Appendices
Chapter Notes
Throughout the preparation of this book, we have striven to be objective, factual, and impartial, allowing only our conscience and the facts as we have discovered them to guide us.
The source material we have used consists principally of extensive interviews which we conducted personally in Japan and the United States in 1975 and 1976 with participants in the events described, and of documentary evidence from both countries, much of which was originally classified as top secret and has only recently been released. Apart from the intrinsic importance of each of these two prime sources, we have used them as a means of providing checks and balances one against the other, so enabling us to present the story as authentically and as true to the historical record as possible.
When dealing with the Japanese language, we were very much aware that it seldom allows a literal translation into English; with the help of our interpreters, to whom we owe special thanks, we tried to take every care to preserve in the translation the meaning and tone of the original.
In the detailed source notes which follow, documents and reports to the best of our knowledge unpublished at the time of writing are so indicated; private papers, a third valuable source of research material, comprise personal diaries, aide-mémoires, letters, manuscripts; correspondence indicates the authors’ letters to and from those involved; transcripts refers to interviews conducted by others or to documentary broadcasts; finally, a number of published books and magazine and newspaper articles proved useful and are acknowledged.
The form of identification used is:
AI = Authors’ Interviews
B = Books
C = Correspondence
D = Documents and Reports
M = Magazines, Periodicals, and Booklets
N = Newspapers
PP = Private Papers
T = Transcripts
A combined list of all written material consulted may be found in the Bibliography; a list of interviewees is in the Special Thanks section.
PROLOGUE
B: The Birth of the Bomb (Clark); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); Now It Can Be Told (Groves); The New World (Hewlett/Anderson).
D: Letter, Einstein to Roosevelt, August 2, 1939; record of meeting September 23, 1942, in office of secretary of war (unpublished); letter, Groves to Dill, January 17, 1944 (unpublished).
T: “The Building of the Bomb” (BBC-TV).
ACTIVATION
1
AI: Tibbets.
C: Montgomery.
D: Memo, Derry to Groves, August 29, 1944 (unpublished).
N: Chicago Tribune interviews with Tibbets, March 10 to 22, 1968 (Thomis); The Register, Newport Beach, California, August 3, 1975.
PP: Tibbets (notes made subsequent to events described here).
T: Ashworth.
2
AI: Tibbets.
M: Air Force Magazine, August 1973: “Training the 509th for Hiroshima” (Tibbets).
PP: Tibbets.
3
AI: Tibbets, Beser, Jeppson, Brode.
D: Letter, undated, written in April 1943, from Condon to Oppenheimer; White House Appointments Register, August 26, 1944; memo, Somervell to Chief of Engineers, USA, September 17, 1944; Harrison-Bundy Files.
M: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, June 1970, April 1975, May 1975.
T: Groves.
4
AI: Yokoyama, Kaizuka, Kosakai, Genda, Fuchida.
B: Hiroshima in Memoriam (Takayama); A History of Modern Japan (Storry); Hiroshima (Hersey); The Fall of Japan (Craig); Death in Life (Lipton); Japan Subdued (Feis); Hirohito (Mosley); The Glory and the Dream (Manchester); The Hiroshima Memoirs (Hiroshima City).
D: U.S. Strategic Bombing Surveys (USSBS); Mission Accomplished.
PP: Notes made by Yokoyama in 1944–45.
2
AI: Tibbetts, Ferebee, Beser, King, Slusky, Grennan, Gackenbach, Perry, Caron, Strudwick, Biel, Jernigan.
B: The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie).
D: Roster of Officers, 393rd Squadron (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album; Short Narrative History, 509th Group (unpublished); historical report, medical activity 509th Group (unpublished); History 509th/Twentieth Air Force (unpublished).
PP: Beser, Tibbets, Perry, Gackenbach.
T: Interview with Tibbets, USAF 5–4410–90 (unpublished); interview with Tibbets, Air Historical Branch, USAF, September 1966 (unpublished).
6
AI: Hashimoto.
B: Sunk (Hashimoto); Abandon Ship! (Newcomb).
7
AI: Tibbets, Beser, Brode, Jeppson.
B: Dawn Over Zero (Laurence); Brighter Than a Thousand Suns (Jungk); Now It Can Be Told (Groves); Atomic Quest (Compton); A Peril and a Hope (Smith); The Great Decision (Amrine).
D: United States Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer; United States Atomic Energy Commission, Historical Document No. 279; Harrison-Bundy Files.
M: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1958; Look, August 13, 1963; American Historical Review, October 1973; Journal of American History, March 1974.
T: Ashworth, Birch, Burroughs, Groves, Hayward.
8
AI: Asada, Suzuki, Nizuma.
B: Imperial Tragedy (Coffey).
D: Asada manuscript on Japanese navy and atomic energy, May 12, 1965 (unpublished); Asada research document 19176–2–18 (unpublished).
PP: Asada (notes made subsequent to events described).
9
AI: Arisue, Oya.
D: Office of Strategic Services: reports and intelligence data (unpublished); U.S. Army, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, Counter Intelligence Section: reports and intelligence data.
PP: Oya (notes made subsequent to events described).
10
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Beser, van Kirk, Duzenbury, Caron, Perry, King, Slusky, Jernigan, Biel, Grennan.
B: No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie); Seven Hours to Zero (Marx).
D: B-29 Familiarization File, marked “Enola Gay,” serial No. 15 (unpublished); Short Narrative History, 509th Group (unpublished).
PP: Notes kept by Tibbets, Beser, Perry, van Kirk; letters written by Lewis.
11
AI: Arisue, Sakai.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); The Nobility of Failure (Morris); Samurai (Sakai).
D: Intelligence Summary No. 17 (vol. 2) Headquarters, Seventh Air Force, Central Pacific Area; analysis of Japanese radio broadcasts; Twentieth Air Force intelligence report ACESEA-WIS, No. 87 (unpublished); Japanese Research Division (ATIS) monographs Nos. 45, 53, 83.
N: Sunday Times, London, November 23, 1975.
12
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, King, van Kirk, Ferebee, Olivi, Sweeney, Beser, Grennan, Jernigan, Perry.
B: Seven Hours to Zero (Marx); The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie).
D: Short Narrative History, 509th Group (unpublished).
PP: Tibbets, Beser, Lewis, van Kirk.
13
AI: Yokoyama, Maruyama, Kosakai.
B: Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); The Fall of Japan (Craig); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS.
14
AI: Arisue, Oya.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); “Hiroshima Decision” (Baldwin) in “Hiroshima Plus 20” (New York Times).
D: Office of Strategic Services: reports and intelligence data (unpublished).
15
B: The Glory and the Dream (Manchester); Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
D: Sachs’s memo to Roosevelt, December 8, 1944.
N: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, San Francisco Chronicle, Denver Post, Chicago Tribune, all of December 7, 1944.
16
AI: Tibbets, Sweeney, Beser, Lewis, Ferebee, van Kirk, Grennan, Caron, Duzenbury, Stiborik.
D: General Order No. 6 USAAF (unpublished).
PP: Beser, Lewis, Tibbets.
17
AI: Perry, Tibbets, Beser, Downey, van Kirk, Ferebee.
PP: Beser (letters); van Kirk (notes).
18
AI: Tibbets.
D: Memo written by Groves of meeting at White House between Stimson and Roosevelt (unpublished); memo, Groves to Marshall (unpublished); memo, Groves to file (unpublished), all of December 30, 1944.
T: Groves.
19
AI: Hashimoto.
B: Sunk (Hashimoto); Abandon Ship! (Newcomb).
20
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Slusky, Grennan, Caron, Ferebee, van Kirk, Perry, Beser, Sweeney, LeMay.
PP: Perry; Lewis (letters).
21
AI: LeMay, Tibbets, Lewis, Sweeney.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Mission with LeMay (LeMay).
D: USSBS.
22
D: Letter, King to Nimitz; memo, Derry to Groves, February 10, 1945 (unpublished).
T: Groves, Ashworth.
23
AI: Beser, Perry, Duzenbury, Tibbets, King, Lewis.
B: Brighter Than a Thousand Suns (Jungk).
D: Short Narrative History of 509th Group (unpublished); historical report, medical activity 509th Group (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album; History 509th/Twentieth Air Force (unpublished).
M: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, June 1970, April 1975, May 1975.
PP: Beser, Perry.
T: Groves, Ashworth.
24
AI: Shima.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS; Mission Accomplished.
25
B: The Glory and the Dream (Manchester); Brighter Than a Thousand Suns (Jungk); On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson/Bundy); Now It Can Be Told (Groves); The Great Decision (Amrine); Speaking Frankly (Byrnes).
D: Memo from Patterson to Styer, February 15, 1945 (unpublished); memo from Byrnes to Roosevelt, March 3, 1945 (unpublished); memo from Groves to file, March 3, 1945 (unpublished); memo from Groves to Stimson, March 8, 1945 (unpublished).
M: Harper’s Magazine, February 1947.
PP: Stimson.
T: Groves.
26
AI: Tibbets, Jeppson, Beser, van Kirk, Jernigan, Caron, Perry, Grennan, Lewis, Gackenbach.
D: Short Narrative History of 509th Group (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album; History 509th/Twentieth Air Force (unpublished).
PP: Beser, Lewis.
27
AI: LeMay.
B: The Army Air Forces in World War Two, Vol. V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August, 1945 (Craven/Cate); The Fall of Japan (Craig).
28
AI: Arisue, Maruyama, Yokoyama, Kosakai.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: Office of Strategic Services: reports and intelligence data; U.S. Department of Defense: military plans (1941–45) for the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan; USSBS.
29
AI: Tibbets, Jeppson, Slusky, Brode, Ferebee, Lewis, Duzenbury.
C: Alvarez.
30
B: The Glory and the Dream (Manchester); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); I Was Roosevelt’s Shadow (Reilly); F.D.R., My Boss (Tully); Thank You, Mr. President (Smith); When F.D.R. Died (Asbell); FDR’s Last Year (Bishop); The Great Decision (Amrine); Speaking Frankly (Byrnes); Year of Decisions (Truman); Plain Speaking (Miller).
N: New York Times, April 13, 1945.
PP: Truman.
31
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, King, Strudwick, Biel, Beser, Gackenbach, Grennan, Perry, Caron, Sweeney, Spitzer, Olivi.
B: We Dropped the A-Bomb (Miller/Spitzer).
D: Letters, quoted by Huie from Bowen and Thornhill, in The Hiroshima Pilot.
PP: Spitzer’s diary.
32
AI: Asada, Arisue, Oya, Yokoyama, Maruyama, Yasuzawa.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Hirohito (Mosley); Japan Subdued (Feis).
D: USSBS.
N: New York Times, August 8, 1976.
PP: Asada.
33
B: Now It Can Be Told (Groves); Brighter Than a Thousand Suns (Jungk); The Great Decision (Amrine); On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson/Bundy).
D: Memo, Groves to Stimson, April 23, 1945 (unpublished); memo, Groves to file, April 25, 1945 (unpublished); memo, Stimson to Truman, April 25, 1945 (unpublished); letter, Stimson to Truman, April 24, 1945.
34
AI: Hashimoto, Shima, Kosakai.
B: Sunk (Hashimoto); The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS.
35
AI: Maruyama, Oya, Yanagita.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Hirohito (Mosley); Japan Subdued (Feis); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); Year of Decisions (Truman); The Knights of Bushido (Russell); History of the U.N. War Crimes Commission (H.M.S.O., 1948); Imperial Tragedy (Coffey).
D: Notes for the Interrogation of Prisoners of War, IJA, issued on August 6, 1943; reports from the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, May 1946 through November 1948; reports from the United Nations Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes, 1946; USSBS.
36
AI: Tibbets.
D: Report of Target Committee, May 12, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Beser.
37
AI: Tibbets, Beser.
B: On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson/Bundy); The Great Decision (Amrine); The Fall of Japan (Craig); Atomic Quest (Compton); A History of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (Hewlett/Anderson); Speaking Frankly (Byrnes); Now It Can Be Told (Groves); A Peril and a Hope (Smith) for full text of the Franck Report; Command Decisions (Morton).
D: Memo, Samford to Chief of Staff, Twentieth Air Force, May 5, 1945 (unpublished); Interim Committee Notes and Minutes, May 1, May 4, May 9, May 15, May 18, May 31, June 1, 1945 (all unpublished); “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,” extracted from Command Decisions, published by the Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1971; memo, Groves to Marshall, June 12 (unpublished); Harrison-Bundy Files; Memo, Groves to Secretary of War on Szilard, October 29, 1945 (unpublished); MED TS Files (unpublished).
M: Harper’s Magazine, vol. 194 (no. 1161), February 1947; U.S. News & World Report, vol. 1 (no. 49), August 15, 1960; Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 26, June 1970, and vol. 31, February 1975.
T: Groves.
38
AI: Lewis, Duzenbury, Stiborik, Nelson, Caron.
B: No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); The Great Decision (Amrine); The Fall of Japan (Craig); On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson/Bundy); The Glory and the Dream (Manchester); The Challenge to American Foreign Policy (McCloy).
D: Memo, Chief of Staff, of Olympic invasion plan for Japan (June 1945), and staff study, Coronet invasion plan of same month (both unpublished); Recommended Bombing Program Study, May 1945 (unpublished); “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,” extracted from Command Decisions.
PP: Lewis (documents and letters); Caron (notes).
T: Eric Sevareid in conversation with John J. McCloy (“CBS News Special,” July 20, 1975).
39
AI: Yokoyama, Imoto, Oya, Endo, Kosakai, Genda, Miura.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: Reports from the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, May 1946 through November 1948 in relation to Hata; USSBS.
40
AI: Tibbets, LeMay, Lewis, Caron, Nelson, Duzenbury, Stiborik.
B: Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
D: Preliminary report on operational procedures by D. M. Dennison, May 5, 1945 (unpublished); notes on initial meeting of Target Committee, April 27, 1945 (unpublished); Twentieth Air Force target reports and summaries (unpublished); USAAF target photographs (unpublished).
PP: Lewis (letters); Caron (notes).
ACCELERATION
1
AI: Imai, Saito.
B: The U.S. Marines and Amphibious Warfare (Isley); History of the United States Naval Operations in World War Two (Morison); The Two-Ocean War (Morison).
M: Saturday Evening Post, December 23, 1944.
2
AI: Tibbetts, LeMay.
D: Memos, June 10 and July 21, Kirkpatrick to Groves (both unpublished); CINCPAC analysis of air operations, July 1944 (unpublished); VII AAF Intelligence Summary, No. 43 (unpublished); USSBS interrogations of Fuchida; Report on N.A.B. Tinian (unpublished).
3
AI: Lewis, Stiborik, Caron, Nelson, Duzenbury, Beser, Gackenbach.
D: Map of Tinian, Sixth Naval Construction Brigade (unpublished); Short Narrative History of the 509th Group (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album.
PP: Lewis (letters); Caron and Nelson (notes).
4
AI: Arisue, Oya.
B: Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); The Fall of Japan (Craig); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); Hirohito (Mosley).
5
AI: Perry, Beser, Lewis, Jeppson, van Kirk, Duzenbury, Nelson.
D: Ballad, “Nobody Knows,” Short Narrative History of the 509th Group (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album.
6
AI: Arisue.
B: No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); Fall of Japan (Craig).
7
AI: Tibbets, Ferebee.
B: No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); The Great Decision (Amrine); Now It Can Be Told (Groves); Abandon Ship! (Newcomb).
D: Memo, Parson to Tibbets, July 15, 1945 (unpublished); memo, Parsons and Oppenheimer to Groves, June 29, 1945 (unpublished); memo, Parsons to Tibbets, June 30, 1945 (unpublished).
T: Ashworth.
8
AI: Tibbets.
B: Dawn Over Zero (Laurence); The Glory and the Dream (Manchester); All in Our Time (Wilson); Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
D: Report on Test II at Trinity, 16 July 1945, Warren to Groves (unpublished); memo, Groves to Chief of Staff, July 30, 1945 (unpublished).
M; Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: vol. 31, April 1975, “Prelude to Trinity,” vol. 31, May 1975, “A Foul and Awesome Display” (both by Bainbridge); vol. 26, June 1970, “Some Recollections of July 16, 1945” (Groves).
N: New York Times, articles in issues between September 9 and October 9, 1945, by William Laurence.
T: “The Day the Sun Blew Up” (BBC-TV); “The Building of the Bomb” (BBC-TV): Groves.
9
B: Abandon Ship! (Newcomb); History of the United States Naval Operations in World War Two (Morison); Sunk (Hashimoto); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey).
T: Ashworth.
10
AI: Elsey.
B: Between War and Peace (Feis); Japan Subdued (Feis); Year of Decisions (Truman); Triumph and Tragedy (Churchill); On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson/Bundy); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow).
D: Telegrams, Harrison to Stimson and Stimson to Harrison, July 16, 1945; Log of the President’s Trip (unpublished).
N: New York Times, July 18, 1945; Daily Mirror, London, August 2, 1945.
PP: Diaries, Stimson, Truman.
11
AI: Tibbets, Ferebee, Lewis, Caron, Beser, Duzenbury, Nelson, van Kirk, Perry, LeMay, Spitzer, Grennan, Gackenbach, Jernigan, Sweeney.
D: Memos, Kirkpatrick to Groves, June 10 and July 21, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Spitzer’s diary.
12
AI: Tibbets, LeMay, Ferebee, van Kirk, Lewis, Caron, Beser, Duzenbury.
B: The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); Seven Hours to Zero (Marx).
D: History of the 509th (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album; report of Combined Intelligence Committee, July 1945.
13
AI: Imai, Grennan.
B: The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); Seven Hours to Zero (Marx).
14
AI: Imoto, Endo, Oya, Maruyama, Yanagita, Kaizuka, Yokoyama.
D: USSBS Interrogations of Hata (unpublished); reports from the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, May 1946 through November 1948, in relation to Hata.
15
B: On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson); Japan Subdued (Feis); Between War and Peace (Feis); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); Year of Decisions (Truman); Triumph and Tragedy (Churchill).
D: Memo, Groves to Stimson, July 18, 1945; Log of the President’s Trip (unpublished).
16
AI: Beser.
17
AI: Arisue, Oya.
B: Hirohito (Mosley); The New World (Hewlett/Anderson); Ten Years in Japan (Grew); Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); The Fall of Japan (Craig); Japan Subdued (Feis); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson/Bundy).
N: Nippon Times, July 29, 30, and August 1, 1945; Asahi Shimbun, July 28, 1945.
18
AI: Tibbets, Beser, Lewis, Jernigan, Grennan, King, van Kirk, Downey, Duzenbury, Caron, Nelson, Jeppson, Stiborik, Biel, Cheshire, Imai.
B: No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey).
D: History of 509th Group (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album.
19
AI: Yanagita, Shima, Maruyama, Matsuoka, Kosakai, Hiroto, Yokoyama, Imoto, Endo.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs; Hirohito (Mosley); The Fall of Japan (Craig).
D: Crew’s Records (unpublished); two Missing Air Crew reports, 866th Bombardment Squadron (H), 494th Bombardment Group (H), July 30, 1945 (unpublished); Reports, CINCAFPAC, September 23, October 9, 18, 1945 (unpublished); mission orders, VII Bomber Command, 494th Bomb Group, Field Order 45–92, July 27, 1945 (unpublished); mission report, 494th Bomb Group (unpublished).
PP: Yokoyama (notes), Hiroto, Matsuoka.
20
AI: Lewis.
D: History of the 509th Group (unpublished).
21
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, LeMay, Sweeney.
B: Now It Can Be Told (Groves); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie).
D: Memo, Oppenheimer to Parsons, July 23, 1945 (unpublished); memo, Groves to Marshall, July 18, 1945 (unpublished).
22
AI: Hashimoto, Beser.
B: Sunk (Hashimoto); Abandon Ship! (Newcomb); Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
D: Memo, Groves to Chief of Staff, July 30, 1945 (unpublished).
23
AI: Matsuoka, Oya, Kosakai, Yanagita.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
24
B: Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
D: Cable No. 1005, Spaatz to War Department, July 31, 1945 (unpublished); cable No. 10027, Spaatz to War Department, July 31, 1945 (unpublished); cable, Handy to Spaatz, No. 3542, July 31, 1945 (unpublished); memo, Groves to Chief of Staff, July 30, 1945 (unpublished).
25
AI: Beser, Cheshire, Ferebee, van Kirk, Tibbets, Perry, Sweeney, LeMay, Lewis.
B: No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
C: Lord.
D: Daily intelligence summaries, Twentieth Air Force, Guam, July 1945 (unpublished); Field Order No. 13, Twentieth Air Force (unpublished); Cables, Groves to Farrell and Farrell to Groves, July 30, 1945 (unpublished).
26
AI: LeMay, Ferebee, Tibbets.
FISSION
1
AI: Matsuoka, Maruyama, Kosakai, Kaizuka, Shima.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS.
2
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Beser, Jeppson, Jernigan, Caron, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Slusky, Gackenbach, Grennan, Ferebee, van Kirk, King, Spitzer, Sweeney, Cheshire, LeMay, Brode, Strudwick, Perry, Downey.
B: We Dropped the A-Bomb (Miller/Spitzer); Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
C: Alvarez.
D: Operations Order No. 35, 509th Group (unpublished); telecom message, LeMay to 509th, August 5, 1945 (unpublished); telegram, Doll to Oppenheimer, August 5, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Spitzer’s diary.
T: Ashworth.
3
AI: Maruyama, Oya, Imoto, Shima, Matsuoka, Kosakai.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
PP: Oya, Maruyama.
4
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Jeppson, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Caron, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk, Imai, Downey, Spitzer, Sweeney, Grennan, King, Jernigan.
B: Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
M: “Time Out” (Downey’s prayer); Yank, September 7, 1945.
T: Ashworth.
5
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Jeppson, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Caron, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk, Sweeney, Spitzer, Gackenbach, Grennan, King, Brode, Imai.
B: We Dropped the A-Bomb (Miller/Spitzer); Seven Hours to Zero (Marx).
C: Alvarez.
D: Mission reports, August 1945 (unpublished); Parsons’s check list (unpublished); navigator’s log prepared by van Kirk; Twentieth Air Force intelligence summary for August 6, 1945 (unpublished); B-29 crew instruction manual.
PP: Spitzer’s diary, Lewis’s log.
T: Ash worth, Groves.
6
AI: Yokoyama.
7
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Jeppson, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Caron, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk.
D: Mission reports, August 1945 (unpublished); navigator’s log prepared by van Kirk; Twentieth Air Force intelligence summary for August 6, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Lewis’s log.
8
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Jeppson, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Caron, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk.
D: Mission reports, August 1945 (unpublished); navigator’s log prepared by van Kirk; Twentieth Air Force intelligence summary for August 6, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Lewis’s log.
9
AI: Maruyama, Oya, Shima, Yasuzawa, Fuchida, Imoto, Endo, Kosakai, Kaizuka, Yanagita.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS interrogations of Oya, Hata, Fuchida.
PP: Imoto, Oya, Endo (notes made subsequent to events described).
10
AI: Grennan.
B: The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey).
11
AI: Maruyama, Oya, Imoto, Endo, Yanagita, Hiroto, Matsuoka, Shima, Kosakai, Yokoyama, Yasuzawa, Fuchida, Kaizuka.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs; Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); Hiroshima in Memoriam and Today (Takayama).
M: Booklets: A-Bomb, A City Tells Its Story (compiled by Kosakai); Hiroshima (foreword by Araki).
12
AI: Tibbets, Ferebee, Lewis, van Kirk, Beser, Sweeney, Stiborik, Caron, Jeppson, Nelson, Duzenbury, Yasuzawa, Yokoyama, Kosakai, Shima, Maruyama, Oya, Hiroto, Matsuoka, Matsushige, Hatsuko.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs; Hiroshima in Memoriam and Today (Takayama).
D: Report, Manhattan Engineering District, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Final Report, Mission No. 13, HQ, 509th Composite Group, dated August 6, 1945, prepared by Stevenson (unpublished); report to COMGENUSTAF, Guam, on Mission No. 13 (unpublished); USSBS.
M: Booklets: A-Bomb, A City Tells Its Story (compiled by Kosakai); Hiroshima (foreword by Araki).
PP: Oya, Endo, Imoto, Perry, Matsuoka, Hiroto, Maruyama.
T: “Hot to Handle” (BBC-TV): Groves, Ashworth.
SHOCK WAVE
1
AI: Tibbets, Caron, Lewis, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Jeppson, van Kirk, Ferebee, Beser, Yokoyama, Maruyama, Oya, Nizuma, Suzuki, Hatsuko, Endo, Imoto, Miura, Matsushige.
B: Hiroshima 1945 (Ichiro Osako); The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: Report, Manhattan Engineering District, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Final Report, Mission No. 13, HQ, 509th Composite Group, dated August 6, 1945, prepared by Stevenson (unpublished); report to COMGENUSTAF, Guam, on Mission No. 13 (unpublished); USSBS.
2
AI: Tibbets, Caron, Lewis, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Jeppson, van Kirk, Ferebee, Beser.
3
AI: Yasuzawa.
4
AI: Tibbets, Nelson.
5
AI: Yasuzawa.
6
AI: Perry.
7
AI: Fuchida.
B: Imperial Tragedy (Coffey).
8
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Nelson, Duzenbury, Beser, Ferebee, Jeppson, Stiborik, Caron.
AFTERMATH
1
AI: Miura, Endo, Imoto, Oya, Tibbets, Sweeney, Yanagita, Hatsuko, Arisue, Asada, Nizuma, Suzuki, Matsushige.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Japan Subdued (Feis); Hirohito (Mosley); Year of Decisions (Truman); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); Hiroshima, 1945 (Ichiro Osako); The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS; Reports: CINCAFPAC to COMGEN Sixth Army, September 23, 1945 (unpublished); CG Sixth Army to CINCAFPAC, October 9, 1945 (unpublished); crew’s records (unpublished).
M: Time, August 9, 1971.
N: Los Angeles Times, August 8 and 9, 1945; Oakland Tribune, August 8, 1945.
PP: Asada, Hiroto, Oya, Imoto, Endo, Matsuoka.
EPILOGUE
1
AI: Tibbets, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk, Beser, Jeppson, Stiborik, Nelson, Grennan, Caron, Duzenbury, Lewis, King, Hashimoto, Oya, Fuchida, Yasuzawa, Imai, LeMay, Genda.
B: The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie); Burning Conscience (Anders); Abandon Ship! (Newcomb).
D: Reports from the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, May 1946 through November 1948, in relation to Hata; news release, Confederate Air Force, October 1976.
N: Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1969; Japan Times, February 26, 1976; Washington Post, October 14, 1976; New York Times, May 17, 1965.
M: People magazine, August 11, 1975.
Throughout the preparation of this book, we have striven to be objective, factual, and impartial, allowing only our conscience and the facts as we have discovered them to guide us.
The source material we have used consists principally of extensive interviews which we conducted personally in Japan and the United States in 1975 and 1976 with participants in the events described, and of documentary evidence from both countries, much of which was originally classified as top secret and has only recently been released. Apart from the intrinsic importance of each of these two prime sources, we have used them as a means of providing checks and balances one against the other, so enabling us to present the story as authentically and as true to the historical record as possible.
When dealing with the Japanese language, we were very much aware that it seldom allows a literal translation into English; with the help of our interpreters, to whom we owe special thanks, we tried to take every care to preserve in the translation the meaning and tone of the original.
In the detailed source notes which follow, documents and reports to the best of our knowledge unpublished at the time of writing are so indicated; private papers, a third valuable source of research material, comprise personal diaries, aide-mémoires, letters, manuscripts; correspondence indicates the authors’ letters to and from those involved; transcripts refers to interviews conducted by others or to documentary broadcasts; finally, a number of published books and magazine and newspaper articles proved useful and are acknowledged.
The form of identification used is:
AI = Authors’ Interviews
B = Books
C = Correspondence
D = Documents and Reports
M = Magazines, Periodicals, and Booklets
N = Newspapers
PP = Private Papers
T = Transcripts
A combined list of all written material consulted may be found in the Bibliography; a list of interviewees is in the Special Thanks section.
PROLOGUE
B: The Birth of the Bomb (Clark); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); Now It Can Be Told (Groves); The New World (Hewlett/Anderson).
D: Letter, Einstein to Roosevelt, August 2, 1939; record of meeting September 23, 1942, in office of secretary of war (unpublished); letter, Groves to Dill, January 17, 1944 (unpublished).
T: “The Building of the Bomb” (BBC-TV).
ACTIVATION
1
AI: Tibbets.
C: Montgomery.
D: Memo, Derry to Groves, August 29, 1944 (unpublished).
N: Chicago Tribune interviews with Tibbets, March 10 to 22, 1968 (Thomis); The Register, Newport Beach, California, August 3, 1975.
PP: Tibbets (notes made subsequent to events described here).
T: Ashworth.
2
AI: Tibbets.
M: Air Force Magazine, August 1973: “Training the 509th for Hiroshima” (Tibbets).
PP: Tibbets.
3
AI: Tibbets, Beser, Jeppson, Brode.
D: Letter, undated, written in April 1943, from Condon to Oppenheimer; White House Appointments Register, August 26, 1944; memo, Somervell to Chief of Engineers, USA, September 17, 1944; Harrison-Bundy Files.
M: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, June 1970, April 1975, May 1975.
T: Groves.
4
AI: Yokoyama, Kaizuka, Kosakai, Genda, Fuchida.
B: Hiroshima in Memoriam (Takayama); A History of Modern Japan (Storry); Hiroshima (Hersey); The Fall of Japan (Craig); Death in Life (Lipton); Japan Subdued (Feis); Hirohito (Mosley); The Glory and the Dream (Manchester); The Hiroshima Memoirs (Hiroshima City).
D: U.S. Strategic Bombing Surveys (USSBS); Mission Accomplished.
PP: Notes made by Yokoyama in 1944–45.
2
AI: Tibbetts, Ferebee, Beser, King, Slusky, Grennan, Gackenbach, Perry, Caron, Strudwick, Biel, Jernigan.
B: The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie).
D: Roster of Officers, 393rd Squadron (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album; Short Narrative History, 509th Group (unpublished); historical report, medical activity 509th Group (unpublished); History 509th/Twentieth Air Force (unpublished).
PP: Beser, Tibbets, Perry, Gackenbach.
T: Interview with Tibbets, USAF 5–4410–90 (unpublished); interview with Tibbets, Air Historical Branch, USAF, September 1966 (unpublished).
6
AI: Hashimoto.
B: Sunk (Hashimoto); Abandon Ship! (Newcomb).
7
AI: Tibbets, Beser, Brode, Jeppson.
B: Dawn Over Zero (Laurence); Brighter Than a Thousand Suns (Jungk); Now It Can Be Told (Groves); Atomic Quest (Compton); A Peril and a Hope (Smith); The Great Decision (Amrine).
D: United States Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer; United States Atomic Energy Commission, Historical Document No. 279; Harrison-Bundy Files.
M: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1958; Look, August 13, 1963; American Historical Review, October 1973; Journal of American History, March 1974.
T: Ashworth, Birch, Burroughs, Groves, Hayward.
8
AI: Asada, Suzuki, Nizuma.
B: Imperial Tragedy (Coffey).
D: Asada manuscript on Japanese navy and atomic energy, May 12, 1965 (unpublished); Asada research document 19176–2–18 (unpublished).
PP: Asada (notes made subsequent to events described).
9
AI: Arisue, Oya.
D: Office of Strategic Services: reports and intelligence data (unpublished); U.S. Army, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, Counter Intelligence Section: reports and intelligence data.
PP: Oya (notes made subsequent to events described).
10
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Beser, van Kirk, Duzenbury, Caron, Perry, King, Slusky, Jernigan, Biel, Grennan.
B: No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie); Seven Hours to Zero (Marx).
D: B-29 Familiarization File, marked “Enola Gay,” serial No. 15 (unpublished); Short Narrative History, 509th Group (unpublished).
PP: Notes kept by Tibbets, Beser, Perry, van Kirk; letters written by Lewis.
11
AI: Arisue, Sakai.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); The Nobility of Failure (Morris); Samurai (Sakai).
D: Intelligence Summary No. 17 (vol. 2) Headquarters, Seventh Air Force, Central Pacific Area; analysis of Japanese radio broadcasts; Twentieth Air Force intelligence report ACESEA-WIS, No. 87 (unpublished); Japanese Research Division (ATIS) monographs Nos. 45, 53, 83.
N: Sunday Times, London, November 23, 1975.
12
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, King, van Kirk, Ferebee, Olivi, Sweeney, Beser, Grennan, Jernigan, Perry.
B: Seven Hours to Zero (Marx); The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie).
D: Short Narrative History, 509th Group (unpublished).
PP: Tibbets, Beser, Lewis, van Kirk.
13
AI: Yokoyama, Maruyama, Kosakai.
B: Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); The Fall of Japan (Craig); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS.
14
AI: Arisue, Oya.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); “Hiroshima Decision” (Baldwin) in “Hiroshima Plus 20” (New York Times).
D: Office of Strategic Services: reports and intelligence data (unpublished).
15
B: The Glory and the Dream (Manchester); Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
D: Sachs’s memo to Roosevelt, December 8, 1944.
N: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, San Francisco Chronicle, Denver Post, Chicago Tribune, all of December 7, 1944.
16
AI: Tibbets, Sweeney, Beser, Lewis, Ferebee, van Kirk, Grennan, Caron, Duzenbury, Stiborik.
D: General Order No. 6 USAAF (unpublished).
PP: Beser, Lewis, Tibbets.
17
AI: Perry, Tibbets, Beser, Downey, van Kirk, Ferebee.
PP: Beser (letters); van Kirk (notes).
18
AI: Tibbets.
D: Memo written by Groves of meeting at White House between Stimson and Roosevelt (unpublished); memo, Groves to Marshall (unpublished); memo, Groves to file (unpublished), all of December 30, 1944.
T: Groves.
19
AI: Hashimoto.
B: Sunk (Hashimoto); Abandon Ship! (Newcomb).
20
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Slusky, Grennan, Caron, Ferebee, van Kirk, Perry, Beser, Sweeney, LeMay.
PP: Perry; Lewis (letters).
21
AI: LeMay, Tibbets, Lewis, Sweeney.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Mission with LeMay (LeMay).
D: USSBS.
22
D: Letter, King to Nimitz; memo, Derry to Groves, February 10, 1945 (unpublished).
T: Groves, Ashworth.
23
AI: Beser, Perry, Duzenbury, Tibbets, King, Lewis.
B: Brighter Than a Thousand Suns (Jungk).
D: Short Narrative History of 509th Group (unpublished); historical report, medical activity 509th Group (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album; History 509th/Twentieth Air Force (unpublished).
M: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, June 1970, April 1975, May 1975.
PP: Beser, Perry.
T: Groves, Ashworth.
24
AI: Shima.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS; Mission Accomplished.
25
B: The Glory and the Dream (Manchester); Brighter Than a Thousand Suns (Jungk); On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson/Bundy); Now It Can Be Told (Groves); The Great Decision (Amrine); Speaking Frankly (Byrnes).
D: Memo from Patterson to Styer, February 15, 1945 (unpublished); memo from Byrnes to Roosevelt, March 3, 1945 (unpublished); memo from Groves to file, March 3, 1945 (unpublished); memo from Groves to Stimson, March 8, 1945 (unpublished).
M: Harper’s Magazine, February 1947.
PP: Stimson.
T: Groves.
26
AI: Tibbets, Jeppson, Beser, van Kirk, Jernigan, Caron, Perry, Grennan, Lewis, Gackenbach.
D: Short Narrative History of 509th Group (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album; History 509th/Twentieth Air Force (unpublished).
PP: Beser, Lewis.
27
AI: LeMay.
B: The Army Air Forces in World War Two, Vol. V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August, 1945 (Craven/Cate); The Fall of Japan (Craig).
28
AI: Arisue, Maruyama, Yokoyama, Kosakai.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: Office of Strategic Services: reports and intelligence data; U.S. Department of Defense: military plans (1941–45) for the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan; USSBS.
29
AI: Tibbets, Jeppson, Slusky, Brode, Ferebee, Lewis, Duzenbury.
C: Alvarez.
30
B: The Glory and the Dream (Manchester); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); I Was Roosevelt’s Shadow (Reilly); F.D.R., My Boss (Tully); Thank You, Mr. President (Smith); When F.D.R. Died (Asbell); FDR’s Last Year (Bishop); The Great Decision (Amrine); Speaking Frankly (Byrnes); Year of Decisions (Truman); Plain Speaking (Miller).
N: New York Times, April 13, 1945.
PP: Truman.
31
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, King, Strudwick, Biel, Beser, Gackenbach, Grennan, Perry, Caron, Sweeney, Spitzer, Olivi.
B: We Dropped the A-Bomb (Miller/Spitzer).
D: Letters, quoted by Huie from Bowen and Thornhill, in The Hiroshima Pilot.
PP: Spitzer’s diary.
32
AI: Asada, Arisue, Oya, Yokoyama, Maruyama, Yasuzawa.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Hirohito (Mosley); Japan Subdued (Feis).
D: USSBS.
N: New York Times, August 8, 1976.
PP: Asada.
33
B: Now It Can Be Told (Groves); Brighter Than a Thousand Suns (Jungk); The Great Decision (Amrine); On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson/Bundy).
D: Memo, Groves to Stimson, April 23, 1945 (unpublished); memo, Groves to file, April 25, 1945 (unpublished); memo, Stimson to Truman, April 25, 1945 (unpublished); letter, Stimson to Truman, April 24, 1945.
34
AI: Hashimoto, Shima, Kosakai.
B: Sunk (Hashimoto); The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS.
35
AI: Maruyama, Oya, Yanagita.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Hirohito (Mosley); Japan Subdued (Feis); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); Year of Decisions (Truman); The Knights of Bushido (Russell); History of the U.N. War Crimes Commission (H.M.S.O., 1948); Imperial Tragedy (Coffey).
D: Notes for the Interrogation of Prisoners of War, IJA, issued on August 6, 1943; reports from the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, May 1946 through November 1948; reports from the United Nations Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes, 1946; USSBS.
36
AI: Tibbets.
D: Report of Target Committee, May 12, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Beser.
37
AI: Tibbets, Beser.
B: On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson/Bundy); The Great Decision (Amrine); The Fall of Japan (Craig); Atomic Quest (Compton); A History of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (Hewlett/Anderson); Speaking Frankly (Byrnes); Now It Can Be Told (Groves); A Peril and a Hope (Smith) for full text of the Franck Report; Command Decisions (Morton).
D: Memo, Samford to Chief of Staff, Twentieth Air Force, May 5, 1945 (unpublished); Interim Committee Notes and Minutes, May 1, May 4, May 9, May 15, May 18, May 31, June 1, 1945 (all unpublished); “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,” extracted from Command Decisions, published by the Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1971; memo, Groves to Marshall, June 12 (unpublished); Harrison-Bundy Files; Memo, Groves to Secretary of War on Szilard, October 29, 1945 (unpublished); MED TS Files (unpublished).
M: Harper’s Magazine, vol. 194 (no. 1161), February 1947; U.S. News & World Report, vol. 1 (no. 49), August 15, 1960; Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 26, June 1970, and vol. 31, February 1975.
T: Groves.
38
AI: Lewis, Duzenbury, Stiborik, Nelson, Caron.
B: No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); The Great Decision (Amrine); The Fall of Japan (Craig); On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson/Bundy); The Glory and the Dream (Manchester); The Challenge to American Foreign Policy (McCloy).
D: Memo, Chief of Staff, of Olympic invasion plan for Japan (June 1945), and staff study, Coronet invasion plan of same month (both unpublished); Recommended Bombing Program Study, May 1945 (unpublished); “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,” extracted from Command Decisions.
PP: Lewis (documents and letters); Caron (notes).
T: Eric Sevareid in conversation with John J. McCloy (“CBS News Special,” July 20, 1975).
39
AI: Yokoyama, Imoto, Oya, Endo, Kosakai, Genda, Miura.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: Reports from the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, May 1946 through November 1948 in relation to Hata; USSBS.
40
AI: Tibbets, LeMay, Lewis, Caron, Nelson, Duzenbury, Stiborik.
B: Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
D: Preliminary report on operational procedures by D. M. Dennison, May 5, 1945 (unpublished); notes on initial meeting of Target Committee, April 27, 1945 (unpublished); Twentieth Air Force target reports and summaries (unpublished); USAAF target photographs (unpublished).
PP: Lewis (letters); Caron (notes).
ACCELERATION
1
AI: Imai, Saito.
B: The U.S. Marines and Amphibious Warfare (Isley); History of the United States Naval Operations in World War Two (Morison); The Two-Ocean War (Morison).
M: Saturday Evening Post, December 23, 1944.
2
AI: Tibbetts, LeMay.
D: Memos, June 10 and July 21, Kirkpatrick to Groves (both unpublished); CINCPAC analysis of air operations, July 1944 (unpublished); VII AAF Intelligence Summary, No. 43 (unpublished); USSBS interrogations of Fuchida; Report on N.A.B. Tinian (unpublished).
3
AI: Lewis, Stiborik, Caron, Nelson, Duzenbury, Beser, Gackenbach.
D: Map of Tinian, Sixth Naval Construction Brigade (unpublished); Short Narrative History of the 509th Group (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album.
PP: Lewis (letters); Caron and Nelson (notes).
4
AI: Arisue, Oya.
B: Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); The Fall of Japan (Craig); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); Hirohito (Mosley).
5
AI: Perry, Beser, Lewis, Jeppson, van Kirk, Duzenbury, Nelson.
D: Ballad, “Nobody Knows,” Short Narrative History of the 509th Group (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album.
6
AI: Arisue.
B: No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); Fall of Japan (Craig).
7
AI: Tibbets, Ferebee.
B: No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); The Great Decision (Amrine); Now It Can Be Told (Groves); Abandon Ship! (Newcomb).
D: Memo, Parson to Tibbets, July 15, 1945 (unpublished); memo, Parsons and Oppenheimer to Groves, June 29, 1945 (unpublished); memo, Parsons to Tibbets, June 30, 1945 (unpublished).
T: Ashworth.
8
AI: Tibbets.
B: Dawn Over Zero (Laurence); The Glory and the Dream (Manchester); All in Our Time (Wilson); Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
D: Report on Test II at Trinity, 16 July 1945, Warren to Groves (unpublished); memo, Groves to Chief of Staff, July 30, 1945 (unpublished).
M; Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: vol. 31, April 1975, “Prelude to Trinity,” vol. 31, May 1975, “A Foul and Awesome Display” (both by Bainbridge); vol. 26, June 1970, “Some Recollections of July 16, 1945” (Groves).
N: New York Times, articles in issues between September 9 and October 9, 1945, by William Laurence.
T: “The Day the Sun Blew Up” (BBC-TV); “The Building of the Bomb” (BBC-TV): Groves.
9
B: Abandon Ship! (Newcomb); History of the United States Naval Operations in World War Two (Morison); Sunk (Hashimoto); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey).
T: Ashworth.
10
AI: Elsey.
B: Between War and Peace (Feis); Japan Subdued (Feis); Year of Decisions (Truman); Triumph and Tragedy (Churchill); On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson/Bundy); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow).
D: Telegrams, Harrison to Stimson and Stimson to Harrison, July 16, 1945; Log of the President’s Trip (unpublished).
N: New York Times, July 18, 1945; Daily Mirror, London, August 2, 1945.
PP: Diaries, Stimson, Truman.
11
AI: Tibbets, Ferebee, Lewis, Caron, Beser, Duzenbury, Nelson, van Kirk, Perry, LeMay, Spitzer, Grennan, Gackenbach, Jernigan, Sweeney.
D: Memos, Kirkpatrick to Groves, June 10 and July 21, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Spitzer’s diary.
12
AI: Tibbets, LeMay, Ferebee, van Kirk, Lewis, Caron, Beser, Duzenbury.
B: The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); Seven Hours to Zero (Marx).
D: History of the 509th (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album; report of Combined Intelligence Committee, July 1945.
13
AI: Imai, Grennan.
B: The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); Seven Hours to Zero (Marx).
14
AI: Imoto, Endo, Oya, Maruyama, Yanagita, Kaizuka, Yokoyama.
D: USSBS Interrogations of Hata (unpublished); reports from the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, May 1946 through November 1948, in relation to Hata.
15
B: On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson); Japan Subdued (Feis); Between War and Peace (Feis); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); Year of Decisions (Truman); Triumph and Tragedy (Churchill).
D: Memo, Groves to Stimson, July 18, 1945; Log of the President’s Trip (unpublished).
16
AI: Beser.
17
AI: Arisue, Oya.
B: Hirohito (Mosley); The New World (Hewlett/Anderson); Ten Years in Japan (Grew); Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); The Fall of Japan (Craig); Japan Subdued (Feis); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson/Bundy).
N: Nippon Times, July 29, 30, and August 1, 1945; Asahi Shimbun, July 28, 1945.
18
AI: Tibbets, Beser, Lewis, Jernigan, Grennan, King, van Kirk, Downey, Duzenbury, Caron, Nelson, Jeppson, Stiborik, Biel, Cheshire, Imai.
B: No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey).
D: History of 509th Group (unpublished); 509th Pictorial Album.
19
AI: Yanagita, Shima, Maruyama, Matsuoka, Kosakai, Hiroto, Yokoyama, Imoto, Endo.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs; Hirohito (Mosley); The Fall of Japan (Craig).
D: Crew’s Records (unpublished); two Missing Air Crew reports, 866th Bombardment Squadron (H), 494th Bombardment Group (H), July 30, 1945 (unpublished); Reports, CINCAFPAC, September 23, October 9, 18, 1945 (unpublished); mission orders, VII Bomber Command, 494th Bomb Group, Field Order 45–92, July 27, 1945 (unpublished); mission report, 494th Bomb Group (unpublished).
PP: Yokoyama (notes), Hiroto, Matsuoka.
20
AI: Lewis.
D: History of the 509th Group (unpublished).
21
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, LeMay, Sweeney.
B: Now It Can Be Told (Groves); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie).
D: Memo, Oppenheimer to Parsons, July 23, 1945 (unpublished); memo, Groves to Marshall, July 18, 1945 (unpublished).
22
AI: Hashimoto, Beser.
B: Sunk (Hashimoto); Abandon Ship! (Newcomb); Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
D: Memo, Groves to Chief of Staff, July 30, 1945 (unpublished).
23
AI: Matsuoka, Oya, Kosakai, Yanagita.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
24
B: Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
D: Cable No. 1005, Spaatz to War Department, July 31, 1945 (unpublished); cable No. 10027, Spaatz to War Department, July 31, 1945 (unpublished); cable, Handy to Spaatz, No. 3542, July 31, 1945 (unpublished); memo, Groves to Chief of Staff, July 30, 1945 (unpublished).
25
AI: Beser, Cheshire, Ferebee, van Kirk, Tibbets, Perry, Sweeney, LeMay, Lewis.
B: No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey); Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
C: Lord.
D: Daily intelligence summaries, Twentieth Air Force, Guam, July 1945 (unpublished); Field Order No. 13, Twentieth Air Force (unpublished); Cables, Groves to Farrell and Farrell to Groves, July 30, 1945 (unpublished).
26
AI: LeMay, Ferebee, Tibbets.
FISSION
1
AI: Matsuoka, Maruyama, Kosakai, Kaizuka, Shima.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS.
2
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Beser, Jeppson, Jernigan, Caron, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Slusky, Gackenbach, Grennan, Ferebee, van Kirk, King, Spitzer, Sweeney, Cheshire, LeMay, Brode, Strudwick, Perry, Downey.
B: We Dropped the A-Bomb (Miller/Spitzer); Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
C: Alvarez.
D: Operations Order No. 35, 509th Group (unpublished); telecom message, LeMay to 509th, August 5, 1945 (unpublished); telegram, Doll to Oppenheimer, August 5, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Spitzer’s diary.
T: Ashworth.
3
AI: Maruyama, Oya, Imoto, Shima, Matsuoka, Kosakai.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
PP: Oya, Maruyama.
4
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Jeppson, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Caron, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk, Imai, Downey, Spitzer, Sweeney, Grennan, King, Jernigan.
B: Now It Can Be Told (Groves).
M: “Time Out” (Downey’s prayer); Yank, September 7, 1945.
T: Ashworth.
5
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Jeppson, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Caron, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk, Sweeney, Spitzer, Gackenbach, Grennan, King, Brode, Imai.
B: We Dropped the A-Bomb (Miller/Spitzer); Seven Hours to Zero (Marx).
C: Alvarez.
D: Mission reports, August 1945 (unpublished); Parsons’s check list (unpublished); navigator’s log prepared by van Kirk; Twentieth Air Force intelligence summary for August 6, 1945 (unpublished); B-29 crew instruction manual.
PP: Spitzer’s diary, Lewis’s log.
T: Ash worth, Groves.
6
AI: Yokoyama.
7
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Jeppson, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Caron, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk.
D: Mission reports, August 1945 (unpublished); navigator’s log prepared by van Kirk; Twentieth Air Force intelligence summary for August 6, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Lewis’s log.
8
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Jeppson, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Caron, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk.
D: Mission reports, August 1945 (unpublished); navigator’s log prepared by van Kirk; Twentieth Air Force intelligence summary for August 6, 1945 (unpublished).
PP: Lewis’s log.
9
AI: Maruyama, Oya, Shima, Yasuzawa, Fuchida, Imoto, Endo, Kosakai, Kaizuka, Yanagita.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS interrogations of Oya, Hata, Fuchida.
PP: Imoto, Oya, Endo (notes made subsequent to events described).
10
AI: Grennan.
B: The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie); No High Ground (Knebel/Bailey).
11
AI: Maruyama, Oya, Imoto, Endo, Yanagita, Hiroto, Matsuoka, Shima, Kosakai, Yokoyama, Yasuzawa, Fuchida, Kaizuka.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs; Imperial Tragedy (Coffey); Hiroshima in Memoriam and Today (Takayama).
M: Booklets: A-Bomb, A City Tells Its Story (compiled by Kosakai); Hiroshima (foreword by Araki).
12
AI: Tibbets, Ferebee, Lewis, van Kirk, Beser, Sweeney, Stiborik, Caron, Jeppson, Nelson, Duzenbury, Yasuzawa, Yokoyama, Kosakai, Shima, Maruyama, Oya, Hiroto, Matsuoka, Matsushige, Hatsuko.
B: The Hiroshima Memoirs; Hiroshima in Memoriam and Today (Takayama).
D: Report, Manhattan Engineering District, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Final Report, Mission No. 13, HQ, 509th Composite Group, dated August 6, 1945, prepared by Stevenson (unpublished); report to COMGENUSTAF, Guam, on Mission No. 13 (unpublished); USSBS.
M: Booklets: A-Bomb, A City Tells Its Story (compiled by Kosakai); Hiroshima (foreword by Araki).
PP: Oya, Endo, Imoto, Perry, Matsuoka, Hiroto, Maruyama.
T: “Hot to Handle” (BBC-TV): Groves, Ashworth.
SHOCK WAVE
1
AI: Tibbets, Caron, Lewis, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Jeppson, van Kirk, Ferebee, Beser, Yokoyama, Maruyama, Oya, Nizuma, Suzuki, Hatsuko, Endo, Imoto, Miura, Matsushige.
B: Hiroshima 1945 (Ichiro Osako); The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: Report, Manhattan Engineering District, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Final Report, Mission No. 13, HQ, 509th Composite Group, dated August 6, 1945, prepared by Stevenson (unpublished); report to COMGENUSTAF, Guam, on Mission No. 13 (unpublished); USSBS.
2
AI: Tibbets, Caron, Lewis, Duzenbury, Nelson, Stiborik, Jeppson, van Kirk, Ferebee, Beser.
3
AI: Yasuzawa.
4
AI: Tibbets, Nelson.
5
AI: Yasuzawa.
6
AI: Perry.
7
AI: Fuchida.
B: Imperial Tragedy (Coffey).
8
AI: Tibbets, Lewis, Nelson, Duzenbury, Beser, Ferebee, Jeppson, Stiborik, Caron.
AFTERMATH
1
AI: Miura, Endo, Imoto, Oya, Tibbets, Sweeney, Yanagita, Hatsuko, Arisue, Asada, Nizuma, Suzuki, Matsushige.
B: The Fall of Japan (Craig); Japan Subdued (Feis); Hirohito (Mosley); Year of Decisions (Truman); Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Butow); Hiroshima, 1945 (Ichiro Osako); The Hiroshima Memoirs.
D: USSBS; Reports: CINCAFPAC to COMGEN Sixth Army, September 23, 1945 (unpublished); CG Sixth Army to CINCAFPAC, October 9, 1945 (unpublished); crew’s records (unpublished).
M: Time, August 9, 1971.
N: Los Angeles Times, August 8 and 9, 1945; Oakland Tribune, August 8, 1945.
PP: Asada, Hiroto, Oya, Imoto, Endo, Matsuoka.
EPILOGUE
1
AI: Tibbets, Beser, Ferebee, van Kirk, Beser, Jeppson, Stiborik, Nelson, Grennan, Caron, Duzenbury, Lewis, King, Hashimoto, Oya, Fuchida, Yasuzawa, Imai, LeMay, Genda.
B: The Hiroshima Pilot (Huie); Burning Conscience (Anders); Abandon Ship! (Newcomb).
D: Reports from the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, May 1946 through November 1948, in relation to Hata; news release, Confederate Air Force, October 1976.
N: Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1969; Japan Times, February 26, 1976; Washington Post, October 14, 1976; New York Times, May 17, 1965.
M: People magazine, August 11, 1975.
ТЕЛЕГРАМКанал с обзорами, анонсами новинок и книжными подборками
Книжный Вестник
Бот для удобного поиска книг (если не нашлось на сайте)
Поиск книг
Свежие любовные романы в удобных форматах
Любовные романы
О психологии, саморазвитии и личностном росте
Саморазвитие
Детективы и триллеры, все новинки
Детективы
Фантастика и фэнтези, все новинки
Фантастика
Отборные классические книги
Классика
ВКОНТАКТЕБиблиотека с любовными романами, которая наверняка придётся по вкусу женской части аудитории
Любовные романы
Библиотека с фантастикой и фэнтези, а также смежных жанров
Фантастика
Самые популярные книги в формате фб2
Топ фб2
книги