tenure // Hunters and Gatherers 1: History, Evolution and Change in Hunting and Gathering Societies / Eds. T. Ingold, D. Riches, J. Woodburn. Oxford: Berg, 1987. P. 222–251.

19

Hamilton W.J. et al. Defence of Space and Resources by Chacma (Papio Ursinus) Baboon Troops in an African Desert and Swamp // Ecology. 1976. Vol. 57 P. 1264–1272.

20

Owens M., Owens D. Cry of the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1985. P. 58–59, 67.

21

Dyson-Hudson R., Smith E.A. Op. cit. P. 23.

22

Lorenz K. On Agression. London: Methuen, 1966.

23

Wilson E.O. Sociobiology: a New Synthesis. Cambridge MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1975. P. 256.

24

См., например: Бойко И.Б. Проявления агрессивности несовершеннолетних осужденных женского пола // Вопросы психологии. 1993 № 4 P. 27–30.

25

Hinde R.A. Biological Bases of Human Social Behaviour. New York et al.: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1974. P. 250.

26

Cashdan E. Op. cit.

27

Своеобразные звуки бушменской фонетики мы, в соответствии с установившейся традицией передаем так: / – зубное щелкание, // – латеральное щелкание, ≠ – альвеолярное щелкание, ! – альвеолярно-палатальное (церебральное) щелкание, ~ – назализация, ’ – гортанная смычка, ’’ – гортанная аспирация, _ – низкий тон, ­ – высокий тон. См: Marshall L. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. Cambridge (Mass.) – London: Harvard University Press, 1976. P. XIX–XX; Barnard A. Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: a Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1992. P. XIX.

28

Petersson N. Territorial Adaptations Among Desert Hunter–Gatherers: The !Kung and Australians Compared // Social and Ecological Systems / Ed. P.C. Burnam. London et al.: Academic Press, 1979; Heinz H.J. Territoriality Among the Bushmen in General and the !Ko in Particular // Anthropos. 1972. Vol. 67. P. 405–416; Barnard A. Hunters and Herders…; Guenter M. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana: Tradition and Social Change. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 1986.

29

Steyn H.P. Southern Kalahari San Subsistence Ecology: a Reconstruction // The South African Archaeological Bulletin 1988. Vol. 39. P. 117–124.

30

Lee R.B. The !Kung Bushmen of Botswana // Hunters and Gatherers Today / Ed. M.G. Bicchieri. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972. P. 327–368.

31

Marshall L. Marriage Among !Kung Bushmen // Africa. 1959. Vol. 29. P. 335–365; Idem. !Kung Bushman Bands // Africa. 1960. Vol. 30. P. 325– 355; Idem. Sharing, Talking and Giving: Relief of Social Tensions among !Kung Bushmen // Africa 1961. Vol. 31. P 231–249; Idem. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. Cambridge (Mass.) – London: Harvard University Press, 1976; Marshall J. Hunting Among the Kalahari Bushmen // Peoples ans Cultures in Africa / Ed. E.P. Skinner. New York: Doubleday – Natural History Press, 1973. P. 106–121; Marshall-Thomas E.M. The Harmless People. London, 1959 (2^nd ed.).

32

Бьерре Й. Затерянный мир Калахари. М.: Географгиз, 1963.

33

Lee R.B. The !Kung Bushmen of Botswana; Idem. !Kung Spatial Organization: An Ecological and Historical Perspectiuve // Kalahari Hunter–Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung and Their Neighbors / Eds. R.B. Lee, I DeVore. Cambridge (Mass.) – London: Harvard University Press, 1976. P. 73–97; Idem. The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979; Idem. The Dobe !Kung. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984; Howell N. Demography of the Dobe !Kung. New York: Academic Press, 1979; Katz R. Boiling Energy. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1982.

34

Lebzelter V. Bei den !Kung Buschleute am oberen Omuramba und Ovambo (Südwestafrica) // Mitteilungen Anthropologischen Gesellschaft. 1928–1929. Bd. 59. S. 12–16; Idem. Eingeborenenkulturen in Sudwest und Sudafrika. Leipzig: Karl W. Hiersemann, 1934; Wilhelm J.H. Die Kung Buschleute // Jahrbuch des Museums fur Volkerkunde. 1953. Bd. 12. S. 91–189; Kaufmann H. (1910). Die Auin. Ein Beitrag zur Buschmannforschung // Mitteilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten 23: 135–160; Passarge S. Die Buschmanner der Kalahari // Mitteilungen aus den Deutchen Schutzgebieten. 1905. Bd. 18. S. 198–200.

35

См., например: Andersson, C. Lake Ngami or Explorations and Discoveries During Four Years’ Wanderings in the Wilds of South West Africa. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1856; Galton F. The Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical Africa. London: Murray, 1854; Baines T. Explorations in South–West Africa. Farnsborough: Gregg International Publications, 1968. (repr. of: "London, 1864"); Chapman J. Travels in the Interior of South Africa. London: Bell and Daldy, 1864.2 vols.

36

Вleek D.F. The Naron. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928; Guenther M. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana: Tradition and Social Change. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 1986; Barnard A. Hunters and Herders…

37

Silberbauer G.B. 1972. The G/wi Bushmen // Hunters and Gatherers Today / Ed. M.G. Bicchieri. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972. P. 217–352; Idem. Hunter and the Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1981; Tanaka J. Subsistence ecology of Central Kalahari San // Kalahari Hunter–Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung and Their Neighbors / Eds. R.B. Lee, I. DeVore Cambridge (Mass.) – London: Harvard University Press, 1976. P. 98–119; Idem. The San, Hunter–gatherers of the Kalahari. Tokyo: Univ. of Tokyo Press, 1980; Idem. The Ecology and Social structure of Central Kalahari Bushmen // Kyoto University African Studies. 1981. Vol. 3.

38

Heinz H.J. Territoriality Among the Bushmen in General and the !Ko in Particular // Anthropos. 1972. Bd. 67. S. 405–416; Idem. Acculturative Problems Arising in a Bushman Development Scheme // The South African Journal of Science. 1974. 1974.Vol. 71. P. 78–85; Heinz H.J., Lee M. Namkwa: Life among the Bushmen. London: Jonathan Cape, 1978; Eibl-Eibesfeld I. Die !Ko–Buschmann Gesellschaft. Monogr. zur Humanethologie. Bd. 1. Munchen: Piper, 1972; Idem. Aggression in the !Ko Bushmen // War: It’s Causes and Correlates / Eds. M.A Nettleship, R.D. Givens, A. Nettlesip. The Hague – Paris: Mouton, 1975. P. 281–296; Cashdan E. Territoriality Among Human Foragers: Ecological Models and an Application to Four Bushman Groups // Current Anthropology. 1983. Vol. 24. P. 47–66.

39

Barnard A. Hunters and Herders…; Lewis–Williams J.D. Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meaning in Southern San Rock Art. London: Academic Press, 1981; Schapera I. The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa. London: George Routledge and Sons, 1930.

40

Bixler D., Biesele M., Hitchcock R. C. Land Rights, Local Institutions and Grassroot Development Among the Ju/’Hoansi of Northeastern Namibia // International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Newsletter. 1993. № 2. P. 23–29; Kanjii K. Interface Between Hereros and San of Hamibia: The Ignored Reality, 2000. /http: www.und.ac.za/und/ccms/articles/ovakuru.htm#juhoan.

41

В частности, см.: Mallick D.I.G. et al. A Geological Interpretation of Landsat Imagery and Air Photography of Botswana // Institute of Geological Sciences. Natural Environment Research Council. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 1981. Vol. 6.

42

Layton R. Uluru: An Aboriginal History of Ayers Rock. Canberra: Australian Institute for Aboriginal Studies, 1986.

43

Mountford C.P. Brown Men and Red Sand. Melbourne: Robertson and Mullens, 1950; Idem. Ayers Rock: Its People, Their Beliefs and Their Art. Sydney et al.: Angus and Robertson, 1965; Tindale N. Totemic Beliefs in the Western Desert of Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum, 1959. Vol. 13. P. 305–332; Idem. Pitjantjatjara // Hunters and Gatherers Today / Ed. M.G. Bicchieri. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972. P. 98–134; Gould R.A. Yiwara: Foragers of the Australian Desert. New York: Scribner, 1969; Gould R.A. Puntutjarpa Rock Shelter in the Australian Desert Culture // The American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers. New York, 1977.Vol. 54 Pt 1; Berndt R.M. A Preliminary Report of Field Work in the Ooldea Region, Western South Australia // Oceania. 1943. Vol. 14. P. 30–66; Berndt R.M. The Concept of the Tribe in the Western Desert of Australia // Oceania 1962. Vol. 30 P. 81–107; Strehlow T.G.H. Culture, Social Structure and Environment in Aboriginal Central Australia // Aboriginal Man in Australia / Eds. R.M. Berndt, C.H. Berndt. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1965. P. 121–145;

Strehlow T.G.H. Songs of Central Australia. Sydney, Angus and Robertson, 1971; Hilliard W.M. The People in between: The Pitjantjatjara People of Ernabella. London: Hodder and Soughton, 1968; Yengoyan A.A. Demographic Factors in Pitjandjara Social Organization // Australian Aboriginal Anthropology / Eds. R.M. Berndt, C.H. Berndt. Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1970. P. 79–91; Layton R. Uluru: An Aboriginal History of Ayers Rock. Canberra: Australian Institute for Aboriginal Studies, 1986.

44

См: В.А. Шнирельман У истоков войны и мира.

45

Blainey G. Triumph of the Nomads: a History of Ancient Australia. Melbourne – Sydney: Macmillan, 1975. P. 107; Warner W.L. A Black Civilization. New York: Harper, 1937/1958. P. 162–163.

46

Бакли У. Австралийский робинзон. М.: Наука, 1966.

47

Steward J.H. Basin–plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups // Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, 1938. Bull. 120; Harris J.S. The White Knives Shoshoni of Nevada // Acculturation in Seven American Indian Tribes / Ed. R. Linton. Glouchester (Mass.), 1963. P. 39–116, (repr. of: “New York, 1940”).

48

Janetski J. C. Ethnohistory and Ethnography of the Elko and Ely Districts // Prehistory, Ethnohistory and History of Eastern Nevada: Cultural Resources Summary of the Elko and Ely Districts / Ed. S.R James. Bureau of Land Management, Nevada. Cultural Resource Series. Washington, 1981. №. 3. P. 156–160.

49

Kelly C. Jedediah Smith on the Salt Desert Trail // Utah Historical Quaterly. 1930. Vol.3. №. 1. P. 23–27, №. 2. P. 35–52; Ogden P.S. Peter Skene Ogden’s Snake Country Journals, 1827–29. London: The Hudson’s Bay Record Society, 1971; Bryant E. What I Saw in California. Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1967; Delano A. Across the Plains and Among the Diggins. New York: Wilson and Erickson, 1936; Schiel J. Journey through the Rocky Mountains and the Humboldt Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1959.

50

Jennings J.D. The Desert West // Prehistoric Man in the New World / Eds. J.D. Jennings, E. Norbeck. Chicago – London: University of Chicago Press, 1971. P. 148–170; Strong E. Stone Age in the Great Basin. Portland et al.: Binfords and Mort, 1969; Aikens C.M. The Far West // Ancient Native Americans / Ed. J.D Jennings. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1978. P. 60–89; Aikens C.M., Witherspoon Y.T. Great Basin Numic Prehistory // Anthropology of the Desert West / Eds. S.J Condie, D.D. Fowler. University of Utah Anthropological Papers. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1986. Vol. 110. P. 9–20; Cressman L.S. Prehistory of the Far West. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1977; Simms S.R. Great Basin Environments, Present and Past // BAR. 1987. Vol. 381; Madsen D.B. Get It When the Gettin’s Good: A Variable Model of Great Basin Subsistance and Settlement Based on Data from the Eastern Great Basin // Man and Environment in the Great Basin / Eds. D.B. Madsen, F. O’Connell. Society For American Archaeology. Paper 2. P. 207–226; Madsen D.B. Recent Data on the Question of a Hiatus in the Eastern Great Basin // American Antiquity. 1994. Vol. 43. P. 508–509. Madsen D.B., Rhode D. (Eds.). Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994; Kelly R.L. Late Holocene Great Basin Prehistory // Journal of World Prehistory. 1997. Vol. 11. P. 1–50 и др.

51

Marshall L. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. Cambridge (Mass.) – London: Harvard University Press, 1976. P. 19; Barnard A. Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: a Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1992. P. 41.

52

Bixler D., Biesele M., Hitchcock R. C. Land Rights, Local Institutions and Grassroot Development Among the Ju/’Hoansi of Northeastern Namibia // International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Newsletter. 1993. № 2. P. 25; Kanjii K. Interface Between Hereros and San of Hamibia: The Ignored Reality, 2000. /http: www.und.ac.za/und/ccms/articles/ovakuru.htm#juhoan.

53

Marshall L. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 2–7, 62–73; Leistner O.A. Southern Africa // Arid Land Ecosystems / Eds. D.W. Goodall, R.A. Perry. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1979. 2 vols.Vol. 1. P. 110–122; Cole M.M. South Africa. London: Methuen – New York: Dutton, 1966. P. 55; Shostak M. Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1981. P. 81–82; Бабаев А.Г., Дроздов Н.Н., Зонн И.С., Фрейкин З.Г. Пустыни. М.: Мысль, 1986. P. 172–177; Guenter M. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana: Tradition and Social Change. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 1986.

54

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 127; Lee R.B. (1976). !Kung Spatial Organization. P. 40.

55

Bixler D., Biesele M., Hitchcock R. C. Land Rights, Local Institutions… P. 27–29.

56

Lee R.B. The Dobe !Kung. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984

57

Cм.: Бабаев и др.,Указ. соч. С. 178–179; Соколов В.Е. Фауна мира. Млекопитающие. Справочник. М.: Агропромиздат, 1990. С. 159, 163–165; Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 124–130; Thackeray J.F. Climatic Change and Mammalian Fauna from Holocene Deposits in Wonderwerk Cave // Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere / Ed. J.C. Vogel (Ed.). Rotterdam – Boston: Balkema, 1984. P. 373; Yellen J.E., Lee R.B. The Dobe – /Du /da Environment: Background to a Hunting and Gathering Way of Life // Kalahari Hunter–Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung and Their Neighbors / Eds. Lee R.B., DeVore I. Cambridge (Mass.) – London: Harvard University Press, 1976. P. 40–41; Owens M., Owens D. Cry of the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1985. P. 132, 214–215; Mitchell P.J. The Late Quaternary Landscape at Shehonghong in the Lesotho Highlands, Southern Africa // Antiquity. 1996. Vol. 70. P. 628.

58

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 92–93.

59

Silberbauer G.B. Hunter and the Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1981. P 12; Tanaka J. Subsistence ecology of Central Kalahari San // Kalahari Hunter–Gatherers… P. 110.

60

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 105–120, 92–95, 98–101; Idem. !Kung Bushman Bands // Africa. 1960. Vol.30. P. 335.

61

Tanaka J. Subsistence ecology of Central Kalahari San // Kalahari Hunter–Gatherers… P. 111, 117–118.

62

Leser H. Landschaftokologische Studien im Kalahari Sandgebiet um Auob und Nossob. (Erdwissenschaftliche Forschung. Akademie der Wissenschaft und der Literatur. Bd 3). Wiesbaden, 1971.

63

Logan R.F., Causes, Climates and Distribution of Deserts // Desert Biology / Ed. G.W. Brown New York – London: Academic Press, 1968. Vol 1. P. 21–50.

64

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 94; Nurse G.T., Jenkins T. Health and the Hunter–gatherer Biomedical studies. Basel – London: S.Karger, 1977.

65

Cм., например: Bar-Yosef, 1996: 303)

66

Brooks A.S. 1984 San Land–Use Patterns, Past and Present: Implications for Southern African Prehistory // Frontiers: South African Archaeology Today / Eds. M.J. Hall, G. Avery, D.M. Avery, M.L. Wilson, A Humphreys. BAR. Vol. 207. P. 40–52. См. также: Brooks A.S., Yellen J.E. The Preservation of Activity Areas in the Archaeological Record: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Work in Northwest Ngamiland, Botswana // Method and Theory for Antiquity Area Research: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach / Ed. K. Susan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. P. 47; Robbins L.H., Murphy M.L., Stevens N.J. et al. Palaeoenvironment and Archaeology of Drotsky’s Cave, Western Kalahari Desert, Botswana // Journal of Archaeological Science. 1996. Vol. 23: 8–11; Robbins L.H., Murphy M.L., Stewart .K.M., Campbell A.C., Brook G.A. Barbed Bone Points, Paleoenvironment, and the Antiquity of Fish Exploitation in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana // Journal of Field Archaeology. 1994. Vol. 21. P. 257–264.

67

Brooks A.S. 1984 San Land–Use Patterns… P. 47–48; cм. также: Helgren D.M., Brooks A.S. Geoarchaeology at Gi, a Middle and Late Stone Age Site in the Northwestern Kalahari // Journal of Archeological Science. 1983. Vol. 10. P. 181–197.

68

Tobias P.V. Introduction // Symposium on Bushmen of the Kalahari / South African Journal of Science. 1974. Vol. 56. P. 254–260; Deacon H.J. Where Hunters Gathered: A Study of Holocene Stone Age People in the Eastern Cape. Claremont: South African Archaeological Society Monograph Series 1, 1976.

69

Deacon J. Changing Patterns in the Late Pleistocene // Quaternary Research. 1978. Vol. 10. P. 88, 195.

70

Deacon H.J. Where Hunters Gathered…; Idem. Deacon H.J. Planting an Idea: An Archaeology of Stone Age Gatherers in South Africa // South African Archaeological Bulletin. 1993. Vol. 48. P. 86–93; Deacon J. Changing Patterns… P. 106–107; Deacon J. (1988). The Scale and Timing of the Environmental Changes over the Last 20,000 Years in the Southern Cape, South Africa // Prehistoric Cultures and Environments in the Late Quaternary of Africa / Eds. J. Bower , D Lubell. BAR. 1988. Vol. 405. P. 145–160; Deacon J., Lancaster N., Scott D. (1984). Evidence for Late Quaternary Climatic Change in Southern Africa // Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere / Ed. J.C. Vogel. Rotterdam – Boston: Balkema. P. 391–404; Parkington J., Hall M. Papers in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa // BAR. 1987. Vol. 332; Mitchell P.J. The Early Microlithic Assemblages of Southern Africa // BAR. 1988. Vol. 388. P. 13–16; Idem. Human Adaptations in South Africa during the Last Glacial Maximum // Prehistoric Cultures and Environments… P. 163–169; Deacon H.J., Thackeray J.F. Late Pleistocene Environmental Changes and Implications for the Archaeological Record in Southern Africa // Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates… P. 377–378; Opperman H. The Later Stone Age of the Drakensberg Range and Its Foothills // BAR 1987. Vol. 339. P. 14–15.

71

Jaсobson L. Hunting Versus Gathering in an Arid Ecosystem: the Evidence from the Namib Desert // Frontiers: South African Archaeology Today. P. 75–79; Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 63; Foley R. A Reconsideration of the Role of Predation on Large Mammals in Tropical Hunter–Gatherer Adaptation // Man. 1982. Vol. 17. P. 393–402.

72

Inskeep R.R. Nelson Bay Cave, Cape Province, South Africa // BAR. 1987. Vol. 351; Wadley L. Late Stone Age Hunters and Gatherers of the Southern Transvaal: Social and Ecological Interpretation // BAR. 1987. Vol. 380; Manhire A. Later Stone Age Settlement Patterns in the Sandveld of the South–Western Cape Province, South Africa // BAR. 1987. Vol. 351; Smith A.B. Seasonal Explotation of Resources on the Vrendenburg Peninsula After 2000 B.P. // Papers in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa / Eds. J. Parkington, M. Hall. (BAR. 1987. Vol. 332. Pt. 1). P. 393–402.

73

Opperman H. The Later Stone Age… P. 15–20.

74

Brothwell D.R. Evidence of Early Population Change in Central and Southern Africa: Doubts and Problems // Man. 1963. Vol. 132. P. 101–104; Tobias P.V. Introduction // Symposium on Bushmen of the Kalahari / South African Journal of Science. 1974. Vol. 56. P. 254–260.

75

Mason R.J. The Last Stone Age San (Bushmen) of the Vaal – Limpopo Basin // South African Journal of Science. 1974. Vol. 70. № 12. P. 375.

76

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78

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 13–14.

79

Cм., например: Harpending H. Regional Variation in !Kung Populations // Kalahari Hunter–Gatherers… P.59.

80

O деме см.: Афанасьева Г.М. Цели и методы исследования порядка репродукции аборигенов северной Сибири // Этносы и этнические процессы / Oтв. ред. В.А.Попов. М.: Восточная литература, 1993. C. 79–91.

81

Балезин А.С., Притворов А.В., Слипченко С.А. История Намибии в новое и новейшее время. М.: Восточная литература, 1993. C. 58; Howell N. Demography of the Dobe !Kung. New York: Academic Press, 1979. P. 8.

82

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 2–4.

83

Marshall L. (1960). !Kung Bushman Bands

84

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P.160, 162.

85

Для русской транслитерации «н!оре» мы выбрали средний род. В языке бушменов !кунг категории рода нет.

86

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 4–6, 179–191; Marshall L. !Kung Bushman Bands. P. 334–335.

87

Ibid. P. 325.

88

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89

Boas F. The Central Eskimo // Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology 1884–1885, Washington, 1888.

90

Dyson-Hudson R., Smith E.A. Human territoriality: An Ecological Reassessment // American Anthropologist. 1978. Vol. 80. P. 28–30.

91

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 133, 295–303.

92

Marshall J. Hunting Among the Kalahari Bushmen // Peoples and Cultures in Africa / Ed. E.P. Skinner. New York: Doubleday – Natural History Press, 1973. P. 106–121.

93

Owens M., Owens D. Cry of the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1985. P. 129–130, 137, 293; Guenter M. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana: Tradition and Social Change. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 1986. P. 109.

94

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 213.

95

Marshall J. Hunting Among the Kalahari Bushmen. P. 118–121; Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 179–195.

96

Ibid. P. 198.

97

Ibid. P. 191–195.

98

Сравн.: Silberbauer G.B. Hunter and the Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1981. P 28–34; Barnard A. Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: a Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1992. P. 108–109.

99

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 288; см. также: Thomas E.M. (1994). Management of Violence among the Ju/wasi of Nyae Nyae // Studying War: Anthropological Perspectives / Eds. S.P. Reyna, R.E. Downs. Langhorne PA: Gordon and Breach, 1994. P. 69–84.

100

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 282, см. также: P. 188, 200, 282, 53, 311–312.

101

Бьерре Й. Затерянный мир Калахари. М.: Географгиз, 1963. C. 89, 82.

102

Lee R.B. The !Kung Bushmen of Botswana. P. 359–360.

103

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 188, 190.

104

Lee R.B. The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. P. 389–396.

105

Ibid. P. 390.

106

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 311.

107

Lee R.B. The !Kung San… P. 390.

108

Balikci A. The Netsilik Eskimo. New York: Garden City, 1970.

109

Lee R.B. The !Kung San… P. 394.

110

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 182.

111

См.: Blainey G. Triumph of the Nomads: a History of Ancient Australia. Melbourne – Sydney: Macmillan, 1975. P. 107–110.

112

Lee R.B. The !Kung San… P. 395–396, 379–381.

113

Marshall J. Hunting Among the Kalahari Bushmen. P. 108

114

Guenter M. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana… P. 172–173; Heinz H.J. Territoriality Among the Bushmen in General and the !Ko in Particular // Anthropos 1972. Vol. 67 P. 405–416; Strehlow T.G.H. Culture, Social Structure and Environment in Aboriginal Central Australia // Aboriginal Man in Australia / Eds. R.M. Berndt, C.H. Berndt. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1965. P. 124–148.

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Owens M., Owens D. Cry of the Kalahari. P. 59–60.

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Picaut J. et al. Mechanism of the Zonal Displacement of the Pacific Warm Pool: Implications for ENSO // Science. 1996. Vol. 274. P. 486–1489; Jin F.F. Tropical Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction: The Pacific Cold Tongue and El Nino–Southern Oscillation // Science. 1996. Vol. 274 P. 76–78; Mathhew B. et al. Horse Sickness and ENSO in South Africa // Nature. 1999. Vol. 397 P. 574.

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118

Cм.: Gordon R.J. The !Kung in the Kalahari Exchange: Ethnological Perspective // Past and Present in Hunter–Gatherer Studies / Ed. C. Schrire. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984. P. 200–204.

119

Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. The Biology of Peace and War. London: Thames and Hudson, 1979. P. 160–161; Kaufmann H. Die Auin. Ein Beitrag zur Buschmannforschung // Mitteilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten. 1910. Bd. 23. S. 154.

120

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 293–294, 266; см. также: Lebzelter V. Eingeborenenkulturen in Sudwest und Sudafrika. Leipzig: Karl W. Hiersemann, 1934.

121

Lee R.B. The !Kung Bushmen of Botswana. P. 360; Guenter M. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana… P. 7.

122

Wilhelm J.H. Die Kung Buschleute // Jahrbuch des Museums fur Volkerkunde. 1953. Bd. 12. S. 110–112.

123

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 283.

124

Tlou T., Campbell A. History of Botswana. Gaberone: Macmillan Botswana Ltd, 1984. P. 89–114; Sillery A. John MacKenzie of Bechuanaland: A Study in Humanitarian Imperialism. Cape Town, 1971. P. 14.

125

Yellen J.E., Lee R.B. The Dobe – /Du /da Environment… P. 44.

126

Tlou T., Campbell A. History of Botswana. P. 121.

127

Andersson, C. Lake Ngami or Explorations and Discoveries During Four Years’ Wanderings in the Wilds of South West Africa. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1856. P. 333, 361, 488; Vedder H. South West Africa in Early Times. Oxford – London: Oxford University Press, 1938. P. 302.

128

Guenter M. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana… P. 106, 170–171; Coort, 1976; Hutchins et al., 1976: 13).

129

Russell M., Russell M. Afrikaners of the Kalahari: White Minority in a Black State. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

130

Вleek D.F. The Naron. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928. P. 2.

131

Andersson, C. Lake Ngami… P. 371–372, 374–376, 381, 404–405. Cм. также комментарий к Приложению IV)

132

Ibid. P 381, 374–376.

133

Cм.: Tabler E.C. Pioneers of South West Africa and Ngamiland 1738–1880. Cape Town. 1973. P. 17–21, 45–49.

134

Hubbard N.N. Holocene Settlement in the Western Cape, South Africa // BAR. 1989. Vol. 498.

135

Mallick D.I.G. et al. A Geological Interpretation of Landsat Imagery and Air Photography of Botswana // Institute of Geological Sciences. Natural Environment Research Council. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, 1981. Vol. 6.

136

Baines T. Explorations in South–West Africa. Farnsborough: Gregg International Publications, 1968 (repr. of: "London, 1864"). P. 334–335.

137

Ibid. P. 137; Andersson, C. Lake Ngami… P. 381.

138

Baines T. Explorations in South–West Africa. P. 329.

139

Ibid. P. 143–145, 110–111, 362–363.

140

Ливингстон Д. Путешествия и исследования в Южной Африке. М.: Географгиз, 1955. P. 41–42.

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Arbousset T. Relation d’un voyage d’exploration au Nord–Est de la colonie du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Paris: Bertrand, 1842. P. 481–482.

142

Lee R.B. The !Kung Bushmen of Botswana. P. 332.

143

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 7–8, 62–63, 306; Бьерре Й. (1963). Затерянный мир Калахари. C. 86.

144

Baines T. Explorations in South–West Africa. P. 137, 140.

145

Tabler E.C. Pioneers of South West Africa… P. 113–115; Lee R.B. The !Kung San… P. 78; Howell N. Demography of the Dobe !Kung. New York: Academic Press, 1979. P. 13.

146

Tabler E.C. Pioneers of South West Africa… P. 113.

147

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148

Prinsloo J., Gauche J. In die woeste Weste: Die Lydensgeskriedenis van die Dorslandtrekkers. Pretoria: J.H. de Bussy, 1933. P. 29–30.

149

Wilmsen E.N. Land Filled with Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1989. P. 123, см. также P. 122.

150

Vedder H. South West Africa in Early Times. Oxford – London: Oxford University Press, 1938. P. 537–538.

151

Tlou T., Campbell A. History of Botswana. P. 115–124.

152

Lee R.B. The !Kung San… P. 77.

153

Wilmsen E.N. Land Filled with Flies… P. 134.

154

Lee R.B. The !Kung San… P. 32–33, 79–81; Guenter M. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana… P. 178–180.

155

Baines T. Explorations in South–West Africa. P. 147.

156

Gordon R.J. The !Kung in the Kalahari Exchange: Ethnological Perspective // Past and Present in Hunter–Gatherer Studies / Ed. Schrire C. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984. P. 116–117.

157

Cравн., например: Shostak M. Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1981. P. 87; Kanjii K. Interface Between Hereros and San of Hamibia: The Ignored Reality /http: www.und.ac.za/und/ccms/articles/ovakuru.htm#juhoan, 2000.

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Lee R.B. The !Kung Bushmen of Botswana. P. 330–333; Howell N. (1976). The Population of the Dobe Area !Kung // Kalahari Hunter–Gatherers… P. 12–15.

159

Wilmsen E.N. Land Filled with Flies… P. 144–145.

160

Shostak M. Nisa… 87.

161

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162

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 160; Lee R.B. The !Kung San… P. 41.

163

Mallick D.I.G. et al. A Geological Interpretation of Landsat Imagery…

164

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 160; Howell N. Demography of the Dobe !Kung. P. 43; Yellen J.E., Lee R.B. The Dobe – /Du /da Environment… P. 29.

165

Lee R.B. The !Kung Bushmen of Botswana. P. 332.

166

Howell N. Demography of the Dobe !Kung. P. 42.

167

Marshall L The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 336; cм. также Приложение III.

168

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169

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170

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171

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174

Tabler E.C. Pioneers of South West Africa… P. 45–49.

175

Gordon R.J. The !Kung in the Kalahari Exchange… P. 205–206.

176

Wilmsen E.N. Land Filled with Flies… P. 133.

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186

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Guenther M. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana… P. 40–45; Barnard A. (1992). Hunters and Herders… 134–141; Вleek D.F. The Naron. P. 4–7.

188

Вleek D.F. The Naron. P. 4.

189

Guenther M. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana… P. 171; см. также: Приложение III и стр. 23 выше.

190

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192

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