Editing Humanity: The CRISPR Revolution and the New Era of Genome Editing

Chapter 16: Breaking the Glass

1. Pam Belluck, “Gene-edited babies: What a Chinese scientist told an American mentor,” New York Times, April 14, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/14/health/gene-editing-babies.html.

2. He Jiankui, “Cold Spring Harbor Gene Editing Conference,” Science Net (blog), August 24, 2016, http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=514529&do=blog&id=998292.

3. M. DeWitt et al., “Selection-free Genome Editing of the Sickle Mutation in Human Adult Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells,” Science Translational Medicine 8, (2016): 360ra134, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5500303/.

4. Mark DeWitt, phone interview, July 2, 2019.

5. He Jiankui, “The safety of gene-editing of human embryos to be resolved,” Science Net (blog), February 19, 2017, http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=514529&do=blog&id=1034671.

6. George Church, “Future, Human, Nature: Reading, Writing, Revolution,” IGI, January 26, 2017, last viewed June 30, 2020, https://vimeo.com/209623759.

7. J. Benjamin Hurlbut, “Imperatives of Governance: Human Genome Editing and the Problem of Progress,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 63, (2020): 177–194, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/748059.

8. Ibid.

9. Preetika Ran, Amy Dockser Marcus, and Wenxin Fan, “China, unhampered by rules, races ahead in gene-editing trials,” Wall Street Journal, January 21, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-unhampered-by-rules-races-ahead-in-gene-editing-trials-1516562360.

10. P. Liang et al., “CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes,” Protein & Cell 6, (2015): 363–372, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4417674/.

11. X. Kang et al., “Introducing precise genetic modification into human 3PN embryos by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing,” Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 33, (2016): 581–586, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870449/.

12. L. Tang et al., “CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human zygotes using Cas9 protein,” Molecular Genetics and Genomics 292, (2017): 525–533, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00438-017-1299-z.

13. G. Li et al., “Highly efficient and precise base editing in discarded human tripronuclear embryos,” Protein & Cell 8, (2017): 776–779, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13238-017-0458-7.

14. P. Liang et al., “Correction of B-thalassemia mutant by base editor in human embryos,” Protein & Cell 8, (2017): 811–822, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13238-017-0475-6.

15. C. Zhou et al., “Highly efficient base editing in human triplonuclear zygotes,” Protein & Cell 8, (2017): 772–775, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5636752/.

16. L. Tang et al., “Highly efficient ssODN-mediated homology-directed repair of DBSs generated by CRISPR/Cas9 in human 3PN zygotes,” Molecular Reproduction and Development 85, (2018): 461–463, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mrd.22983.

17. Y. Zeng et al., “Correction of the Marfan syndrome pathogenic FBN1 mutation by base editing in human cells and heterozygous embryos,” Molecular Therapy 26, 2631–2637, https://www.cell.com/molecular-therapy-family/molecular-therapy/fulltext/S1525-0016(18)30378-2.

18. K. S. Bosley et al., “CRISPR-Germline Editing—The Community Speaks,” Nature Biotechnology 33, (2015): 478–486, https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.3227.

19. Kathy Niakan, “Human embryo genome editing license,” The Francis Crick Institute, https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/labs/kathy-niakan/human-embryo-genome-editing-licence.

20. N. M. E. Fogarty et al., “Genome editing reveals a role for OCT4 in human embryogenesis,” Nature 550, (2017): 67–73, https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24033.

21. Steve Connor, “First human embryos edited in U.S.,” MIT Technology Review, July 26, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first-human-embryos-edited-in-us/.

22. H. Ma et al., “Correction of a pathogenic gene mutation in human embryos,” Nature 548, (2017): 413–419, https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23305.

23. Megan Molteni, “US scientists edit a human embryo—but superbabies won’t come easy,” WIRED, August 2, 2017, https://www.wired.com/story/first-us-crispr-edited-embryos-suggest-superbabies-wont-come-easy/.

24. Ewan Callaway, “Did CRISPR really fix a genetic mutation in these human embryos?,” Nature 8, August 2018, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05915-2.

25. Pam Belluck, “In breakthrough, scientists edit a dangerous mutation from genes in human embryos,” New York Times, August 2, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/science/gene-editing-human-embryos.html.

26. T. Schmid, “A Portlander was the first scientist to successfully edit human embryos. You can hear how he did it,” Willamette Week, March 5, 2018, https://www.wweek.com/promotions/2018/03/05/a-portlander-was-the-first-scientist-to-successfully-edit-human-embryos-you-can-hear-how-he-did-it/.

27. J. Benjamin Hurlbut, “Imperatives of Governance: Human Genome Editing and the Problem of Progress,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 63, (2020): 177–194, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/748059.

28. Steven Lombardi, phone interview, July 23, 2019.

29. He Jiankui, “Informed consent form,” https://www.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/crispr_informed-consent.pdf.

30. Jon Cohen, “The untold story of the ‘circle of trust’ behind the world’s first gene-edited babies,” Science, August 1, 2019, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/08/untold-story-circle-trust-behind-world-s-first-gene-edited-babies.

31. Shu-Ching Jean Chen, “Genomic Dreams Coming True In China,” Forbes, August 28, 2013, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2013/08/28/genomic-dreams-coming-true-in-china/#85db5162760a.

32. JK He, “Jiankui He talking about human genome editing,” YouTube video, 14:45, July 29, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llxNRGMxyCc&t=723s.

33. Sharon Begley, “ ‘CRISPR babies’ lab asked U.S. scientist for help to disable cholesterol gene in human embryos,” STAT, December 4, 2018, https://www.statnews.com/2018/12/04/crispr-babies-cholesterol-gene-editing/.

34. Teng Jing Xuan, “Found: CCTV’s glowing 2017 coverage of gene-editing pariah He Jiankui,” CX Live, November 30, 2018, https://www.caixinglobal.com/2018-11-30/found-cctvs-glowing-2017-coverage-of-gene-editing-pariah-he-jiankui-101353981.html.

35. A. Lash, “ ‘JK Told Me He Was Planning This’: A CRISPR Baby Q&A with Matt Porteus,” Xconomy, December 4, 2018, https://xconomy.com/national/2018/12/04/jk-told-me-he-was-planning-this-a-crispr-baby-qa-with-matt-porteus/.

36. Jon Cohen, “The untold story of the ‘circle of trust’ behind the world’s first gene-edited babies,” Science, August 1, 2019, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/08/untold-story-circle-trust-behind-world-s-first-gene-edited-babies.

37. Elena Shao, “Former Stanford postdoc criticized for creating the world’s first gene-edited babies,” The Stanford Daily, December 5, 2018, https://www.stanforddaily.com/2018/12/05/former-stanford-postdoc-criticized-for-creating-the-worlds-first-gene-edited-babies/.

38. Pam Belluck, “Gene-edited babies: What a Chinese scientist told an American mentor,” New York Times, April 14, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/14/health/gene-editing-babies.html?module=inline.

39. Candice Choi and Marilynn Marchione, “AP exclusive: US Nobelist was told of gene-edited babies,” AP, January 28, 2019, https://apnews.com/3f3bdc73e7c84fe685f2813510329d62.

40. A. Joseph, R. Robbins, and S. Begley, “An Outsider Claimed to Make Genome-Editing History—And the World Snapped to Attention,” STAT, November 26, 2018, https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/26/he-jiankui-gene-edited-babies-china/.

41. Chengzu Long, interview TRI-CON, San Francisco, March 2, 2019.

42. Hunt Willard, email, June 29, 2019.

Chapter 17: A Maculate Conception

1. Broad Institute, “Genome editing and the germline: A conversation,” YouTube video, 1:01:03, last viewed May 2, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POIeIILDo7k&t=.

2. Lap-Chee Tsui, email, July 6, 2019.

3. Jon Cohen, “After last week’s shock, scientists scramble to prevent more gene-edited babies,” Science, December 4, 2018, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/12/after-last-weeks-shock-scientists-scramble-prevent-more-gene-edited-babies.

4. Sharon Begley and Andrew Joseph, “The CRISPR shocker: How genome-editing scientist He Jiankui rose from obscurity to stun the world,” STAT, December 17, 2018, https://www.statnews.com/2018/12/17/crispr-shocker-genome-editing-scientist-he-jiankui/.

5. Jon Cohen, “After last week’s shock, scientists scramble to prevent more gene-edited babies,” Science, December 4, 2018, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/12/after-last-weeks-shock-scientists-scramble-prevent-more-gene-edited-babies.

6. Patrick Tam, email, July 29, 2019.

7. Qiu Renzong, 2nd International Human Genome Editing Summit, Hong Kong, November 28, 2018.

8. Jing-Bao Nie, “He Jiankui’s genetic misadventure: Why him? Why China?,” Hastings Center, December 5, 2018, https://www.thehastingscenter.ojrg/jiankuis-genetic-misadventure-china/.

9. “Chinese ministry to investigate gene-edited babies claim,” People’s Daily, November 28, 2018, http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/1128/c90000-9523145.html.

10. Open letter, “122 scientists issued a joint statement: strongly condemned ‘the first immune AIDS gene editor,’ ” November 26, 2018, https://www.yicai.com/news/100067069.html.

11. Bloomberg QuickTake News, “CRISPR Co-Inventor Slams Claims of Gene-Edited Babies,” YouTube video, 2:02, last viewed June 2, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bk-1UEkxzVo.

12. Emmanuelle Charpentier, email, December 7, 2018.

13. Al Jazeera English, “#CRISPRbabies: What’s the future of gene editing? | The Stream,” YouTube video, 25:40, last viewed June 2, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E989S8P0pKc.

14. Antonio Regalado, “CRISPR inventor Feng Zhang calls for moratorium on gene-edited babies,” MIT Technology Review, November 26, 2018, https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/11/26/66361/crispr-inventor-feng-zhang-calls-for-moratorium-on-baby-making/.

15. Kathy Niakan, “Expert reaction to Jiankui He’s defence of his work,” Science Media Centre, November 28, 2018, http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-jiankui-hes-defence-of-his-work/.

16. Francis Collins, “Statement on claim of first gene-edited babies by Chinese researcher,” The NIH Director (blog), November 28, 2018, https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-director/statements/statement-claim-first-gene-edited-babies-chinese-researcher.

17. C. Wang et al., “Gene-edited babies: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences’ response and action,” Lancet 393, (2019): 25–26, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)33080-0/fulltext.

18. Paul Knoepfler, “He Jiankui didn’t really gene edit those girls; he mutated them,” The Niche, December 4, 2018, https://ipscell.com/2018/12/he-jiankiu-didnt-really-gene-edit-those-girls-he-mutated-them/.

19. J. Savulescu, “Monstrous gene editing experiment,” Practical Ethics (blog), November 26, 2018, http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2018/11/press-statement-monstrous-gene-editing-experiment/.

20. Derek Lowe, “After Such Knowledge,” In the Pipeline (blog), November 28, 2018, https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2018/11/28/after-such-knowledge.

21. Kevin Davies, “CRISPR’s China Crisis,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, January 11, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/insights/crisprs-china-crisis/.

22. Organizing Committee of the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing, “On Human Genome Editing II,” National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, November 29, 2018, http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=11282018b.

23. Luke W. Vrotsos, “Chinese Researcher Who Said He Gene-Edited Babies Breaks Week of Silence, Vows to Defend Work,” Harvard Crimson, December 7, 2018, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/12/7/harvard-profs-react-to-human-gene-edit/.

24. E. Chen and P. Mozur, “Chinese scientist who claimed to make genetically edited babies is kept under guard,” New York Times, December 28, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/28/world/asia/he-jiankui-china-scientist-gene-editing.html.

25. Steve Lombardi, phone interview, July 23, 2019.

26. Kevin Davies, “He Jiankui Fired in Wake of CRISPR Babies Investigation,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, January 21, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/news/he-jiankui-fired-in-wake-of-crispr-babies-investigation/.

27. Zach Coleman and Michelle Chan, “Chinese ‘baby editing’ scientist retreats from flagship company,” Nikkei Asian Review, July 16, 2019, https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Biotechnology/Chinese-baby-editing-scientist-retreats-from-flagship-company.

28. Dan Cloer, “Genetically modified babies: An insider’s view,” Vision, August 13, 2019, https://www.vision.org/interview-william-hurlbut-genetically-modified-babies-insiders-view-8975.

29. Jennifer Doudna, “He Jiankui,” Time 100, April 2019, http://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567707/he-jiankui/.

Chapter 18: Crossing the Germline

1. Ed Yong, “The CRISPR baby scandal gets worse by the day,” Atlantic, December 3, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/12/15-worrying-things-about-crispr-babies-scandal/577234/.

2. The He Lab, “Why we chose HIV and CCR5 first,” YouTube video, 2:59, last viewed June 2, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aezxaOn0efE.

3. P. Tebas, “Gene Editing of CCR5 in Autologous CD4 T Cells of Persons Infected with HIV,” New England Journal of Medicine 370, (2014): 901–910, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300662.

4. Rick Mullin, “On crossing an ethical line in human genome editing,” Chemical & Engineering News, December 12, 2018, https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/genomics/crossing-ethical-line-human-genome/96/web/2018/12.

5. Sean Ryder, “#CRISPRbabies: Notes on a scandal,” CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 355–357, https://doi.org/10.1089/crispr.2018.29039.spr.

6. Ibid.

7. R. Lovell-Badge, “CRISPR babies: a view from the centre of the storm,” Development, (February 2019): 146, http://dev.biologists.org/content/146/3/dev175778.

8. H. Greely, “He Jiankui, embryo editing, CCR5, the London patient, and jumping to conclusions,” STAT, April 15, 2019, https://www.statnews.com/2019/04/15/jiankui-embryo-editing-ccr5/.

9. Antonio Regalado, “China’s CRISPR twins might have had their brains inadvertently enhanced,” MIT Technology Review, February 21, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612997/the-crispr-twins-had-their-brains-altered/.

10. M. T. Joy et al., “CCR5 Is a Therapeutic Target for Recovery after Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury,” Cell 176, (2019): 1143–1157, https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(19)30107-2.pdf.

11. X. Wei and R. Nielsen, “Retraction Note: CCR5-∆32 is deleterious in the homozygous state in humans,” Nature Medicine 25, (2019): 1796, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0637-6.

12. Rebecca Robbins, “Major error undermines study suggesting change introduced in the CRISPR babies experiment shortens lives,” STAT, September 27, 2019, https://www.statnews.com/2019/09/27/major-error-undermines-study-suggesting-change-introduced-in-the-crispr-babies-experiment-shortens-lives/.

13. George Church, interview, Boston, August 3, 2019.

14. Dominic Wilkinson in Editorial, “CRISPR-Cas9: a world first?,” Lancet, December 8, 2018, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)33111-8/fulltext.

15. Arthur Caplan, “He Jiankui’s Moral Mess,” PLOS Biologue (blog), December 3, 2018, https://blogs.plos.org/biologue/2018/12/03/he-jiankuis-moral-mess/.

16. J. B. Hurlbut, “Imperatives of Governance: Human Genome Editing and the Problem of Progress,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 63, (2020): 177–194, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/748059/pdf.

17. Hank Greely, “How can we decide if a biomedical advance is ethical?,” Leapsmag, February 1, 2019, https://leapsmag.com/how-can-we-decide-if-a-biomedical-advance-is-ethical/.

18. Pam Belluck, “Gene-edited babies: What a Chinese scientist told an American mentor,” New York Times, April 14, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/14/health/gene-editing-babies.html.

19. Pam Belluck, “Stanford Clears Professor of Helping With Gene-Edited Babies Experiment,” New York Times, April 16, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/16/health/stanford-gene-editing-babies.html.

20. Alex Lash, “ ‘JK told me he was planning this’: A CRISPR baby Q&A with Matt Porteus,” Xconomy, December 4, 2018, https://xconomy.com/national/2018/12/04/jk-told-me-he-was-planning-this-a-crispr-baby-qa-with-matt-porteus/?single_page=true.

21. Mark DeWitt, phone interview, July 2, 2019.

22. Candice Choi and Marilynn Marchione, “US Nobelist was told of gene-edited babies, Emails show,” US News, January 28, 2019, https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-01-28/chinese-scientist-told-us-nobelist-about-gene-edited-babies.

23. Hannah Osborne, “China’s He Jiankui told Nobel winner Craig Mello about gene-edited babies months before birth,” Newsweek, January 30, 2019, https://www.newsweek.com/craig-mello-he-jiankui-gene-editing-experiment-babies-nobel-prize-1311524.

24. N. Wade, “In new way to edit DNA, hope for treating disease,” New York Times, December 28, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/health/research/29zinc.html.

25. Michael Specter, “The Gene Hackers,” New Yorker, November 9, 2015, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/the-gene-hackers.

26. Ibid.

27. D. Baltimore et al., “A prudent path forward for genomic engineering and germline gene modification,” Science 348, (2015): 36–38, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4394183/.

28. Jennifer Kahn, “The Crispr Quandary,” New York Times Magazine, November 9, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/15/magazine/the-crispr-quandary.html.

29. R. Pollack, “Eugenics lurk in the shadow of CRISPR,” Science 348, (2015): 871, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6237/871.1.full.

30. H. Miller, “Germline gene therapy: We’re ready,” Science 348, (2015): 1325, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6241/1325.1.

31. David Baltimore, “Why we need a summit on human gene editing,” Issues in Science and Technology, Spring 2016, https://issues.org/why-we-need-a-summit-on-human-gene-editing/.

32. B. Baker, “The ethics of changing the human genome,” Bioscience 66, (2016): 267–273, https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/66/4/267/2464097.

33. C. Brokowski, “Do CRISPR germline editing statements cut it?,” CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 115125, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.0024.

34. John Holdren, “A note on genome editing,” The White House, May 26, 2015, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/05/26/note-genome-editing.

35. NASEM, Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics and Governance (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2017), https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24623/human-genome-editing-science-ethics-and-governance.

36. J. B. Hurlbut, “Imperatives of Governance: Human Genome Editing and the Problem of Progress,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 63, (2020): 177–194, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/748059/pdf.

37. C. Brokowski, “Do CRISPR germline editing statements cut it?,” CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 115125, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.0024.

38. “Genome editing and human reproduction: social and ethical issues,” Nuffield Council on Bioethics, July 17, 2018, http://nuffieldbioethics.org/wp-content/uploads/Genome-editing-and-human-reproduction-FINAL-website.pdf.

39. Editorial, “Genome editing: proceed with caution,” Lancet 392, (2018): 253, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31653-2/fulltext.

40. Sarah Chan, 2nd International Human Genome Editing Summit, Hong Kong, November 28, 2018.

41. Michael Specter, “He Jiankui and the implications of experimenting with genetically edited babies,” New Yorker, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/he-jiankui-and-the-implications-of-experimenting-with-genetically-edited-babies.

42. Julianna LeMieux, “He Jiankui’s Germline Editing Ethics Article Retracted by The CRISPR Journal,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, February 20, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/insights/he-jiankuis-germline-editing-ethics-article-retracted-by-the-crispr-journal/.

43. National Academies Genome Editing commission, http://nationalacademies.org/gene-editing/international-commission/index.htm.

44. Andrew Joseph, “Following ‘CRISPR babies’ scandal, senators call for international gene editing guidelines,” STAT, July 16, 2019, https://www.statnews.com/2019/07/15/crispr-scandal-senators-guidelines/.

45. Rob Stein, “New U.S. Experiments Aim to Create Gene-Edited Human Embryos,” NPR, February 1, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/02/01/689623550/new-u-s-experiments-aim-to-create-gene-edited-human-embryos.

46. Jon Cohen, “ ‘I feel an obligation to be balanced.’ Noted biologist comes to defense of gene editing babies,” Science, November 28, 2018, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/11/i-feel-obligation-be-balanced-noted-biologist-comes-defense-gene-editing-babies.

47. Samira Kiana, phone interview, January 30, 2019.

Chapter 19: Going Rogue

1. Antonio Regalado, “China’s CRISPR babies: Read exclusive excerpts from the unseen original research,” MIT Technology Review, December 2, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614779/chinas-crispr-babies-read-exclusive-excerpts-from-the-unseen-original-research/.

2. NAS Colloquium, “Fyodor Urnov: The next generation of edited humans,” YouTube video, 25:53, last viewed March 2, 2020, https://youtu.be/XzSWVzRSfnYt.

3. Ibid.

4. Editorial, “Brave new dialogue,” Nature Genetics 51, (2019): 365, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-019-0374-2.

5. “Chinese court sentences ‘gene-editing’ scientist to three years in prison,” Reuters, December 29, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-babies/chinese-court-sentences-gene-editing-scientist-to-three-years-in-prison-idUSKBN1YY06R.

6. Hannah Osborne, “Chinese scientist He Jiankui jailed for creating world’s first gene edited babies ‘in the pursuit of personal fame and gain,’ ” Newsweek, December 30, 2019, https://www.newsweek.com/he-jiankui-jailed-gene-editing-1479614.

7. Ken Moritsugu, “China convicts 3 researchers involved in gene-edited babies,” AP, December 30, 2019, https://apnews.com/7bf5ad48696d24628e49254df504e3ee.

8. Dennis Normille, “Chinese scientist who produced genetically altered babies sentenced to 3 years in jail,” Science, December 30, 2019, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/12/chinese-scientist-who-produced-genetically-altered-babies-sentenced-3-years-jail.

9. Josiah Zayner, “CRISPR babies scientist He Jiankui should not be villainized—or headed to prison,” STAT, January 2, 2020, https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/02/crispr-babies-scientist-he-jiankui-should-not-be-villainized/.

10. Eric Topol, “Editing Babies? We Need to Learn a Lot More First,” New York Times, November 27, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/27/opinion/genetically-edited-babies-china.html.

11. Jane Qiu, “Chinese government funding may have been used for ‘CRISPR babies’ project, documents suggest,” STAT, February 25, 2019, https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/25/crispr-babies-study-china-government-funding/.

12. X. Zhai et al., “Chinese Bioethicists Respond to the Case of He Jiankui,” Hastings Center, February 7, 2019, https://www.thehastingscenter.org/chinese-bioethicists-respond-case-jiankui/.

13. Steve Lombardi, phone interview, July 23, 2019.

14. George Church, interview, Boston, August 3, 2019.

15. Michael Specter, “The gene factory,” New Yorker, December 30, 2013, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/01/06/the-gene-factory.

16. Steven Lee Myers, “China’s Moon Landing: Lunar Rover Begins Its Exploration,” New York Times, January 3, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/03/world/asia/china-change-4-moon.html.

17. Preetika Rana, Amy Dockser Marcus, and Wenxin Fan, “China, unhampered by rules, races ahead in gene-editing trials,” Wall Street Journal, January 21, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-unhampered-by-rules-races-ahead-in-gene-editing-trials-1516562360.

18. Rob Stein, “First U.S. patients treated with CRISPR as human gene-editing experiments get underway,” NPR, April 16, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/04/16/712402435/first-u-s-patients-treated-with-crispr-as-gene-editing-human-trials-get-underway.

19. Yangyang Cheng, “China will always be bad at bioethics,” Foreign Policy, April 13, 2018, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/13/china-will-always-be-bad-at-bioethics/.

20. Z. Liu et al., “Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer,” Cell 172, (2018): 881–887, https://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)30057-6.

21. Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “A Scientific Ethical Divide Between China and West,” New York Times, June 29, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/30/science/a-scientific-ethical-divide-between-china-and-west.html.

22. Yangyang Cheng, “China will always be bad at bioethics,” Foreign Policy, April 13, 2018, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/13/china-will-always-be-bad-at-bioethics/.

23. Ibid.

24. Lin Yang, “Exploring the Future Of Life Economy With BGI Co-Founder Wang Jian,” Forbes, June 16, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/linyang/2016/06/16/exploring-the-future-of-life-economy-with-bgi-co-founder-wang-jian/#6ed2f3cd75e0.

25. Mei Fong, “Before the Claims of CRISPR Babies, There Was China’s One-Child Policy,” New York Times, November 28, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/28/opinion/china-crispr-babies.html.

26. Yangyang Cheng, “China will always be bad at bioethics,” Foreign Policy, April 13, 2018, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/13/china-will-always-be-bad-at-bioethics/.

27. J. B. Hurlbut, “Imperatives of governance,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 63, (2020): 177–194, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/748059.

28. Sharon Begley, “He took a crash course in bioethics. Then he created CRISPR babies,” STAT, November 27, 2018, https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/27/crispr-babies-creator-soaked-up-bioethics/.

29. Broad Institute, “Genome editing and the germline: A conversation,” YouTube video, 1:01:03, last viewed June 3, 2020, https://youtu.be/POIeIILDo7k.

30. Sandy Macrae, “Workshop on Genome Editing,” National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, August 2019.

31. David Cyranoski, “Russian biologist plans more CRISPR-edited babies,” Nature, June 10, 2019, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01770-x.

32. “Expert reaction to New Scientist exclusive reporting that five deaf Russian couples (and scientist Denis Rebrikov) want to try CRISPR to have a child who can hear,” Science Media Centre, July 4, 2019, https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-new-scientist-exclusive-reporting-that-five-deaf-russian-couples-and-scientist-denis-rebrikov-want-to-try-crispr-to-have-a-child-who-can-hear/.

33. Jon Cohen, “Russian geneticist answers challenges to his plan to make gene-edited babies,” Science, June 13, 2019, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/06/russian-geneticist-answers-challenges-his-plan-make-gene-edited-babies.

34. Michael Le Page, “Exclusive: Five couples lined up for CRISPR babies to avoid deafness,” New Scientist, July 4, 2019, https://www.newscientist.com/article/2208777-exclusive-five-couples-lined-up-for-crispr-babies-to-avoid-deafness/.

35. Stepan Kravchenko, “Future of Genetically Modified Babies May Lie in Putin’s Hands,” Bloomberg, September 29, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-29/future-of-genetically-modified-babies-may-lie-in-putin-s-hands.

36. Jon Cohen, “Embattled Russian scientist sharpens plans to create gene-edited babies,” Science, October 21, 2019, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/10/embattled-russian-scientist-sharpens-plans-create-gene-edited-babies.

37. Jon Cohen, “Deaf couple may edit embryo’s DNA to correct hearing mutation,” Science, October 21, 2019, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/10/deaf-couple-may-edit-embryo-s-dna-correct-hearing-mutation.

38. David Cyranoski, “Russian ‘CRISPR-baby’ scientist has started editing genes in human eggs with goal of altering deaf gene,” Nature, October 18, 2019, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03018-0.

39. Russia Insight, “SCARY: Putin Warns Of GM Super Human Soldiers That Are Worse Than Nukes,” YouTube video, 2:13, October 24, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9v3TNGmbArs.

40. E. Lander, F. Baylis, F. Zhang et al., “Adopt a moratorium on heritable genome editing,” Nature 367, (2019): 165–168, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00726-5.

41. Eric S. Lander, “The Heroes of CRISPR,” Cell 164, (2016): 18–28, https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(15)01705-5.pdf.

42. C. D. Wolinetz and F. S. Collins, “NIH supports call for moratorium on clinical use of germline gene editing,” Nature 567:175 (2019), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6688589/.

43. ASGCT, “Scientific leaders call for global moratorium on germline gene editing,” April 24, 2019, https://www.asgct.org/research/news/april-2019/scientific-leaders-call-for-global-moratorium-on-g.

44. Joel Achenbach, “NIH and top scientists call for moratorium on gene-edited babies,” Washington Post, March 13, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2019/03/13/nih-top-scientists-call-moratorium-gene-edited-babies/.

45. Sharon Begley, “Leading scientists, backed by NIH, call for a global moratorium on creating ‘CRISPR babies,’ ” STAT, March 13, 2019, https://www.statnews.com/2019/03/13/crispr-babies-germline-editing-moratorium/.

46. George Church, interview, Boston, August 3, 2019.

47. Jennifer Doudna, “CRISPR’s unwanted anniversary,” Science 366, (2019): 777, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/366/6467/777.

48. Giro Studio, “Editorial Humility: A Moratorium on Heritable Genome Editing?,” YouTube video, 2:17:43, May 6, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7p4D31aLTI&list=PLdT7Y4C6bsoRyqh-mpBZBCIPsOKey5YsJ&index=11&t=994s.

49. Françoise Baylis, Keystone Symposium, Banff, Canada, February 9, 2020.

50. Mei Fong, “Before the Claims of CRISPR Babies, There Was China’s One-Child Policy,” New York Times, November 28, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/28/opinion/china-crispr-babies.html.

51. H. Wang and H. Yang, “Gene-edited babies: What went wrong and what could go wrong,” PLOS Biology 17: e3000224, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000224.

52. M. Zhang et al., “Human cleaving embryos enable robust homozygotic nucleotide substitutions by base editors,” Genome Biology 20, (2019): 101, https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-019-1703-6#Decs.

53. Stephen Chen, “Gene-editing breakthrough in China comes with urgent call for global rules,” South China Morning Post, June 1, 2019, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3012615/gene-editing-breakthrough-china-comes-urgent-call-global-rules.

54. Heidi Ledford, “CRISPR gene editing in human embryos wreaks chromosomal mayhem,” Nature, June 25, 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01906-4.

Chapter 20: To Extinction and Beyond

1. Ben Mezrich, Woolly: The True Story of the Quest to Revive One of History’s Most Iconic Extinct Creatures (New York: Atria Books, 2017).

2. Ozzy Osbourne, “The Osbourne Identity,” Sunday Times, October 24, 2010, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-osbourne-identity-d9kjh3cxmql.

3. G. M. Church, “Sponsored sequencing: our vision for the future of genomics,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, June 11, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/commentary/sponsored-sequencing-our-vision-for-the-future-of-genomics/.

4. Stephen Colbert, “George Church,” Time, April 20, 2017, https://time.com/collection/2017-time-100/4742749/george-church/.

5. Constance Grady, “It’s Margaret Atwood’s dystopian future, and we’re just living in it,” Vox, June 8, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/6/8/11885596/margaret-atwood-dystopian-future-handmaids-tale-maddaddam-pigoons.

6. Michael Specter, “How the DNA revolution is changing us,” National Geographic, August 2016, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/.

7. D. Niu et al., “Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9,” Science 357, (2017): 1303–1307, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6357/1303.

8. Alice George, “The sad, sad story of Laika, the space dog, and her one-way trip into orbit,” Smithsonianmag.com, April 11, 2018, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/sad-story-laika-space-dog-and-her-one-way-trip-orbit-1-180968728/.

9. Eriona Hysolli, “An American-Russian collaboration to repopulate Siberia with woolly mammoths… or something similar,” Medium, December 31, 2018, https://medium.com/@eriona.hysolli/an-american-russian-collaboration-to-repopulate-siberia-with-woolly-mammoths-or-something-similar-9cbac4e985cb.

10. George Church, interview HMS, Boston, August 3, 2019.

11. Ross Andersen, “The Arctic Mosquito Swarms Large Enough to Kill a Baby Caribou,” Atlantic, September 16, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/09/arctic-mosquitoes-and-the-chaos-of-climate-change/405322/.

12. Beth Shapiro, How to Clone a Mammoth (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2015).

13. The Royal Institution, “How to Clone a Mammoth: The Science of De-Extinction—with Beth Shapiro,” YouTube video, 54:10, last viewed June 15, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xO043PSBnKU.

14. Ben Jacob Novak, “De-Extinction,” Genes 9, (2018): 548, https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/9/11/548/htm.

15. Steven Salzberg, “The Loneliest Word, And The Extinction Crisis,” Forbes, July 8, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2019/07/08/is-this-the-loneliest-word/#1d02e2bd2367.

16. Ed Yong, “The last of its kind,” Atlantic, July 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/07/extinction-endling-care/590617/.

17. Stewart Brand, “The dawn of de-extinction. Are you ready?,” TED, February 2013, https://www.ted.com/talks/stewart_brand_the_dawn_of_de_extinction_are_you_ready?language=en.

18. Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2014).

19. B. J. Novak et al., “Advancing a New Toolkit for Conservation: From Science to Policy,” CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 11–15, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.0019.

20. Gabriel Popkin, “To save iconic American chestnut, researchers plan introduction of genetically engineered tree into the wild,” Science, August 29, 2018, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/08/save-iconic-american-chestnut-researchers-plan-introduction-genetically-engineered-tree.

21. G. G. R. Murray et al., “Natural selection shaped the rise and fall of passenger pigeon genomic diversity,” Science 358, (2017): 951–954, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6365/951.

22. Amy Dockser Marcus, “Meet the Scientists Bringing Extinct Species Back from the Dead,” Wall Street Journal, October 11, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/meet-the-scientists-bringing-extinct-species-back-from-the-dead-1539093600.

23. Ibid.

24. Charles Q. Choi, “First extinct-animal clone created,” National Geographic, February 10, 2009, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2009/02/news-bucardo-pyrenean-ibex-deextinction-cloning/.

25. Timothy Winegard, “People v mosquitoes: what to do about our biggest killer,” Guardian, September 20, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/20/man-v-mosquito-biggest-killer-malaria-crispr.

26. E. Tognotti, “Program to eradicate Malaria in Sardinia, 1946–1950,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, (2009): 1460–1466, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2819864/.

27. K. Davies and K. M. Esvelt, “Gene Drives, White-Footed Mice, and Black Sheep: An Interview with Kevin Esvelt,” CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 319–324, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/crispr.2018.29031.kda.

28. K. M. Esvelt et al., “A system for the continuous directed evolution of biomolecules,” Nature 472, (2011): 499–503, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084352/.

29. A. Burt, “Site-specific selfish genes as tools for the control and genetic engineering of natural populations,” Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences 270, (2003): 921–928, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691325/.

30. N. Windbichler et al., “A synthetic homing endonuclease-based gene drive system in the human malaria mosquito,” Nature 473, (2011): 212–215, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093433/.

31. K. M. Esvelt et al., “Emerging technology: Concerning RNA-guided gene drives for the alteration of wild populations,” eLife 3, (2014): e03401, https://elifesciences.org/articles/03401.

32. V. Gantz et al., “Highly efficient Cas9-mediated gene drive for population modification of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 112, (2015): E6736–6743, https://www.pnas.org/content/112/49/E6736.

33. A. Hammond et al., “A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae,” Nature Biotechnology 34, (2016): 78–83, https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.3439.

34. Kevin M. Esvelt, “Gene drive should be a nonprofit technology,” STAT, November 27, 2018, https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/27/gene-drive-should-be-nonprofit-technology/.

35. Sharon Begley, “In a lab pushing the boundaries of biology, an embedded ethicist keeps scientists in check,” STAT, February 23, 2017, https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/23/bioethics-harvard-george-church/.

36. K. Kyrou et al., “A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes,” Nature Biotechnology 36, (2018): 1062–1066, https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4245.

37. Anna Pujol-Mazzini, “ ‘We don’t want to be guinea pigs’: How one African community is fighting genetically modified mosquitoes,” Telegraph, October 8, 2019, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/dont-want-guinea-pigs-one-african-community-fighting-genetically/.

38. Martin Fletcher, “Mutant mosquitoes: Can gene editing kill off malaria?,” Telegraph, August 11, 2018, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/mutant-mosquitoes-can-gene-editing-kill-malaria/.

39. Feng Zhang, CRISPRcon, Boston, June 4, 2018.

40. J. E. DiCarlo et al., “Safeguarding CRISPR-Cas9 gene drives in yeast,” Nature Biotechnology 33, (2015): 1250–1255, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4675690/.

41. Michael Eisenstein, “A toolbox for keeping CRISPR in check,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, July 11, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/insights/a-toolbox-for-keeping-crispr-in-check/.

42. B. Maji et al., “A High-Throughput Platform to Identify Small-Molecule Inhibitors of CRISPR-Cas9,” Cell 177, (2019): 1067–1079, https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(19)30395-2.pdf.

43. Julianna LeMieux, “CRISPR-accelerated gene drives pump the brakes,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, July 1, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/topics/genome-editing/crispr-accelerated-gene-drives-pump-the-brakes/.

44. “Synthetic Biology,” Convention on Biological Diversity, November 28, 2018, https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/2c62/5569/004e9c7a6b2a00641c3af0eb/cop-14-l-31-en.pdf.

45. Nicholas Wade, “Giving Malaria a Deadline,” New York Times, September 24, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/24/science/gene-drive-mosquitoes.html.

46. Martin Fletcher, “Mutant mosquitoes: Can gene editing kill off malaria?,” Telegraph, August 11, 2018, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/mutant-mosquitoes-can-gene-editing-kill-malaria/.

47. K. Davies and K. M. Esvelt, “Gene Drives, White-Footed Mice, and Black Sheep: An Interview with Kevin Esvelt,” CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 319–324, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/crispr.2018.29031.kda.

48. J. Buchtal et al., “Mice against ticks: an experimental community-guided effort to prevent tick-borne disease by altering the shared environment,” Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences 374, (2019): 20180105, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6452264/.

49. Allison Snow, “Gene editing to stop Lyme disease: caution is warranted,” STAT, August 22, 2019, https://www.statnews.com/2019/08/22/gene-editing-to-stop-lyme-disease-caution-is-warranted/.

50. Charles Darwin, Letter to Asa Gray, May 22, 1860, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-2814.xml.

51. Rebecca Kreston, “The special brand of horror that is the New World Screwworm,” Discover Body Horrors (blog), July 22, 2013, http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2013/07/22/screwworm-myiasis/#.XSqhFuhKg2w.

52. C. Noble et al., “Daisy-chain gene drives for the alteration of local populations,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, (2019): 8275–8282, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6486765/.

53. Antonio Regalado, “Top U.S. Intelligence Official Calls Gene Editing a WMD Threat,” MIT Technology Review, February 9, 2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/02/09/71575/top-us-intelligence-official-calls-gene-editing-a-wmd-threat/.

54. Ewen MacAskill, “Bill Gates warns tens of millions could be killed by bio-terrorism,” Guardian, February 18, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/18/bill-gates-warns-tens-of-millions-could-be-killed-by-bio-terrorism.

55. Daniel M. Gerstein, “Can the bioweapons convention survive Crispr?,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July 25, 2016, https://thebulletin.org/2016/07/can-the-bioweapons-convention-survive-crispr/.

Chapter 21: Farm Aid

1. Mark Lynas, Seeds of Science (New York: Bloomsbury Sigma, 2018).

2. Kelly Servick, “Once again, U.S. expert panel says genetically engineered crops are safe to eat,” Science, May 17, 2016, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/once-again-us-expert-panel-says-genetically-engineered-crops-are-safe-eat#.

3. Brad Plumer, “More than 100 Nobel laureates are calling on Greenpeace to end its anti-GMO campaign,” Vox, June 30, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/6/30/12066826/greenpeace-gmos-nobel-laureates.

4. Issues Ink Media, “Mark Lynas on his conversion to supporting GMOs—Oxford Lecture on Farming,” YouTube video, 51:52, last viewed June 22, 2020, https://www.youtube.comwatch?v=vf86QYf4Suo.

5. Will Storr, “Mark Lynas: Truth, Treachery and GM food,” Observer, March 9, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/mar/09/mark-lynas-truth-treachery-gm.

6. Erin Brodwin, “We’ll be eating the first Crispr’d foods within 5 years, according to a geneticist who helped invent the blockbuster gene-editing tool,” Business Insider, April 20, 2019, https://www.businessinsider.com/first-crispr-food-5-years-berkeley-scientist-inventor-2019-4.

7. Sarah Webb, “Plants in the CRISPR,” BioTechniques, March 16, 2018, https://www.future-science.com/doi/10.2144/000114583.

8. Jon Cohen, “To feed its 1.4 billion, China bets big on genome editing of crops,” Science, July 29, 2019, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/07/feed-its-14-billion-china-bets-big-genome-editing-crops.

9. Matt Ridley, “Editing Our Genes, One Letter at a Time,” Wall Street Journal, January 11, 2013, http://www.mattridley.co.uk/blog/precision-editing-of-dna/.

10. Charles Mann, The Wizard and the Prophet (New York: Knopf, 2018).

11. Paula Park, “Mary-Dell Chilton,” The Scientist, April 29, 2002, https://www.the-scientist.com/news-profile/mary-dell-chilton-53389.

12. Steven Salzberg, “Surprise! Your Beer and Tea Are Actually Transgenic GMOs,” Forbes, January 20, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2020/01/20/surprise-here-are-12-organic-foods-that-are-transgenic-gmos/#6a9e43ab427f.

13. Susan Hockfield, The Age of Living Machines (Norton: New York, 2019).

14. R. Oliva et al., “Broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial blight in rice using genome editing,” Nature Biotechnology 37, (2019): 1344–1350, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-019-0267-z.

15. Phil Edwards, “A Renaissance painting reveals how breeding changed watermelons,” Vox, August 3, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2015/7/28/9050469/watermelon-breeding-paintings.

16. Stephen S. Hall, “Crispr Can Speed Up Nature—and Change How We Grow Food,” WIRED, July 17, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/crispr-tomato-mutant-future-of-food/.

17. S. Soyk et al., “Variation in the flowering gene SELF PRUNING 5G promotes day-neutrality and early yield in tomato,” Nature Genetics 49, (2017): 162–168, https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3733.

18. Z. H. Lemmon et al., “Rapid improvement of domestication traits in an orphan crop by genome editing,” Nature Plants 4, (2018): 776–770, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0259-x.

19. C-T. Kwon et al., “Rapid customization of Solanaceae fruit crops for urban agriculture,” Nature Biotechnology 38, (2019): 182–188, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-019-0361-2.

20. Rodolphe Barrangou, “CRISPR craziness: A response to the EU Court ruling,” CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 4, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2018.29025.edi.

21. Jon Cohen, “To feed its 1.4 billion, China bets big on genome editing of crops,” Science, July 29, 2019, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/07/feed-its-14-billion-china-bets-big-genome-editing-crops.

22. Oxford Nanopore Technologies, “Mick Watson | The MinION: Applications in Animal Health and Food Security,” YouTube video, 25:30, last viewed February 11, 2019, https://youtu.be/UK8KHlkHhhc.

23. Megan Molteni, “The First Gene Edited Food Is Now Being Served,” WIRED, March 20, 2019, https://www.wired.com/story/the-first-gene-edited-food-is-now-being-served/.

24. Y. Wang et al., “Simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew,” Nature Biotechnology 32, (2014): 947-951, https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.2969.

25. R. Zhang et al., “Generation of herbicide tolerance traits and a new selectable marker in wheat using base editing,” Nature Plants 5, (2019): 480–485, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-019-0405-0.

26. Roger Williams, “Green is Florida’s new orange,” Florida Weekly, August 23, 2018, https://charlottecounty.floridaweekly.com/articles/green-is-floridas-new-orange/.

27. Ibid.

28. Cici Zhang, “Citrus greening is killing the world’s orange trees. Scientists are racing to help,” Chemical & Engineering News, June 9, 2019, https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/biochemistry/Citrus-greening-killing-worlds-orange/97/i23.

29. L. Sun et al., “Citrus Genetic Engineering for Disease Resistance: Past, Present and Future,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, (2019): 5256, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6862092/.

30. Cici Zhang, “Citrus greening is killing the world’s orange trees. Scientists are racing to help,” Chemical & Engineering News, June 9, 2019, https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/biochemistry/Citrus-greening-killing-worlds-orange/97/i23.

31. Amy Harmon, “A race to save the orange by altering its DNA,” New York Times, July 27, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/28/science/a-race-to-save-the-orange-by-altering-its-dna.html.

32. Paul Voosen, “Can genetic engineering save the Florida orange?,” National Geographic, September 13, 2014, https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140914-florida-orange-citrus-greening-gmo-environment-science/.

33. Dan Koeppel, “Yes, we will have no bananas,” New York Times, June 18, 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/opinion/18koeppel.html.

34. Myles Karp, “The banana is one step closer to disappearing,” National Geographic, August 12, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/banana-fungus-latin-america-threatening-future/.

35. Emiko Terazono and Clive Cookson, “Gene editing: how agritech is fighting to shape the food we eat,” Financial Times, February 10, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/74fb67b8-2933-11e9-a5ab-ff8ef2b976c7.

36. Sam Bloch, “At CRISPRcon, an organic luminary embraces gene editing. Will the industry follow?,” The Counter, June 6, 2018, https://thecounter.org/klaas-martens-organic-gene-editing-crispr-gmo/.

37. Ruramiso Mashumba, CRISPRcon 2018, Boston, June 4, 2018.

38. M. A. Gomez et al., “Simultaneous CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of cassava eIF4E isoforms nCBP-1 and nCBP-2 reduces cassava brown streak disease symptom severity and incidence,” Plant Biotechnology Journal (2018): 1–14, doi: 10.1111/pbi.12987.

39. Emily Willingham, “Seralini Paper Influences Kenya Ban of GMO Imports,” Forbes, December 9, 2012, https://www.forbes.com/sites/emilywillingham/2012/12/09/seralini-paper-influences-kenya-ban-of-gmo-imports/#1d951b2268a0.

40. Marcel Kuntz, “The Seralini Affair. The Dead-End of an Activist Science,” Fondation pour l’Innovation Politique, September 2019, https://www.supportprecisionagriculture.org/165_LaffaireSERALINI_GB_2019-09-25_w.pdf.

41. Anon, “Smelling a rat,” Economist, December 7, 2013, https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2013/12/07/smelling-a-rat.

42. “Controversial Seralini study linking GM to cancer in rats is republished,” Guardian, June 24, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/24/controversial-seralini-study-gm-cancer-rats-republished.

43. Verenardo Meeme, “Kenya picks 1,000 farmers to grow GMO cotton,” Cornell Alliance for Science, March 9, 2020, https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2020/03/kenya-picks-1000-farmers-to-grow-gmo-cotton/.

44. Nnimmo Bassey, CRISPRcon, Boston, June 4, 2018.

45. K. Davies and N. Gutterson, “Planting Progress: An Interview with Neal Gutterson,” CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 270–273, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2018.29023.int.

46. Y. Zhang et al., “A CRISPR way for accelerating improvement of food crops,” Nature Food 1, (2020): 200–205, https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-020-0051-8.

47. Nick Stockton, “The FDA Wants to Regulate Edited Animal Genes as Drugs,” WIRED, January 24, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/fda-wants-regulate-edited-animal-genes-drugs/.

48. D. Carroll et al., “Regulate genome-edited products, not genome editing itself,” Nature Biotechnology 34, (2016): 477–479, https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.3566.

49. D. F. Carlson et al., “Production of hornless dairy cattle from genome-edited cell lines,” Nature Biotechnology 34, (2016): 479–481, https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.3560.

50. Carolyn Y. Johnson, “Gene-edited farm animals are coming. Will we eat them?,” Washington Post, December 17, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/national/wp/2018/12/17/feature/gene-edited-farm-animals-are-coming-will-we-eat-them/.

51. A. L. Norris et al., “Template plasmid integration in germline genome-edited cattle,” Nature Biotechnology 38, (2020): 163–164, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-019-0394-6.

52. Antonio Regalado, “Gene-edited cattle have a major screwup in their DNA,” MIT Technology Review, August 29, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/614235/recombinetics-gene-edited-hornless-cattle-major-dna-screwup/.

53. C. Tait-Burkhard et al., “Livestock 2.0—genome editing for fitter, healthier, and more productive farmed animals,” Genome Biology 19, (2018): 204, https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-018-1583-1.

54. Q. Zheng et al., “Reconstitution of UCP1 Using CRISPR/Cas9 in the White Adipose Tissue of Pigs Decreases Fat Deposition and Improves Thermogenic Capacity,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114, (2017): E9474–9482, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5692550/.

Chapter 22: CRISPR Prime

1. Victor A. McKusick, “The defect in Marfan syndrome,” Nature 352, (1991): 279–281, https://www.nature.com/articles/352279a0.pdf.

2. Steve Jones, The Language of Genes (New York: Anchor Books, 1994).

3. K. O’Brien, “He is blazing his own molecular trials,” Boston Globe, February 13, 2006, http://archive.boston.com/news/science/articles/2006/02/13/he_is_blazing_his_own_molecular_trails/.

4. Megan Molteni, “Inside a chemist’s quest to hack evolution and cure genetic disease,” WIRED, June 12, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/inside-a-chemists-quest-to-hack-evolution-and-cure-genetic-disease/.

5. K. M. Esvelt et al., “A System for the Continuous Directed Evolution of Biomolecules,” Nature 472, (2011): 499–503, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084352/.

6. Asher Mullard, “An audience with David Liu,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 18, (2019): 330–331, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-019-00067-y.

7. CEN Online, “David Liu—Advice to the future of chemistry,” YouTube video, 30:12, last viewed March 3, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnf1C8Qf4hw.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ryan Cross, “Inventor, chemist, and CRISPR craftsman: Inside David Liu’s evolution workshop,” Chemical & Engineering News, April 16, 2018, https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/biotechnology/Inventor-chemist-CRISPR-craftsman-Inside/96/i16.

11. K. Davies, N. Gaudelli, and A. C. Komor, “The Beginning of Base Editing: An Interview with Alexis C. Komor and Nicole M. Gaudelli,” CRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 81–90, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2019.29050.kda.

12. A. C. Komor et al., “Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage,” Nature 533, (2016): 420–424, https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17946.

13. N. M. Gaudelli et al., “Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage,” Nature 551, (2017): 464–471, https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24644.

14. H. A. Rees and D. R. Liu, “Base editing: precision chemistry on the genome and transcriptome of living cells,” Nature Reviews Genetics 19, (2018): 770–788, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-018-0059-1.

15. Megan Molteni, “Inside a chemist’s quest to hack evolution and cure genetic disease,” WIRED, June 12, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/inside-a-chemists-quest-to-hack-evolution-and-cure-genetic-disease/.

16. Kevin Davies, “All about that base editing,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, May 1, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/insights/all-about-that-base-editing/.

17. David Liu, phone interview, March 8, 2019.

18. M. F. Richter et al., “Phage-assisted evolution of an adenine base editor with improved Cas domain compatibility and activity,” Nature Biotechnology, March 20, 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-020-0453-z.

19. Kevin Davies, “Base Editing Promise in Treating a Mouse Model of Progeria,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, February 14, 2020, https://www.genengnews.com/news/base-editing-promise-in-treating-a-mouse-model-of-progeria/.

20. Sharon Begley, “In its first tough test, CRISPR base editing slashes cholesterol levels in monkeys,” STAT, June 27, 2020, https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/27/crispr-base-editing-slashes-cholesterol-in-monkeys/.

21. Kary Mullis, Nobel lecture, December 8, 1993, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1993/mullis/lecture/.

22. Andrew Anzalone, Nature press conference, October 17, 2019.

23. David Liu, Nature press conference, October 17, 2019.

24. A. Anzalone et al., “Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA,” Nature 576, (2019): 149–157, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1711-4.

25. Megan Molteni, “A New Crispr Technique Could Fix Almost All Genetic Diseases,” WIRED, October 21, 2019, https://www.wired.com/story/a-new-crispr-technique-could-fix-many-more-genetic-diseases/.

26. Sharon Begley, “New CRISPR tool has the potential to correct almost all disease-causing DNA glitches, scientists report,” STAT, October 21, 2019, https://www.statnews.com/2019/10/21/new-crispr-tool-has-potential-to-correct-most-disease-causing-dna-glitches/.

27. Julianna LeMieux, “Genome Editing Heads to Primetime,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, October 21, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/insights/genome-editing-heads-to-primetime/.

28. David Liu, ESGCT conference, Barcelona, Spain, October 24, 2019.

29. Antonio Regalado, “The newest gene editor radically improves on CRISPR,” MIT Techology Review, October 21, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/614599/the-newest-gene-editor-radically-improves-on-crispr/.

30. Megan Molteni, “This Company Wants to Rewrite the Future of Genetic Disease,” WIRED, July 7, 2020, https://www.wired.com/storythis-company-wants-to-rewrite-the-future-of-genetic-disease/.

31. B. Y. Mok, M. H. de Moraes, et al., “A bacterial cytidine deaminase toxin enables CRISPR-free mitochondrial base editing,” Nature, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2477-4.

32. A. V. Anzalone, L. W. Koblan, and D. R. Liu, “Genome editing with CRISPR–Cas nucleases, base editors, transposases and prime editors,” Nature Biotechnology, 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-020-0561-9.

33. Katie Jennings, “This Startup Might Finally Cure Sickle Cell Disease—After A Century Of Racist Neglect,” Forbes, July 10, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/katiejennings/2020/07/10/this-startup-might-finally-cure-sickle-cell-disease-after-a-century-of-racist-neglect/#43b401104d3e.

Chapter 23: Volitional Evolution

1. Kevin Davies, “GenePeeks’ Sperm Bank Acquisition Heralds Genome Screening of ‘Virtual Progeny,’ ” Bio-IT World, January 4, 2013, http://www.bio-itworld.com/2013/1/4/sperm-bank-acquisition-heralds-genome-screening-virtual-progeny.html.

2. Fyodor Urnov, Keystone symposium, Banff, Canada, February 9, 2020.

3. Eric Lander, International Summit on Human Gene Editing, Washington, DC, December 1, 2015.

4. A. H. Handyside et al., “Pregnancies From Biopsied Human Preimplantation Embryos Sexed by Y-specific DNA Amplification,” Nature 344, (1990): 768–770, https://www.nature.com/articles/344768a0.

5. M. Viotti et al., “Estimating Demand for Germline Genome Editing: An In Vitro Fertilization Clinic Perspective,” CRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 304–315, https://doi.org/10.1089/crispr.2019.0044.

6. Ibid.

7. Jeffrey Steinberg, “Choose Your Baby’s Eye Color,” The Fertility Institutes, https://www.fertility-docs.com/programs-and-services/pgd-screening/choose-your-babys-eye-color.php (accessed January 27, 2020).

8. Rob Stein, “Scientists attempt controversial experiment to edit DNA in human sperm using CRISPR,” NPR, August 22, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/08/22/746321083/scientists-attempt-controversial-experiment-to-edit-dna-in-human-sperm-using-cri.

9. Philip R. Reilly, Abraham Lincoln’s DNA (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press, 2000).

10. M. Pagel, “Designer Humans,” The Edge, 2016, https://www.edge.org/response-detail/26605.

11. Leon Kass, “Preventing a Brave New World,” The New Republic, June 21, 2001, https://web.stanford.edu/~mvr2j/sfsu09/extra/Kass3.pdf.

12. Derek So, “The Use and Misuse of Brave New World in the CRISPR Debate,” CRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 316–322, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2019.0046.

13. J. J. Cox et al., “An SCN9A channelopathy causes congenital inability to experience pain,” Nature 444, (2006): 894–898, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17167479.

14. Matthew Shaer, “The family that feels almost no pain,” Smithsonian Magazine, May 2019, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/family-feels-almost-no-pain-180971915/.

15. Michael Segalov, “Meet the super humans,” Observer, January 26, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jan/26/meet-the-super-humans-four-people-describe-their-extraordinary-powers.

16. Helen Branswell, “Experts search for answers in limited information about mystery pneumonia outbreak in China,” STAT, January 4, 2020, https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/04/mystery-pneumonia-outbreak-china/.

17. J. F. Arboleda-Velasquez et al., “Resistance to autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease in an APOE3 Christchurch homozygote: a case report,” Nature Medicine 25, (2019): 1680–1683, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0611-3.

18. Tony Kettle, “Christchurch discovery holds promise for Alzheimer’s disease,” Stuff, December 16, 2019, https://www.stuff.co.nz/science/118119856/christchurch-discovery-holds-promise-for-alzheimers-disease.

19. Stephen S. Hall, “Genetics: A gene of rare effect,” Nature 9, (April 2013), https://www.nature.com/news/genetics-a-gene-of-rare-effect-1.12773.

20. knoepflerp, “The Science and Ethics of Genetically Engineered Human DNA,” YouTube video, 1:43:45, June 19, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLne4CnMXzo.

21. M. Sulak et al., “TP53 copy number expansion is associated with the evolution of increased body size and an enhanced DNA damage response in elephants,” eLife 5, (2016): e11994, https://elifesciences.org/articles/11994.

22. Emily Mullin, “The Defense Department Plans to Build Radiation-proof CRISPR Soldiers,” OneZero, September 27, 2019, https://onezero.medium.com/the-government-aims-to-use-crispr-to-make-soldiers-radiation-proof-3e18b00c9553.

23. Anjana Ahuja, “Crossing ethical red lines in gene editing,” Financial Times, December 27, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/6218346c-258d-11ea-9f81-051dbffa088d.

24. Eric Lander, International Summit on Human Gene Editing, Washington, DC, December 1, 2015.

25. Alissa Poh, “My Cell Phone Rings in A Minor,” Science Notes, 2008, http://sciencenotes.ucsc.edu/0801/pages/pitch/pitch.html.

26. E. Theusch et al., “Genome-wide Study of Families with Absolute Pitch Reveals Linkage to 8q24.21 and Locus Heterogeneity,” American Journal of Human Genetics 85, (2009): 112–119, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706961/.

27. Stephen Hsu, “G: Unnatural selection,” Radiolab, July 25, 2019, https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/g-unnatural-selection.

28. Julianna LeMieux, “The risky business of embryo selection,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, April 1, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/magazine/april-2019-vol-39-no-4/the-risky-business-of-embryo-selection/.

29. A. V. Khera et al., “Genome-wide polygenic scores for common diseases identify individuals with risk equivalent to monogenic mutations,” Nature Genetics 50, (2018): 1219–1224, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6128408/.

30. L. Lello et al., “Genomic Prediction of 16 Complex Disease Risks Including Heart Attack, Diabetes, Breast and Prostate Cancer,” Scientific Reports 9, (2019), 15286, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51258-x.

31. G. Huguet, “Estimating the effect-size of gene dosage on cognitive ability across the coding genome,” bioRxiv, April 5, 2020, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024554v1.

32. Julianna LeMieux, “Polygenic risk scores and Genomic Prediction: Q&A with Stephen Hsu,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, April 1, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/topics/omics/polygenic-risk-scores-and-genomic-prediction-qa-with-steven-hsu/.

33. N. R. Treff et al., “Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Polygenic Disease Relative Risk Reduction: Evaluation of Genomic Index Performance in 11,883 Adult Sibling Pairs,” Genes 11, 648 (2020), https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11060648.

34. Julianna LeMieux, “Polygenic risk scores and Genomic Prediction: Q&A with Stephen Hsu,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, April 1, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/topics/omics/polygenic-risk-scores-and-genomic-prediction-qa-with-steven-hsu/.

35. Erik Parens, Paul S. Appelbaum, and Wendy Chung, “Embryo editing for higher IQ is a fantasy. Embryo profiling for it is almost here,” STAT, February 12, 2019, https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/12/embryo-profiling-iq-almost-here/.

36. Julianna LeMieux, “The risky business of embryo selection,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, April 1, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/magazine/april-2019-vol-39-no-4/the-risky-business-of-embryo-selection/.

37. E. Karavani et al., “Screening Human Embryos for Polygenic Traits has Limited Utility,” Cell 179, (2019): P1424–1435, https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(19)31210-3.pdf.

38. Sek Kathiresan, “Settling the Score with Genetic Diseases,” GEN Keynote webinar, April 16, 2020, https://www.genengnews.com/resources/webinars/settling-the-score-with-genetic-diseases/.

39. Julianna LeMieux, “The risky business of embryo selection,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, April 1, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/magazine/april-2019-vol-39-no-4/the-risky-business-of-embryo-selection/.

40. UNESCO, “Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights,” November 11, 1997, https://en.unesco.org/themes/ethics-science-and-technology/human-genome-and-human-rights.

41. Henry T. Greely, “Human Germline Genome Editing: An Assessment,” CRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 253–265, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/crispr.2019.0038.

42. Misha Angrist, Here Is a Human Being (New York: Harper, 2010).

43. K. Davies and G. Church, “Radical Technology Meets Radical Application: An interview with George Church,” CRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 346–351, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2019.29074.gch.

44. Doha Debates, “Gene Editing & the Future of Genetics. FULL DEBATE. Doha Debates,” YouTube video, 1:38:50, March 31, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-imA51Qk0M.

45. Editorial, “Genome editing: proceed with caution,” Lancet 392, (2019): 253, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31653-2/fulltext.

46. Kenan Malik, “Fear of dystopian change should not blind us to the potential of gene editing,” Guardian, July 22, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/21/designer-babies-gene-editing-curing-disease.

47. Henry T. Greely, “Human Germline Genome Editing: An Assessment,” CRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 253–265, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/crispr.2019.0038.

48. Steven Pinker, “The moral imperative for bioethics,” Boston Globe, August 1, 2015, https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2015/07/31/the-moral-imperative-for-bioethics/JmEkoyzlTAu9oQV76JrK9N/story.html.

49. Michael J. Sandel, “The case against perfection,” Atlantic, April 2004, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/04/the-case-against-perfection/302927/.

50. Lev Facher, “NIH director says there’s work to do on regulating genome editing globally,” STAT, November 29, 2018, https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/29/nih-director-says-theres-work-to-do-on-regulating-genome-editing-globally/.

51. Michael J. Sandel, “The case against perfection,” Atlantic, April 2004, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/04/the-case-against-perfection/302927/.

52. Lord Moynihan, House of Lords, Hansard, January 30, 2020, https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2020-01-30/debates/637E3108-D287-445B-8460-4B739A24CCF8/GeneEditing.

53. K. Davies and G. Church, “Radical Technology Meets Radical Application: An interview with George Church,” CRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 346–351, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2019.29074.gch.

54. Gulzaar Barn, “Don’t genetically enhance people—improve society instead,” Economist, April 30, 2019, https://www.economist.com/open-future/2019/04/30/dont-genetically-enhance-people-improve-society-instead.

55. C. Lippert et al., “Identification of individuals by trait prediction using whole-genome sequencing data,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, (2017): 10166–10171, https://www.pnas.org/content/114/38/10166.

56. Y. Erlich, “Major flaws in ‘Identification of individuals by trait prediction using whole -genome sequencing data,’ ” bioRxiv, September 7, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1101/18533.

57. Editorial, “Genome editing: proceed with caution,” Lancet 392, (2019): 253, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31653-2/fulltext.

58. George Will, “The real Down syndrome problem: Accepting genocide,” Washington Post, March 14, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/whats-the-real-down-syndrome-problem-the-genocide/2018/03/14/3c4f8ab8-26ee-11e8-b79d-f3d931db7f68_story.html.

59. Rebecca Cokley, “Please don’t edit me out,” Washington Post, August 10, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/if-we-start-editing-genes-people-like-me-might-not-exist/2017/08/10/e9adf206-7d27-11e7-a669-b400c5c7e1cc_story.html.

60. Ethan J. Weiss, “Billy Idol,” Project Muse, vol. 63, Winter 2020, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/748051.

61. John Harris, The Value of Life (Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: Routledge, 1985).

62. Helen C. O’Neill, “Clinical Germline Genome Editing,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 63, (2020): 101–110, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/748054.

Chapter 24: Bases Loaded

1. Tim Hunt, Keystone Symposium, Banff, Canada, February 9, 2020.

2. R. C. Wilson and D. Carroll, “The Daunting Economics of Therapeutic Genome Editing,” CRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 280–284, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2019.0052.

3. Kevin Davies, “NIH Director Backs Moratorium for Heritable Genome Editing,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, November 8, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/topics/genome-editing/nih-director-backs-moratorium-for-heritable-genome-editing/.

4. Sharon Begley, “As calls mount to ban embryo editing with CRISPR, families hit by inherited diseases say, not so fast,” STAT, April 17, 2019, https://www.statnews.com/2019/04/17/crispr-embryo-editing-ban-opposed-by-families-carrying-inherited-diseases/.

5. Gina Kolata, “Scientists Designed a Drug for Just One Patient. Her Name Is Mila,” New York Times, October 9, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/09/health/mila-makovec-drug.html.

6. Erika Check Hayden, “If DNA is like software, can we just fix the code?,” MIT Technology Review, February 26, 2020, https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/02/26/905713/dna-is-like-software-fix-the-code-personalized-medicine/.

7. Fyodor Urnov, Keystone Symposium, Banff, Canada, February 9, 2020.

8. Ed Yong, “How the Pandemic Will End,” Atlantic, March 25, 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/how-will-coronavirus-end/608719/.

9. Megan Molteni and Gregory Barber, “How a Crispr Lab Became a Pop-Up Covid Testing Center,” WIRED, April 2, 2020, https://www.wired.com/story/crispr-lab-turned-pop-up-covid-testing-center/.

10. Matthew Herper, “CRISPR pioneer Doudna opens lab to run Covid-19 tests,” STAT, March 30, 2020, https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/30/crispr-pioneer-doudna-opens-lab-to-run-covid-19-tests/.

11. Megan Molteni and Gregory Barber, “How a Crispr Lab Became a Pop-Up Covid Testing Center,” WIRED, April 2, 2020, https://www.wired.com/story/crispr-lab-turned-pop-up-covid-testing-center/

12. “First rounders: Feng Zhang,” Nature Biotechnology, podcast audio, October 1, 2018, https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt0918-784.

13. J. Achenbach and L. McGinley, “FDA gives emergency authorization for CRISPR-based diagnostic tool for coronavirus,” Washington Post, May 7, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/fda-gives-emergency-authorization-for-crispr-based-diagnostic-tool-for-coronavirus/2020/05/07/f98029bc-9082-11ea-a9c0-73b93422d691_story.html.

14. Carl Zimmer, “With Crispr, a Possible Quick Test for the Coronavirus,” New York Times, May 5, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/05/health/crispr-coronavirus-covid-test.html.

15. Darrell Etherington, “Pinterest CEO and a team of leading scientists launch a self-reporting COVID-19 tracking app,” TechCrunch, April 2, 2020, https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/02/pinterest-ceo-and-a-team-of-leading-scientists-launch-a-self-reporting-covid-19-tracking-app/.

16. Rob Copeland, “The Secret Group of Scientists and Billionaires Pushing a Manhattan Project for Covid-19,” Wall Street Journal, April 27, 2020, https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/scientists-and-billionaires-drive-manhattan-project-seeking-to-combat-covid-19.

17. Alex Philippidis, “COVID-19 Drug & Vaccine Candidate Tracker,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, May 18, 2020, https://www.genengnews.com/covid-19-candidates/covid-19-drug-and-vaccine-tracker/.

18. T. R. Abbott et al., “Development of CRISPR as a prophylactic strategy to combat novel coronavirus and influenza,” bioRxiv, March 14, 2020, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.991307v1.

19. Jennifer Doudna, “Biochemist Explains How CRISPR Can Be Used to Fight COVID-19,” Amanpour, March 30, 2020, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/amanpour-and-company/video/biochemist-explains-how-crispr-can-be-used-to-fight-covid-19/.

20. Lorrie Moore, “Bioperversity,” New Yorker, May 12, 2003, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/05/19/bioperversity.

21. Christof Koch, The Quest for Consciousness (Englewood, CO: Roberts & Co., 2004).