Enola Gay: Mission to Hiroshima

Index

Abe, Hiroshi, 115–17, 119, 141, 189–90, 263

Abel, William, 201, 275

Adachi, Dr. Sakyo, 120–21

Aioi Bridge, 220, 256, 257

Alamogordo (New Mexico), test-firing at, 86, 157, 171, 172–75, 178–79, 183

Albury, Don, 32–33

Allison, Charles, 200

Alvarez, Luis, 230–31

Arisue, Seizo, 44–45, 63–64, 99–100, 121–22, 161–63, 164, 168, 193–94, 274

Arnold, Henry, 16, 144, 145, 179, 191

Asada, Dr. Tsunesaburo, 42–43, 119–20, 274

Ashworth, Frederic L., 81, 87, 171

Atkinson, Hugh, 201

Atomic bomb(s)

appearance of, 238–39

“arming” of, 227, 233, 245–46, 250

building of, 38–39, 55–56

chain reaction needed for, 8

console for monitoring, 232, 238, 255

cover names for, 171

description of, 106–7

dome, in Hiroshima, 283

dropping of, 256–57

explosion of, 258, 262

fuzing mechanism for, 87, 103, 112, 230–31, 256

orders to use, 206–7, 217, 225

power of, 12, 72, 207, 228

production schedule after August 1945, 213

scientists “tinkering with,” 115–16

second attack using, 276–77

tactical requirements for delivery of, 49–50

test-firing of, 172–75, 228

worldwide reaction to, 273–74

See also: Interim Committee; Plutonium bomb; Uranium bomb

Atomic strike force

briefings of, 225–29, 236–38

choosing crews for, 32–33

final preparations for, 229–30

Awaya, Sachiyo, 110, 189, 258

Awaya, Senkichi, 60–62, 100, 118, 129, 199, 223–24, 234–35, 263

Balloon bombs, 120–21

Baumgartner, Charles, 200

Beahan, Kermit, 32, 55, 111–13, 256, 276

Beser, Jacob, 28, 31, 48, 49, 111, 236–37, 240, 281

during atomic mission, 244, 249–50, 255, 257, 258, 264, 265

and crews, 67

description of, 25

at Los Alamos, 36–38. 40–41. 86–87

on second strike, 275, 276

and security guard, 54–55, 77, 81

and Target Committee, 132–33

on Tinian, 157–58, 167–68, 181–82, 192–93, 196, 213, 216, 226

Bethe, Hans, 40

Blanchard, William “Butch,” 184–86, 206, 219

Bock, Frederick, 204

Bock’s Car, 204, 276

Bohr, Niels, 8

Bombsight, problems with, 68

Briefings before atomic mission, 225–29, 236–38

Britain

atomic research collaboration with, 91

representatives from, for atomic mission, 197, 225

Brode, Robert, 36

Brugge, Brian, 63

B-24s, 199–201

B-29s, 78–80, 96, 131–32

assignment of, for atomic strike, 227

crashes of, 158, 167, 241

new replacements, 103

pathfinders, 97–98

stripped of guns, 50, 52

Superdumbos, 229

Bubinsky, Joseph, 201, 202, 204

Buscher, Joseph, 24–25, 217–18, 225, 228, 229

Bushfield, David, 200

Byrnes, James F., 91–92, 110, 179, 277

Calipatria (California), 103, 104

Cannon, Clarence, 90

Caron, George “Bob,” 27–28, 29, 46, 49, 139, 147, 281

during atomic mission, 240, 241–42, 245, 248, 254–55, 257, 258, 262, 263, 264

on Tinian, 160, 183, 225, 226, 236

Cartwright, Thomas, 200, 275

Cheshire, Leonard, 197, 225, 275

China, 79, 156

Churchill, Winston, 91

and the atomic bomb, 191–92

in Potsdam, 177–78

CINCPAC, 80

Clark, Mark, 14

Classen, Thomas, 24, 25–26, 28, 29, 77, 180, 181, 218, 226, 234

Code names, 13, 140, 171, 198–99, 207–8

Compton, Arthur, 134, 135

“Coronet,” 140

“Crossroads, the,” 209

Cuba, 55, 77–78

the 509th in, 81, 84–85

Cyanide capsules, 241

Death ray, 43, 120

Dehart, “Pappy,” 113

Doll, Ed, 226, 229, 232, 236

Doolittle, James, 97

Dougherty, Dora, 54, 96

Downey, William, 69–70, 198, 237–38

Dulles, Allen, 64, 99, 100, 121, 122, 168–69, 190–91

Dumbos, 229

Duzenbury, Wyatt, 33, 46, 48–49, 147, 183, 184, 225, 226, 242, 281

during atomic mission, 247, 258

preflight check of Enola Gay, 238–39

Early, Steve, 108

Eatherly, Claude, 56–57, 67, 77–78, 111, 113–14, 204

attempt to bomb Imperial palace, 186–87, 188

description of, 24, 26–27

mental health of, 57, 197

since 1945, 280–81

on Tinian, 183

as weather scout, 217, 252, 253

Eatherly, Joe, 280

866th Bombardment Squadron, 199–202

Einstein, Albert, 7, 65–66

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 14

Ellison, Buford, 201

Enola Gay, 232, 284

controversy over name, 233

crew of, 238, 281

departure of, from Tinian, 239–244

flight of, 244–51, 254–58, 262, 263–65

follow up attack of, 275

return of, to Tinian, 269

Ent, Uzal G., 11–12, 13, 14

Falls, Lawrence, 200

Farrell, Thomas, 175, 207–8, 218, 233, 241, 266, 269

Ferebee, Thomas, 25, 28, 47–48, 67–68, 102–3, 172, 219–20

description of, 31–32

during atomic mission, 244, 255, 256, 257, 258

since 1945, 281

skill of, 185

on Tinian, 179–80, 224–25, 236

Fermi, Enrico, 8, 40, 134

First Ordnance Squadron, 87, 94–96, 103, 112, 167, 232, 234

509th Composite Group, 67

attempts to break up, 179–80, 184

celebration for, following mission, 267–68

in Cuba, 78, 84–85

hostility toward, 166, 198

practice missions over Japan, 186–87, 204–5, 208

reunions of, 281

security of, 165–66

on Tinian, 154–57, 165–66, 180–81, 196–97

in Wendover, 113–14

Flanagin, Rudolph, 200

Formosa, 168

Franck Report, 136

Fuchida, Mitsuo, 18, 118, 251, 268–69, 282

Fujii, Shoji, 115

Full House, 227, 253

Furman, Robert, 169–70, 175–77

Fuzing system, tests of, 103–5, 112–13, 230–31

Gackenbach, Russell, 30, 158, 183

Genda, Minoru, 17–18, 143, 283

Germany, surrender of, 128

Giles, Barney, 13

Ginga bomber, 120

Göring, Hermann Wilhelm, 273

Great Artiste, 204–5, 218, 226, 227, 230, 239, 244, 247, 249, 256, 257, 266, 276

“Great God K, The,” 8

Greenglass, David, 40–41

Grennan, Eugene, 29–30, 183, 253

Gromyko, Andrei, 123

Groves, Leslie, 55, 66, 80–81, 86, 90–93, 123, 124–25, 145–46, 218

and “arming” of bomb, 227, 233–34

and code names, 171, 198–99

description of, 15–16, 30–31

and LeMay, 184

and “publicity” of Enola Gay’s departure, 239

and security, 31, 181

and target selection, 70–72, 92, 134, 136–38, 144, 215

at test-firing of plutonium bomb, 172–74, 175

and time schedules, 72, 115, 213

Guam, 18, 74, 75, 78–79, 81, 126, 209

“Guillotine, The,” 38

Handy, Thomas T., 206–7, 215

Haruna, 199, 200

Hashimoto, Mochitsura, 33–35, 72–75, 126–27, 208–213, 282

Hata, Shunroku, 142–43, 162, 188–89, 193, 199, 201, 224, 234–35, 251, 257, 282

headquarters of, 163–64, 274

Hirohito, Emperor, 61, 161, 169, 190, 194–95, 277, 278

Hiroshima, 22, 102, 115–16, 125–26, 186

air raids on, 100–101, 236, 252

communications conference in, 235, 251–52, 254

conditions in, prior to atomic attack, 58–62, 87–88, 189, 223–24, 253–54

description of, 18–21

destruction in, following attack, 261–63, 269

military headquarters in, 142, 143, 163–65

military police in, 130

relief for, 274

as target selection, 132, 136, 137, 143–45, 214–15, 219–20, 225, 227, 253

today, 283

Hiroshima Castle, 20, 62, 130, 214, 254, 261–62

Hiroshima Pilot, The (Huie), 281

Hirota, Koki, 162

Hiroto, Kanai, 202, 203

Honshu, 140

Hopkins, James, 204–5

House Committee on Appropriations, 90

Huie, William Bradford, 280

I.58, 33–35, 72–75, 127, 209–213

Imai, Kizo, 151–55, 187–88, 244, 282–83

Imoto, Kumao, 251, 274

Imperial Japanese Army, 21

Imperial Japanese Navy, 33

Imperial palace, 186, 194–95

Incendiary bomb raids, 97–98

Indianapolis, 101, 127, 170, 171, 282

attack of, 210–13

choice of, to transport bomb components, 117

description of, 175–77

Interim Committee, 125, 134–36

Iwo Jima, 88, 101, 120, 256

as “pit stop” for atomic mission, 216–17

rendezvous at, 249

Jabbit III, 227, 253

Jacobsson, Per, 64, 168–69, 190–91

Japan

army intelligence of, 44–45, 63–64, 99, 163–64

atomic research in, 42–43

bombing raids in, 235

defense plans of, 188

internal political situation in, 161–62

invasion plans for, 140–41, 156, 179

military police of, 129–30

and peace negotiations, 64, 99–100, 122, 162–63, 168–69, 190–91

and Potsdam Proclamation, 195–96

surrender of, 277–78

war criminals of, 282

Japan Radio, 126, 129

Jeppson, Morris R., 167, 225, 229, 233, 236, 281

on atomic mission, 246, 249, 250, 255, 258

description of, 103–4

Johnston, Robert, 200, 202, 203

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 140, 179

Kaitens, 72–75, 208–9, 211–12

Kamikazes, 51–52, 65, 99, 101, 117–18, 143, 251, 281–82

Katayama, Colonel, 251, 274

Keitel, Wilhelm, 41, 273

Kempei Tai, 129–30, 165, 202–4, 214, 253, 274–75

Kennedy, John F., 283

“K Factor, The,” 8

Kido, Marquis Koichi, 161–62

King, Admiral E. J., 80–81, 87, 179

King, John, 27, 28, 53, 54

Kirkpatrick, Camillous, 200

Kirkpatrick, E. E., 155, 181

Kobe, 98

Koiso, Kumaki, 121

Kokura, 132, 136, 145, 186, 225, 227, 262, 275–76

Korea, 168

Kure Harbor, 127, 200

Kyoto, 71–72, 132, 136–38, 186, 191, 219

Kyushu, 122, 140, 141, 142–43, 153, 163, 276, 282

Lansdale, John, 11–13, 26, 36, 37

Laurence, Bill, 236, 240

Lawrence, Ernest O., 40, 134

Leahy, William D., 89, 173, 179

LeMay, Curtis, 78–80, 97–99, 144–45, 156–57, 180, 206, 207, 283

and final plans for attack, 219–20, 225, 231

Lewis, Robert, 32–33, 45–49, 52, 111, 138–40, 147–48, 242–44, 281

background of, 46–47

crew of, 67, 139

log kept by, during atomic mission, 240, 242, 245, 247, 249, 256, 264–65, 281

practice missions of, 45–46, 103–4, 113, 204–5

and Sweeney, 112

and Tibbets, 54, 76–77, 182, 208, 218, 226, 233, 244–45

on Tinian, 158–61, 236

Leyte, 209, 210

Lindbergh, Charles, 46

Lonesome Lady, 200–201, 202, 204

Long, John, 201

Looper, Durden, 200

Loran beam, 134, 247

Los Alamos (New Mexico), 7–8, 36–40, 86–87

choice of as atomic laboratory, 37

removal of bomb components from, 169–70

Soviet espionage ring at, 40–41

Lucky charms used by crew of Enola Gay, 241–42

MacArthur, Douglas, 80, 207

McCloy, John J., 140

McKibben, Dorothy, 36

McKnight, Charles, 227, 249, 256

McVay, Charles Butler, III, 176–77, 210, 212, 282

Malik, Jacob, 162

Manchuria, 168

Manhattan Project

background of, 7–8

codes used by, 171

cost of, 8, 90

political controversy over, 89–93

security of, 11, 13, 26–27, 29–31, 36, 37, 52, 56–57, 93–95, 105–7, 237

Target Committee meeting of, 132–34

Mao Tse-tung, 79, 230

Mariana Islands, 17, 18, 63, 74, 87, 153, 216

Marquardt, George, 227, 238, 247, 256

Marshall, George C., 72, 91, 92, 136, 137, 138, 179, 206

Maruyama, Kazumasa, 60–62, 101–2, 118, 189, 199, 223–24, 235, 258, 263

Marvin, Donald, 200

Matsuoka, Masaru, 214, 223

“Meetinghouse,” 97–98

Meiji, Emperor, 195

Mitsubishi works, 20, 223

Molnar, Julius, 200, 202, 203

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 123, 276

Mount Futaba, 17, 21, 57, 141, 202, 262

Nagasaki, 191, 215, 225, 227, 252, 279, 281

atomic attack on, 276

Nagoya, 98

Nara, 251

Nazi war criminals, 273

Neal, Ralph, 201

Nelson, Richard, 139, 147, 158–60, 181, 225, 236, 240, 242, 247, 255, 281

New York Times, The, 174–75, 236, 240, 242

Niigata, 136, 145, 186

Nimitz, Chester, 80, 87, 207

Nolan, James, 169–70, 175–77

No More Pearl Harbors (Fuchida), 282

Nuclear research, 7, 91

in Japan, 42–43

No. 91, 227, 231, 238, 244, 247, 249, 256, 266

Office of Strategic Services, 64, 163

Okamoto, Seigo, 121, 122, 163, 168

Okayama, 98

Okinawa, 87, 101, 117, 122, 127, 156, 164, 209

Olivi, Fred, 113

“Olympic,” 140

Omaha (Nebraska), Martin bomber plant at, 131, 138–40

1027th Air Matériel Squadron, 56

1395th Military Police Company, 56

Onishi, Takijiro, 51–52

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 8, 37–40, 41, 72, 86, 87, 134–36, 169–70, 173–75, 207

Oppenheimer, Katherine, 41

Osaka, 98, 119

Oya, Kakuzo, 45, 63, 163, 188, 193–94, 235, 251, 257, 262, 282

Palau Islands, 209

Parsons, William “Deak,” 11, 13, 38–39, 81, 96, 106–7, 171, 176, 236, 255

“arming” of bomb in flight, 227, 233–34, 245–46

at briefings before mission, 225, 227–28

death of, 281

at departure of Enola Gay, 239, 241

on Tinian, 197

Pathfinders, 97–98

Patterson, Robert, 90–91

Payette, Hazen, 26, 180–81, 204, 217, 225, 228

Pearl Harbor, 7, 18, 65, 282

Pedersen, Roy, 201, 202

Penney, William, 197, 225, 275

Perry, Charles, 27, 53, 55, 69, 77, 165, 181, 198, 218, 234

celebration plans of, 267–68

P-47 fighter, 50

Philippines, 51, 209, 210

Photography, use of during atomic mission, 231, 265, 269

Piskor, Walter, 200

Plutonium bomb, 72, 86, 135, 157, 171

dropping of, on Nagasaki, 276

test-firing of, 171, 172–75, 228

Potsdam, 190–91

Potsdam Conference, 177–79, 197

Potsdam Proclamation, 194–96, 218, 277

Power, Tom, 97–98

POWs, American, 63, 164–65, 204, 214–15, 223, 253, 254, 262

fate of, 274–75, 282

Practice missions, 48–49, 53, 68–69, 103–5, 111–13

over Japan, 186–87, 204–5

Prince of Wales, 43, 58

Proximity fuze, 103, 112, 256

development of, in Japan, 42–43, 120

Purnell, William, 176

Radar, 134

bombing by, 146, 186

use of, on atomic mission, 232, 236–37, 250, 255, 256

Radio Guam, 126

Ramsey, Norman, 11–12, 13, 16, 36, 86

Rayburn, Sam, 108

Repulse, 43, 58

Rescue operation plans, 229

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 273

RiGu, Prince, 189, 251, 254, 257, 274

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 109, 111

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 7, 8, 15, 65, 66, 89–90, 91, 106, 168

death of, 107–9, 111, 121

and Hiroshima, 22, 100, 102

Rota, 156, 161, 185

Russia. See Soviet Union

Ryan, James Mike, 201

Sachs, Alexander, 7, 64–66

St. Lo, 52

Saipan, 18, 120

Salton Sea, 16, 48, 67, 103

Samurai tradition, 21, 51–52, 72

Sato, Naotake, 276

Scientists

at Los Alamos, 8, 36–41

and second thoughts about use of atomic bomb, 65–67, 136

and security, 31

on Tinian, 181

at Wendover, 55

Seabees, 156

Shape of Things to Come, The (Wells), 273

Shikoku, 249

Shima, Dr. Kaoru, 87–89, 125–26, 199, 224, 235, 251, 258

Shima Clinic, 87, 254, 261

Shimonoseki, 251

Shimpu, 51, 99

Shock waves, 41, 48, 49, 263–64

Shoumatoff, Madame Elizabeth, 108

Showa, 61

Shumard, Robert, 139, 147, 160, 225, 226, 236, 240, 242, 247, 255, 281

Silverplate, 13, 16, 53, 85, 131

603rd Air Engineering Squadron, 56

Slotin, Dr. Louis, 87

Smithsonian Institution, 284

Soviet Union

espionage of, 40, 179

and Japan, 122, 162–63, 169, 191, 196, 276–77

reaction of, to atomic bomb, 273

and Yalta agreements, 123

Spaatz, Carl A., 191, 205–7, 215, 269

Special Bombing Mission No. 13, 225

Spitzer, Abe, diary of, 113, 227, 228, 229

Spruance, Raymond A., 176

Stalin, Joseph, 177–79, 191

Stiborik, Joe, 139, 147, 160, 225, 236, 240, 242, 244, 245, 255, 258, 281

Stimson, Henry L., 15, 89, 92, 109–110, 122–25, 135, 136–38, 178–79, 190–91

Stone, Harlan, 109

Straight Flush, 183, 204, 227, 252, 253

Strange Cargo, 204–5

Strategic Air Command, 279

Strategic Air Forces, 205–6, 219

Strudwick, James, 27

Styer, W. D., 90

Superdumbos, 229

Suzuki, Kantaro, 121–22, 128, 162, 196, 277

Sweeney, Charles, 32–33, 67, 111–13, 181, 218, 226, 230–31, 238, 247

leading second atomic attack, 275–76

Szilard, Leo, 65, 89

Taloa, 200, 201–2, 203–4

Target Committee, 132–34, 136

Target(s) of atomic attack

order of priority, 225, 227

for second attack, 275–76

selecting, 71–72, 92, 132–34, 136–38, 143–47, 215–16, 219

Taylor, Ralph, 227

Teller, Edward, 8

Test flights. See Practice missions

Thornhill, Francis, 186

320th Troop Carrier Squadron, 56

390th Air Service Group, 56

393rd Heavy Bombardment Squadron, 13, 24, 26–27, 52–53

Tibbets, Enola Gay, 14–15

Tibbets, Gene, 69

Tibbets, Lucie, 69–70, 86, 130–31

Tibbets, Paul, 28–29, 31, 53, 56, 76–77, 85, 106, 112, 182, 217, 219

on atomic mission, 244–45, 247–51, 254–58, 262

background of, 14–15

at briefings before strike, 227–29, 237

choice of, to command strike force, 11–14, 16

confrontation with LeMay, 184

and cover names, 171, 208

at departure and takeoff of Enola Gay, 239–244

description of, 14, 67

family life of, 67, 69, 85–86, 130–31

and Lewis, 54, 76–77, 182, 208, 218, 226, 233, 244–45

at Los Alamos, 36–41, 86–87

powers of, as commander, 16, 114–15

reaction to atomic explosion, 262, 263–265

return to Tinian, after mission, 269

since 1945, 279–80, 283–84

skill of, as pilot, 184–86

and target selection, 143–47

on Tinian, 155–57, 179–82, 198–99

treatment of his men, 155, 198

at Wendover, 22, 25–29, 47, 49–50, 85–86, 130–31, 170

Tibbets, Paul, Jr., 69

Tinian, 17, 18, 81, 87, 114, 148

description of, 151–53, 160–61

509th on, 154–56, 165–66, 172, 179–82, 183

Japanese on, 151–55, 183, 187–88, 192–93

today, 283

Togo, Shigenori, 194, 195, 277

Tojo, Hideki, 18, 121

Tokyo

destruction in, 119, 193

incendiary bomb raid on, 97–99

as possible target of atomic bomb, 71

as target of Eatherly’s strike, 186–87, 188

Tokyo Rose, 65, 167–68, 187–88

Top Secret, 227, 238, 249, 256

Torpedoes, human, 72–75, 208–9, 211–12

Toyoda, Soemu, 99, 121

Toyo Industries, 20, 223

Truman, Harry S., 89, 108–110, 115, 121, 122–25, 127–29, 168, 218, 273, 277

and invasion of Japan, 140–41

in Potsdam, 177–79, 191–92, 197

swearing in, as president, 109

warnings to Japan, 128–29, 275

Twentieth Air Force, 78

Twenty-first Bomber Command, 78

Uanna, William L. “Bud,” 26, 27, 30, 52, 56, 93–94, 105–6, 198, 249

Ujina, 274, 275

United Nations, 124, 273

Uranium, 7, 8, 38–39

Uranium bomb, 72, 135, 171

van Kirk, Theodore “Dutch,” 32, 46, 47, 67, 155, 204, 224–25, 226, 236, 242

during atomic mission, 244, 255

since 1945, 281

van Pelt, James, 32

Vatican, reaction of, to atomic bomb, 273

V-E day, 127–28

Waldman, Bernard, 231

Warm Springs (Georgia), 107–8

Weather conditions, consideration of, 146–47, 206, 227, 230, 237, 276

Weather-scout planes, 227, 236, 238, 244, 252, 256

Wells, H. G., 273

Wendover (Utah), 16–17, 22–25, 27, 147–48

Wey, Ken, 186

Wilson, John, 227

Yamamoto, Isoroku, 58

Yanagita, Hiroshi, 202–4, 253, 257, 274–75

Yasuzawa, Matsuo, 117–18, 251–52, 254, 265–67, 282

Yokohama, 132

Yokoyama, Tatsuo, 57, 60, 62, 115–17, 118–19, 141–42, 199, 201, 202

after atomic explosion, 262–63

description of, 17–18

as leader, 18, 21–22

and marriage, 117, 119, 141, 189–90

prior to attack, 247, 253–54, 257

Young, Dr. Don, 196–97, 198, 224–25, 234

Zacharias, Ellis, 129–30

Zeros, Japanese, 50, 51