Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

IDEAS

abstraction ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

academic freedom ref 1

administration ref 1, ref 2

aesthetics ref 1

agriculture ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

aids to learning:

accuracy ref 1

alphabetisation ref 1

argument/dispute ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

bibliographies ref 1

dictionaries ref 1, ref 2

Socratic method ref 1

tables of contents ref 1

alienation ref 1

alphabets ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 illus., ref 1 see also scripts

America:

founding ref 1, ref 2

impact of discovery ref 1

realisation of Enlightenment aims ref 1

at time of discovery ref 1

anatomy ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Ancient Greece ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Ancient Rome ref 1, ref 2

anthropology ref 1

anti-modernism ref 1

antiquarianism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

anti-Semitism ref 1

archaeology ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

architecture:

Buddhist ref 1, ref 2

Christian ref 1, ref 2

Classical ref 1

Hindu ref 1

Indian ref 1, ref 2

monumental ref 1

Arianism ref 1

art:

allegorical ref 1

Buddhist ref 1

Byzantine ref 1

cave ref 1, ref 2, ref 3illus.

changing idea ref 1

Chinese ref 1

Christian ref 1, ref 2

Classical ref 1, ref 2

earliest ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

garden design ref 1

Islamic calligraphy ref 1

modernist ref 1

Native American ref 1

naturalistic ref 1, ref 2

portraits ref 1

Renaissance ref 1

Romantic ref 1

sculpture ref 1, ref 2

status ref 1

Artificial Memory Systems ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4illus., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 see also writing

artist:

as genius ref 1, ref 2

status ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

asceticism ref 1

Asiatic Society (Bengal) ref 1, ref 2

astrology ref 1, ref 2

astronomy ref 1

Babylonian ref 1

heliocentrism ref 1

Hellenistic ref 1

observatories ref 1

atheism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

atlases ref 1

atomic theory ref 1

atomism ref 1, ref 2

authority ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4 see also Catholic Church, challenges to authority

autobiography ref 1

Axial Age ref 1, ref 2

Aztecs ref 1

barbarians ref 1

beauty ref 1, ref 2

Benedictines ref 1, ref 2

Bhagavad Gita ref 1

Bible ref 1, ref 2

and archaeology ref 1

New Testament ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Old Testament (Hebrew scriptures) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Pentateuch ref 1, ref 2

scholarship ref 1

Septuagint ref 1

textual criticism ref 1

widened access ref 1

biological evolution ref 1, ref 2 see also evolution

brain growth ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

capacity for language ref 1, ref 2

‘creative explosion’ ref 1

uniformitarianism ref 1

bipedalism ref 1

Black Death ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

book production:

in China ref 1

copying ref 1

Dark Ages ref 1

illustration ref 1

pecia system ref 1

printing ref 1

scriptoria ref 1

books see also canonical works; Classical texts; texts

codex/codices ref 1, ref 2

critical editions ref 1

and religion ref 1, ref 2

scrolls (rotuli) ref 1, ref 2

selling ref 1, ref 2

botany ref 1, ref 2

bribery ref 1

Buddhism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Chinese ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

in India ref 1

spread ref 1, ref 2

burial and funerary rites ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

in chambers ref 1

collective ref 1

early ref 1, ref 2

grave goods ref 1, ref 2

human sacrifice ref 1

business and commercial practices ref 1

banks and banking ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

book-keeping and accounting ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

international ref 1

teaching of ref 1

calculus ref 1

calendars ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

caliphate ref 1, ref 2

Calvinism ref 1

cannibalism ref 1

canon law ref 1, ref 2

canonical works ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

capital formation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

capitalism ref 1, ref 2

Catholic Church:

challenges to authority ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

College of Cardinals ref 1

councils ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

and the discovery of America ref 1

iconoclast controversy ref 1

need for reform ref 1, ref 2

papal authority ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

sacred hierarchy ref 1

split ref 1

Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) ref 1, ref 2

cave art ref 1, ref 2, ref 3illus.

Celts ref 1

censorship ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

centres of learning ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5 see also scholarship

challenges to authority ref 1, ref 2 see also Catholic Church, challenges to authority

anticlericalism ref 1

atheism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

iconoclasm ref 1

popular sentiment ref 1

chemistry ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

child labour ref 1

childhood ref 1

Christendom ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Christianity:

adoption of Latin ref 1

apostolic succession ref 1, ref 2

and Aristotle ref 1

cults ref 1, ref 2

development ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

free will ref 1

and the Germanic peoples ref 1

missioning ref 1, ref 2

purgatory ref 1

sacraments ref 1

sin ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Trinity ref 1

Christmas Day ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

chronology of cognitive skills ref 1illus.

Church Fathers ref 1, ref 2

circulation of the blood ref 1

cities ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

decline ref 1, ref 2

earliest ref 1

factory ref 1

modernist ref 1

citizenship ref 1

city state (polis) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

civic humanism ref 1

civil service examinations ref 1

civil society ref 1

civilisation ref 1, ref 2

class (social) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Classical ref 1

Classical texts see also books; texts

lost works ref 1

preservation and transmission ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

classification:

archaeological ref 1

of books ref 1

of the natural world ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

clocks ref 1, ref 2

clothing ref 1, ref 2

colonialism ref 1

commerce ref 1

commodification ref 1

Compasso da Navigare ref 1

Confucianism ref 1

Neo-Confucianism ref 1

conquest of cold ref 1

conscience ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

consciousness ref 1, ref 2

conspicuous consumption ref 1

consubstantiation ref 1

control of knowledge ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

cooking ref 1, ref 2

copyright ref 1

corporate knowledge ref 1

cosmology ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

Council of Trent (1545) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

‘creative explosion’ ref 1

crusades ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

cult of the Virgin ref 1, ref 2

cultural evolution ref 1, ref 2

cultural nationalism ref 1

Dark Ages ref 1

Darwinism ref 1

dating:

earth ref 1

systems ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Dead Sea Scrolls ref 1

death, concepts of ref 1, ref 2

decimal system ref 1, ref 2

decoration and ornamentation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

deductive reasoning ref 1

democracy ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

in America ref 1

Athenian ref 1, ref 2

representative ref 1

Democracy in America ref 1

determinism ref 1, ref 2

dictionaries ref 1, ref 2

divination and prophecy ref 1, ref 2

domestication of plants and animals ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

doubt ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

drama ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Easter ref 1, ref 2

economic organisation ref 1, ref 2

economics ref 1

and Calvinism ref 1, ref 2

classical ref 1

ecstasies and trances ref 1

Edicts, The ref 1

Edinburgh New Town ref 1

education:

child-centred ref 1

Classical ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Dark Ages ref 1

German ref 1

humanist ref 1, ref 2

Islamic ref 1, ref 2

liberal arts ref 1, ref 2

purpose ref 1

Egyptology ref 1

elective oligarchy ref 1

electricity ref 1

empiricism ref 1, ref 2

encyclopaedias and summae ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

encyclopaedists ref 1

Éncyclopédie ref 1

English Civil War ref 1

Enlightenment ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

man’s view of himself ref 1

reaction against ref 1

realisation of aims ref 1

epicurianism ref 1, ref 2

epidemiology ref 1

episodic thinking ref 1, ref 2

erotica ref 1

Essenes ref 1

ethics ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Europe:

hegemony ref 1, ref 2

and idea of America ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

intellectual reorientation ref 1

receipt of Greek texts ref 1

unifying measures ref 1 (see also Christendom)

evolutionary theories ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4 see also biological evolution

exploration of the world ref 1, ref 2

factory system ref 1

faith, decline in the West ref 1

fame ref 1

fire ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

Fourth Lateran Council (1215) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Franciscans ref 1

free trade ref 1

freethinking ref 1, ref 2

Freudianism ref 1

gambling ref 1

gelosia ref 1

gender studies ref 1

geography ref 1, ref 2

geology ref 1

formation of the earth ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

uniformitarianism ref 1

German century ref 1

Germanic peoples ref 1

glass ref 1

global politics ref 1

Gnostic sects ref 1

gods and goddesses ref 1

Ahura Mazda (god) ref 1

Airavata (elephant) ref 1

Allah ref 1, ref 2

Baba/Bau (goddess) ref 1

Bull (male principle) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Classical ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

fertility goddess ref 1

God of Israel ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Great Goddess (feminine principle) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Indra (god) ref 1, ref 2

masculation of ref 1

One True God ref 1

Osiris/Serapis (god) ref 1

Shiva (god) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Vegetation Goddess ref 1

Vishnu (god) ref 1, ref 2

government:

absolutism ref 1

authoritarianism ref 1

consensual ref 1

constitutionalism ref 1

contractual ref 1

elective oligarchy ref 1

evolutionary ref 1

kingship ref 1

parliamentary democracy ref 1

graffiti ref 1

grammar ref 1, ref 2

gravity ref 1

Great Flood ref 1

Greek Orthodox Church ref 1

Gregorian chant ref 1

guilt, secular concept ref 1

gunpowder ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Hades ref 1

hadith ref 1, ref 2

heliocentrism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Hellenism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

heresy ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

hermeticism ref 1

high culture ref 1, ref 2

Hijra ref 1

Hinduism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

and kingship ref 1

spread ref 1, ref 2

Hippocratic oath ref 1

history ref 1

academic ref 1, ref 2

critical ref 1

linear ref 1

philosophy of ref 1

systematic ref 1

homosexuality ref 1

hospitals ref 1

houses ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Huainanzi ref 1

hubris ref 1, ref 2

human behaviour ref 1, ref 2

human nature:

and commercial society ref 1

Enlightenment views ref 1

and French Revolution ref 1

Neo-Confucian ref 1

optimism ref 1

pessimism ref 1, ref 2

study ref 1

human rights ref 1

human sacrifice ref 1

humanism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

humanitas ref 1

Huns ref 1

hydraulic power ref 1

hypothesis ref 1

I Ching ref 1

iconodules ref 1

iconography: religious ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

icons ref 1

idealism ref 1

imitatio ref 1

Imperial Confucianism see legal Confucianism

imperialism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

imperium ref 1

Incas ref 1

Indians: response to European invasion ref 1

Indic studies ref 1

individual experience ref 1

individual: idea of genius ref 1

individualism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

industrialisation ref 1

impact ref 1

political impact ref 1

responses to ref 1

social impact ref 1

inner life ref 1

ascendancy ref 1, ref 2

in Confucianism ref 1

exploration ref 1

Innerlichkeit ref 1

inoculation ref 1

Inquisition ref 1, ref 2

intellectual property ref 1

international relations ref 1

inward-turning ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Islam:

art and architecture ref 1

beliefs ref 1

development ref 1

philosophy ref 1

Shi’a Muslims ref 1, ref 2

spread ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Sufism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Sunni Muslims ref 1, ref 2

Islamic world:

modernism ref 1

relationship with the West ref 1

Itala ref 1, ref 2

Jahiliyya ref 1

Jainism ref 1

jen ref 1

Jesuits ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Jesus ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

jihad ref 1

Judaism:

and Babylonian captivity ref 1

covenant with God ref 1

early ref 1

influence ref 1

religious festivals ref 1

scriptures (see Old Testament)

Kalakakaryakathanka ref 1

karma ref 1, ref 2

katharsis ref 1

Ketuvim ref 1, ref 2

Khalifa ref 1

kingship ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

knowledge:

attainability ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Renaissance idea ref 1

scholastic theory ref 1

language ref 1

development ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

impact of printing ref 1

languages:

Arabic ref 1

Celtic ref 1

Chinese ref 1

Dene-Sino-Caucasian ref 1

English ref 1, ref 2

Finno-Ugaric ref 1

French ref 1

Germanic ref 1

Greek ref 1

Indo-European ref 1

inter-relation ref 1

Latin ref 1, ref 2

Native American ref 1

Nostratic ref 1

order of formation ref 1

Pali ref 1, ref 2

Prakrit ref 1

recreations of early ref 1

Sanskrit ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

latitude ref 1, ref 2

law:

advocates (lawyers) ref 1

Burgundian ref 1

criminal courts ref 1

Dracon’s ref 1, ref 2

Edicts of Ashoka ref 1

Hammurabi’s code ref 1

Hittite ref 1

Justinian ref 1, ref 2

Mosaic ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

natural ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

philosophy of ref 1

Roman ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

study in Middle Ages ref 1

Sumerian ref 1

Tang Code ref 1

Ur-Nammu ref 1

Visigothic ref 1

Zi Zhaan’s ref 1

laws of motion ref 1

laws of nature ref 1, ref 2

learned journals ref 1

learned societies ref 1

libraries ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Académie des Inscriptions ref 1

Alexandria ref 1

Ancient Greece ref 1

Aristotle’s ref 1

catalogues ref 1, ref 2

Christian ref 1

in Hellenistic world ref 1

Islamic ref 1

medieval ref 1

Mesopotamian ref 1

public ref 1

linguistics ref 1

lists ref 1, ref 2

literacy:

China ref 1, ref 2

Classical ref 1

growth in Middle Ages ref 1

India ref 1, ref 2

and Judaism ref 1

London ref 1

literary life ref 1

literature:

Ancient Greek ref 1, ref 2

Buddhist ref 1

Christian ref 1

drama ref 1

early Middle Ages ref 1

epics ref 1, ref 2

and imperialism ref 1

Indian ref 1

love poetry of the Middle Ages ref 1

modernist ref 1

Neo-Confucian ref 1

novels ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

poetry ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

prose ref 1

Roman ref 1, ref 2

romantic ref 1

Sanskrit ref 1, ref 2

lixue ref 1

logarithms ref 1

logic ref 1

longitude ref 1

Lunar Society of Birmingham ref 1

lunar–solar cycle ref 1

Lutheranism ref 1

luxury goods ref 1, ref 2

magnetic compass ref 1, ref 2

man:

antiquity of ref 1, ref 2

capacity for knowledge ref 1, ref 2

chronologies ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

definition after discovery of America ref 1

elevation in Renaissance ref 1

emergence of modern ref 1

Enlightenment view ref 1

purpose ref 1, ref 2

rationality ref 1

relation to the divine ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Manchester Philosophical Society ref 1

Manicheism ref 1, ref 2

maps ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

maritime innovations:

improved vessels ref 1

magnetic compass ref 1, ref 2

marine charts ref 1

rafting vessels ref 1

rudder ref 1

market economies ref 1

Marxism ref 1, ref 2

mathematics ref 1, ref 2

algebra ref 1

Hellenistic ref 1

Indian ref 1

innovations ref 1

language of nature ref 1

matter, concepts of ref 1

medicine ref 1

acupuncture ref 1

Ancient Greek ref 1

Chinese ref 1

curriculum in Middle Ages ref 1

Hellenistic ref 1

humoral ref 1

Islamic ref 1

medicaments ref 1, ref 2

Moorish Spain ref 1

Roman ref 1

megaliths ref 1

mental evolution:

social intelligence ref 1, ref 2

stages ref 1, ref 2illus.

types of intelligence ref 1

mercantilism ref 1

Mercator’s projection ref 1

mercenaries ref 1

meritocracy ref 1

metallurgy ref 1, ref 2

metaphysics ref 1, ref 2

metempsychosis ref 1

meteorology ref 1

military innovations ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

millenarianism ref 1

mimetic thinking ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

mind ref 1, ref 2

miracles ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

mirrors ref 1

modernism ref 1

monasticism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Buddhist ref 1, ref 2

Christian ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

money ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

monotheism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

moral philosophy ref 1

moralism ref 1

morality, invention of ref 1

Muhammad (the Prophet) ref 1

music ref 1

forms ref 1, ref 2

Gregorian chant ref 1

instruments ref 1, ref 2

notation ref 1

opera ref 1

orchestration ref 1

professional ref 1

public concerts ref 1, ref 2

Romantic ref 1, ref 2

theory ref 1

virtuosity ref 1

vocal ref 1

mysticism ref 1

mythic thinking ref 1, ref 2

myths and mythology ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Nataraja (form of Shiva) ref 1

nationalism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

natural law ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

natural man ref 1

natural selection ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

natural theology ref 1

naval innovations ref 1

navigation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

needles (sewing) ref 1, ref 2

Neo-Platonism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Neptunism ref 1, ref 2

New World ref 1, ref 2

newspapers and periodicals ref 1

noble savage ref 1

novelty ref 1

numbers/numerals:

Arabic ref 1

Chinese ref 1, ref 2illus., ref 1

counting systems ref 1

and harmony ref 1

Hindu ref 1

Hindu-Arabic ref 1, ref 2illus., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

numeration ref 1illus.

Roman ref 1

numerology ref 1

obscurantism:

Christian ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Islamic ref 1

Jewish ref 1

oil painting ref 1

optics ref 1, ref 2

organisation of knowledge:

atlases ref 1

bibliographies ref 1

classification ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

dictionaries ref 1

encyclopaedias and summae ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Éncyclopédie ref 1

Orientalism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Orphism ref 1, ref 2

ovens ref 1

paganism ref 1

painting ref 1, ref 2

palimpsest/palin psao ref 1

palynology (pollen analysis) ref 1

paper-making ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

papyrus ref 1

parchment ref 1, ref 2

patriarchs ref 1

periodic table of the elements ref 1

Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ref 1, ref 2

personal growth ref 1

personal identification ref 1, ref 2

personal privacy ref 1

perspective ref 1

Pharisees ref 1, ref 2

Philistines ref 1

philology ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

philosophy:

Arab ref 1

Chinese ref 1

Classical ref 1, ref 2

Hindu ref 1

humanist ref 1

Islamic ref 1

physics, experimental ref 1

physiology ref 1, ref 2

pi ref 1

pictographs ref 1, ref 2illus.

places of worship:

cathedrals ref 1

churches ref 1, ref 2

Hindu temples ref 1

mosques ref 1

synagogue/Temple ref 1

Platonism ref 1

polis see city state (polis)

political economy ref 1

political expediency ref 1

political history ref 1

political philosophy ref 1, ref 2

politics ref 1, ref 2

popular piety ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

porcelain ref 1

portolano ref 1

positivism ref 1

pottery ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

pragmatism ref 1

priesthood ref 1, ref 2

printing:

block ref 1

with movable type ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

private life ref 1, ref 2

private property ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

progress ref 1

progressionism ref 1

prophets ref 1

prosa ref 1

Protestant ethic ref 1

Protestantism ref 1, ref 2

national dimension ref 1

and printing ref 1

proto-capitalism ref 1

Pseudepigrapha ref 1

psyche ref 1, ref 2

psychology ref 1, ref 2

public health ref 1, ref 2

publishing ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

quadrivium ref 1

quantification ref 1, ref 2

Quinisext Council ref 1

Qur’an ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

scholarship and study ref 1, ref 2

Rabula Codex ref 1

racial theories ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Ramadan ref 1

Ramayana ref 1

rationalism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

reading ref 1, ref 2

realism ref 1

reasonable man ref 1

Record of the Later Han, The ref 1

record-keeping ref 1

Reformation ref 1, ref 2

religion:

ancestor worship ref 1

cave ref 1

Classical ref 1, ref 2

comparative ref 1

core elements ref 1, ref 2

deism ref 1

earliest ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

emperor worship ref 1, ref 2

masculation of divinities ref 1

New World ref 1

rationalism in ref 1, ref 2

revealed ref 1

Shamanism ref 1

spread ref 1

text-based ref 1, ref 2

and urban life ref 1

religious concepts see also soul

afterlife ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

crucifixion ref 1

death and resurrection ref 1

divinity ref 1

good and evil ref 1

heaven/paradise ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

hell ref 1, ref 2

rationalistic

supernaturalism ref 1

rebirth ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

reincarnation ref 1, ref 2

repentance ref 1

resurrection ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

sacrifice ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

salvation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

saviours/saviour gods ref 1, ref 2

supreme beings ref 1 (see also gods and goddesses)

Renaissance ref 1

res publica ref 1

retail markets ref 1

rhetoric ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Rig Veda ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

Roma Aeterna ref 1

Roman Empire ref 1, ref 2

Roman law ref 1

Romanticism ref 1

and Indic studies ref 1

Rosetta Stone ref 1, ref 2

Sabbath ref 1

sacraments ref 1

sacred landscapes ref 1, ref 2

sacred stones ref 1

Sadducees ref 1

sailing/rafting ref 1, ref 2

samsara ref 1, ref 2

sasanas ref 1

Sayings of Jesus, The ref 1

scepticism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

growth ref 1

in Islamic thought ref 1

modern ref 1

Renaissance ref 1

scholars ref 1

scholarship ref 1 see also centres of learning

Biblical ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

custodial ref 1

Islamic ref 1

and Judaism ref 1

textual criticism ref 1

scholasticism ref 1, ref 2

scholia ref 1, ref 2

schools ref 1

Babylonian ref 1

Christian ref 1, ref 2

Classical ref 1

Dark Ages ref 1

Islamic ref 1

monastic ref 1

science and technology ref 1

science ref 1, ref 2

beginnings ref 1

in China ref 1

Dark Ages ref 1

indeterminacy ref 1

Native American ref 1

philosophy of ref 1

popularisation ref 1

scientific method ref 1

applied to society ref 1

Scientific Revolution achievements ref 1

background ref 1

philosophical underpinning ref 1

subordination of theology ref 1

Scottish Enlightenment ref 1

scribes ref 1, ref 2

scripts see also alphabets

Chinese ref 1, ref 2illus.

cuneiform ref 1, ref 2, ref 3illus., ref 1illus.

deciphering ancient ref 1

Devanagari ref 1

early Renaissance ref 1

Egyptian hieroglyphics ref 1

Gupta Brahmi ref 1

Linear A and B ref 1

miniscule ref 1

Old European ref 1, ref 2illus.

runes ref 1

uncial ref 1

sea power ref 1

secularism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

in America ref 1

in the ancient world ref 1

in art ref 1

and the new universities ref 1

patronage of the arts ref 1

Renaissance ref 1

social ref 1

sedentism ref 1

self:

capacity for development ref 1

consciousness of ref 1, ref 2

destruction (suicide) ref 1

hidden dimension ref 1

Marxist ref 1

Renaissance ref 1

sense of ref 1, ref 2

unconscious ref 1

self-criticism ref 1

self-denial ref 1

self-esteem ref 1

self-expression ref 1

autobiography ref 1

in the Middle Ages ref 1

self-portraiture ref 1

self-reliance ref 1

senatus consultum ref 1

settlements ref 1, ref 2

Seven Golden Odes, The; ‘Seven Mu’Allaqat’ ref 1

seven liberal arts ref 1

shamanism ref 1

shelter ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Siddhanta (Sindhind) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

silent reading ref 1, ref 2

Silk Road ref 1n, ref 2

slavery ref 1

social conscience ref 1

social consciousness ref 1

social contracts ref 1, ref 2

social Darwinism ref 1, ref 2

social organisation ref 1, ref 2

Christian ref 1, ref 2

commercial ref 1

communities ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

cooperation ref 1

distinctions ref 1

feudalism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

hierarchies ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

and language ref 1

and urban life ref 1

social revolution ref 1

social sciences ref 1

sociology ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

Socratic method ref 1

solar year ref 1

sophism ref 1

soul ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

in Arab philosophy ref 1

Classical ref 1

in Confucianism ref 1

early ideas ref 1

enduring power ref 1

Enlightenment theories ref 1

and evolutionary theory ref 1

Galenic ref 1

in Hinduism ref 1, ref 2

immortal ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Indian concepts ref 1

in Judaism ref 1

in Neoplatonism ref 1

purification ref 1

replaced by mind ref 1

in Zoroastrianism ref 1

specialisation of occupations ref 1, ref 2

spirituality ref 1

sprezzatura ref 1

standardisation:

tools ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

weights and measures ref 1

state:

divine legitimation ref 1

modern ref 1, ref 2

secular legitimation ref 1, ref 2

statistics ref 1, ref 2

stoicism ref 1, ref 2

student guilds ref 1

studia humanitatis ref 1

studium generale ref 1

Sturm und Drang ref 1

syllabaries ref 1

symbolic behaviour ref 1

syncretism:

Christian ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Hindu ref 1

Islamic ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Renaissance ref 1

Thomist ref 1

synthesis of knowledge ref 1

systematic experimentation ref 1

systematic observation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Taoism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

taxes ref 1

techne ref 1

technological innovations:

American ref 1

in architecture ref 1, ref 2

in art ref 1, ref 2

baking/cooking units ref 1

Chinese ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

electricity ref 1

grinding stones ref 1

guillotine ref 1

hand tools ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

industry ref 1

magnifying lenses ref 1

music ref 1, ref 2

Native American ref 1

transportation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

telescope ref 1

Ten Commandments ref 1

terra-cotta ref 1

textiles ref 1

texts see also Classical texts

literary ref 1

recovery of pre-Classical ref 1

transmission of ancient ref 1

transmission of Arabic ref 1

textual criticism ref 1, ref 2

theatre ref 1, ref 2

thymos ref 1

time:

Ancient Greece ref 1

in ancient Near East ref 1

biblical ref 1

calendars ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Christianisation ref 1

consciousness of ref 1

geological ref 1, ref 2

Indian ref 1

as a linear process ref 1

modern conception ref 1

Renaissance concept ref 1

Roman ref 1

toleration ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Torah ref 1

towns ref 1, ref 2

trade: and exchange of ideas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

tragedy ref 1

transportation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Trinity ref 1, ref 2

trivium ref 1

twelfth-century renaissance ref 1, ref 2

universal men ref 1

universalism ref 1, ref 2

universities ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

American ref 1

in Britain ref 1

Cordova ref 1

dissenting academies ref 1

German reforms ref 1

India ref 1

lectures ref 1

Upanishads ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

urban elite ref 1

urban life ref 1

Uthmani ref 1

utilitarianism ref 1, ref 2

utilitas ref 1

utility ref 1

Vedanta ref 1, ref 2

Vedas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

villages ref 1, ref 2

virgin birth ref 1

Vulcanism ref 1, ref 2

Vulgate (Latin Bible) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Waldensianism ref 1

Warrington Academy ref 1

ways of knowing:

analytical methods ref 1

argument/dispute ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

deductive reasoning ref 1

divine inspiration ref 1

evidence ref 1

experiments ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

exploration of the world ref 1

observation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

reason ref 1

scientific method ref 1, ref 2

textual criticism ref 1

weapons ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

see also warfare

wen ref 1

wheel ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Wisdom of Amenope, The ref 1

women ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

working class ref 1

writing ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 see also alphabets; Artificial Memory Systems; scripts

beginnings ref 1illus., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Chinese ref 1

Linear A and B ref 1, ref 2illus.

proto-writing ref 1, ref 2illus., ref 1

punctuation ref 1

runes ref 1

wu ref 1

yang ref 1, ref 2

yin ref 1, ref 2

yoga ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Zealots ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

zero ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

zoology ref 1

Zoroastrianism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4