Europe's inner demons

ILLUSTRATIONS

1. “Waldensians” adoring the Devil in the form of a he-goat. From a manuscript of a French translation of a Latin tract or sermon by Johannis Tinctoris, Contra sectam Valdensium. Copyright Bibliotheque royale Albert I^er, Brussels (MS 11209, folio 3 recto). Date about 1460.

2. The witches’ sabbat as imagined at the height of the great witch-hunt. From Pierre de Lancre’s Tableau de l’Inconstance des mauvais anges, second edition, Paris, 1613.

3. Goya: Capricho No. 71, with the caption: “Si amanece, nos vamos” (“When day dawns, we have to go”).

4. Goya: Painting of witches, often known as El aquelarre (The witches’ sabbat), in the Museo de la Fundación Lázaro Galdiano, Madrid.

5. Goya, Painting of witches, often known as El hechizo (The bewitching), in the Museo de la Fundación Lázaro Galdiano, Madrid.

6. Goya: Capricho No. 45, with the caption: “Mucho hay que chupar” (“There’s plenty to nibble at”).

7. Goya: Saturn devouring one of his sons, in the Prado, Madrid.

8. Rubens: Saturn devouring one of his sons, in the Prado, Madrid. Reproduced from the Mansell Collection, London.