Editing Humanity: The CRISPR Revolution and the New Era of Genome Editing

D

Da Vinci, Leonardo, xviii, 279

Daley, George, 233–234, 240–241, 253, 265, 273

Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 157

Danisco, 39, 41–45, 54, 57, 81, 180

Danson, Ted, 90

Darwin, Charles, 92, 130, 291, 298

Darwin Life, 214

Davidson, Alan, 101

Davies, Dame Kay, 258

De Jong, Pieter, 18

De Silva, Ashanthi, 139–140

Dean, Michael, 118

Decoding Annie Parker, 138

Deem, Michael, 195, 207, 209, 212, 219, 226, 228, 240, 251, 253, 261, 266

“Defense mechanism,” 32, 38, 51, 63

“Definitely Maybe,” 90

Deisseroth, Karl, 78

Delbrück, Max, 125, 127

Deltcheva, Elitza, 63

Dementia, xvii, 217, 344–345

Dench, Judi, 349

Dengue fever, 101, 289, 294

Designated Survivor, 6

Designer babies, xvii–xviii, 5, 11, 204, 215, 223, 341, 348. See also Babies

Desimone, Bob, 80, 92

Deveau, Hélène, 44

Dewey-Hagborg, Heather, 357

DeWitt, Mark, 220, 227–229, 251–252

D’Hérelle, Félix, 162

Diabaté, Abdoulaye, 294

Diabetes, xi, xii, xiv, 18, 79, 84, 111, 129, 336, 344–345, 350–351

Diamond, John, xiv

Diaz, Cameron, xvi, 95

Dickens, Charles, 108

Dickler, Howard, 298

Díez-Villaseñor, César, 36–37

Digital babies, 338. See also Babies

Dinoire, Isabelle, 360

Dinosaurs, 76–77, 124

Direct Genomics, 211–212, 219, 225–227, 230, 242–243, 252

Disease genes

editing, xii, 222, 256

identifying, xiii–xiv, 138–140

mapping, xiii–xiv, 138

transmission of, 339

Diseases/disorders

AIDS, 117–118, 173, 215–216, 226, 246, 251, 310

Alzheimer’s disease, 12, 80, 164, 269, 280, 344–345

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 15, 159

Angelman syndrome, 85

ataxia telangiectasia, 363

autism, 79, 80, 157

Batten disease, 363

Becker muscular dystrophy, 176

beta thalassemia, 120, 136, 152, 155–157, 169–170, 197

blood diseases, xvii–xviii, 16, 114, 120, 136, 156, 164

“bubble boy disease,” 116, 160–161

cardiomyopathy, 208, 223

cardiovascular disease, 331, 345

common diseases, xi, xii, xiv

curing, 336

cystic fibrosis, xiii, 163, 231, 248, 322, 334, 337, 339, 354

dementia, xvii, 217, 344–345

dengue fever, 101, 289, 294

diabetes, xi, xii, xiv, 18, 79, 84, 111, 129, 336, 344–345, 350–351

Down syndrome, 209, 322, 358

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, xiii, 138, 175–176, 363

dwarfism, 359

heart disease, xi, xii, xiv, 223, 331, 345, 350, 351

hemochromatosis, 90, 329

hemophilia, xviii, 114, 120, 136, 164

hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, 156–157

HIV, 5, 105, 116–119, 122, 146, 173, 199–202, 215–216, 225–228, 232–236, 244–251, 261–262, 269, 344

Hunter syndrome, 120–122, 193

Huntington’s disease, xi, 49, 122, 175, 322, 339, 350, 354

Hurler syndrome, 120

hypertension, 18, 345

hyperthymesia, 343

identifying, 138–140

Leber’s congenital amaurosis, 147–151, 172–173, 176

Leigh syndrome, 213, 214

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 135

Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 347

liver disease, 175

Lyme disease, 289, 294, 297–298

malaria, xviii, 153–154, 171, 288–298

Marfan syndrome, 321

Mendelian diseases, xiv, 145, 161, 178, 289, 292

mental illness, xii, xiv, 348

multiple sclerosis, 173

muscular dystrophy, xi, xiii, xviii, 138, 159, 163, 175–176, 247, 363

mutations and, 5, 12, 118, 157, 175–176, 227, 247, 261, 322, 334–335, 347

myotubular myopathy, 164

obesity, 307, 314, 345, 350–351

ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, 141–144

progeria, 330

recessive disorders, xiv, 139, 152, 337–340

schizophrenia, 78–80, 280, 336, 348

severe combined immunodeficiency, 114, 116, 139, 144, 151–154, 160–161

sickle-cell disease, xvi–xviii, 11–12, 25, 114, 120, 136, 138, 152, 156, 158, 168–169, 322

spinal muscular atrophy, 151, 158–159

Tay-Sachs disease, 164, 322, 334

transthyretin amyloidosis, 175

yellow fever, 294

Disney, 114

DNA. See also Genes

advances in, xv–xvi

bacteria and, 22, 22–27

in cells, xi

cleaving, 24, 43, 56–57, 66–68, 81–82, 177, 182–186, 322, 327–328

cutting, xii, 7, 20–21, 24, 26–29, 28, 45, 55, 65, 69, 99–100, 112–113, 180, 296, 324

double helix, xvi, 7, 18, 26–28, 47–48, 60, 68, 100, 123–130, 154–155, 227, 280, 327–328, 333–334, 355, 362, 367

editing, xii, xvi, 18–21, 281

father of, 71

mapping, 5, 15

modifying, 14–15

mutations in, 28, 303

reading, xv–xvi, 281

repairing, 27–29, 33–34, 50, 108, 116, 177, 224, 276, 292, 306–307, 327–328, 338

strands of, 107–108, 327

structure of, 47–48, 126

viruses and, xii, 22–27

writing, xv–xvi, 281

DNA alphabet, xi, xvi, 17, 25, 68, 130, 323, 334

DNA crystals, 47–48, 125

DNA sequences. See also Genome editing

custom sequences, 102, 281, 347

cutting, 7, 26, 66, 112

dinosaurs and, 76–77

editing, xii, 4–7, 19–21, 73–77, 82, 113–116, 235–236, 248, 345

engineering, 4–7

expansion of, 175

matches for, 60–61

recognizing, 25–26, 32–34, 49–50, 111–114, 262, 327

repairing, 167–168

repetitive sequences, 23, 32–42, 50, 50–51, 55, 175, 322

targeting, 25–26, 327

tracing, 49–50, 235–236

views on, xiv–xv

DNA sequencing. See also Genome sequencing

automated sequencing, 17–18, 279

CRISPR sequencing and, 41–42

invention of, 129, 155

new technology for, xv, 4–5, 19–21, 31–33, 41–42, 73, 209, 353–354

of newborn baby, xv

progress in, 17–21, 31–33, 72–73, 209, 212, 279–281, 353–354

sponsored sequencing, 281

views on, xiv–xv

DNA surgery, 63–75

Dobbs, David, 147

“Don’t Edit the Human Germline,” 197

Doomsday Clock, 5

Double helix. See also DNA

anniversary of, 362

assembly of, 18, 60, 123–125, 154–155

description of, 68

discovery of, 7, 18, 123–130

glimpse of, 125–126

rungs of, 280

strands of, 26–28, 28, 100, 124–130, 327–328, 333–334

structure of, 26–28, 28, 47–48, 100, 124–130, 227, 327–328, 333–334, 355

symmetry of, 47–48

unzipping, 26–28, 28, 130, 327–328, 367

Double Helix, The, 47–48, 108, 126

Doudna, Andrew, 10

Doudna, Jennifer, x–xii, xvi, 7–10, 13, 21, 29, 46–67, 70–74, 84, 87–106, 170–189, 200–205, 220–224, 232–237, 240–243, 247, 253–254, 264, 273, 302, 324–326, 330, 335, 346, 363–367

Dow-DuPont, 186, 314

Down syndrome, 209, 322, 358

Dozy, Andrée, 155

Dragon’s Island, 124

Drayna, Dennis, 90

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), xiii, 138, 175–176, 363

Dulbecco, Renato, 135

DuPont, 45, 186, 314

Dwarfism, 359

E

E. coli, 22, 33–39, 44, 55–56, 67, 69

Eckert, Maria, 60

Economist, xi, xii

Edgware General Hospital, 216

Edison, Thomas, 97

Editas Medicine, 11, 13, 89, 169, 171–174, 182, 186–188, 308, 336, 361

Edwards, Robert, 15, 216–218, 232–233, 260–261

Efcavitch, Bill, 212

eGenesis, 281–283, 318

Eggleston, Angela, 328

Egli, Dieter, 215, 258, 276

Einstein, Albert, 7, 97

Eisen, Michael, 93

Ekker, Stephen, 240

El País, 31

Elf, Johan, 27

Eli Lilly, 110

Eliava, George, 162

Eliava Institute, 163

eLife, 74, 87, 88

Embryo experiments, ix–xi, 4–6, 14–15, 193–206, 211–229, 238, 243–246, 253–258, 261–276, 338–341, 348–355

Embryo fertilization, 194–198, 214–215, 222, 338–340, 351–356. See also In vitro fertilization

Embryo implantation, 339

Embryonic stem cells, 107, 355

“End of the Beginning, The,” 128–129

Endangered species, xii, 6, 264, 285–288

Engelhardt, Vladimir, 108

“Engineering on the Brain,” 85

Epigenetics, 109, 322

ERS Genomics, 170

Esrick, Erica, 157

Esvelt, Kevin, 79, 87, 290–293, 295–299, 324

Etienne, Brunel, Jr., 158

Eugenics and Health Protection Law, 267

Eugenics Education Society, 341

European Patent Office (EPO), 184, 189

Evans, John, 330, 359, 360

Evans, Martin, 98, 107

Evolution

hierarchical evolution, 207

microbial evolution, 38

natural evolution, 29

views on, 15, 291

volitional evolution, 337–360

Exonics, 175–177

Extinction, 6, 279, 283–288

“Extraordinary Guangdong,” 265

Extraordinary Measures, 163

F

Face transplant, 360

Facial features, 357

Fan, Christina, 208

Fantastic Voyage, 4

Farm aid, 301–320

Fauci, Anthony, 96

Feinstein, Dianne, 258

Felipe II, King, 30

Ferny Fertility Clinic, 340

Ferrell, Ryan, 193, 195, 197–203, 211, 228, 230, 239–240, 257

Fire, Andy, 50

Firestein, Stuart, 72

Fischer, Alain, 111–112, 144, 146, 161

Fleay, David, 286

Fleming, Alexander, 7, 92

Flies, 298–299

Flotte, Terry, 164

Fonfara, Ines, 64

Fong, Mei, 268, 275

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 119, 122, 144, 150–151, 155, 159–162, 165, 212–214, 239, 258, 264, 267, 273, 315–317, 345, 363–365

Forbes, 89

Ford, Harrison, 163

Forever Fix, The, 147

Foy, Shaun, 170

Francis, Pope, 13–14

Francis Crick Institute, 222, 234

Frangoul, Haydar, 170

Franklin, Rosalind, 7, 47, 60, 92, 110, 123, 125, 126, 132

Fraser, Brendan, 163

Fraser, Claire, 32

Fremaux, Christophe, 44

Friedmann, Theodore (Ted), 135, 140–141, 146

Frost, Lucy, 162

Fu, Ying-Hui, 346

Fungus, 67, 287, 311–312

FUT2, 343–344

“Future, Human, Nature: Reading, Writing, Revolution,” 221

“Future of Man, The,” 132

G

Gabriel, Meabh, 13

Gabriel, Peter, 13

Gabriel, Stacey, 94

Gaiman, Neil, 1

Game of Thrones, 244, 346

Gantz, Valentino, 293

Gao, Guangping, 145

Gartner Hype Cycle, 144–145

Gasiunas, Giedrius, 69

Gates, Bill, 97, 171, 293, 299–300, 353

Gates, Henry “Skip,” 353

Gates Foundation, 158, 293

Gattaca, 355

Gaudelli, Nicole, 325–326, 328–329, 331

Geisinger healthcare, 230

Gelsinger, Jesse, 112, 141–144, 146, 149, 159, 164, 227, 259, 267, 293

Gelsinger, Paul, 141–144, 164

GenBank, 35

Gendaq, 110

Gene, The (book), xi, xviii, 143

Gene, The (documentary), xi, 144, 354–355

Gene mapping, xiii–xiv, 15–18, 91, 123, 138, 348

Gene Sequencing Center, 209

Gene surgery, 25, 199, 204, 247

Gene therapy

beginnings of, xi, xvi, 135–138

challenges with, 141–178

cost of, 159–161

father of, 151

germline and, 254, 359–360

problems with, 141–145

retinal gene therapy, 148–151

stem cells and, 119, 136, 144, 181

trials, 111–112, 116, 133–151, 159, 253

“Gene Therapy for Genetic Disease?,” 135

Gene-editing technology. See also Genome editing

applications, x–xi, 65–68

CRISPR-Cas9 and, 21–24

debates on, x–xi

gene-edited fetus, x–xi

plants, 301–320

precision of, 29, 86–87, 94, 112, 116–122

Genentech, 53, 94, 110, 111

GenePeeks, 338

Genes. See also Genome editing

cancer genes, xiii–xiv, 138, 224, 340, 351

CRISPR and, xii

cutting, xii

diseases and, xi–xviii, 5

identifying, xi, 5

mutations in, xvi, 5, 12, 113, 118, 152, 157, 175–176, 227, 270, 321–322, 328–334, 342

rewriting, xii

therapeutic gene, 16, 112, 140–149, 336

Genetic alphabet, xi, xvi, 17, 25, 68, 130, 323, 334

Genetic code

amino-acid code and, 77

cleaving, 322–323

correcting, 167–168

cracking, 18, 131, 362

CRISPR and, ix–xvi, 21

editing, 236, 338–339

elucidation of, 128–131

of Haloferax species, 31–33

interfering with, 271

modifying, 128–129, 236, 322–323, 336–339

moral code and, xviii, 277, 288–296, 355–360

mutations in, 247–248, 322–323

reading, xv–xviii, 5, 77, 107, 248

rewriting, x–xvi, 5, 236, 323, 336–337

Genetic engineering, 124, 133

Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, 89, 335

Genetic therapy, xvi, xviii, 88, 133, 140, 155, 357

Genetically modified organism (GMO), xvi, 45, 67, 170, 287, 294–295, 298, 301–320, 356

Genetics

advances in, xv–xvi

bacterial genetics, 40

biochemical genetics, 131–132

epigenetics, 109, 322

molecular genetics, 18, 58–59, 109

optogenetics, 78–79

prenatal genetics, 155, 355

Genome editing

applications, 65–68

artificial intelligence and, 349–350

beginnings of, 19–21, 179–180

benefits of, xvi–xviii, 14–16, 167–168

before CRISPR, 5, 105–122, 289

CRISPR and, 20–21, 28–29, 54–56

development of, 20

dinosaurs and, 76–77

diseases and, xviii, 84

early platforms of, xii, 5, 19–21, 105–122

establishing, xvi–xvii

ethics of, ix, 4–5, 11, 14–16, 195, 199–200, 231, 235–246, 264

explanation of, xvi–xviii, 4–5, 19–21, 28–29

fears about, 295–296, 358–359

forms of, 20–21

future of, 357–367

heritable genome editing, xvii, 228, 257, 362

human genome editing, ix–x, 15–16, 220, 233, 256–258

mosaicism and, 199, 220, 248–249, 262–263, 339

precision of, 29, 86–87, 94, 112, 116–122

progress in, 19–21, 322–323

revolution in, 4–5, 20–21

stem cells and, 84, 116

technologies of, 4–7, 322–323

term for, 20

trials, xvi–xvii

twin girls, x, 14, 195, 203–204, 235–249, 253, 261–263, 354–356

warnings about, 11, 255–257

Genome engineering, xvi, 56, 74, 82, 87, 102, 233, 326, 339

Genome Research, 38

Genome sequencing

cracking, 18, 131, 210, 362

future of, 357–358

human genome sequence, 112, 226–228

impact of, xi, xv, 265, 287

map of, 17, 18, 91

mosaicism and, 199, 248

mutations and, 227–228

progress in, 279–281

revolution in, 46

Genomes

editing platforms, xii

of humans, xii

of livestock, xii

modulating, xii

in newborn baby, xv

of parasites, xii

of plants, xii

Genomic Prediction, 350–352

Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 325

Genovo, 142–143

Gerby, Sue, 109

Germline

barriers with, 359–360

crossing, 245–259, 341

editing process, xvii, 14–15, 73, 203–205, 213–214, 220–234, 238–241, 250–258, 265–276, 338–347, 353–363

gene therapy and, 254, 359–360

genetic engineering of, 133

human germline editing, 197, 200–205, 213, 221–227, 238, 243, 254–258, 261–267, 339, 343

mitochondrial germline therapy, 221

modification process, 246–247, 254

moratorium debate, 15, 204, 225, 238–241, 254–259, 272–275, 296, 338, 355

warnings about, 254–257

Ghebreyesus, Tedros, 271

Gilmore, Michael, 81–83, 182

Gitschier, Jane, 349

“Giving Genetic Disease the Finger,” 116

GJB2, 270

GlaxoSmithKline, 145

Global Blood Therapeutics, 155

“Golden Promise,” 303–304

Goldman, John, 298

Gonzales, Karine, 60

Goodale, Hubert, 123–124

Google, 95

Gootenberg, Jonathan, 100

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 108

Gorner, Peter, 137

Gosling, Raymond, 125

Gottlieb, Scott, 239, 264

GP-Write (Genome Project-Write), 281

Gray, Sarah, 255

Gray, Thomas, 143

Gray, Victoria, xvi, 169, 170, 172

Great Ormond Street Hospital, 163

Greely, Hank, 21, 188, 196, 222, 245, 253, 352–353

Green Revolution, 303, 319–320

Gregory, Philip, 111, 115

Greider, Carol, 183

Gretzky, Walter, 196

Gretzky, Wayne, 196

Groundhog Day, 191

Guangzhou Medical School, 222

Guardino, Christian, 147–148

Guggenheim Foundation, xvii

Guinness World Record, xv

Gupta, Sanjay, 12

Guschin, Dmitry, 111

Gusella, Jim, 49

Guthrie heel-stick test, 337

Gutterson, Neal, 314

H

Haas, Corey, 150

Hadassah Hospital, 136

Haidt, Jonathan, 315

Halcyon, 280

Hall, Stephen, 345

Haloferax species, 31–33

Hamburg, Margaret, 258

Hamilton, Jennifer, 365

Handyside, Alan, 339

Hanks, Tom, 166

Hansen, Egan Beck, 44

Haoyi, Wang, 275–276

Happiness Hypothesis, The, 315

“Happy,” 96

Harald V, King, 9

Harari, Yuval Noah, 191

Harmonicare Shenzhen Women and Children’s Hospital, 201

Harper, Joyce, 252

Harrington, Lucas, 100

Harris, John, 255, 359

Harrison, Patrick, 29

Harrison, Sean, 249

Harvard Medical School, xii, 15

Harvard University, xii, 15, 48, 70, 76–80, 85–91, 96–97, 101–102, 107, 148, 171, 233, 236, 265, 274, 279, 291, 295, 323–324, 351, 353, 355, 366

Haurwitz, Rachel, 53, 56, 173, 174

Hawking, Stephen, 7, 15–16, 97

“He Jiankui and Michael Deem Joint Laboratory,” 209

Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (HELP), 10–11

Heart disease, xi, xii, xiv, 223, 331, 345, 350, 351

Helicos, 208, 212

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), 157–158, 168

Hemmes, Don, 48

Hemochromatosis, 90, 329

Hemophilia, xviii, 114, 120, 136, 164

Henner, Marilu, 343

Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH), 156–157

Heritable genome editing, xvii, 228, 257, 362. See also Genome editing; Germline

“Heroes of CRISPR,” 92, 272

Herper, Matthew, 89

Herrick, James, 154

Hershey, Alfred, 109

High, Katherine, 149

Highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM), 343

HIV, 5, 105, 116–119, 122, 146, 173, 199–202, 215–216, 225–228, 232–236, 244–251, 261–262, 269, 344

Ho, Teresa, 178

Hobbs, Helen, 345

Hockfield, Susan, 303, 304

Hoffman Foundation, 127

Holdaway, Isabelle, 163

Holdren, John, 255–256

Holiday, Billie, 96

Holmes, Elizabeth, 101, 206

Holmes, Michael, 111, 114–115

Holtzman, Neil, 354

Homo sapiens, 19, 67

Homologous recombination, 107–108

Homology Medicines, 336

Homology-directed repair (HDR), 29

Homozygotes, 115, 118

Hongwei, Meng, 242

Hood, 279

Hooke, Robert, 72

Horgan, Rich, 363

Horgan, Terry, 363

Horton, Richard, 257, 354, 358

Horvath, Philippe, 39–45, 54, 57, 69–71, 81–82, 95–97, 180

Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, 266

Hotchkiss, Rollin, 127

How to Clone a Mammoth, 285

Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), 47, 53, 63, 74, 88, 285, 324, 364

Hsu, Stephen, 210, 350–352

Huanglongbing (HLB), 309–310

Huanming, Yang, 210

Hughes, Howard, 47

Hui, Yang, 275–276

Human CRISPR, 167

Human embryo experiments, ix–xi, 4–6, 14–15, 193–206, 211–229, 238, 243–246, 253–258, 261–276, 338–341, 348–355. See also In vitro fertilization

Human Fertilization & Embryology Authority (HFEA), 215, 222

Human Fertilization and Embryology Act, 214–215

Human Game, The, 196

Human genome editing, ix–x, 15–16, 220, 233, 256–258. See also Genome editing

Human Genome Ethics, 231

Human Genome Project (HGP)

announcement of, 234

impact of, 353

landmark in, 17

launching, 137–138

praise for, 91

role of, xi–xviii, 5

Human genome sequence. See also Genome sequencing

cracking, 18, 131, 362

impact of, xi

map of, 17, 18, 91

mutations and, 227–228

precision of, 112

Human Nature, 25

Hunt, Helen, 138

Hunt, Tim, 361

Hunter, Charles, 121

Hunter syndrome, 120–122, 193

Huntington’s disease, xi, 49, 122, 175, 322, 339, 350, 354

Hurlbut, Ben, 221, 247, 251, 268

Hurlbut, William, 220, 221, 227, 228, 243, 251, 259, 264

Hurler syndrome, 120

Hussein, Saddam, 37

Huxley, Aldous, 124, 233, 254–255, 341

Huxley, Julian, 341

Hyman, Steve, 91

Hynes, Rick, 256

Hypertension, 18, 345

Hyperthymesia, 343

Hysolli, Eriona, 284