Editing Humanity: The CRISPR Revolution and the New Era of Genome Editing

I

“Illegal medical practice,” 264

Illnesses. See Diseases; Viruses

Illumina, 208, 209

Immerwahr, Werner Adolf Martin, 154

Immune system

bacterial immune system, xi–xii, 5, 36–38, 41–45, 50–61

components of, xi–xii, 5, 36–38

“defense mechanism,” 32, 38, 51, 63

viruses and, xi–xii, 38, 41–45, 50–61

Imperial College, 289

In vitro fertilization (IVF), 5, 14–15, 197, 202, 213–217, 222, 226, 229, 246, 258–262, 339–343, 351–356, 360, 363

Inception Genomics, 170

Independence Day, 118

Influenza, 101, 134, 142, 207, 249, 299, 318

Ingram, Vernon, 154–155

Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), 105, 220, 221, 347, 364–365

Innovators, The, 279

Institute for Clinical and Economic Review, 160

Intel Science Talent Search, 77

Intellia Therapeutics, 13, 169, 173–175

International Data Group (IDG), 80

Iowa Methodist Medical Center, 77

Iowa State University, 304

IQ scores, 15, 129, 204, 343, 351–352, 357

Isaacson, Walter, 279

Ishino, Yoshizumi, 33

Iwasaki, Akiko, 366

J

Jackson, Peter, 166

Jackson-Grusby, Laurie, 85

Jacob, François, 58

Jacob, Howard, 194

Jaenisch, Rudy, 80

Jaffe, Sam, 116

James, Anthony, 293

Jansen, Ruud, 35

Jansen’s Foundation, 362–363

Jarvis, Lisa, 53

Jasin, Maria, 107–108, 114

Jaud, Jean-Paul, 313

Jeffreys, Alec, 92

Jenner, Edward, 218

Jenning, Charles, 91

Jeopardy, 179

Jian, Wang, 210–211, 266, 268

Jianguo, Zhao, 319

Jiankui, He, x–xi, xvii–xviii, 14–15, 193–212, 215–230, 232–276, 341–343, 347, 356. See also “JK”

Jihua, Qianren, 227

Jínek, Martin, 51–54, 64–66, 70–74, 87, 94, 97–98, 173, 180

Jinzhou, Qin, 194, 201, 264

“JK,” 193–212, 215–230, 232–276, 341–343, 356. See also Jiankui, He

Jobs, Steve, 195, 279

Johns Hopkins University, 11, 112, 173, 304, 321, 325

Johnson, Dwayne “The Rock,” ix, 244

Johnson, Emmanuel “Manny,” Jr., 157–158

Johnson, Lyndon, 128

Jones, Steve, 321

Joung, Keith, 87, 171, 272, 308, 329

Journal of Bacteriology, 38

Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 154, 263

Joyce, Gerald, 325

Judson, Horace Freeland, 140, 144

Jun, Wang, 210

Jun, Yu, 226, 266

June, Carl, 116, 119, 166

Junjiu, Huang, 197, 201

Jurassic Park, 76–77, 96, 103, 280

K

Kaelin, Bill, 6

Kahn, Jeffrey, 11, 12

Kaine, Tim, 12

Kamens, Joanne, 21

Kan, Yuet, 155

Kansas State University, 318

Karczewski, Konrad, 89

Kaspar, Brian, 159

Kass, Leon, 341

Kathiresan, Sek, 331, 345, 351, 352

Katz, Deborah, 183

Kavli, Fred, 8

Kavli Foundation, 8–10

Kaye, Ed, 163

Keck Foundation, 127

Kennedy, John, 131

Kiani, Samira, 196–202, 239, 257, 259

Kidman, Nicole, 126

Kim, Jin-Soo, 73–74, 87, 96

King, Mary-Claire, xiii, xiv, 7, 138

King’s College, 125

Kingsmore, Stephen, xv

Klug, Aaron, 110, 115

Knoepfler, Paul, 204, 238

Knome, 280

Koch brothers, 3

Koch, Christof, 367

Koeppel, Dan, 311

Komor, Alexis, 326–330

Koonin, Eugene, 34, 50, 57, 99

Kornberg, Arthur, 128, 130, 133

Kruglyak, Leonid, 250

Kuhn, Thomas, 95

Kulakov National Medical Research Center, 269

Kulkarni, Sam, 13

Kushner, Jared, 244

Kyushu University, 33

L

Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), 60

Lactobacillus acidophilus, 40

Lactobacillus plantarum, 39–40

Lactococcus lactis, 40

Lady Gaga, 166

Lam, Carrie, 233

Lambardi, Steve, 208

Lancet, 134, 208, 238, 257, 354, 358

Lander, Eric, xvii, 4, 6, 90–94, 138, 272–275, 339, 347, 357

Lane, David, 178

Lanphier, Edward, 109–111, 120–121, 197

Lapidus, Stanley, 208

Last Week Tonight, 29

Le Figaro, 57

Le Monde, 58

Leber’s congenital amaurosis (LCA), 147–151, 172–173, 176

Ledbetter, David, 230

Lederberg, Esther, 132

Lederberg, Joshua, 22, 132–133

Lee, Stan, 343

Legend, John, 166

Leigh syndrome, 213, 214

Lek, Monkol, 363

Lenin, Vladimir, 271

Lennon, John, 114

Lentiviruses, 145–146, 156–157, 335

Leonard, John, 173, 175

Leonardo Da Vinci, 279

Leroi, Armand, 277

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 135

Levy, John, 77

Lewin, Benjamin, 69, 70

Lewis, Reggie, 223

Lewis, Ricki, 147

Lichtman, Manny, 161

Liebert, Mary Ann, 152

Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 347

Lifton, Rick, 258

Lincoln, Abraham, 103, 256, 321

Lippman, Zach, 305–306

Listeria, 40

Little, Peter, 143

Liu, David, 87, 91, 171, 236–238, 246, 272, 291, 308, 323–336, 366

Liver disease, 175

Liyuan, Peng, 216

Lo, Dennis, 202, 209, 234

Lombardi, Steve, 208, 212, 225, 242, 251, 266

Long, Chengzu, 229, 236

Lopez, Jennifer, 6, 105

Lord of the Rings, 365

Lost World, The, 77

Lovell-Badge, Robin, 222, 232, 234–237, 240, 249, 251, 270, 347

Lowe, Derek, 239

Luria, Salvador, 126–127

Lyme disease, 289, 294, 297–298

Lymphoma, 13

Lynas, Mark, 301–302, 307

Lynch, Vincent, 347

Lyon, Jeff, 137

M

MacArthur, Daniel, 14

MacLeod, Colin, 135

Macrae, Sandy, 121–122, 269

MacWorld, 80

Mad Money, 120

Maddox, Brenda, 125, 126

Maddox, Sir John, xiii, 18–19, 260

Madeux, Brian, 120–121, 193

Magnuson Clinical Center, 139

Maguire, Al, 148–151

Mahler, Gustav, 167

Makarova, Kira, 34, 50, 57

Malaria, xviii, 153–154, 171, 288–298

Mali, Prashant, 79, 86–87, 94, 282, 292

Malik, Kenan, 354

Malthus, Thomas, 302–303

Mamcarz, Ewelina, 161

Mammoth Biosciences, 100, 101

Manchester University, 255

Mandica, Mark, 286

Mann, Charles, 303, 319–320

Marchione, Marilynn, 193–195, 203, 227, 262

Marfan syndrome, 321

Markmann, James, 281–283

Marks, Nichole, 4–5

Marraffini, Luciano, 21, 22, 25, 47, 56, 74, 81–84, 87–88, 96, 98, 173, 180–181, 188–189

Marsili, Letizia, 342

Martens, Klaas, 313

Martin, Chris, 165

Masepohl, Bernd, 34

Mashumba, Ruramiso, 313

Massachusetts General Hospital, 87, 171, 282–283

Matrix, 324

Matthaei, Heinrich, 130–131

Mavilio, Fulvio, 164

Maxmen, Amy, xiii

May, William, 356

Mayet, Mariam, 295

Mayo Clinic, 240

McCartney, Paul, 114

McCourty, Devin, 158

McGovern, Lore, 80

McGovern, Pat, 3, 80

McGovern Institute, 80, 82, 91

McGraw, Tim, 167

McGuire, Lee, 182

McKusick, Victor, 321–322

McNutt, Marcia, 9

MD Anderson Cancer Center, 175

Medicine

ethics and, 199–200, 264

future of, xiii, 141, 232, 254, 336, 361–363

genomic medicine, xiii–xvii, 181, 331

Greek symbol of, 146

individualized medicine, xiii, 254

personalized medicine, xiii, 363

precision medicine, xiii, 153, 161–163, 169, 172–174, 230

therapeutics, 67, 120–122, 181, 190, 326, 336, 361

transforming, xiii–xvii, 6–7, 73, 140–141, 354, 361–363

Mello, Craig, 50, 181, 227–230, 251–252, 261, 266

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 107

Memory, enhancing, 15, 343

Memory loss, 12

Memory, photographic, 343, 350

Memory recall, 343, 350

Mendel, Gregor, 52

Mendelian diseases, xiv, 145, 161, 178, 289, 292

Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 321

Mendell, Jerry, 159

Mental illness, xii, xiv, 348

Mercator Genetics, 90

Mesirov, Jill, 94

Messenger RNA (mRNA), 48. See also RNA

Messi, Lionel, 334

Meyer, Barbara, 49

Mezrich, Ben, 279

Michigan State University, 210, 350

Microbiology, 38

Miescher, Friedrich, 71

Miller, Henry, 254

Miller, Jeff, 111, 115

MilliporeSigma, 189–190

Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 194

Minority Coalition for Precision Medicine, 153

Mirkin, Chad, 188

Mirkov, Erik, 311

Mission: Impossible, 96

MIT, 3, 70, 74, 76, 80, 83, 91–92, 110, 256, 290–291, 303, 353

MIT Technology Review, xiii, 195–196, 223, 261

Mitalipov, Shoukhrat, 4–5, 223–225, 276

Mitchell, Margaret, 19

Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), 213–215

Moineau, Sylvain, 44, 55–57, 81–82, 98

Mojica, Francisco, 31–42, 45, 55, 61, 69, 93, 98

Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), 60

Molteni, Megan, 365

Monash University, 288

Monod, Jacques, 58

Monsanto, 295, 302, 308, 313, 314

Montana State University, 25

Moore, Kimberly, 186–187

Moral code, xviii, 277, 288–296, 355–360

Moratorium debate, 15, 204, 225, 238–241, 254–259, 272–275, 296, 338, 355

Morgan, Alex, 335

Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 123

Morriss, Anne, 337–338

Mosaicism, 199, 220, 248–249, 262–263, 339

Moscow State University, 108

Mosquitoes, 153, 258, 284–296

Motulsky, Arno, 360

Mount Hope Farm, 123–124

Moynihan, Lord Colin, 356

Mozart, 167

Mukherjee, Siddhartha, xi, xviii, 143, 277

Muller, Hermann, 123

Mullin, Emily, 11

Mullis, Kary, 331

Multiple sclerosis, 173

Murayama, Makio, 155

Muscular dystrophy, xiii, xviii, 138, 159, 163, 175–176, 247, 363

Musk, Elon, 335

Mustang Bio, 161

Musunuru, Kiran, 89, 195, 227, 261–263, 345

Mutations

in cells, 318, 334

correcting, 12, 116, 167–168, 247, 331–335

diseases and, 5, 12, 118, 157, 175–176, 227, 247, 261, 322, 334–335, 347

in DNA, 29, 303

in families, xiv

in genes, xvi, 5, 12, 113, 118, 152, 157, 175–176, 227, 270, 321–322, 328–334, 342

in plants, 303, 306

MYBPC3, 223–224

MyCode biobank, 230

Myer, Vic, 49

Myotubular myopathy, 164

Myriad Genetics, xiv, 89, 138

N

Nakata, Atsuo, 33

Nanopores, xv, 89

Napster, 166

Narasimhan, Vas, 160

National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM), 256–258, 275

National Academy of Sciences, 9, 201, 220–221, 225, 254, 302, 360

National Center for Biotechnology Information, 34, 345

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 15, 18, 34, 50, 84, 107, 109, 117–118, 130–131, 135–140, 149, 155–158, 180, 226, 238, 252, 331, 362

Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 159

Nature, xiii, 15, 18, 35–36, 48, 53, 57, 61–63, 69, 81, 91, 115–117, 125, 137, 146, 195, 197, 203, 211, 216–217, 223, 225, 234, 240, 260–264, 270, 276, 321, 328, 333–334, 348, 367

Nature Biotechnology, 87, 116, 222

Nature Genetics, xiii, 90, 140

Nature Methods, 20, 105

Neale, Benjamin, 348

Nebula Genomics, 281

Necker Hospital, 144

New England Biolabs, 113

New England Journal of Medicine, 133, 150, 160

New Scientist, 335

New York Times, xiv, 17, 18, 46, 67, 78, 89, 126, 140, 227, 242, 245, 251–252, 253, 255, 265

New York University, 196, 229, 250

New Yorker, 92

Newton, Isaac, 72, 331

Next-generation sequencing (NGS), 208–210

Niakan, Kathy, 222, 238, 276

Niccol, Andrew, 355

Nicklaus, Jack, 12

Nirenberg, Marshall, 130–133

Nizar, Neena, 362–363

Noel, Walter, 154

Nolan, Sean, 159

Nolan, Tony, 293, 294

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 13

Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), 29, 108

Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), 208, 209

Norovirus, 344

Norris, Alexis, 317

North Carolina State University, 42, 320

Northwestern University, 188

Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, 8

Novak, Ben, 288

Novak, Rodger, 170

Novartis, 150, 159–163, 174, 282, 325, 329, 356

Nucleic Acids Research, 38

Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 257

Nurse, Paul, 92

O

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 134

Obama, Barack, 78, 91, 153, 255, 358

Obesity, 307, 314, 345, 350–351

O’Brien, Stephen, 117–118

Ochoa, Severo, 38

Odin, 300

Oldham General Hospital, 216

Oliver, John, 29

Olson, Eric, 175–176

One Child, 268

One in a Billion, 279

O’Neill, Helen, 360

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 253–254

Optogenetics, 78–79

Oregon Health & Science University, 172, 223

Organ transplants, 6, 163, 281–283

Orkin, Stuart, 157

Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, 141–144

Ornithopter, xviii

Ortiz, David, 279

Oryx and Crake, 281, 342

Osaka University, 33

Osbourne, Ozzy, 281, 353

Oxford University, 239, 250, 343

Oxitec, 290

Oz, Dr. Mehmet, 12

P

Pabo, Carl, 110, 111

Pagel, Mark, 341

Pagliuca, Stephen, 366

Pairwise Plants, 308

Palca, Joe, 205

Palermo, Gianpiero, 340

Palmer, Kelli, 81

PAM sequence, 26–27, 28, 55–57, 99, 334–335

Panasenko, Sharon, 48

Paquet, Jean-Eric, 9–10

Parker, Mike, 358

Parker, Sean, 166

Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (PICI), 166, 167

Parmentier, Marc, 117

Paschon, Dave, 111

Pasteur, Louis, 7, 42

Pasteur Institute, 60, 162

Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), 181–190

Patent applications, 43–44, 56, 92–93, 171, 181–190

Patent trial, 183–188

Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB), 183–188

Paterson, Owen, 307

Paul, Aaron, 138

Pauling, Linus, xvi, 154

PCSK9, 194, 201, 227, 331, 344, 345

Peking University, 282

Penn, Sean, 166

Penn’s Institute for Human Gene Therapy, 142

People’s Daily, 237

Perrine, Richard, 156

Perry, Katy, 12, 166

Perry, Tony, 224

Perutz, Max, 60

Peto, Richard, 347

Phage therapy, 162–163, 310

Phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE), 291–292, 324–325

Phages, 22, 22–26, 37–45, 51–57, 81, 127–128, 132, 162–164, 310, 367

Phelan, Ryan, 287

Philbin, Regis, 324

“Photograph 51,” 47–48, 125

Photograph 51, 126

Physiology, 98, 107, 217

Pigs, 281–283, 318–319

Pilkington, Ed, 76, 77

Pinker, Steven, 355

Pixar, 114

Plants, 301–315, 319–320

“Playing God,” 5, 14

Playtex, 30

“Please Don’t Edit Me Out,” 359

Poh, Alissa, 349

Pollack, Andrew, 67

Pollack, Robert, 254

Polygenic risk score (PRS), 351–352

Pomona College, 48

Pontifical Council for Culture, 12

Popular Science, 91

Porter, Cole, 167

Porteus, Matthew, 11–12, 114, 168, 178, 228, 236, 240, 251–252

Powell, William, 287

Prather, Randall, 318

Precision medicine, xiii, 153, 161–163, 169, 172–174, 230

Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), 270, 339, 340, 343, 350, 358, 362–363

Pretty Woman, 19

Pride and Prejudice, 19

Prime editing, 5, 190, 321, 332–336, 353

Prime Medicine, 336

Prince, 167

Princeton University, 20, 338

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 36, 38, 70

Progeria, 330

“Prospect of Designed Genetic Change, The,” 129

Protein & Cell, 197

Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM), 26–27, 28, 55–57, 99, 334–335. See also PAM sequence

Putin, Vladimir, 270–272

Q

Qi, Stanley, 99, 366

Qihan Biotech, 281–283

Qin, Wenning, 282

Qingshi, Zhu, 209

Quake, Stephen, 202, 208–209, 211–212, 219, 229, 251–252, 266

Quest for Consciousness, The, 367

R

Radiolab, 350

Rady Children’s Hospital, xv

Raiders of the Lost Ark, 353

Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 38

Rampage, ix, 33, 244

Ran, Fei Ann, 84–88, 188, 329

Raper, Steve, 142–143

Reagan, Ronald, 299

Rebar, Ed, 111, 115, 122

Rebrikov, Denis, 269–271, 340

Recessive disorders, xiv, 139, 152, 337–340

Recombinetics, 317

Red Hot Chili Peppers, 166

Regalado, Antonio, x, 15, 196–203, 228, 239–240, 243, 249, 252, 257

Regeneron, 175

Regenesis, 279, 281

RegenXbio, 164

Regev, Aviv, 94

“Regulating with RNA in Bacteria,” 63

Remaking Eden, 338

Renli, Zhang, 264

Renzong, Qiu, 233

Retinal gene therapy, 148–151

Retroviruses, 144–146, 282

Rhodia Food, 40–41

Rice University, 195, 207, 253

Richter, Michelle, 330

Ridley, Matt, 89, 214, 302

Rifkin, Jeremy, 137

RNA

CRISPR-Cas9 and, 24–25, 28, 28–29

crRNA, 22, 28, 61–65, 85, 186

mRNA, 48

RNAi, 50–52, 56, 157–158

sgRNA, 65–66, 84–87, 96–98, 173, 180, 333

targeting, 56

tracrRNA, 28, 61–65, 83–85, 100, 188

versatility of, 52

viruses and, 23, 23–24

RNA interference (RNAi), 50–52, 56, 157–158

RNA World hypothesis, 49

Roblin, Richard, 135

Rockefeller Foundation, 290

Rockefeller University, 21, 60, 74, 83, 132, 134, 170, 184, 189, 258

Rodgers, Aaron, 335

Rogers, Stanfield, 134

Romero, Dennis, 44

Rosbash, Michael, 366

Rose, Charlie, 4, 224

Roses, Allen, 164

Roslin Institute, 301, 307, 318

Rossi, Derrick, 174

Rowland, Bob, 318

Royal Veterinary College, 176

Rubio, Marco, 258

Rugsveen, Mathias, 9

Russian Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Philosophy, 270

Rutherford, Adam, 238–239

Rutter, Bill, 111

Ryder, Sean, 247–248

S

Sabeti, Pardis, 94, 101

St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 160–161

St Mary’s Hospital, xiii, 173

Salah, Mohamed, 244

Salk Institute, 78, 125

Salmon, 316–317

Salmonella, 40

Salvignol, Gregory, 38

Salzberg, Steven, 304

San Francisco Chronicle, 67

San Francisco Examiner, 109

Sanchez, David, 25, 169

Sandel, Michael, 355–356

Sangamo Therapeutics, xvi, 20, 105–106, 109–111, 114–122, 168, 193–194, 197

Sanger, Fred, 92, 127, 135, 155

Sanger Institute, 177, 350

Sanjana, Neville, 85

Sankaran, Vijay, 157

Sarepta Therapeutics, 163

SARS-CoV-2, 100, 343

Savulescu, Julian, 239, 343, 354, 355

Schaffer, David, 145–146, 151, 164

Scheller, Richard, 53

Schizophrenia, 78–80, 280, 336, 348

Schreiber, Stuart, 91, 366

Schultz, Peter, 323

Science, xii, 44–45, 52, 54, 66, 68–69, 71, 73–74, 81, 87–89, 94, 131, 135, 167, 181, 185, 188, 197, 273, 348

Scientific American, 335

Scientist, The, 94

Scolnick, Ed, 91

Scott, Tim, 11–12

Screwworm, 298–299

Scripps Institute, 195

Seed, Kim, 51

Séralini, Gilles-Éric, 313–314

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), 114, 116, 139, 144, 151–154, 160–161

Shackleton, Ernest, 9–10

Shadid, Nicholas, 196–198, 200–202

Shakespeare, William, 1

Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, 275

Shapiro, Beth, 285, 287–288

Sheehy, Cody, 196, 239

Shepard, Alan, 131

Sherkow, Jacob, 179–180, 183, 186–190

Sherlock Biosciences, 100, 101

Sherman, Brad, 346

Shi, Yufen, 86

Shiao, Lin, 365

Shope, Richard, 134

Shope virus, 134–135

Shuailiang, Lin, 185–186

Sickle-cell disease, xvi–xviii, 11–12, 25, 114, 120, 136, 138, 152, 156, 158, 168–169, 322

Šikšnys, Virginijus, 8–9, 54–55, 66, 69–71, 97–98, 180–182, 184, 186–187

Silbermann, Ben, 366

Silva, Alcino, 249

Silver, Frank, 311

Silver, Lee, 338

Simonelli, Francesca, 149

SINATRA trial, 167

Single-guide RNA (sgRNA), 65–70, 84–87, 96–98, 173, 180, 333. See also RNA

Sinsheimer, Robert, 127–130

Six Degrees, 301

60 Minutes, xiv, 3, 4, 21, 76, 156, 338

Skipper, Magdalena, 260–261

Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 107

Smith, Hamilton “Ham,” 112–113

Smith, Robin, 12

Smithies, Oliver, 98, 107

Smithsonian Institution, 286

So, Derek, 341

Social Network, The, 166

Solexa, xv

Somatix, 110

Sontheimer, Erik, 56, 102, 173, 180–181

Sorek, Rotem, 25

Southern, Ed, 115

Southern Chinese Daily News, 207

Southern Gardens Citrus, 311

Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 194, 209, 219–220, 226, 242

Southwestern Medical Center, 345

Spaced interspersed direct repeats, 41–42. See also SPIDR

Spacers, 22, 22–25, 35–43, 50, 50–56, 63, 181

Spark Therapeutics, 150, 163, 164, 172

Spectator, xii

Specter, Michael, 253, 257

Spencer, Helen, 163

SPIDR, 35, 41–42

Spielberg, Steven, 76

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), 151, 158–159

“Spontaneous Emergence of Hierarchy in Biological Systems,” 207

Stadler, Lewis, 303

Stanchi, Giovanni, 305

Stanford University, 11, 21, 50, 76, 78, 86, 114, 128, 158, 168, 177, 196, 202, 208–209, 219–220, 228, 245, 251–254, 329, 366

Staphylococcus epidermis, 56

Star is Born, A, 166

Star Trek, 76, 129, 350

Star Wars, 113

Stargardt, Karl, 151

Stark, Tony, 325

Starter cultures, 39–45, 54–57

STAT, 20, 335

Stein, Rob, 170

Steinberg, Jeffrey, 340

Steinman, Ralph, 97

Stem cells

allogeneic, 168

cloning and, 223

CRISPR and, 73–74

embryonic stem cells, 107, 355

ethics of, 238

funding, 204

gene therapy and, 119, 136, 144, 181

genome editing and, 84, 116

harvesting, 12

hematopoietic stem cell, 157–158, 168

regulation of, 267–269

Stephenson, Jennelle, 155–156

Steptoe, Patrick, 216–217

Stern, Curt, 123

Sternberg, Samuel, 95, 102

Steve Jobs, 279

Strathdee, Tom, 163

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 60

Streptococcus pyogenes, 26, 59–64, 83, 99

Streptococcus thermophilus, 40–44, 54–57, 69, 82

Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The, 95

Sturtevant, A. H., 123

Sun Yat-sen University, 197

“Superhumans,” 16, 342–343

Survivor, 50

SUSTech Gene Sequencing Center, 209

Sutherland, Kiefer, 6

Swift, Taylor, 220, 244

Syngenta, 302–304, 314

Szostak, Jack, 48

T

Tait-Burkhard, Christine, 318

TALENs, 20, 27, 65–68, 73–74, 79–86, 89, 106, 119, 185, 304, 308, 317

Tam, Patrick, 232–233

Tapsoba, Ali, 295

Target Malaria, 293–295

TargetGene Biotechnologies, 336

Tatum, Edward, 132–133

Tay-Sachs disease, 164, 322, 334

Tech Review, 196

Tendulkar, Sachin, 295

Terns, Michael, 56

Tesla, Nikola, 97

Tessera Therapeutics, 336

“Test tube babies,” 195, 214, 355. See also CRISPR babies

Theranos, 101

Therapeutic gene, 16, 112, 140–149, 336

Therapeutics, 67, 120–122, 181, 190, 326, 336, 361. See also Medicine

Thiel, Peter, 284, 366

Through the Looking-Glass, 109

Tick-borne disease, 297. See also Lyme disease

Tieu, Dori, 365

Tijan, Bob, 111

Tilghman, Shirley, 20

Timberlake, Justin, 166

Time magazine, xiv, 7, 46, 243–244

Tisdale, John, 155–156

Topol, Eric, 195, 245, 265, 349

Toronto’s Hospital for Sick Children, 231

Tous Cobayes? (All of Us Guinea Pigs Now?), 313

Toy Story, 114

TracrRNA, 28, 61–65, 83–85, 100, 188. See also RNA

Transthyretin amyloidosis (TTR), 174

Trebeck, Alex, 179

Treff, Nathan, 350

Trinity College, 29

Triplet Therapeutics, 175

Tropic Biosciences, 312

Tsinghua University, 79

Tsui, Lap-Chee, 231–232

Tudge, Colin, 48

Tufts University, 51

Turnbull, Douglas, 213–215

Twain, Mark, 108

23andMe, 95

Twort, Frederick, 162

U

UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, 120

UK Biobank, 249, 351

Umeå University, 61

“Unite to Cure,” 12

University College London, 252, 360

University of Alicante, 31

University of Bristol, 249

University of California, 127, 179–190, 293, 317, 346, 359

University of Chicago, 347

University of Edinburgh, 27, 257

University of Georgia, 56

University of Hawaii, 47

University of Hong Kong, 231, 267

University of Illinois, 190

University of Leicester, xi

University of Massachusetts, 50, 164, 180, 247

University of Minnesota, 302

University of Missouri, 318

University of New South Wales, 153

University of Newcastle, 213

University of Oslo, 8

University of Pennsylvania, 119, 135, 140, 147, 166, 195

University of Pittsburgh, 163, 196

University of Science and Technology of China, 206–207, 209

University of Strasbourg, 39

University of Sydney, 232

University of Texas, 175, 345

University of Tokyo, 26

University of Utah, 107, 113

University of Vienna, 60–61, 180–190, 184

University of Wisconsin, 107

Uppsala University, 27

Urnov, Fyodor, xvi, xvii, xviii, 16, 19–20, 67, 105–116, 197, 261, 265, 335, 338–339, 365

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 307–308, 315–316

U.S. Sugar, 311

Usher, Charles, 151

Usmanov, Alisher, 125

V

Van der Oost, John, 55

Van Eenennaam, Alison, 317

Varmus, Harold, 131, 140–141

Venter, Craig, xiii–xv, 17–18, 32, 46, 222, 353, 357

Verdine, Greg, 85

Vergnaud, Gilles, 37–38, 45, 69

Verinata Health, 208, 209

Verrilli, Donald, 186–187

Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 138, 169, 177

Verve Therapeutics, 331, 345

Vibrio cholera, 102

“Villain of CRISPR, The,” 93

Villarreal, Evelyn, 159

Villarreal, Josephine, 159

Vilnius Institute of Biotechnology, 54

Viral code, storing, 23

Viruses

adeno-associated viruses, 99, 121, 145–146, 149, 159, 162–165, 168, 172, 331, 335–336

bacteria and, xviii, 5–6, 22–27, 38, 41–45, 50–61, 366

coronavirus, 6, 22, 29–30, 100–101, 178, 215–216, 240, 343–344, 364–366

creating, 299–300

CRISPR and, xi–xii, 22–27

immune system and, xi–xii, 38, 41–45, 50–61

influenza, 101, 134, 142, 207, 249, 299, 318

lentiviruses, 145–146, 156–157, 335

norovirus, 344

retroviruses, 144–146, 282

RNA and, 23, 23–24

Shope virus, 134–135

threat of, 22–23

West Nile virus, 249

Zika virus, 101, 294

Vogel, Jörg, 61

Vogt, William, 303

Volcani, Benjamin, 32

Volker, Nicholas, 194

Von Neumann, John, 350

Vorontsova, Maria, 270

Voytas, Dan, 302, 308

W

Wade, Nicholas, 255

Wageningen University, 55

Wall Street Journal, 89, 166, 196

Wang, June, 340

Wang, Shuping, 215

Warr, Amanda, 163

Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, 139

Washington Post, 6, 133, 142, 359

Washington University, 303

Watson, Elizabeth, 126

Watson, Janet, 156

Watson, Jim, xvi, 7, 47–48, 60, 66, 107–108, 123–126, 131–133, 137–138, 181, 222, 226, 265, 353, 367

Watson, Mick, 307

Weekly World News, 196

Weill Cornell Medical Center, 340

Weiss, Ethan, 359

Weizmann Institute of Science, 20, 25

Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, 350

West Nile virus, 249

What Remains to Be Discovered, 18–19

Whistleblowers, 215, 220, 252

Whitaker, Bill, 3, 4

White, Michael, xiii–xiv

Whitehead, Jack, 3

Whitehead Institute, 3, 90–91

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, 324

“Who’s Lovin’ You,” 147

Wiedenheft, Blake, 25–26, 51–53, 56

Wilkins, Maurice, 48, 125

Wilkinson, Dominic, 250

Will, George, 358

Willard, Hunt, 230

Williams, David, 157–158

Williams, John, 96

Williams, Pharrell, 96

Williamson, Bob, 137, 231

Williamson, Jack, 124

Wilmut, Sir Ian, 301

Wilson, E. O., 277

Wilson, James, 140, 142–146, 164–165, 273

Wilson, Ross, 52–53, 64–65, 361

Winegard, Timothy, 289

Winston, Robert, 339

WIRED, xiii, 71, 116, 146

Wizard and the Prophet, The, 303

Woese, Carl, 31

Wojcicki, Anne, 95

Wolffe, Alan, 109, 111

Wood, Andrew, 27

Woolly, 279

Woolly mammoths, 6, 279, 283–286

World Health Organization (WHO), 252, 258, 271, 360

Worthy, Liz, 194

Wright, Orville, xviii

Wu, Ting, 96

Wyss Institute, 79

X

X-Files, 6

Y

Yale University, 47, 49, 83, 127, 196, 363

Yang, Bing, 304

Yang, Luhan, 87, 94, 282, 292

Yates, Nathan, 160

Yellow fever, 294

Yersinia pestis, 38

“Yes! We Have No Bananas,” 311

Yogurt starter cultures, 39–45, 54–57

Yong, Ed, 245, 257, 286

Yu, Tim, 363

Z

Zayner, Josiah, 196, 264–265, 300

Zedong, Mao, 267

Zeng, Yan, 207

Zhang, Feng, xii, 3–6, 13, 21, 47, 57–58, 75–102, 170–189, 214, 229–238, 254, 264, 269–273, 281, 295, 308, 323, 329, 365–366

Zhang, John, 214

Zhang, Sarah, 71

Zhou, Kaihong, 53

Zhou, Shujun, 76

Zika virus, 101, 294

Zimmer, Carl, 146

Zimov, Nikita, 284

Zimov, Sergey, 284

Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), 20, 27, 65–68, 73, 82, 106, 110–116, 120–122, 168, 304

Zuckerberg, Mark, 77, 95