Europe's inner demons

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

Bouquet. Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France (Rerum Gallicarum et Francicarum scriptores), ed. M. Bouquet et al, Paris, 1738–1876.

Hansen, Quellen. J. Hansen, Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Hexenwahns und der Hexenverfolgung im Mittelalter, Bonn, 1901.

Hansen, Zauberwahn. J. Hansen, Zauberwahn, Inquisition und Hexenprozess im Mittelalter und die Entstehung der grossen Hexenverfolgung, Munich and Leipzig, 1900.

MGSS. Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores, ed. G. H. Pertz et al., Hanover and Berlin, 1826 ff.

MGH, Leges. Monumenta Germaniae historica, Leges, Hanover and Leipzig, 1835 ff.

Pat. graec., Pat lat. Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, Series latina, ed. J. P. Migne, Paris, 1857-66.

In the case of well-known works by ancient or medieval writers, particular editions are specified only where this is required for ease of reference.

1 Minucius Felix, Octavius, cap. ix and x; cf. cap. xxvii, xxx, xxxi, where the Christian rebuts these accusations.

2 Tertullian, Apologeticum, cap. xvi.

3 Ibid., cap. viii.

4 Pliny the Younger, Epistola x, 96-7.

5 Tatian, Oratio ad Graecos, xxv, 3.

6 Justin, Apologia II, 12.

7 Justin, Dialogus cum Tryphone Judaeo, cap. x, 1.

8 Athenagoras, Legatio pro Christianis, iii, 34-5.

9 For these accusations against Christians: J. P. Waltzing, “Le crime rituel reproché aux chrétiens du 2^e siècle”, in Académie Royale de Belgique, Bulletin de la Classe des Lettres…, series 5, vol. 10, Brussels, 1924, pp. 205-39; F. J. Dölger, Antike und Christentum, vol. 4, Münster i.W., 1924, pp. 187–228: “Sacramentum infanticidii”.

10 On this persecution, see Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, ed. Kirsopp Lake, lib. V, cap. i, 1. For a penetrating recent account: W. H. C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church, Oxford, 1965, chapter 1.

11 Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, lib. V, cap. i.

12 Frend, op. cit., p. 5; J. Vogt, “Zur Religiosität der Christenverfolger im römischen Reich”, in Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Jahrgang 1962, pp. 7-30.

13 Frend, op. cit., pp. 7, 10.

14 Eusebius, loc. cit., para 52.

15 Ibid., para 26.

16 On this fantasy: A.Jacoby, ‘‘Der angebliche Eselskult der Juden und Christen”, in Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, vol. 25, Leipzig and Berlin, 1927, pp. 26582; and E. Bickermann, “Ritualmord und Eselskult”, in Monatschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums, Dresden, 71 Jahrgang, 1927, pp. 171-87, 255-64.

17 Apion’s stories are preserved in the answer of the Jew Josephus: Contra Apionem, cap. ii, 9.

18 Epiphanius, Panarion, xxvi, 12.

19 Sallust, Catilina, xx.

20 Dio Cassius, Romaika (History of Rome), lib. XXXVII, 30.

21 Ibid., lib. LXXI, 4.

22 Plutarch’s Lives: Poplicola, iv.

23 Polyaenus, Strategica, VI, 7, 2.

24 Josephus, Contra Apionem, 91-6.

25 I Corinthians 11: 23-5.

26 Concil. Trident., Sessio xiii, Canon 2.

27 Tertullian, De Corona, cap. iii (Pat. lat. vol. 2, col. 80; and cf. Ibid., Note (j)).

28 Tertullian, Liber II ad uxorem, cap. iv and v (Pat. lat., vol. 1, cols. 1294-7).

29 John 6:53.

30 Justin, Apologia I, 26.

31 Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, lib. I, cap. xxv, 3, 4; cf. lib. I, cap. xxcii, 2.

32 Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, lib. III, cap. ii; cf. lib. III, cap. iv.

33 On the Agape: H. Lietzmann, Mass and the Lord's Supper, trans. D. H. G. Reeve, Lieden, 1954, etc.; B. Reicke, Diakonie, Festfreude und Zelos in Verbindung mit der altchristlichen Agapenfeier, Uppsala and Wiesbaden, 1951. (Uppsala Universitets Årsskrit, 1951, No. 5.)

34 Ethiopic translation of the Church Order of Hippolytus, summarized in Lietzmann, op. cit., p. 163

35 Livy, Ab urbe condita, lib. XXXIX, cap. viii-xix. For a recent account: Frend, op. cit., pp. 109-12.

36 Livy, loc. cit., cap. viii, 5–7; cap. xiii, 11–12 (trans. E. T. Sage).

37 Ibid., cap. xvi, 3–7 (trans. E. T. Sage).

38 For the following see Frend, op. cit., passim.; cf. G. E. M. de Ste Croix, “Why were the Christians persecuted?”, in Past and Present, London, No. 26 (November 1963), pp. 6-38 (esp. pp. 24–31); and J. Vogt, “Zur Religiosität der Christenverfolger in römischen Reich”, in Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie dcr IVissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Jahrgang 1962, pp. 7-20.

39 Tertullian, Apologeticum, cap. xl, 1–2.

1 Philastrius, Diversarum hereseon, xlix, 3.

2 Epiphanius, Panarion, xlviii, 4.

3 Augustine, De haeresibus, xxvi.

4 Theodoret, Haereticarum fabularum compendium, iii, 2.

5 e.g. Jerome, Epistola xli, 4.

6 Augustine, De moribus Ecclesiae Catholicae et de moribus Manichaeorum, lib. II, cap. vii.

7 Text, in Latin translation, in F. C. Conybeare, The Key of Truth, a manual of the Paulician Church in Armenia, Oxford, 1899, pp. 152-4.

8 Michael Psellos, Peri energeias daimonon, cap. v (Pat. graec., vol. 122, cols. 831-3). Cf. K. Svoboda, La démonologie de Michel Psellos, Brno, 1927 (esp. pp. 47-8).

9 Adhémar de Chabannes, Historia Francorum, lib. III, cap. 59 (MGSS vol. IV, P.143).

10 Paul, monk of Saint-Père of Chartres, Liber Aganonis, in Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Père de Chartres, ed. M. Guérard, vol. I, Paris, 1840, p. 112. Modern scholars, relying on the eighteenth-century edition of the Liber Aganonis in Bouquet, vol. X, have commonly regarded the document containing the first real sabbat-story as contemporary with the events at Orléans, i.e. as dating from around 1022. But this is a mistake; see Guérard’s introduction, p. cclxxvi, Note 2.

11 Walter Map, De nugis curialium, Distinctio I, cap. xxx (Camden Society, vol. 50, London, 1850, p. 61).

12 Alain de Lille, De fide catholica contra haereticos sui temporis, lib. I, cap. Ixiii (Pat. lat. vol. 210, col. 366). Map may well have heard the story from Alain de Lille, for both men were at the Lateran Council in Rome in 1179. The derivation of “Cathar” from cattus was widely accepted; for an example see I. von Döllinger, Beiträge zur Sektengeschichte, vol. II, Munich, 1890, p. 293.

13 Gulielmus Alvernus, Tractatus de legibus, cap. xxvi, in Opera Omnia, Orléans 1674, vol. I, p. 83.

14 On Conrad of Marburg and his activities: Gesta Treverorum, Continuatio IV, in MGSS vol. XXIV, pp. 400—2; Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium, in MGSS vol. XXIII, pp. 931-2; Annales Wormatienses, in MGSS vol. XVII, p.s 39. For a good modern account: P. Braun, “Der Beichtvater der heiligen Elisabeth und deutsche Inquisitor Konrad von Marburg”, in Beiträge zur hessischen Kirchengeschichte (ed. Diehl and Koehler), Neue Folge, Ergänzungsband IV, Darmstadt, 1911, pp. 248–300, 331-63. Some valuable corrections to Braun are supplied by L. Förg, Die Ketzerverfolgung in Deutschland unter Gregor IX. Ihre Herkunft, ihre Bedeutung und ihre rechtlichen Grundlagen, Berlin, 1932. B. Kaltner, Konrad von Marburg und die Inquisition in Deutschland, Prague, 1882, though dated, is also worth consulting. On Conrad’s probable aristocratic descent, and connection with the Premonstratensians, see K. H. May, “Zur Geschichte Konrads von Marburg”, in Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte, vol. I, Marburg, 1951.

15 Annales Wormatienses, loc. cit.

16 Chronica Albrici, p. 931.

17 Cf. H. Finke, Konzilienstudien zur Geschichte des 13 Jahrhunderts, Münster, 1891, pp. 30 seq.

18 Gesta Treverorum, Contin. IV, p. 402.

19 MGH, Epistolae Saeculi XIII e regestis Pontificum Romanorum, vol. I, No. 560, pp. 453-5

20 Annales Erphordenses Fratrum Praedicatorum, in Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum: Monumenta Erphesfurtensia, ed. O. Holder-Egger, Hanover, 1899, p. 86.

21 Text in Chronica Albrici, pp. 931-2.

22 Cf. Förg, op. cit., pp. 79, 91.

23 Chronica Albrici, p. 931.

1 Text in Chronica Albrici, p. 931.

2 For bibliography see G. Gonnet and A. Hugon, Bibliografia Valdese, Torre Pellice, 1953 (Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi, No. 93) and G. Gonnet, Sulle fonti del Valdismo medioevale, in Protestantesimo, vol. XII, Rome, 1957, pp. 17–32. The beginnings of the movement are described in C. Thouzellier, Catharisme et Valécisme en Languedoc à la fin du xii^e siècle, Paris, 1966, and K.-V. Selge, Die ersten Waldenser, 2 vols., Berlin, 1967. As a general survey the fourth edition of E. Comba, Storia dei Valdesi, Torre Pellice and Turin, 1950, remains valuable. A fine collection of texts on this as on other movements, in English translation, is contained in: W. L. Wakefield and A. P. Evans, Heresies of the high middle ages, New York and London, 1969.

3 Matthew 19:21.

4 Tractatus de haeresi Pauperum de Lugdutto, printed without author’s name in E. Martène and U. Durand, Thesaurus anecdotorum, vol. V, Paris, 1727. The relevant passages are at cols. 1779-80, 1782.

5 Cf K. Schrödl, Passavia sacra, Passau, 1879, pp. 242-3; and H. Haupt, “Waldensertum und Inquisition im sudöstlichen Deutschland bis zur Mitte des 14ten Jahrhunderts”, in Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, vol. I, Freiburg in Breisgau, 1890, pp. 306 seq. and 322-8; E. Tomek, Kirchen-geschichte Oesterreichs, Innsbruck, Vienna, Munich, 1935, p. 215; P. P. Bernard, “Heresy in fourteenth century Austria”, in Medievalia et Humanistica, vol. X, Boulder, Colorado, 1956, pp. 50 seq.

6 Anonymi auctoris brevis narratio...., in H. Pez, Scriptores rerum Austriacarum, vol. II, cols. 533-6. An expanded version is in Annales Matseenses, in MGSS vol. IX, pp. 825-6.

7 Annales Matseenses, loc. cit

8 Cf. B. Dudík, Iter Romanum, vol. II, Vienna, 1855, pp. 136-41, which includes the text of the bull.

9 John of Winterthur, Chronica, in MGSS, new series, vol. III, pp. 144-5.

10 Gesta archiepiscoporum Magdeburgensium, in MGSS vol. XIV, p. 434.

11 John of Winterthur, op. cit., p. 151.

12 Cf. H. Haupt, “Husitische Propaganda in Deutschland”, in Historisches Taschenbuch, 6th series, 7th year, Leipzig, 1888, p. 237; D. Kurze, “Zur Ketzergeschichte der Mark Brandenburg und Pommerns vornehmlich im 14 Jahrhundert: Luziferianer, Putzkeller und Waldenser”, in Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands, vol. 16–17, Berlin, 1968, pp. 50–94.

13 John of Winterthur, op. cit., p. 145.

14 Nicolas Eymeric, Directorium Inquisitorum, Rome, 1578, p. 206.

15 For the transcript of the interrogation see Processus contra Valdenses, Pauperes de Lugduno...., ed. G. Amati, in Archivo storico italiano, vol. I, 2, pp. 16–52, and vol. II, 1, pp. 3-61 (both Florence, 1865). For the relevant passages of Antonio Galosna’s confession see vol. II, pp. 3, 9, 12–31. See also C. Cantù, Gli Eretici d'Italia, vol. I, Turin, 1865, pp. 83-6; G. Boffito, “Eretici in Piemonte al tempo del gran scisma (1378–1417)”, in Studi e Documenti di Storia e Diritto, 18th year, Rome, 1896, pp. 381–431 (esp. pp. 387, 407-8); and G. Gonnet, “Casi di sincretismo ereticale in Piemonte nei secoli XIV e XV”, in Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (Bulletin de la société d’histoire vaudoise), vol. CVIII, Torre Pellice, i960.

16 Cf. Amati’s introduction to the Processus, pp. 14–15. For the sentence see Instrumentum Sententiae late per Dominum Inquisitorem contra duos Valdenses, ed. G. M. di San Giovanni, in Miscellanea di Storia Italiana, vol. XV, Turin, 1876, pp. 75–84. For the trial of 1451: G. Weitzecker, “Processo di un valdese nell’Anno 1451”, in La Rivista Cristiana, vol. IX, Florence, Turin, Rome, 1881, pp. 363-7.

17 On this episode see J. Chevalier, Mémoire historique sur les hérésies en Dauphiné, Valence, 1890, and J. Marx, L’Inquisition en Dauphiné, Paris, 1914.

18 J. Marx, op. cit., p. 170.

19 Ibid., pp. 26-7.

20 Gabriel Martin, Inscription en faux....contre le livre intitulé: De la puissance du pape....par le sieur Marc Vulson, Grenoble, 1640, pp. 219-31. The archival sources on which Martin claims to base his account are lost; but the account is confirmed by other archival sources studied by Marx (see Marx, op. cit., p. 26, n. 1).

21 Cf. Amati, op. cit., vol. I, 2, p. 40.

22 Franciscus Marcus, Decisiones aureae, Lyons, 1584, vol. II, p. 362.

23 A transcript of the interrogation is in the Morland collection of Waldcnsian manuscripts in Cambridge University Library: Dd. III. 26 (c) H 6. It is printed in Peter Allix, Ancient Churches of Piedmont, London, 1690, pp. 307-17.

24 Marx, op. cit., p. 26, n. 6.

25 For the record of the interrogations and confessions see Processus contra hereticos de opinione dampnata existentes, coram dominis deputatis ad instantiam domini Antonii de Eugubio procuratoris fiscal is factus, in F. Ehrle, “Die Spiritualen, ihr Verhältnis zum Franziskanerorden und zu den Fraticellen”, Archiv für Literatur- and Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters, vol. IV, Freiburg in Breisgau, 1888, pp. 110-38. The same document is also in A. Dressel, Vier Documente aus römischen Archiven, 2nd edn., Berlin, 1872, pp. 3-48. Ehrle’s edition is the more accurate; and the references below are all to this edition. However, Dressel, at pp. 18–25, gives the text of a letter from the commissioners to the pope, summarizing the results of the interrogations, which is not to be found in Ehrle.

26 e.g. Ehrle, op. cit., pp. 135-8, and R. Guarnieri, Il Movimento del libero spirito, Rome, 1965, p. 480.

27 On the Fraticelli see D. L. Douie, The nature and the effect of the heresy of the Fraticelli, Manchester, 1932, and the briefer accounts in M. Reeves, The influence of prophecy in the later middle ages, Oxford, 1969, pp. 212-28; and G. Leff, Heresy in the later middle ages, Manchester and New York, 1967, vol. I, pp. 230-55. The particular group of Fraticelli considered here figures only in Douie, pp. 243-6.

28 Text in Processus, pp. 112-16.

29 Ibid., p. 117.

30 Ibid., p. 127.

31 Ibid., p. 118.

32 Ibid., p. 121

33 Ibid., p. 126.

34 Ibid., p. 126.

35 Ibid., pp. 120, 129.

36 Ibid., p. 130.

37 Ibid., p. 131.

38 Ibid., p. 127.

39 See above, p. 18.

40 Guibert de Nogent, Histoirc de sa vie, (1053–1124). ed. G. Bourgin, Paris, 1907, lib. III, cap. xvii, pp. 212-13.

41 L. Banchi, Le Prediche volgari di San Bernardino da Siena, vol. II, Siena, 1884, P- 356.

42 On John of Capestrano see J. Hofer, Johannes Kapistran. Ein Leben im Kampf urn die Reform der Kirche, revised edn., 2 vols, Rome and Heidelberg, 1964-5.

43 Ibid., vol. I, pp. 339-42.

44 Wadding, Annales Minorum, 2nd edn., vol. XII, Rome, 1735, p. 25. Wadding takes this information from the Chronicle of Antoninus, archbishop of Florence.

45 Cf. Nicolas de Fara, Vita S. Johannis a Capistrano, in Acta Sanctorum, 10 October, p. 448, para. 25; Christophorus a Varisio (Varese), Vita S. Johantiis a Capistrano, Ibid., p. 500, para. 37.

46 See above, p. 45.

47 Blondus Flavius, De Roma Triumphante libri X, Basel, 1531. The volume includes Italia Illustrata, although this is a separate work. The relevant passage is at pp. 337-8. Italia Illustrata was compiled in 1453.

48 Ibid.

49 Cf. the variant readings of the above passage as given in B. Nogara, Scritti inediti e rari di Biondo Flavio, Rome, 1927, p. 223.

50 Codex 18626, 67 recto, in Staatsbibliothek, Munich.

51 See above, p. 47.

52 Joannis Genesius de Sepúlveda, De vita et rebus gestis Aegidii Albornotii Carrilli, in Opera Omnia, vol. IV, Madrid, 1780, pp. 57-8.

53 Some serious modern historians think that libertine consequences were drawn; but the weightiest piece of evidence adduced — the confessions of two captured Catharist leaders as summarized by Geoffroy de Vigeois (Chronicon, in M. Bouquet, Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, vol. XII, p. 449) and by Geoffroy d’Auxerre (ed. J. Leclercq, in Studia Anselmiana, Fasc. 31, Rome, 1953, p. 196) — seems to me very dubious evidence indeed. Nothing in the panoply of sources displayed by e.g. G. Koch, Frauenfrage und Ketzertum im Mittelalter, Berlin, 1962, pp. 113-21, proves that the Cathars practised promiscuity, let alone that they held orgies.

54 See, for instance, the mid-thirteenth century Summa contra hereticos, by the Milanese Franciscan Jacobo de Capellis, published by C. Molinier in his “Rapport.... sur une mission executée en Italie”, in Archives des Missions scientifiques et littéraires, 3rd series, vol. XIV, Paris, 1888, pp. 133–336. The relevant passage is at pp. 289-90.

55 See above, p. 9.

56 Cf. F. Baethgen, “Franziskanische Studien”, reprinted in his Mediaevalia: Aufsätze, Nachrufe, Besprechungen, Stuttgart, 1960, pp. 331-41.

57 An exception was the late Rev. Montague Summers; see A History of witchcraft and demonology, London and New York, 1926, p. 25.

58 Cf. C. H. Lea, The Inquisition of the middle ages, vol. II, p. 358.

59 See above, p. 30.

60 Some of these sources are mentioned in the first section of this chapter. Others are: Gesta Treverorum, Continuatio IV, in MGSS vol. XXIV, p. 401; and the second part of the document entitled Manichaei cujusdam confessio, in I. von Döllinger, Beiträge zur Sektengeschichte, vol. II, Munich, 1890, pp. 370-3.

61 See N. G. Garsoïan, The Paulician heresy. A study of the origin and development of Paulicianism in Armenia and the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire, The Hague and Paris, 1967 (esp. pp. 232-3).

62 See above, p. 18.

63 See J. B. Russell, Dissent and reform in the early middle ages, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1965, pp. 205-15; and works listed below, n. 67. The date at which Bogomile influence reached the West has been much debated; but even those who believe that it did so in the eleventh century admit that at that time it must have been confined to ethics and ritual; cf. C. Thouzellier, “Tradition et résurgence dans l’hérésie mediévale”, in Hérésies et sociétés dans l’Europe pre-industrielle, 11^e-18^e siécles, ed.J. Le Goff, Paris and The Hague, 1968, pp. 10516. Western heresy knows nothing of Dualist metaphysics before the midthirteenth century.

64 See above, p. 22.

65 Radulphus Ardens, Homilia XIX in Dominica VIII post Trinitatem, in Pat. lat., vol. 155, col. 2011.

66 Geoffroy de Vigeois, loc. cit.

67 Standard works on the Dualist religion, of relatively recent date, are: D. Obolensky, The Bogomils, Cambridge, 1948; H. Söderberg, La religion des Cathares, Uppsala, 1949; A. Borst, Die Katharer, Stuttgart, 1953. For a comprehensive bibliography: H. Grundmann, Bibliographic zur Ketzergeschichte des Mittelalters, 1900-66 (Sussidi Eruditi No. 20), Rome, 1967, pp. 23–41.

68 See below, p. 177.

1 G. Roskoff, Geschichte des Teufels, Leipzig, 1869, though inevitably dated, is still the fullest general history of ideas about Satan and the demonic hosts. The same ground is covered more briefly by E. Langton, Satan, a portrait, London, 1945, and H. A. Kelly, Towards the death of Satan, London, 1968. For the development of Christian and Jewish ideas down to the New Testament see also E. Langton, Essentials of demonology, London, 1949.

2 Amos 3:6.

3 Isaiah 45:7.

4 See H. V. Kluger, Satan in the Old Testament, trans. H. Nagel, Northwestern University Press, Evanston, U.S.A., 1967.

5 For texts see R. H. Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, 2 vols., Oxford, 1913. For a good survey see H. H. Rowley, The relevance of Apocalyptic, 2nd edn., London, 1947. How far the growth of Jewish demonology was due to Iranian influence, and how much Satan owes to the Zoroastrian spirit of destruction Ahriman, has been much debated and remains uncertain. For recent contributions see J. Duchesne-Guillemin, Ormazd et Ahriman, Paris, 1953, and R. C. Zaehner, The dawn and twilight of Zoroastrianism, London, 1961.

6 I Enoch 10:1-11 (Charles, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 193-4).

7 I Enoch 15:11 (Ibid., p. 198).

8 I Enoch 19:1 (Ibid., p. 200).

9 Jubilees 11:4 seq. (Ibid., p. 29).

10 Testament of Levy 19:1 (Ibid., p. 315).

11 G. Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English, London, 1962, p. 124.

12 Ibid., pp. 140-1.

13 For recent accounts see G. B. Caird, Principalities and Powers: a study in Pauline theology, Oxford, 1956, and H. A. Kelly, op. cit.

14 John 8:44.

15 II Corinthians 4:4.

16 Acts 26:18.

17 I Corinthians 10:20. The Greek text of the New Testament uses “diabolos” for Satan only. For a lesser evil spirit the word is “daimon” which, though the Revised Version renders it as “devil”, ought to be translated as “demon”.

18 John 12:31.

19 John 16:11.

20 Hebrews 2:14.

21 I Peter 5:8.

22 Revelation 20:10.

23 I Enoch 69:4–6 (Charles, op. cit., vol. II, p. 233).

24 Latin Vita, 9, 1 (Ibid., p. 136); Apocalypsis Mosis, 16–20 (Ibid., pp. 145-6).

25 Ephesians 6:12; cf. Ephesians 2:2.

26 Augustine, Enarratio in Psalmum cxlviii, 9 (Pat. lat., vol. 37, col. 1943).

27 Augustine, De divinatione daemonum, cap. iii, 7 (Pat. lat., vol. 40, cols. 584-5).

28 Ephesians 6:12.

29 Irenaeus, Adversus haereses, lib. V, cap. xxiv.

30 Tertullian, Apologeticum, cap. xxii.

31 Origen, Contra Celsum, lib. VIII, 31-2.

32 Justin, Apologia I, 55 seq.

33 Justin, Apologia I, 5, 12 and 14; Origen, Exhortatio ad martyrium, 18 and 32 (Pat. graec., vol. 11, cols. 585-8, 603).

34 Cyprian, Liber de unitate Ecclesiae, 15 (Pat. lat., vol. 4, col. 527).

35 Jerome, Liber contra Vigilantium, 9 (Pat. lat., vol. 23, cols. 363-4).

36 Tertullian, Apologeticum, cap. xxiii; Cyprian, Ad Demetrianum, 15 (Pat. lat., vol. 4, cols. 574-5).

37 Sulpicius Severus, Dialogus III, cap. vi.

38 Shepherd of Hermas, Mandates VII and XII.

39 Irenaeus, Adversus haereses, lib. II, cap. xxxii.

40 Tertullian, Apologeticum, cap. xxiii.

41 Origen, Homilia in librum Jesu Nave, XV (Pat. graec., vol. 12, cols. 897 seq.).

42 Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica, lib. V, cap. xxi.

43 Gregory the Great, Dialogi, lib. III, cap. vii.

44 Acta Sanctorum, 5 August, para. 9.

45 Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus miraculorum, Book III, chapter 26. A convenient edition of the Dialogus in Latin is that by J. Strange, 2 vols., Cologne, 1851. There is an English translation by H. von Scott and C. C. Swinton Bland, 2 vols., London, 1929. On the demonological aspects of the work see Ph. Schmidt, Der Teufels- und Dämonenglaube in den Erzählungen des Caesarius von Heisterbach, Basel, 1926.

46 Ibid., Book V, chapter 2.

47 Ibid., Book III, chapters 6, 7.

48 Ibid., Book V, chapter 5.

49 Ibid., Book V, chapter 7.

50 Ibid., Book V, chapter 44.

51 Ibid., Book V, chapter 42.

52 Ibid., Book V, chapter 18.

53 Ibid., Book V, chapter 17.

54 Ibid., Book V, chapter 9.

55 Ibid., Book V, chapter 28.

56 Ibid., Book V, chapter 30.

57 Ibid., Book V, chapter 31.

58 Ibid., Book V, chapter 24.

59 Ibid., Book V, chapter 26.

60 Ibid., Book XII, chapter 4.

61 Richalmus, Liber Revelationum de insidiis et versutiis daemonum adversus homines, in B. Pez, Thesaurus anecdotorum novissimus, vol. I, part 2, Augsburg, 1721, cols. 374 seq.

62 Richalmus, op. cit., cap. lxxiii, col. 440.

63 Ibid., cap. xliv, col. 440.

64 Ibid., cap. lxx, col. 438.

65 Ibid., cap. iii, col. 385.

66 Ibid., cap. iv, col. 387.

67 Ibid., cap. xli, col. 421.

68 Ibid., cap. xii, col. 398.

69 Ibid., caps, xvii, xxii, xxviii, xxx, cols. 403-4, 410-11, 414-16, 417-18.

70 Ibid., cap. i, col. 380.

71 Ibid., cap. i, col. 382.

72 Ibid., cap. xxxvi, col. 420.

73 Ibid., cap. vi, col. 391.

74 Ibid., cap. iii, col. 384.

75 Ibid., cap. iv, col. 385.

76 Ibid., cap. i, col. 377.

77 Ibid., cap. xc, col. 448.

78 Ibid., cap. xii, col. 396.

79 Ibid., cap. cxxiii, col. 464; cf. cap. xxi, cols. 408-10.

80 Ibid., cap. liv, col. 428.

81 Ibid., caps, iii, iv, cols. 384-90.

82 Ibid., cap. iii, col. 385.

83 Ibid., cap. xlvi, col. 423.

84 Ibid., cap. iv, col. 390.

85 Ibid., cap. xxx, col. 418.

1 The literature on the Knights Templars is so vast that a bibliographical survey itself fills two volumes. For books and articles published down to 1926 sec M. Dessubré, Bibliographie de l’Ordre des Templiers, Paris, 1928; and for later publications H. Neu, Bibliographie des Templer-Ordens, 1927-1965. Neu’s bibliography also contains many references to much earlier works; and owing to its system of classification is easier to use than Dessubré. Two competent general histories in English are: G. A. Campbell, The Knights Templars. London, 1937; and E. Simon, The Piebald Standard. A biography of the Knights Templars, London, 1959. Unfortunately neither of these works gives any reference to sources. On the destruction of the order the standard works are still H. Finke, Papsttum und Untergang des Templerordens, 2 vols., Münster i. W., 1907; and the two works by G. Lizerand: Clément V et Philippe le Bel, Paris, 1910, and Jacques de Molay, Paris, 1913. A great collection of original sources concerning the destruction is in Michelet’s Procès des Templiers, 2 vols., Paris, 1841, 1851; and a useful selection, including some not known to Michelet, in G. Lizerand, L’Affaire des Templiers, Paris, 1923. Further important documents are in Finke, vol. II. For a French translation of a selection of Michelet’s documents see R. Oursel, Le procès des Templiers, Paris, 1955. Oursel’s own conclusions, however, do not all stand up to detailed examination.

2 Raymond Lull, Liber de fine. The work is printed as an appendix to A. Gottron, Ramon Lulls Kreuzzugsideen, Berlin and Leipzig, 1912, pp. 65–93. See also J. N. Hillgarth, Ramon Lull and Lullism in fourteenth-century France, Oxford, 1971 (esp. pp. 66, 72-3).

3 The surviving fragments are combined in an Aragonese document dating from early in 1308. For the text see Finke, op. cit., vol. II, p. 118. Cf. letter from Christian Spinola to James II of Aragon, Ibid., p. 51; also Finke’s comments in vol. I, pp. 121-2.

4 Pierre Dubois, De recuperatione Terre Sancte, ed. C. V. Langlois, Paris, 1891, especially pp. 98-9, 131-40. The tract was written between 1305 and 1307. On Dubois, see E. Zeck, Der Publizist Pierre Dubois, Berlin, 1911; especially, for his relationship to Lull, pp. 147 seq.

5 For Jacques de Molay’s reply: Lizerand, L'Affaire des Templiers, pp. 2-14.

6 For Esquiu de Floyran see document in Finke, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 83-5; and Almaricus Augerii, Vita Clementis V, in E. Baluze, Vitae paparum Avenionensium, ed. G. Mollat, Paris, 1914, vol. I, pp. 93-4. Like Esquiu, Almaric came from Béziers; but he wrote half a century later. The version of the story in Villani, Istorie fiorentine, is demonstrably inaccurate. See also Finke, op. cit., vol. I, pp. m-14; and C. V. Langlois, review of Finke in Journal des Savants for 1908, pp. 423-5.

7 Text in Lizerand, op. cit., pp. 16–28.

8 For a bibliography of the debate concerning the guilt or innocence of the order, see Neu, op. cit., pp. 41–50. Since the publication of Neu there has appeared G. Legman, The guilt of the Templars, New York, 1966. It need not be taken seriously.

9 Text in Lizerand, op. cit., pp. 206-12.

10 For examples and references see Michelet, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 292, 294, 295, 297; and cf. text in Finke, op. cit., vol. II, p. 363.

11 Text in Finke, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 342-64.

12 Chronique de Saint-Denis, in Bouquet, vol. XX, p. 686.

13 Cf. text in Finke, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 351, 353, 361.

14 Ibid., pp. 342, 344, 345, 348.

15 Cf. Finke, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 147-50.

16 This emerges already from the order for the arrest of the Templars; see text in Lizerand, op. cit., p. 26.

17 Cf. Michelet, Procès des Templiers, vol. I, p. 75.

18 For the text of these early confessions see Michelet, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 277 seq.

19 For the confession of Hugues de Pairaud: Lizerand, op. cit., p. 43.

20 Cf. texts in Finke, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 342-64.

21 Texts in Finke, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 309-12.

22 Ibid., pp. 307-9.

23 Cf. Finke, op. cit., vol. I, p. 181 with footnote (1).

24 Text in Rymer, Foedera, edn. of 1745, vol. I, para. 4, pp. 99-100.

25 For the Latin text of the summons: Lizerand, op. cit., pp. 102-6.

26 For the Latin text of the oration: Ibid., pp. 110-24.

27 Cf. the oration in Lizerand, op. cit., pp. 124-36.

28 Cf. Michelet, op. cit., vol. I, p. 36.

29 Text in Lizerand, op. cit., pp. 176-88.

30 Deposition of Aimery de Villiers-le-Duc, in Lizerand, op. cit., pp. 188-92

31 Text in G. Villani, Istorie fiorentine, lib. VIII, cap. 92.

1 K. E. Jarcke, “Ein Hexenprozess”, in Annalen der deutschen und ausländischen Criminal-Rechts-Pflege, vol. I, Berlin, 1828 (esp. p. 450).

2 F. J. Mone, “Ueber das Hexenwesen”, in Anzeiger für Kunde der teutschen Vorzeit, Jahrgang 8, Karlsruhe, 1839 (esp. pp. 271-5, 444-53).

3 Cf. J. M. Roberts, The mythology of the secret societies, London, 1972.

4 J. Michelet, La Sorcière, chap, xi (p. 128 in the edition by P. Viallaneix, Paris, 1966).

5 Ibid., chaps, xi, xii (pp. 127, 138 in Viallaneix).

6 Cf. G. Mongrédien, Madame de Montespan et l’affaire des poisons, Paris, 1953.

7 See below, p. 232.

8 P. Viallaneix, preface to La Sorcière, pp. 17–18.

9 E. Le Roy Ladurie, Les paysans de Languedoc, Paris, 1966, pp. 407-14.

10 Margaret Murray first expounded her views a few years earlier, in two articles in Folk-Lore, vols. XXVIII (1917) and XXXI (1920).

11 E. Rose, A razor for a goat, Toronto, 1962, pp. 14–15.

12 Cf. Florence Hershman, Witchcraft U.S.A., New York, 1971, pp. 149-56.

13 A. Runeberg, Witches, demons and fertility magic, Helsingfors, 1947, pp. 230-1.

14 R. Burns Begg, “Notice of Trials for Witchcraft at Crook of Devon, Kinrossshire, in 1662”, in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. XXII, Edinburgh, 1888, pp. 212 seq., 223.

15 M. Murray, The Witch-cult in western Europe, Oxford, 1962, pp. 139, 99.

16 T. Potts, Discovery of Witches in the County of Lancashire reprinted from the original edition of 1613, Manchester, 1845.

17 Murray, op. cit., p. 140.

18 J. Glanvill, Sadducismus Triumphatus, London, 1689, pp. 353-4.

19 Murray, op. cit., p. 141.

20 Ibid., p. 98.

21 (G. R. Kinloch, ed.), Reliquiae Antiquae Scoticae, illustrative of civil and ecclesiastical affairs, Edinburgh, 1848, pp. 121-3.

22 Murray, op. cit., pp. 141-2.

23 R. Pitcairn, Criminal Trials..., Edinburgh, 1833, vol. III, Appendix, p. 613.

24 Ibid., p. 604; cf pp. 609-11.

25 Ibid., p. 607.

26 Murray, op. cit., pp. 100, 144.

27 A. Horneck (trans.), An Account of what happened in the Kingdom of Sweden in the years 1669, 1670..., London, 1688, p. 584. This translation of a German pamphlet forms an appendix to Glanvill’s Sadducismus Triumphatus.

28 Cf J. B. Russell, Witchcraft in the middle ages, Cornell University Press, 1972, pp. 41-2.

29 A. Runeberg, Witches, demons and fertility magic, p. 230.

30 Ibid., p. 86.

31 E. Rose, A razor for a goat, Toronto, 1962, pp. 141-2.

32 Ibid., p. 143.

33 Ibid., pp. 167-8.

34 Ibid., pp. 197-9.

35 Murray, op. cit., pp. 50-9.

36 W. R. Halliday, in Folk-Lore, vol. XXXIII (1922), p. 228, note.

37 Cf., in Pitcairn, Criminal Trials, vol. I, part 3, Newes from Scotland. Declaring the damnable life of Doctor Fian a notable Sorcerer... [1591], p. 216, and especially, in the indictment against Agnes Sampson, pp. 235, 239.

38 M. Summers, The history of witchcraft and demonology, London, 1926, p. xi.

39 Ibid., p. 4.

40 Ibid., pp. xi, 5–8.

41 J. B. Russell, Witchcraft in the middle ages, Cornell University Press, 1972, p. 3.

42 Ibid., p. 3, and cf. p. 22.

43 Ibid., p. 26, and cf p. 266.

44 Ibid., pp. 87–93, 160-3, 176-80, 197, 223.

45 Ibid., p. 100.

46 Ibid., pp. 283, 285.

47 Ibid., pp. 52, 58, 59; and cf. p. 268

48 Ibid., p. 41.

49 Ibid., p. 43.

50 Ibid., p. 132.

1 W. G. Soldan, Geschichte der Hexenprocesse, Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1843, pp. 180, 186-7, 189.

2 J. Hansen, Zauberwahn, Inquisition und Hexenprozess im Mittelalter und die Entstchung der grossen Hexenverfolgung, Munich and Leipzig, 1900, pp. 309, 315-17, 326, 335, 337.

3 Hansen, op. cit., pp. 309-10. The other references to Angela de la Barthe are at pp. 188, 234.

4 E.-L. de Lamothe-Langon, Histoire de l’inquisition en France, vol. II, Paris, 1829, pp. 614-15.

5 T. Bouges, Histoire ecclésiastique et civile de la ville et diocèse de Carcassonne, Paris, 1741, pp. 200-1.

6 D. de Vic and J. Vaissete, Histoire générale de Languedoc, vol. IV, Paris, 1742, Avertissement, p. v. The text of the “chronicle of Bardin” is in the Preuves, at cols. 2-47. For Molinier’s comments see the new edition, vol. X, Toulouse, 1885, Notes, cols. 424-36.

7 He gives the source himself: J. J. Percin, Monumenta conventus Tolosani Ordinis FF. Praedicatorum, Toulouse, 1693, p. 109.

8 Cf. Vic and Vaissete, op. cit., Preuves, col. 5. Percin’s history makes no mention of the trial of Angela de la Barthe in its section on the inquisitors of Toulouse.

9 Cf. Vic and Vaissete, op. cit., col. 18.

10 Ibid., cols. 17–18.

11 Biographie toulousaine, vol. I, Paris, 1823, pp. 400-1.

12 Hansen, Zauberwahn, pp. 315-30.

13 Hansen, Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Hexenwahns und der Hexenverfolgung im Mittelalter, Bonn, 1901, pp. 450-3.

14 Lamothe-Langon, op. cit., vol. III, pp. 235-40.

15 That Pierre Guidonis was inquisitor at Toulouse in 1344 is stated in J. Quétif and J. Echard, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum, vol. I, Paris, 1719, p. 625, on the strength of a single phrase in a single manuscript. M. J. C. Douais repeated it in Les frères prêcheurs en Gascogne au xiii^e et an xiv^e siècle, Auch, 1885, p. 453; but he omitted the name from the list of inquisitors (which includes those only rarely mentioned in documents) in his later work, Documents pour servir à l’histoire de l’Inquisition dans le Languedoc, Paris, 1900, pp. cxxx-cxxxiv.

16 For the list of capitouls: G. La Faille, Annales de la Ville de Toulouse, vol. I, p. 73, Toulouse, 1687; A. L. C. A. Du Mège, Histoire des Institutions... de Toulouse, vol. II, Toulouse, 1844, p. 45. Cf. E. Roschach, “Les listes municipales de Toulouse du xii^e au xviii^e siècle”, in Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences... de Toulouse, 8th series, vol. VII (1885), pp. 1-22.

17 Lamothe-Langon, op. cit., vol. III, p. 226.

18 For the letter of John XXII to the inquisitors: Hansen, Quellen, pp. 4–5. For the background of the papal intervention: Anneliese Maier, “Eine Verfügung Johannes XXII. Über die Zuständigkeit des Inquisition fur Zaubereiprozesse”, in Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum, vol. XXII, Rome, 1952, pp. 226-46.

19 Bernard Gui, Manuel de l’lnquisiteur, ed. G. Mollat, 2 vols., Paris, 1926-7. What magic meant to an inquisitor at that time is shown at pp. 20-4 of vol. II. The sentences of Guidonis himself, as given in the Liber Sententiarum Inquisitionis Tholosanae in Philip Limborch’s Historia Inquisitionis, Amsterdam, 1692, pp. 394 seq., includes not a single case of magic or sorcery.

20 Text in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 6–7.

21 On Lamothe-Langon see R. Switzer, Etienne-Léon de Lamothe-Langon ct le roman populaire français de 1800 a 1830, Toulouse, 1962; L. de Santi, “Episodes de l’histoire de Toulouse sous le premier Empire”, in Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences et des Belles-Lettres de Toulouse, 10th series, vol. XII, Toulouse, 1912, pp. 87-100.

22 Lamothe-Langon, Histoire de l’Inquisition en France, vol. I, Preface, pp. xxxiv-xxxv.

23 Quoted by de Santi, op. cit., p. 88.

24 Lamothe-Langon, Alliance de la censure et de l’lnquisition, Paris, 1827, pp. 8, 10; and cf. Lamothe-Langon, Le Chancelier et le censeurs, vol. I, Paris, 1828, p. vii.

25 Ibid.

26 e.g. Ch. Molinier, L’Inquisition dans le Midi de la France an xiii^e et au xiv^e siècle, Paris, 1880; L. Tanon, Histoire des tribunaux de l’Inquisition en France, Paris, 1893.

27 Lamothe-Langon, La dame du comptoir, Paris, 1844, p. 4 of the cover.

28 Cf. Switzer, op. cit., p. 65.

29 On Sermet see the article in Michaud’s Biographie universelle.

30 Le Père Sermet, “Recherches historiques sur l’Inquisition de Toulouse”, in Mémoires de l’Académie royale des sciences, inscriptions et belles-lettres de Toulouse, vol. IV (1790), p. 46. The documents mentioned by Sermet as having been discovered by the Abbé Magi were published in the same volume; they refer to the year 1245 only.

31 Lamothe-Langon, Histoire de l’Inquisition, vol. I, Introduction, p. xxxvi.

32 Philippus a Limborch, Historia Inquisitionis, Amsterdam, 1692. The Liber Sententiarum is at pp. 334 seq. For the attendance at the sermon of Bernard Guidonis see p. 334.

33 G. La Faille, Annales de la Ville de Toulouse, Toulouse, vol. I, 1687, p. 73.

34 J. J. Percin, op. cit., p. no. Cf. p. 102, where the name of Pierre Guidonis is associated with a supposed letter from King Philip VI, dated 1334. The letter derives, through La Faille, from Bardin, and is almost certainly spurious. Percin was in any case the first to connect it, quite arbitrarily, with the name of Pierre Guidonis.

35 Lamothe-Langon, op. cit., vol. III, p. 231. Percin also supplies Lamothe-Langon with other information about the names and dates of inquisitors, much of it wrong.

36 Pierre de Lancre, Tableaux de l’Inconstance des Mauvais Anges, Paris, 1612, especially pp. 66–75, 89–90, 128-31, 140, 145, 175, 195-8, 216-17.

37 On Georgel see the article in Michaud, Biographie universelle. The name is so uncommon that no other Georgel appears in Michaud. His book is entitled Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire des événemens de la fin du dix-huitième siècle, depuis 1760 jusqu’en 1806–1810. On Delort see the article in Rabbe and Boisjolin, Biographie universelle et portative des contemporains, vol. II, Paris, 1834. The name is so uncommon that no Delort appears in Michaud’s Biographie universelle. Unlike Lamothe-Langon, Joseph Delort was clearly a trained historian with some competence in paleography. Cf. his Essai critique sur l’histoire de Charles VII..., Paris, 1824, p. 2, and the “pièces justificatives” at pp. 173 seq.

38 J. J. von Görres, Die christliche Mystik, vol. III, Regensburg, 1840, pp. 54-5.

39 W. G. Soldan, Geschichte der Hexenprozesse, Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1843, p. 189.

40 Janus (pseudonym of Döllinger), Der Papst, Munich, 1869, pp. 275-6; Döllinger, Das Papstthum, Munich, 1892, p. 126 (revised edition of the above).

41 J. Hansen, Quellen, pp. 64-6; Zauberwahn, pp. 334-7.

42 Cf. J. L. J. Van de Kamp, Bartolus de Saxoferrato 1313–1357, Amsterdam, 1936 (in Dutch), pp. 35 seq.

43 loannes Baptista Zilettus, Consilia seu responsa ad causas criminales, vol. I, Venice, 1566. Further editions of the collection were published at Venice in 1572 and at Frankfort on Main in 1578. I have used the Venice edition of 1572.

44 The thirty-four additional consilia figure in vol. X of the Omnia Opera in the Venice editions of 1590, 1602 and 1615.

45 Hansen, Quellen, p. 56, n. 1, suggested that Ioannes de Plotis must be a misreading of Ioannes Visconti, who was bishop of Novara from 1331 to 1342.

46 For consilia dealing with the de Plotis family: in Ziletti, Consilia ad causas criminales (1572), consilia v, vi, vii and viii; in Bartolo, Omnia Opera, vol. X, Venice, 1602, pp. 183 seq., additional consilia i, ii, iii, iv, vii, viii, ix, xi; in Ziletti, Consilia matrimonialia, Venice, 1563, consilia lxxxviii and lxxxix.

47 Bartolo, Omnia Opera, p. 185, additional consilium iv.

48 Ziletti, Consilia matrimonialia, pp. 350-2, consilium lxxxix.

49 Bartolo, Omnia Opera, p. 187, consilium vii.

50 Ibid., p. 183, consilium i.

51 Ibid., p. 184, consilium iv.

52 Ibid., p. 189, consilium viii.

53 On Giovanni Battista Piotto see C. Morbio, Storia della Città e Diocesi di Novara, Milan, 184J, p. 229, and A. Rusconi et al., Monografie Novaresi, Novara, 1877, pp. 51-2.

54 Examples are in an earlier collection by Ziletti, Criminalia consilia atque responsa, vol. I, Venice, 1559, pp. 289–312, consilia cviii and cix. See also the following Note.

55 Ziletti, Consilia matrimonialia, pp. 292-6, consilium lxxxvii; Ioannes Baptista Plotus, Consilia sive responsa, Novara, 1578, pp. 78–81, consilium xv.

56 In Ziletti, Consilia... ad causas criminales (1572), p. 158.

57 Bernard of Como, Tractatus de strigiis, Milan, 1566 (as appendix to the author’s Lucerna Inquisitorum). The tract is reprinted, from a later edition, in Hansen’s Quellen, pp. 279-84. Hansen’s dating of around 1508 is altogether plausible, and other suggestions that have been made — for instance, the 1480s — do not fit with what is known of Bernard’s life.

58 Cf. C. Cantù, Storia della Città e Diocesi di Como, 3rd rev. edn., vol. I, Como, 1899, pp. 477-85.

59 For an outline of Rategno’s biography see Hansen, Quellen, pp. 279-80. For his reputation as a witch-hunter see the Latin verses by Benedetto Giovio, of Como, quoted by Cantù, op. cit., p. 485. They were written before 1529.

1 Cf. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft, oracles and magic among the Azande, Oxford, 1937, pp. 21, 387. It is now recognized that the distinction is not as absolute in all African societies as amongst the Azande.

2 Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, lib. V, cap. xxxix, xl; lib. VI, cap. xxxv.

3 For the early Middle Ages see Elisabeth Blum, Das staatliche und kirchliche Recht des Frankenreichs in seiner Stellung zum Dämon- Zauber- und Hexenwesen, Paderborn, 1936; and cf. H. Brunner, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, vol. I, pp. 678-81, Leipzig, 1887. Edith Kiessling, Zauberei in den germanischen Volks-rechten, Jena, 1941, is influenced by Nazi ideology and is also unreliable in its handling of facts.

4 Pactus Alamannorum, Fragmentum II, para. 33, in MGH Leges, sectio I, vol. V, part 1, p. 23; Edictus Rothari, 376, in Leges Langobardorum, ed. F. Beyerle, Witzenhausen, 1962, p. 91; Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, para. 6, in MGH Leges, sectio II, vol. I, pp. 68-9.

5 Eyrbbygia (The story of the Ere-dwellers), trans. William Morris and Eírikr Magnusson, London, 1892, chapters 15–20 (esp. p. 48).

6 The Laxdale Saga, trans. Muriel Press, London, 1964, chapter 37, pp. 119-21.

7 Pactus legis Salicae, tit. xix, 1 (ed. K. A. Eckhardt, vol. II, 1, Göttingen, 1955, p. 180).

8 Lex Ribuaria, cap. lxxxiii (ed. K. A. Eckhardt, 2nd edn., Hanover, 1966, p. 77).

9 Text in F. Liebermann, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen, vol. I, Halle a. S., 1903, pp. 152-5.

10 Leges Regis Henrici Primi, cap. 71, in B. Thorpe, Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, 1840, p. 251.

11 Uplandslag, cap. xix, in Schwedische Rechte, trans. C. von Schwerin, Weimar, 1935, p. 142 (Gertnanenrechte, vol. VII).

12 Paschasius Radbertus, Vita Walae, in MGSS vol. II, pp. 553 seq.

13 Nithard, Historiae, lib. I, cap. v in MGSS vol. II, p. 653; cf. Vita Hludowici, Ibid., p. 639, and Thegan, Vita Hludowici, Ibid., p. 601.

14 Hincmar, De divortio Lotharii et Theutbergae, in Pat. lat., vol. 125, cols. 716-18. Cf. H. Schrörs, Hinkmar, Erzbishof von Reims, Freiburg in Bresgau, 1884, pp. 175–205.

15 Text in H. J. Schmitz, Die Bussbücher und die Bussdisziplin der Kirche, vol. I, Mainz, 1883, pp. 409-52. On the sources and composition see P. Fournier, “Etudes critiques sur le Decret de Burchard de Worms”, in Nouvelle Revue historique de droit français et étranger, vol. 34 (1910). Chapter 5 of the Corrector is considered at pp. 217-21.

16 Schmitz, op. cit., p. 446 (para. 169).

17 Ibid., p. 425 (para. 68).

18 Ibid., pp. 423-4 (para. 63) and p. 446 (para. 168).

19 See above, p. 116.

20 Schmitz, op. cit., p. 425 (para. 69).

21 Lex Baiuworum, lib. XIII, cap. viii (MGH Leges, sectio I, vol. V, pp. 410-11).

22 Lex Wisigothorum, lib. VI, tit. 2, 4 (MGH Leges, sectio I, vol. I, p. 259).

23 Agobard, Liber contra... vulgi opinionem de grandine et tonitruis, cap. i (Pat. lat., vol. 104, cols. 147 seq.).

24 For references to the Anglo-Saxon penitentials see G. L. Kittredge, Witchcraft in Old and New England, Cambridge, Mass., 1929, p. 152.

25 Ibid., pp. 129, 155.

26 A. Lütolf, Sagen, Bräuche, Legenden aus den fünf Orten, Lucerne, 1862, p. 220.

27 Agobard, op. cit., col. 148.

28 B. Thorpe, Diplomatarium Anglicum aevi Saxonici, London, 1865, pp. 229-30. See also J. Crawford, “Evidences for witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England”, in Medium Aevum, Oxford, vol. XXXII (1963), pp. 112-13.

29 Adhémar de Chabannes, Historia Francorum, lib. III, cap. 66 (MGSS vol. IV, p. 146).

30 See above, Note 13.

31 Monumenta Gregoriana, ed. P. Jaffé, in Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum, vol. II, Berlin, 1865, p. 413.

32 Galbert of Bruges, Passio Karoli Comitis, cap. 112 (MGSS vol. XII, p. 614).

33 Agobard, op. cit., col. 148.

34 Lambert of Hersfeld, Annales, ad an. 1074 (23 April), in Opera, ed. O. Holder-Egger, Hanover and Leipzig, 1894, p. 190. For reasons for accepting Lambert’s account see A. Eigenbrodt, Lampert von Hersfeld und die neuere Quellen-forschung, Cassel, pp. 71-2.

35 Annales S. Stephani Frisingensis, in MGSS vol. XIII, p. 52.

36 Annales Colmarienses Maiores ad an. 1279, in MGSS vol. XVII, p. 206.

37 See above, pp. 64, 66-7.

38 Augustine, De doctrina christiana, lib. II, cap. 20 (Pat. lat., vol. 34, cols. 46–47); Quaestiones 83, quaestio Ixxix (Pat. lat., vol. 40, cols. 90-3).

39 Synod of Ancyra, canon 24, in Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, vol. II, Florence, 1759, p. 522.

40 Synod of Laodicaea, canon 36, in Mansi, op. cit., vol. II, p. 570.

41 Synod of Agde, canon 42, in Mansi, op. cit., vol. VIII, col. 333.

42 For developments in the early middle ages see Elizabeth Blum, Das staatliche mid kirchliche Recht des Frankenreiches in seiner Stelliing zum Dämonen-, Zauber- und Hexenwesen, Paderborn, 1936.

43 See above, p. 152.

44 Lex Wisigothorum lib. VI, tit. 2, 4 (MGH Leges, sectio I, vol. I, p. 259;.

45 Synod of Toledo, 693, canon 2, in Mansi, op. cit., vol. XII, col. 70.

46 Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, paras. 21, 23, 9 (MGH Leges, sectio II, vol. I, p. 69).

47 Statuta Rhispacensia (MGH Leges, sectio II, vol. I, p. 228).

48 MGH Leges, sectio II, vol. II, pp. 44-5.

49 Exodus 22:18.

50 Leviticus 20:6.

51 Bouquet, vol. VII, p. 686.

52 Burchard’s Corrector, in Schmitz, Die Bussbüher..., p. 425 (para. 69).

53 Poenitentiale Ecgberti, iv, 7, in B. Thorpe, Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, 1840, p. 379.

54 Walter Map, De nugis curialium, Distinctio IV, cap. 6 (Camden Society, vol. 50, London, 1850, p. 164).

55 K. V. Thomas, Religion and the decline of magic, London, 1971; A. Macfarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England, London, 1970.

56 Thomas, op. cit., p. 460.

57 On the accusatory procedure and the talion see P. Fournier, Les officialés au moyen âge, Paris, 1880, pp. 233 seq.; L. Tanon, Histoire des tribunaux de l’Inquisition en France, Paris, 1893, pp. 253-63; F. Pollock and F. W. Maitland, The history of the English law before the time of Edward I, 2nd edn., vol. II, Cambridge, 1952, p. 539.

58 Cf. Pollock and Maitland, loc. cit.

59 Cf. Fournier, op. cit., p. 244. That this provision could apply also in cases of maleficium is evident from the Swedish Uplandslag, cap. xix; cf. Note II to section 1 above.

60 R. Reuss, La justice criminelle à Strasbourg, pp. 265-6, Strasbourg, 1885.

61 Malleus Maleficarum, Part I, question ii, cap. 1.

1 Valuable indications and materials will be found in A. E. Waite, The Book of Black Magic and of Pacts, privately printed (Edinburgh and London), 1898; L. Thorndike, A History of magic and experimental science, New York and London, vols. I and II, 1923, and vol. III, 1934; and E. M. Butler, Ritual Magic, Cambridge, 1949. D. P. Walker, Spiritual and demonic magic from Ficino to Campanella, London, 1958, and W. Shumaker, The occult sciences in the Renaissance, University of California Press, 1972, are concerned with the magic of a later period.

2 For discussions of conjuration in the third century: Thorndike, op. cit., vol. I, New York and London, 1923, pp. 308-13, 436-52. For the persistence of the idea, if not the practice, in early medieval Europe: Ibid., pp. 629-31.

3 On Michael Scot: Thorndike, op. cit., vol. II, chapter 51; and J. W. Brown, An enquiry into the life and legend of Michael Scot, Edinburgh, 1897.

4 Liber Introductorius, Bodleian MS 266, fols. 172 and 22 verso.

5 Cecco’s commentary: Joannes de Sacro Bosco, Sphera, cum commends, cap. III, Venice, 1518, fol. 21.

6 Cf. Thorndike, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 848-50.

7 Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus miraculorum, vol. I, lib. v, cap. 1.

8 Cf. C. C. McCown, The Testament of Solomon, Leipzig, 1922.

9 Guilielmus Alvernus, Tractatus de legibus, cap. 27, in Opera Omnia, Orléans, 1674, vol. I, p. 89.

10 Epistola Fratris Rogeri Baconis de secretis operibus Artis et Naturae, et de nullitate Magiae, in J. S. Brewer (ed.), Opera... inedita, vol. I, London, 1859, pp. 52332 (vol. XV of Rerum Britannicarum medii aevi scriptores).

11 Two seventeenth-century English manuscripts of Lemegeton are in the British Museum: Sloane 2731 and Sloane 3648.

12 Reginald Scot, The Discoverie of Witchcraft, first edn., 1584, pp. 378-89.

13 Ibid., p. 412.

14 See above, pp. 71–73.

15 Cf. Waite, The Book of Black Magic and of Pacts, pp. 111 seq. On the possible Jewish origin of the Clavicula: H. Gollancz, Clavicula Salomonis. A Hebrew manuscript newly discovered..., London, 1903.

16 S. M. L. Mathers, The Key of Solomon the King, London, 1889.

17 Quoted in Waite, op. cit., p. 200.

18 Reginald Scot, The Discoverie of Witchcraft, Book 15, cap. 12, pp. 413-14.

19 Waite, op. cit., pp. 106-7, 230, summarizing from the nineteenth-century Dragon rouge and the seventeenth-century Grimoire of Honorius. The passage from the Dragon Rouge exists also in an Italian version: La Clavicola del Re Salomone (with additions), Florence, 1880, pp. 114-16.

20 Reginald Scot, op. cit., p. 383.

21 G. L. Burr, “The literature of witchcraft”, in Selected Writings (ed. L. O. Gibbons), Cornell University Press, 1943, pp. 166-89. Originally printed in the Papers of the American Historical Association, vol. IV (1890), pp. 237-66.

22 C. E. Hopkin, The share of Thomas Aquinas..., dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1940.

23 Thomas Aquinas, Contra Gentiles, lib. III, cap. cvi (Opera, vol. XVII, Venice, 1782, pp. 314-15); Quaestiones disputatae de Potentia, quaestio vi, art. x (Ibid., vol. XIV, 1781, pp. 189-92).

24 Thomas Aquinas, Commentum in quatuor libros Sententiarum Magistri Petri Lombardi, lib. II, Distinctio VII, quaestio iii, art. ii (Ibid., vol. IX, 1777, p. 97).

25 Text in Hansen, Quellen, p. 17.

26 Text in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 4–5. For the background of the papal intervention: Anneliese Maier, “Eine Verfügung Johannes XIII. Über die Zuständigkeit der Inquisition fur Zaubereiprozesse”, in Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum, vol. XXII (1952), pp. 226-46.

27 Text in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 5–6.

28 There is a manuscript of Eymeric’s Tractatus contra daemonum invocatores in Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, Manuscrit latin No. 1464, fol. 100-61. On the date of composition of the Tractatus see J. Quétif and J. Echard, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum, vol. 1, Paris, 1719, p. 710. The relevant passages in the Directorium are lib. II, quaestio xlii, “De sortilegis et divinatoribus”, and especially quaestio xliii, “De invocantibus daemones” (pp. 234-9 in the Rome edition of 1578).

29 Thorndike, A history of magic..., vol. II, p. 284.

1 On Boniface see T. S. R. Boasc, Boniface VIII, London, 1933; and on the relations between the papacy and the French monarchy: G. Digard, Philippe le Bel et le Saint-Siège, 2 vols., Paris, 1936; H. Finke, Aus den Tagen Bonifaz VIII, Münster i. W., 1902.

2 Cf. G. Lizerand, Clément V et Philippe le Bel, Paris, 1910, p. 217. For a general account of this posthumous trial see A. Corvi, Il processo di Bonifacio VIII, Rome, 1948.

3 For the text of the accusations see P. Dupuy, Histoire du Differend d’entre le Pape Boniface VIII et Philippe le Bel Roy de France, rev. edn., Paris, 1655, pp. 101-6, 324-46, 350-62.

4 Cf. Digard, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 165-7.

5 Dupuy, op. cit., p. 103.

6 Ibid., pp. 324-46.

7 Ibid., pp. 331-3; and cf. pp. 355-6.

8 Ibid., pp. 543-75.

9 Ibid., pp. 526 seq., witnesses I, XIV, XVI.

10 Ibid., pp. 537-8.

11 Ibid., pp. 526-75. For a summary of the evidence, Ibid., pp. 523-6. For an analysis of the evidence see Finke, op. cit., pp. 227-68.

12 On this case see A. Rigault, Le procès de Guichard, évêque de Troyes, Paris, 1896; and for a good summary, G. Paris, “Un procès criminel sous Philippe le Bel”, in La Revue du Palais, vol. II, Paris, 1898, pp. 241-61.

13 Cf. Rigault, op. cit., p. 200.

14 For the text, translated into French from an unpublished document: Rigault, op. cit., p. 57.

15 Ibid., p. 58.

16 Rigault, op. cit., Pièces justificatives, No. XIII, especially pp. 271-2.

17 Rigault, op. cit., pp. 92-3.

18 Ibid., pp. 74-5.

19 Ibid., pp. 125 seq.

20 Ibid., pp. 102, 115, 238 seq.

21 Ibid., pp. 125-7; and cf. pp. 116-19.

22 Ibid., pp. 128-9

23 Ibid., pp. 197-9.

24 Ibid., pp. 213 seq.

25 K. Eubel, “Vom Zaubereiwesen anfangs des 14 Jahrhunderts”, in Historisches Jahrbuch, vol. 18, 1897, pp. 608-36.

26 Cf. G. Paris, op. cit., pp. 253-4, and the extract from Renard le contrefait (finished by 1322, at Troyes), Ibid., pp. 258-60.

27 Cf Abbé E. Albe, Autour de Jean XXII, Hugues Géraud..., Cahors-Toulouse, 1904.

28 C. Raynaldus, Annales ecclesiastici, Lucca, 1738, etc. Cf. K. Eubel, “Vom Zaubereiwesen anfangs des 14 Jahrhunderts”, in Historisches Jahrbuch, 18, Bonn, 1897, pp. 72 seq., 608 seq.

29 F. Bock, “I processi di Giovanni XXII contro i Ghibellini delle Marche”, in Bolletino dell’Institute) storico italiano per il medio evo, No. 57, Rome, 1941, pp. 19–43 (esp. p. 36).

30 Text in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 2–4.

31 J.-M. Vidal, Bullaire de l’inquisition française au XIV^e siècle..., Paris, 1913, document 72, pp. 118-19.

32 Cf H. C. Lea, History of the Inquisition of the middle ages, London, 1888, vol. III, p. 455.

33 Ibid., pp. 455, 657.

34 Text in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 10–11; cf Ibid., p. 8.

35 Text in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 15–16.

36 L. Tanon, Histoire des tribunaux de l’Inquisition en France, Paris, 1893, P- 121.

37 Text in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 454-5.

38 The trial proceedings are published in full in H. Duplès-Agier, Registre criminel du Châtelet, 2 vols., Paris, 1861 and 1864; vol. I, pp. 327-62; vol. II, pp. 280–343.

39 The basic source for the Kyteler affair is T. Wright, Narrative of the proceedings against Dame Alice Kyteler for sorcery, London, 1843 (Camden Society); this is a contemporary source. The Annals of Ireland (in Chartularies of St Mary’s Abbey, Dublin, ed. J. T. Gilbert, vol. II, London, 1884 (Rolls Series), pp. 362-4) are a less reliable source, as they cannot have been composed before 1370 and may even date from the end of the fifteenth century. Holinshed’s account in his Chronicle of Ireland, London, 1587, p. 69, is based on the Annals.

40 Proceedings, Additional Note, pp. 59–60.

41 Annals of Ireland, p. 362. This detail sounds like a piece of genuine folklore, deriving from the period itself.

42 Proceedings, p. 2.

43 Ibid., p. 1.

44 Ibid., p. 2.

45 Ibid., p. 31.

46 Ibid., p. 32.

47 Ibid., p. 14.

48 Ibid., p. 40.

49 Ibid., pp. 36-7.

50 On Ledrede see the article in the Dictionary of National Biography.

51 Proceedings, pp. 22-3, 27.

1 Pliny, Historia naturalis, VIII, 22.

2 Q. Serenus Sammonicus, De Medicina, lix, 1044-7, cd. Keuchen, Amsterdam, 1662, p. 34.

3 Ovid, Fasti, VI, lines 131-68.

4 Petronius, Satyricon, cap. 134.

5 Ovid, Amores, I, beginning of Eighth Elegy.

6 Lucius Apuleius, The Golden Ass, chapter 16.

7 Sextus Pompeius Festus, De verbortim significatione Fragmentum (Pat. lat. vol. 95, col. 1668).

8 Pactus legis Salicae, tit. Ixiv, 1–3 (ed. K. A. Eckhardt, vol. II, 1, Göttingen, 1955, pp. 349-51). The passage which refers to the witch’s cannibalism as real is to be found in a relatively late version, dating from 567-96; cf. Eckhardt, op. cit., vol. I, 1954, pp. 216-18.

9 Pactus Alamannorum, Fragmentum II, para. 31, in MGH Leges, sectio I, vol. V, part 1, p. 23.

10 Edictus Rothari, 197, 198 (in Leges Langobardorum, ed. F. Beyerle, Witzenhausen, 1962, p. 53).

11 Ibid., 376 (ed. Beyerle, p. 91).

12 Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, para. 6, in MGH Leges, sectio II, vol. I, pp. 68-9. H. Jankuhn (“Spuren von Anthropophagie in der Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae”, in Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. I. Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Göttingen, 1968) argues that the capitulary proves the existence of witchcraft practices which included cannibalism. I am not persuaded.

13 P. Piper (ed.), Notkers und seiner Schule Schriften, vol. I, 1883, p. 787. The text is in Old High German.

14 Text in H. J. Schmitz, Die Bussbücher und die Bussdisziplin der Kirche, vol. I, Mainz, 1883, p. 446 (para. 170 of chapter 5 of the Corrector).

15 Text in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 638-9.

16 Gervase of Tilbury, Otia Imperialia, lib. iii, cap. 86

17 c.g. in the classic German work known as Soldan-Heppe-Bauer: Geschichte der Hexenprozesse, vol. I, Munich, 1911, pp. 86-9.

18 Text in Regino of Prüm, Libri de synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis, ed. F. G. A. Wasserschleben, Leipzig, 1840, p. 354.

19 Twice, in fact: in Book 19 (the Corrector), chapter 5, para. 90, and also in Book 10, chapter 1, para. 3. On the variants of the canon, in Regino and in Burchard: J. B. Russell, Witchcraft in the middle ages, pp. 75–80, 291-3.

20 Corrector, chapter 5, para. 70.

21 Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, VII, 15.

22 Acta Sanctorum, 8 July, p. 616.

23 Ratherius, Praeloquiorum libri, I, 10, in Pat. lat., vol. 136, col. 157.

24 Reinardus Vulpes, ed. F. J. Mone, Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1832, lib. I, lines 1143-64.

25 On folklore traditions concerning Holda see “Perchta”, in Baechtold-Stäubli, Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens, vol. 6, Berlin and Leipzig, 1934-5, pp. 1478 seq. (Perchta is the South German equivalent to the central German Holda); also J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, 4th edn., Berlin, 1875, pp. 22040; V. Waschnitius, “Perht, Holda und verwandte Gestalten”, in Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, vol. 174, Vienna, 1913, pp. 4-179; and W. Liungman, Traditionswanderungen Euphrat-Rhein, vol. II, Helsinki, 1938, especially pp. 656 seq.

26 Guilielmus Alvernus, De universo creaturarum, Part III, xii, 2, cap. 22, in Opera Omnia, Orléans, 1674, vol. I, pp. 1036, 1066.

27 Roman de la Rose, ed. E. Langlois, vol. IV, Paris, 1922, lines 18424 seq.

28 The work is the Speculum Morale, which appears as the fourth part in all printed editions of the Speculum Majus of Vincent of Beauvais (c. 1190–1264), but which is now known to be by a later hand. The relevant passage is at Book III, part iii, Distinctio xxvii.

29 Jacobus de Voragine, Legenda aurea, cap. 102.

30 Jacopo Passavanti, Lo specchio della vera penitenza, ed. F. L. Polidori, Florence, 1856, pp. 318-20.

31 On latter-day Sicilian beliefs see G. Pitrè, Usi e costumi credenze e pregiudizi del popolo siciliano, vol. IV, Florence, 1952, pp. 163 seq.; and cf. G. Bonomo, Caccia alle streghe, Palermo, 1959, pp. 65-7. Pitrè’s book was originally published in 1889.

32 See Bonomo, op. cit., pp. 15–17, 59–60.

33 John of Salisbury, Policraticus, sive De nugis curialium et vestigiis philosphorum, lib. II, cap. 17 (ed. C. C. I. Webb, Oxford, 1909, vol. I, pp. 100-1).

34 Johann Nider, Formicarius, lib. II, cap. iv. Text in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 89–90.

35 For the text from Alfonso Tostato, written in 1436: Hansen, Quellen, p. 109, n. 1.

36 Bartolommeo Spina, Quaestio de strigibus, cap. 30-1 (first published 1523).

37 Johann Weyer, De Praestigiis Daemonum, Basel, 1563, pp. 219-20; cf. Giambattista Porta, Magia Naturalis, lib. VIII, cap. ii (edition in twenty books, first published Naples, 1589).

38 S. Ferckel, “ ‘Hexensalbe’ und ihre Wirkung”, in Kosmos, vol. 50, Stuttgart, 1954, pp. 414 seq.; E. Richter, “Der nacherlebte Hexensabbat. W. E. Peuckerts Selbstversuch”, in Forschungsfragen unserer Zeit, vol. 7, Zeren, 1960, pp. 97-100; H. Marzell, Zauberpflanzen, Hexentränke: Brauchtum und Aberglaube, Stuttgart, 1963, pp. 47 seq.

39 e.g. in the chronicle of Mathias Widman of Kemnat, c. 1475, in Hansen, Quellen, p. 233. Cf. Johann Hartlieb, Buch aller verbotenen Kunst, ed. D. Ulm, Halle a. S., 1914, cap. 32, p. 20.

40 Sec above, p. 207.

41 J. R. Crawford, Witchcraft and sorcery in Rhodesia, London, 1967.

42 Ibid., pp. 112-13, 116.

43 Ibid., pp. 47-8.

44 Ibid., p. 60.

45 C. Ginzburg, I Benandanti, Turin, 1966.

46 Ibid., p. 9; cf. J. B. Russell, Witchcraft in the middle ages, pp. 41-2.

47 Ginzburg, op. cit., pp. 9-11, 20-4; and cf. pp. 43, 60-1, 67.

48 Ibid., pp. 12–13.

1 Hansen, Zauberwahn, pp. 400-1.

2 Report by the Lucerne Chronicler Hans Fründ, first published in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 533-7.

3 Cf. J. Marx, L’Inquisition en Dauphiné, Paris, 1914 (esp. pp. 32–42); see above, pp. 38 seq.

4 Text in J. Chevalier, Mémoire historique sur les hérésies en Dauphiné avant le 16^e siècle, Valence, 1890, pp. 131 seq.

5 Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium, in MGSS vol. XXIII, p. 945.

6 Record of the entire proceedings in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 459-66.

7 Record of the proceedings in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 438-72. Cf. Jacques Du Clercq, Mémoires, Book III, chapter 11 (ed. C. B. Petitot, Paris, 1826, pp. 6093); and Nicolas Jacquier, Flagellum haereticorum fascinariorum, p. 27 (written 1458, printed Frankfort, 1581).

8 The basic sources for the study of the Arras Vauderie are Jacques du Clercq, op. cit., Book V, and a tract against the sect called the Recollectio, printed in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 149-83. Amongst the many modern accounts, that by H. C. Lea. A history of the Inquisition of the middle ages, vol. III, London, 1888, pp. 519-30, remains unsurpassed.

9 For the Greek text: L. Radermacher, “Griechische Quellen zur Faustsage”, in Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 206 (4), Vienna, 1927, pp. 122-48. For a ninth-century Latin translation: Hincmar, De divortio Lotharii et Theutbergae, Interrogatio XV (Pat. lat. vol. 125, cols. 721-6).

10 For the Greek text: Radermacher, op. cit., pp. 164–218. For a ninth-century Latin translation see Acta Sanctorum, 4 February, pp. 489-92.

11 Cf. K. Plenzat, Die Theophiluslegende in den Dichtungen des Mittelalters, Berlin, 1926 (Germanische Studien, vol. 43). For surveys of these and similar legends: P. M. Palmer and R. P. More, The sources of the Faust tradition, New York, 1936; L. Kretzenbacher, Teufelsbündner und Faustgestalten im Abendlande, Klagcnfurt, 1968.

12 Walter Map, De Nugis Curialium, Distinctio IV, cap. vi (Camden Society, vol. 50, London, 1850, p. 155).

13 Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus miraculorum, Book V, chapter 28.

14 See above, p. 62.

15 Augustine, De civitate Dei, lib. XV, cap. 23.

16 Isidore of Seville, Originum sive etymologiatum libri XX, lib. VIII, cap. 11 (Pat. lat. vol. 82, col. 326).

17 Adso of Montier-en-Der, Epistola ad Gerbergam reginarn de ortu et tempore Antichristi, in E. Sackur, Sibyllinische Texte und Forschungen: Pseudomethodius, Adso und die tiburtinische Sibylle, Halle, 1898, pp. 106-7.

18 See above, p. 151.

19 Hincmar, De divortio Lotharii et Theutbergae, Interrogatio XV (Pat. lat. vol. 125, col. 725).

20 Guibert de Nogent, Histoire de sa vie (1053–1124), ed. G. Bourgin, Paris, 1907, lib. I, cap. xiii, pp. 43-4.

21 Amaud (or Ernaud), abbot of Bonneval, Liber Secundus of Sancti Bernardi Vita Prima, cap. vi (Pat. lat. vol. 185, cols. 287-8).

22 Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus miraculorum, Book III, chapter 8.

23 Ibid., Book III, chapter 9.

24 Ibid., Book III, chapter 10.

25 Guilielmus Alvernus, De universo creaturarum, Part III, cap. xxx, in Opera omnia, Orléans, 1674, vol. I, pp. 1070-3. See above, pp. 213-14.

26 Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Part I, quaestio li, art iii (Opera, Venice, 1787, vol. XX, pp. 243-4); Commentum in quatuor libros Sententiarum Magistri Petri Lombardi, lib. II, Distinctio VIII, quaestio i, art. iv, solutio ii (Ibid., 1777, vol. X, p. 105).

27 Text in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 88-9; and see above, pp. 219-20.

28 Ibid., pp. 99-104.

29 Ibid., pp. 118-22.

30 Ibid., pp. 133-45.

31 E. Hoffmann-Krayer, “Luzemer Akten zum Hexen- und Zauberwesen”, in Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde, vol. III, Zurich, 1899, pp. 22–40, 82-122, 189–224, 291–325.

32 Ibid., pp. 117-21.

33 Ibid., pp. 33-8.

34 Ibid., pp. 103-17.

35 Ibid., pp. 198–204. For similar cases, see Ibid., pp. 95-7, 193-7, 210-11.

36 G. L. Kittredge, Witchcraft in Old and New England, Cambridge, Mass., 1929, pp. 6-20.

37 Ibid., p. 8. The original depositions are at Harvard.

38 Ibid., p. 10.

39 A. Macfarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England, London, 1970. See also C. L’Estrange Ewen, Witch hunting and witch trials, London and New York, 1929, and Witchcraft and demonianism, London, 1933.

40 Macfarlane, op. cit., p. 174.

41 See above, p. 242.

42 Diebold Schilling, Luzerner Bilderchronik, ed. R. Durrer and P. Hilber, Geneva, 1932, p. 143, with picture at Tafel 280.

43 Cf. E. Delcambre, Le concept de la sorcellerie dans le duché de Lorraine au XVI^e et XVII^e siècle, Nancy, 1948, Fascicule 3, pp. 205 seq.; J. Schacher, Das Hexenwesen im Kanton Luzern, Luzern, 1947, pp. 98 seq.

44 Hoffmann-Krayer, op. cit., p. 317.

45 See above, p. 243.

46 Quoted, from a manuscript in the Library of the University of Glasgow, by Dr Christina Larner in her thesis Scottish demonology in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and its theological background, Appendix II, pp. 272-5. The thesis was submitted at the University of Edinburgh in 1961 under Dr Larner’s maiden name, Christina Ross.

47 Malleus Maleficarum, part I, question vi.

48 A. Macfarlane, op. cit., pp. 161, 205-6; K. V. Thomas, Religion and the decline of magic, London, 1971, pp. 560-7.

49 H. C. E. Midelfort, Witch hunting in Southwestern Germany, Stanford University Press, 1972, pp. 184-5.

50 Malleus Maleficarum, part III, question viii.

51 G. Bader, Die Hexenprozesse in der Schweiz, Affoltern a. A., 1945.

52 Ibid., pp. 219, 217.

53 Midelfort, op. cit.

54 Ibid. p. 32

55 Ibid., p. 89.

56 Ibid., pp. 96-8.

57 Ibid., p. 97.

58 Ibid., p. 137.

59 The point is well documented in E. Delcambre, “Les procès de sorcellerie en Lorraine. Psychologie des juges”, in Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis, vol. XXI, Groningen, Brussels, The Hague, 1953, pp. 389–420; see also the same author’s “La psychologie des inculpés lorrains de sorcellerie”, in Revue historique de droit français et étranger, series 4, vol. XXXII, Paris, 1954, pp. 383–404, 508-26.

60 For a particularly clear example, studied in detail, see P. Villette, “La sorcellerie à Douai”, in Mélanges de Science religieuse, vol. 18, Lille, 1961, pp. 123-73.

1 Apart from my own writings, this approach has found most favour in France; e.g. A. Besançon, Le Tsarévitch immolé, Paris, 1967; L. Poliakov, Le Mythe aryen, Paris, 1971.

2 Cf. J. A. Macculloch, The childhood of fiction: a study of folk tales and primitive thought, London, 1905, pp. 278 seq.

3 In Kinder- und Hausmärchen gesammelt durch die Brüder Grimm (first published 1837) Hansel and Gretel is No. 15, Snow White No. 53.

4 Cf. W. Lederer, “Historical consequences of father-son hostility”, in The Psychoanalytic Review, vol. 54, No. 2, New York, 1967, pp. 52–80; W. Lederer, The fear of women, New York and London, 1968, pp. 61-6; G. Devereux, “The cannibalistic impulses of parents”, in The Psychoanalytic Forum, vol. I, No. 1, Beverley Hills, California, 1966, pp. 114-24.

5 Cf. F. Fornari, “Fantasmes d’agression”, in Études polémologiques, No. 10, Paris, October 1973.