Editing Humanity: The CRISPR Revolution and the New Era of Genome Editing

INDEX

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A

Abbott Laboratories, 173

Abramson Cancer Center, 166

Abudayyeh, Omar, 100

Acrigen Biosciences, 102

Adeno-associated viruses (AAV), 99, 121, 145–146, 149, 159, 162–165, 172, 331, 335–336

Adverum Biotechnologies, 164

Age of Living Machines, The, 303

Aging, premature, 322, 330, 344–345

Aging, reversing, 12, 280, 345

Agriculture, 6, 38, 101, 301–320, 361

Agrobacterium, 304

AIDS, 117–118, 173, 215–216, 226, 246, 251, 310

Akbari, Omar, 294

Al Jazeera, 238

Albany Medical Center, 153

Alexander, Lamar, 10–11

Alien, 19

Allen, Jenny, 354–355

Alley, Kirstie, 90

Allison, Anthony, 154

Altered Fates, 137

Altshuler, David, 84

Alzheimer’s disease, 12, 80, 164, 269, 280, 344–345

American Scientist, 129

American Society for Microbiology, 63

America’s Got Talent, 147

Ames, Bruce, 130

Amicus Therapeutics, 163

Amino acids, 77, 99, 110, 130–134, 145, 154, 248, 322–323, 327

Amoasii, Leonela, 176–177

Amphibian Foundation, 286

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 15, 159

Anderson, William French, 132–134, 137–140, 148, 151

Anderson Cancer Center, 175

Ando, Dale, 116

Andromeda Strain, The, 132

Angelman syndrome, 85

Angier, Natalie, 140

ANGPTL3, 331, 344, 345

Antioch College, 107

Anzalone, Andrew, 332–335

AquaBounty, 316

Archimedes, 331

Arizona State University, 221

Arlotta, Paola, 79

Armstrong, Neil, 30

Arnold, Frances, 291

Arnold, John, 161

Artificial intelligence, 349–350

Ash, Caroline, 44

Ashley, Euan, 208

Asimov, Isaac, 103

Astellas Pharma, 165

Ataxia telangiectasia, 363

Atlantic, 245

Atwood, Margaret, 281, 342

Audentes Therapeutics, 164, 165

Austen, Jane, 19

Autism, 79, 80, 157

Avery, Oswald, 135

AveXis, 159–162

Avila Therapeutics, 171

Axel, Richard, 58–59

B

Babies

CRISPR babies, x–xviii, 5, 15–16, 193–205, 214, 230–253, 257–264, 269–276, 338, 354–356

designer babies, xvii–xviii, 5, 11, 204, 215, 223, 341, 348

digital babies, 338

mosaicism and, 199, 220, 248–249, 262–263, 339

Bacillus subtilus, 44

Back to the Future, 19

Bacteria

CRISPR-Cas9 and, 22–28, 23

immune system and, xi–xii, 5, 36–38, 41–45, 50–61

viruses and, xvi–xvii, 5–6, 22–27, 38, 41–45, 50–61, 366

Bacteriophage insensitive mutants (BIM), 41, 44

Bacteriophages, 22–23, 23, 41, 44, 162, 367. See also Phages

Baer, Neal, 6

Baltimore, David, x, 114, 116, 136, 200, 233, 241, 253–254

Banfield, Jill, 49–55, 99

Bannister, Roger, 139

Barn, Gulzaar, 357–358

Barnard, Christiaan, 218

Barrangou, Rodolphe, 21, 42–45, 52, 55–57, 68–70, 81–82, 87, 95–98, 152, 173–175, 178, 180, 205, 258, 320

Base editing, 5, 99, 190, 275, 326–336, 353

Bassey, Nnimmo, 295, 314

Batten disease, 363

Bayer, 302, 308, 314

Baylis, Françoise, 272, 275, 353

Baylor College, 173

BCL11A, 157, 168

Beadle, George, 132

Beam Therapeutics, 329, 330, 336

Becker muscular dystrophy, 176

Begley, Sharon, 334

Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), 209–211, 226, 266, 268, 350

Bell Laboratories, 183

Benioff Children’s Hospital, 120

Bennett, Jean, 145, 147–151, 176, 273

Berg, Jeremy, 113

Berg, Paul, 253, 272

Berger, James, 173

Berkeley, xiii, 8, 29, 45–45, 49, 50–55, 64–67, 71, 74, 92–95, 138, 145, 151–152, 179, 183, 187, 205, 220, 249, 323, 331, 365

Bermingham, Nessan, 173–175

Bernardi, Sharon, 213

Berry, Andrew, xvi

Best, Friedrich, 151

Beta thalassemia, 120, 136, 152, 155–157, 169–170, 197

Beutler, Ernest, 137

Bier, Ethan, 293

Bingbing, Fan, 242

Biohackers, xii, 196, 264–265, 300

Bio-IT World, 80, 211, 212

BioLife, 159

BioRxiv, 240

Biotechnology, xiii, 4, 12, 23, 46, 181, 221, 268, 304, 308, 345, 367

Bioterrorism, 101

Birney, Ewan, 307

Blaese, Michael, 139–140

Blair, Tony, 17

Blood diseases, xvii, 16, 114, 120, 136, 156, 164. See also Sickle-cell disease

Bloomberg, 237

Bluebird Bio, 156

Boguski, Mark, 77

Bolotin, Alexander, 38, 41, 45

Bolt, Adam, 25

Bondy-Denomy, Joseph, 101–102

Bone marrow transplant, 118–119, 167–170, 194

Book of life, xi, 15, 17–19, 48, 321, 341

Borlaug, Norman, 303

Bosarge, Ed, 12

Bosley, Katrine, 11, 13, 171, 172

Bosley, Richard, 171

Boston Children’s Hospital, 84–85, 157, 363

Boston Globe, 89, 355

Botstein, David, 112

Bourne Identity, The, 239

Boyaval, Patrick, 44

Boyden, Ed, 78

Boyer, Herb, 111

Bradley, Allan, 177

BRAIN Initiative, 78

Brand, Stewart, 286, 288

Brave New World, x, 124, 233, 254, 341, 355, 362

BRCA1, xiii–xiv, 138, 224

BRCA2, 224, 340

Breakthrough, xiii–xiv, 138

Breast cancer gene, xiii–xiv, 138, 224, 340, 351

Brenner, Sydney, 1, 92, 121, 133

Bridges, Jeff, 279

“Brief History of Gene Therapy, A,” 140

Brin, Sergey, 95

Brint, Alan, 149

Brint, Betsy, 149

Brint, David, 149

Broad, Edythe, 3, 91

Broad, Eli, 3, 91

Broad Institute, xii, xvii, 3–4, 7, 75, 80–85, 91–93, 171, 179–186, 190, 295, 319, 323–325, 348

Brockman, John, 95

Brockman, Max, 95

Brouns, Stan, 55, 67

Brown, Clive, xv, 307

Brown, Louise, 217, 259, 362

Brown, Timothy Ray, 118–119

Brown University, 108

“Bubble boy disease,” 116, 160–161

Buchthal, Joanna, 297

Buffalo News, 18

Bug’s Life, A, 114

Burns, Ken, xi, 354

Burt, Austin, 289, 292–294, 296

Butte, Atul, 208

C

Cahill, Tom, 366

Caixia, Gao, 307, 309

Calyxt, 301–320

Cambridge University, xv, 52

Cameron, Edwin, 258

Cameron, Jo, 342

Campbell, Keith, 301

Cancer

blood cancers, 266

breast cancer, xiii–xiv, 138, 224, 340, 351

liver cancer, 266

lung cancer, 266

mutations and, 261

prostate cancer, 266

vaccine for, 346

Cancer genes, xiii–xiv, 138, 224, 340, 351

Cancer immunotherapy, 89, 166

Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), 310

Cannon, Shakir, 151–153

Cantor, Eddie, 311

Capecchi, Mario, 97, 106–107

Caplan, Art, 250

Cardiomyopathy, 208, 223

Cardiovascular disease, 331, 345

Carpenter, Anne, 94

Carreyrou, John, 101

Carroll, Dana, 68, 113–114, 183–185, 222, 253, 361

Carroll, Lewis, 108

CAR-T therapy, 13, 150, 151, 162, 167

Carter, Jimmy, 162

Casey Eye Institute, 172

Cate, Jamie, 8, 49

Cattle, 317

Cavendish Laboratory, 154

CCR5, 116–119, 199–202, 221, 226, 229, 235–250, 261–262, 265, 269, 275, 318, 343–344

CD4, 117

Cech, Tom, 49, 52

Celera Genomics, xiv, 17, 18, 91

Cell, 69–71, 92, 117

Cell Reports, 70

Cellectis, 106, 119, 308

Cells

cell division, 40, 146, 177, 263, 318, 346

chromosomes in, xi

DNA in, xi

mutations in, 318, 334

Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), 151

Center for Bioethics, 267

Chan, Priscilla, 95

Chan, Sarah, 257

Chandrasegaran, Srinivasan “Chandra,” 113, 116

Charo, Alta, ix, 232–233, 253, 256

Charpentier, Emmanuelle, xi–xii, xvi, 7–9, 13, 21, 57–67, 70–73, 84, 88, 91–98, 105–106, 170–171, 179–190, 238, 254, 272

Cheers, 90

ChemChina, 302, 314

Chemical & Engineering News, 164

Chen, Elsie, 242

Chen, Janice, 100, 101

Chen, Nathan, 100

Cheng, Feifei, 227

Cheng, Yangyang, 267, 268

Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), 149

Chilton, Mary-Dell, 303–304

Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 238

Chinese Academy of Sciences, 226, 232, 266–267, 275, 307, 319

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 233

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, 201, 203

Chiron, 111

Choudhary, Amit, 102, 295–296

Choulika, André, 119

Chromosomes

in cells, xi

ends of, 183, 288

fusing, xv

pairs of, xi, 17, 26, 309

protection of, 183

sex chromosome, 294

X chromosome, 176, 348

Y chromosome, 234

Chu, Steven, 78

Church, George, xii, xv, 15, 21, 73–74, 79–80, 85–89, 94–98, 161, 171, 185, 195–196, 221, 246, 250, 253, 259, 263, 266, 273, 279–285, 288–292, 295, 343, 348–349, 353–353, 357

Church lab, 86–87, 89, 279–282

Churchill, Winston, 349

Chyliński, Krzysztof, 63–64, 66, 71, 97, 180

Clapper, James, 11

Clarke, Emilia, 166, 244

Cline, Martin, 136–137

Clinton, Bill, 17, 18, 46, 353

Cloning, 204, 223, 267, 285, 289, 301, 312, 355

Clooney, George, 279

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), xi–xii. See also CRISPR

Codons, 73, 77, 82, 113, 172

Cognitive Genomics project, 210, 350

Cohen, Ariel, 160

Cohen, Eliana, 158, 160

Cohen, Shani, 158, 160

Cohn, Irving, 311

Cokley, Rebecca, 358–359

Colbert, Stephen, 281

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 220, 226, 240, 258, 305, 333

Collins, Francis, xiii, xiv, 15, 17–18, 138, 156, 158, 191, 238, 273, 331, 356, 362

Collins, Susan, 11

Columbia University, 58, 72, 102, 123, 215, 254, 258, 332

Comfort, Nathaniel, 93

Complete Genomics, 210

Computerworld, 80

Cong, Le, 79–87, 94, 185, 188

Connor, Steve, 223

Cook-Deegan, Robert, 183

Cool, 70

Cooper, Bradley, 166

Copeland, Rob, 366

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 130

Corey, E. J., 323

Cornell Medical Center, 340

Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 6, 22, 29–30, 100–101, 178, 215–216, 240, 343–344, 364–366

Corteva, 186, 302, 309, 314

Costolo, Dick, 95

Cowan, Chad, 89

Cowell, Simon, 147

Crack in Creation, A, 95

Cracking the Genome, xiv

Cramer, Jim, 120

Cravatt, Ben, 366

Crichton, Michael, 76–77, 132

Crick, Francis, 7, 48, 60, 66, 78, 92, 123–125, 131–133, 181, 222, 367

Crick, Kindra, 367

Crick, Michael, 124–126

Crick, Odile, 126, 367

Crick Institute, 222, 234

Crisanti, Andrea, 292–294, 296

CRISPR

array, 22–27, 23, 34, 43–44, 50, 50–51, 61, 69, 73, 84

bacteria and, 22–28, 23

benefits of, xii–xviii, 6–16

breakthrough with, xii, 6–7, 35, 39–42, 97

classes of, 24, 24–25

description of, ix–xii, 3–5, 20

editing process, xii

explanation of, ix–xii, 3–7

fears about, ix–x, 14–16, 177–178, 295–296, 358–359

genetic code and, x–xviii, 21

genome editing and, 19–21, 28–29, 54–56, 105–122, 289

human DNA and, xii

impact of, 5–16

patent applications, 43–44, 56, 92–93, 171, 181–190

safety with, 177–178

term for, 33

types of systems, 56–57

uses for, x–xviii

viruses and, xi–xii, 22–27

CRISPR babies, x–xviii, 5, 14–16, 193–205, 214, 230–253, 257–264, 269–276, 338, 354–356. See also Babies

“CRISPR Craze,” xi–xiii, 3–16

CRISPR Generation, The, 262

CRISPR Journal, xvii, 21, 152, 248, 257

“CRISPR Quandary, The,” 46

CRISPR RNA (crRNA), 23, 28, 61–65, 85, 186. See also RNA

CRISPR sequencing, 41–42

CRISPR Therapeutics, 13, 169–170

CRISPR therapy, 167, 363

CRISPR-Cas9. See also CRISPR

cutting actions of, 26–28, 28

DNA and, 21–26, 24

“invention” of, 179–180

RNA and, 23–25, 28, 28–29

role of, 21–25, 27, 55–56, 63

types of, 24, 24–26, 98–99

Crops, 301–315, 319–320

Cross, Ryan, 145

Crossley, Merlin, 153, 168

Crowley, John, 163

Crystal, Ron, 164

Culver, Kenneth, 139

Cura Foundation, 12

Cure Rare Disease, 363

Cutshall, Cynthia, 139–140

CVC, 180–190

CXCR4, 117, 118

Cystic fibrosis, xiii, 163, 231, 248, 322, 334, 337, 339, 354

Czechowicz, Agnieszka, 329