Империя свободы. История ранней республики, 1789-1815

1

Washington Irving, The Sketch Book, in Washington Irving: History, Tales and Sketches, ed. James W. Tuttleton (New York, 1983), 770–81.

2

Jeffrey Rubin-Dorsky, Adrift in the Old World: The Psychological Pilgrimage of Washington Irving (Chicago, 1988), 74–75.

3

Niles’ Weekly Register, 9 (1815), 238.

4

Irving, The Sketch Book, in Tuttleton, ed., Washington Irving, 789.

5

William Stephen Smith to TJ, 9 Jan. 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 501.

6

Thomas Lee Shippen to William Shippen, 14 Feb.–26 March 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 502–4; Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 46–47.

7

David Ramsay, A Dissertation on the Manner of Acquiring the Character and Privileges of a Citizen of the United States (Charleston, SC, 1789), 3. О создании революцией новой добровольной верности гражданству см. James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608–1870 (Chapel Hill, 1978), 173–209.

8

Philadelphia Pennsylvania Packet, 26 Nov. 1776.

9

Первоначальный черновой вариант Декларации независимости Джефферсона, Papers of Jefferson, 1: 423.

10

George V. Taylor, «Noncapitalist Wealth and the Origins of the French Revolution», AHR, 62 (1967), 469–96; William Doyle, Origins of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1980), 17–18.

11

Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 544.

12

TJ to Henry Lee, 8 May 1825, Jefferson: Writings, 1501.

13

Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights (New York, 2007), 19.

14

William Byrd, «History of the Dividing Line… 1728», in Louis B. Wright, ed., The Prose Works of William Byrd of Westover (Cambridge, MA, 1966), 221; Fauquier to Jeffrey Amherst, 5 Oct. 1760, in Julie Richter, «The Impact of the Death of Governor Francis Fauquier on His Slaves and Their Families», Colonial Williamsburg Interpreter 18, no. 3 (Fall 1997), 2.

15

John Andrews, A Sermon on the Importance of Mutual Kindness (Philadelphia, 1790), 14.

16

Mark A. Noll, «Common Sense Traditions and American Evangelical Thought», American Quarterly, 37 (1985), 218; TJ to Peter Carr, 10 Aug. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 15.

17

Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776), in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 4.

18

TJ to Marbois, 5 Dec. 1783, Papers of Jefferson, 6: 374.

19

Geoffroy Atkinson, The Sentimental Revolution: French Writers of 1690–1740 (Seattle, 1966); Norman S. Fiering, «Irresistible Compassion: An Aspect of Eighteenth-Century Sympathy and Humanitarianism», Journal of the History of Ideas, 37 (1976), 199–212; John B. Radner, «The Art of Sympathy in Eighteenth-Century British Moral Thought», Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture, 9 (Madison, WI, 1979), 189–210; Andrew Burstein, Sentimental Democracy: The Evolution of America’s Romantic Self-Image (New York, 1999).

20

James Wilson, «Lectures on Law» (1790–1791), The Works of James Wilson, ed. Robert Green McCloskey (Cambridge, MA, 1967), 1: 213.

21

David Hume, «of Commerce», Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary, ed. Eugene F. Miller (Indianapolis, 1985), 262–63.

22

Jan Lewis, «The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic», WMQ, 44 (1987), 689–721.

23

Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 117.

24

«Amicus Republicae», Address to the Public (Exeter, NH, 1786), in Charles S. Hyneman and Donald S. Lutz, eds., American Political Writing During the Founding Era, 1760–1805 (Indianapolis, 1983), 1: 644.

25

Charleston South Carolina Gazette and General Advertiser, 9 Aug. 1783; John Jay to GW, 27 June 1786, in Henry P. Johnston, ed., The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay (New York, 1890–93), 3: 204–5.

26

BR to David Ramsay, [March or April 1788], Letters of Rush, 1: 454; GW to Jay, 1 Aug. 1786, 18 May 1786, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 28: 503, 431–32.

27

Charles Thomson to TJ, 6 April 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 380; Charleston South Carolina Gazette and Public Advertiser, 18–21 May 1785.

28

Editorial Note, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 208.

29

JM to TJ, 24 Oct. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 276.

30

Jackson Turner Main, «Government by the People: The American Revolution and Democratization of the Legislatures», WMQ, 23 (1966), 391–407; Rosemarie Zagarri, The Politics of Size: Representation in the United States, 1776–1850 (Ithaca, 1987).

31

Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797 (Chapel Hill, 1967), 40, 27.

32

«Madison’s Observations on Jefferson’s Draft of a Constitution for Virginia» (1788), Papers of Jefferson, 6: 308–9; Ezra Stiles, «The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor» (1783), in John W. Thornton, ed., The Pulpit of the American Revolution (Boston, 1860), 420.

33

«Address of the Council of Censors», 14 Feb. 1786, in William Slade, ed., Vermont State Papers (Middlebury, VT, 1823), 540.

34

Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 405.

35

TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 120.

36

JA, «Novanglus», in Adams, ed., Works, 4: 79.

37

JM, «Vices of the Political System of the United States» (1787), Madison: Writings, 75.

38

Richard Price, Observations on the Importance of the American Revolution (Dublin, 1785), 85.

39

GW to John Hancock, 24 Sept. 1776, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 6: 107–8.

40

Theodore Sedgwick, A Memoir of the Life of William Livingston (New York, 1833), 403.

41

Christopher Grasso, A Speaking Aristocracy: Transforming Public Discourse in Eighteenth-Century Connecticut (Chapel Hill, 1999), 386.

42

Morris to John Penn, 20 May 1774, in Merrill Jensen, ed., American Colonial Documents to 1776 (London, 1955), 861–63.

43

[BR], «To the Freeman of the United States», Pennsylvania Gazette, 30 May 1787, in John P. Kaminski et al., eds., Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution (Madison, WI, 1976–), 13: 116.

44

Aristotle, Politics, VII.ix.1328 b33, trans. T. A. Sinclair, rev. Trevor J. Saunders (New York, 1981), 415.

45

JA, Notes for «A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law» (1765), Papers of Adams, 1: 107.

46

Henry Dwight Sedgwick, In Praise of Gentlemen (Boston, 1933), 130n.

47

TJ to JA, 28 Oct. 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 388; Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution (New York, 1993), 2: 760, 761.

48

Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, 2: 761.

49

James Kent, «An Introductory Lecture to a Course of Law Lectures», (1794), in Hyneman and Lutz, eds., American Political Writing During the Founding Era, 2: 947; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., 30 May 1790, Papers of Jefferson, 16: 449.

50

JA, Jan. 1776, Diary and Autobiography, 1: 198.

51

JA, A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States (1787–88), in Adams, ed., Works, 6: 185.

52

Noah Webster, «On the Education of Youth in America» (1790), in Frederick Rudolph, ed., Essays on Education in the Early Republic (Cambridge, MA, 1965), 56.

53

Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (Oxford, 1976) (V.i.f 50–51), 2: 781–83.

54

Francis Hutcheson, A System of Moral Philosophy in Three Books (London, 1755), 2: 113.

55

TJ to Richard Henry Lee, 17 June 1779, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 2: 192; TJ to William Duane, 1 Oct. 1812, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 6: 80; TJ to Francis Willis, 13 April 1790, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 5: 157; BF to Cadwallader Colden, 11 Oct. 1750, Papers of Franklin, 4: 68.

56

Bernard Bailyn, The Origins of American Politics (New York, 1968), 143; Gordon S. Wood, The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (New York, 2004), 183.

57

Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2: 761; Wilson, «On the History of Property», in McCloskey, ed., Works of Wilson, 2: 716; John Dickinson, «Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania», in Paul L. Ford, ed., The Writings of John Dickinson, vol. 1, Political Writings, 1764–1774 (Penn. Historical Society, Memoirs, 14 [Philadelphia, 1895]), 307.

58

Charles Chauncey to Richard Price, 1774, in D. C. Thomas and Bernard Peach, eds., The Correspondence of Richard Price (Durham, 1983), 1: 170.

59

David Duncan Wallace, The Life of Henry Laurens (New York, 1915), 335.

60

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Leonard Labaree et al. (New Haven, 1964), 196.

61

TJ to John Page, 30 July 1776, Papers of Jefferson, 1: 482; Susan Dunn, Dominion of Memories: Jefferson, Madison, and the Decline of Virginia (New York, 2007), 31.

62

AH, Federalist No. 35.

63

T. H. Breen, The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence (New York, 2004).

64

Lisa B. Lubow, «From Carpenter to Capitalist: The Business of Building in Postrevolutionary Boston», in Conrad Edrick Wright and Katheryn P. Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs: The Boston Business Community, 1700–1850 (Boston, 1997), 181.

65

George Rudé, Hanoverian London, 1714–1808 (Berkeley, 1971), 37, 56–57.

66

Lubow, «From Carpenter to Capitalist», in Wright and Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs, 185; Howard B. Rock, Artisans of the New Republic: Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson (New York, 1979), 295–322.

67

Terry Bouton, Taming Democracy: «The People», the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution (New York, 2007), 33.

68

Heather Nathans, Early American Theater from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People (Cambridge, UK, 2003), 85, 92–100, 106–14.

69

Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2: 773.

70

AH, New York Ratifying Convention, 21 June 1788, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 41.

71

Charles Royster, A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and the American Character, 1775–1783 (Chapel Hill, 1979), 87, 91.

72

AStuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900 (Cambridge, UK, 1989); Howard B. Rock, Artisans of the New Republic: Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson (New York, 1979), 295–322.

73

Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, enlarged ed. (Cambridge, MA, 1992), 321–79, рассматривает Конституцию как воплощение Революции, в которой практически не было социального конфликта. Начиная с J. Allen Smith, Spirit of American Government, a Study of the Constitution: Its Origin, Influence and Relation to Democracy (1907), и продолжая, вероятно, самой известной книгой по истории в American history, Charles Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (1913), Прогрессивные и неопрогрессивные историки рассматривали Конституцию как недемократический документ, навязанный безвольному населению. Современные версии этой прогрессистской интерпретации см. Terry Bouton, Taming Democracy: «The People», the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution (New York, 2007); and Woody Holton, Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution (New York, 2007).

74

Joseph Savage to Samuel Phillips Savage, 17 July 1787, Savage Family, MG 836, New Jersey Historical Society. (Этой ссылкой я обязан Брендану Макконвилу).

75

JM to GW, 16 April 1787, Madison: Writings, 81.

76

JM to GW, 16 April 1787, Madison: Writings, 81. О том, как Мэдисон преуменьшал значение исполнительной власти в правительствах штатов, см. JM to Caleb Wallace, 23 August 1785, ibid., 41–42.

77

JM, Federalist Nos. 57, 51.

78

JM, Federalist NO. 10.

79

JM, «Vices of the Political System», Madison: Writings, 79.

80

JM to GW, 16 April 1787, to Edmund Randolph, 8 April 1787, Papers of Madison, 9: 384, 370; JM, Federalist No. 10; John Zvesper, «The Madisonian Systems», Western Political Quarterly, 37 (1984), 244–47.

81

Gerald Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford, 1970), 175; Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2: 778.

82

TJ, «A Bill for a More General Diffusion of Knowledge» (1778), Papers of Jefferson, 2: 527.

83

Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 2: 278.

84

David Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776–1820 (Chapel Hill, 1997), 95.

85

Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2: 761.

86

The Constitution, Article I, Section 8.

87

Joel Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders in the Several States of Europe (1792, 1795) (Ithaca, 1956), 17; Harry C. Payne, The Philosophes and the People (New Haven, 1976), 7–17; Fisher Ames, Dec. 1796, Annals of Congress, 4th Congress, 2nd session, 1642.

88

Virginia Ratifying Convention, in John P. Kaminski and Gaspare J. Saladino, eds., The Documentary History of the Constitution (Madison, WI, 1999), 9: 1044–45.

89

Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 778–79; AH, New York Ratifying Convention, 21 June 1788, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 41; Young, Democratic Republicans of New York, 45.

90

Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes, 105.

91

BR to Elias Boudinot? Observations on the Federal Procession in Philadelphia, 9 July 1788, Letters of Rush, 1: 470–75.

92

Russell Blaine Nye, The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830 (New York, 1960), 30. For a fuller version of this argument, see Gordon S. Wood, «The American Enlightenment», in Gary L. McDowell and Jonathan O’Neill, eds., America and Enlightenment Constitutionalism (New York, 2006), 159–75.

93

JA, «Dissertation on the Feudal and Canon Law» (1765), in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, 1760–1820 (New York, 1971), 29.

94

Address to the President, Dec. 1796, Annals of Congress, 4th Congress, 2nd session, 1612, 1638, 1641–42.

95

Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution 1: 686.

96

Thomas Paine, «Letter to the Abbé Raynal», in Foner, ed., Writings of Paine, 2: 243–44.

97

Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 1: 765.

98

Liam Riordan, Many Identities, One Nation: The Revolution and Its Legacy in the Mid-Atlantic (Philadelphia, 2007).

99

Hector St. John Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer (New York, 1981), Letter III, 69.

100

Fisher Ames, «Falkland III», 10 Feb. 1801, Works of Fisher Ames (1854), ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 1: 216.

101

Timothy Dwight, Greenfield Hill: A Poem in Seven Parts (New York, 1794), 168.

102

Paul A. Varg, «The Advent of Nationalism, 1758–1776», American Quarterly, 16 (1964), 169–81.

103

Dickinson, «Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania», Ford, ed., Writings of Dickinson, 326.

104

Claudia L. Bushman, America Discovers Columbus: How an Italian Explorer Became an American Hero (Hanover, NH, 1992), 41–51.

105

Alan David Aberbach, In Search of an American Identity: Samuel Latham Mitchill, Jeffersonian Nationalist (New York, 1988), 154–56; Joseph Jones, «Hail, Fredonia!» American Speech (1934), 12–17; Richard L. Merritt, Symbols of American Community, 1735–1775 (New Haven, 1966); T. H. Breen, «Ideology and Nationalism on the Eve of the American Revolution: Revisions Once More in Need of Revising», JAH, 84 (1997), 13–39.

106

Address to the President, Dec. 1796, Annals of Congress, 4th Congress, 2nd session, 1612, 1638, 1641–42.

107

Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Oxford, 1976) (Bk. V, ch. 1) 2: 689. The fullest account of the four-stage theory is Ronald L. Meek, Social Science and the Ignoble Savage (Cambridge, UK, 1976). О том, как американцы XVIII века применяли теорию четырех стадий к своему обществу, см. Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill, 1980), 13–47.

108

Eric Slauter, «Neoclassical Culture in a Society with Slaves: Race and Rights in the Age of Wheatley», Early American Studies, 2 (2004), 99–100; John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, UK, 1960) (II, sect. 49), 301.

109

Steven J. Novak, The Rights of Youth: American Colleges and Student Revolt, 1798–1815 (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 58.

110

Nathanael Emmons, The Dignity of Man. A Discourse Addressed to the Congregation in Franklin… (Providence, 1787), 33.

111

JA, Translation of Thomas Pownall’s Memorial (1780), Papers of Adams, 9: 199.

112

Macaulay to GW, June 1790, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 5: 573–75.

113

BF, «Information to Those Who Would Remove to America» (1784), Franklin: Writings, 975.

114

Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, Letter III, 67.

115

Noah Webster, Dissertations on the English Language (Boston, 1789), 288.

116

TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), Jefferson: Writings, 290.

117

Burstein, Sentimental Democracy, 155; Joseph J. Ellis, After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture (New York, 1979), 14.

118

TJ to Martha Jefferson, 28 March 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 11: 251.

119

TJ to Lafayette, 11 April 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 11: 285.

120

Richard Price to BF, 17 Sept. 1787, Papers of Franklin, unpublished.

121

Larry E. Tise, The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800 (Mechanicsburg, PA, 1998), 35, 37.

122

David Ramsay, The History of the American Revolution (1789), ed. Lester H. Cohen (Indianapolis, 1990), 2: 630.

123

Edward T. Martin, Thomas Jefferson: Scientist (New York, 1952), 54.

124

Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 127, 613; Burstein, Sentimental Democracy, 166.

125

Evarts B. Greene, The Revolutionary Generation, 1763–1790 (New York, 1943), 80.

126

Richard L. Bushman, «American High Style and Vernacular Cultures», Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era, ed. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (Baltimore, 1984), 371–72.

127

Witherspoon, «The Druid, No. V», Works of John Witherspoon, 2d ed. (Philadelphia, 1802), 4: 417.

128

JA, 1780, in Adams, ed., Works, 8: 249–51, цитируется по Dennis E. Baron, Grammar and Good Taste: Reforming the American Language (New Haven, 1982), 17. См. Paul K. Longmore, «‘They… Speak Better English than the English Do’: Colonialism and the Origins of Linguistic Standardization in America», Early American Literature 40 (2005), 279–314.

129

Webster, Dissertations on the English Language, 21, 36, 288. См. Michael P. Kramer, Imagining Language in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, 1992).

130

Burstein, Sentimental Democracy, 152.

131

Greene, The Revolutionary Generation, 418; Colin Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1977), 13–14; Alan D. McKillop, «Local Attachment and Cosmopolitanism — The Eighteenth-Century Pattern», in Frederick W. Hilles and Harold Bloom, eds., From Sensibility to Romanticism: Essays Presented to Frederick A. Pottle (Oxford, UK, 1965), 197.

132

David Ramsay to John Eliot, 11 Aug. 1792, in Robert L. Brunhouse, ed., David Ramsay, 1749–1815: Selections from His Writings, American Philosophical Society, Trans., n.s. 55, pt. 4 (1965), 133.

133

Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, Letter III, 80.

134

Donald J. D’Elia, «Dr. Benjamin Rush and the American Medical Revolution», American Philosophical Society, Proc., 110 (1966), 100.

135

Catherine L. Albanese, Sons of the Fathers: The Civil Religion of the American Revolution (Philadelphia, 1976), 129–30; J. M. Roberts, The Mythology of the Secret Societies (St. Albans, UK, 1974), 37; Conrad E. Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Postrevolutionary New England (Boston, 1992); Steven C. Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood: Freemasonry and the Transformation of the American Social Order, 1730–1840 (Chapel Hill, 1996).

136

Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood, 139.

137

Charles Brockwell, Brotherly Love Recommended in a Sermon Preached Before the Ancient and Honourable Society of Free and Accepted Masons in Christ-Church, Boston (Boston, 1750), 14.

138

Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood, 148.

139

Ann Lipson, Freemasonry in Federalist Connecticut, 1789–1832 (Princeton, 1977), 40; Josiah Bartlett, A Discourse on the Origin, Progress and Design of Free Masonry (Boston, 1793), 15; ДеВитт Клинтон, цитируется по Steven C. Bullock, «A Pure and Sublime System: The Appeal of Post-Revolutionary Freemasonry», JER, 9 (1989), 371.

140

Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood, 109–33.

141

John Andrews, A Sermon on the Importance of Mutual Kindness (Philadelphia, 1790), 20.

142

Charlene Bangs Bickford and Kenneth R. Bowling, Birth of the Nation: The First Federal Congress, 1789–1791 (New York, 1989), 6.

143

GW to Benjamin Lincoln, 28 Aug. 1788, George Washington: A Collection, ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1988), 415.

144

Jack P. Greene, Negotiated Authorities: Essays in Colonial Political and Constitutional History (Charlottesville, 1994), 5.

145

«Agrippa Letters», in Paul L. Ford., ed., Essays on the Constitution of the United States (Brooklyn, 1892), 64–65.

146

William Strickland, Journal of a Tour in the United States of America, 1794–1795, ed. Rev. J. E. Strickland (New York, 1971), 53. (Этой цитатой я обязан Брендану Макконвилу).

147

Benjamin Tappan to Henry Knox, April 1787, in Henry Knox Papers, Mass. Historical Society. (I owe this reference to Brendan McConville.) For the colonists’ strong attraction to monarchy, see Brendan McConville, The King’s Three Faces: The Rise and Fall of Royal America, 1688–1776 (Chapel Hill, 2006).

148

Br, «To —: Information to Europeans Who Are Disposed to Migrate to the United States», 16 April 1790, Letters of Rush, 2: 556.

149

Linda K. Kerber, Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and Ideology in Jeffersonian America (Ithaca, 1970), 1–22. Вашингтон заявил, что «эпоха Августа известна своей интеллектуальной утонченностью и элегантностью», но он никогда не предполагал, что она имела какое-либо антиреспубликанское политическое значение. GW to Lafayette, 28 May 1788, Washington: Writings, 681.

150

Samuel Osgood to Elbridge Gerry, 19 Feb. 1789, in Merrill Jensen and Robert A. Becker, eds., The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections (Madison, WI, 1976–), 1: 657; JM to TJ, 30 June 1789, Republic of Letters, 618.

151

Thomas E. V. Smith, The City of New York in the Year of Washington’s Inauguration, 1789 (New York, 1889; Riverside, CT, 1972), 194, 102.

152

Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (NEW YORK, 1999), 301.

153

Kenneth Roberts and Anna M. Roberts, eds., Moreau de St. MÉry’s American Journey (1793–1798) (Garden City, NY, 1947), 146; David T. Gilchrist et al., eds., The Growth of the Seaport Cities, 1790–1825 (Charlottesville, 1967), 33.

154

К началу 1790-х годов большинство из первоначальных тринадцати штатов выбрали метод выборов, который они продолжали использовать до 1842 года, когда Конгресс принял закон, требующий проведения выборов в округах. В 1791 году Пенсильвания присоединилась к числу штатов, избирающих по округам. См. Rosemarie Zagarri, The Politics of Size: Representation in the United States, 1776–1850 (Ithaca, 1987), 105–24.

155

Baltimore Maryland Journal, 14 Nov. 1788, in Jensen and Becker, eds., Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 2: 125.

156

GW to Lafayette, 29 Jan. 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 1: 262.

157

Jack N. Rakove, «The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George Washington», in Richard Beeman et al., eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill, 1987), 286–87.

158

Raymond W. Smock, «The Institutional Development of the House of Representatives, 1789–1801», in Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon, eds., The House and Senate in the 1790s: Petitioning, Lobbying, and Institutional Development (Athens, OH, 2002), 326.

159

Gordon S. Wood, «The Democratization of Mind in the American Revolution», in Leadership in the American Revolution: Library of Congress Symposia on the American revolution (Washington, DC, 1974), 78.

160

Winifred E. A. Bernhard, Fisher Ames: Federalist and Statesmen, 1758–1808 (Chapel Hill, 1965), 75, 104.

161

William C. Digiacomantonio, «Petitioners and their Grievances: A View from the First Congress»; Richard R. John and Christopher J. Young, «Rites of Passage: Postal Petitioning as a Tool of Governance in the Age of Federalism»; and Jeffrey L. Pasley, «Private Access and Public Power: Gentility and Lobbying in the Early Congress», all in Bowling and Kennon, eds., House and Senate in the 1790s, 31, 100–109, 62–63.

162

Rakove, «Structure of Politics», in Beeman et al., eds., Beyond Confederation, 291.

163

Ralph V. Harlow, The History of Legislative Methods in the Period Before 1825 (New Haven, 1917), 127.

164

Ames to Thomas Dwight, June 11, 1789, Works of Fisher Ames (1854), ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 1: 642.

165

Ames to Minot, July 8, 1789, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, 1: 683.

166

JM to Edmund Randolph, 31 May 1789, Papers of Madison, 12: 190.

167

During a Single two-year Congress today, the House may hold as many as 4, 500 committee meetings.

168

Annals of Congress, 1st Congress, 1st session (13 May 1789), I, 352.

169

Ames to George Richards Minot, 3 May 1789, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, 1: 569.

170

Richard Labunski, James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights (New York, 2006), 145.

171

Editorial Note, Papers of Madison, 12: 54.

172

The Diary of William Maclay and other Notes on Senate Debates, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore, 1988), 253.

173

Diary of Maclay, 5–6, 27, 28, 37.

174

Diary of Maclay, 5–6.

175

Diary of Maclay, 11.

176

Современных свидетельств того, что в конце клятвы он также произнес «да поможет мне Бог», не существует; этот вопрос сегодня вызывает много споров. См. Forrest Church, So Help Me God: The Founding Fathers and the First Great Battle over Church and State (New York, 2007), 445–49. Поскольку Акт о судоустройстве 1789 года провозгласил, что присяга, которую должны приносить судьи Верховного суда и другие федеральные судьи, включает фразу «Да поможет мне Бог», вполне вероятно, что Вашингтон также использовал эту фразу. (1 Cong. Ch. 20, 1 Stat. 73, Sec. 8). Этой информацией я обязан Стивену Г. Калабреси.

177

Diary of Maclay, 13; Editorial Note, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 2: 155; Smith, City of New York in the Year of Washington’s Inauguration, 230.

178

GW to Knox, 1 April 1789, Washington: Writings, 726.

179

GW, First Inaugural Address, 30 April 1789, Washington: Writings, 733.

180

Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 539.

181

John Bach McMaster and Frederick D. Stone, eds., Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution, 1787–1788 (Philadelphia, 1888), 143–44, 313–16.

182

Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 540–41.

183

TJ to John Jay, 23 May 1788, to JM, 20 Dec. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 13: 190; 12: 440.

184

JM to TJ, 17 Oct. 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 14: 18.

185

TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 13 March 1789, Papers of Jefferson, 14: 650.

186

JM to TJ, 24 July 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 13: 412, 414.

187

Robert Allen Rutland, The Birth of the Bill of Rights, 1776–1791, rev. ed. (Boston, 1983), 159–89.

188

On the Origins of the Bill of Rights, См. Patrick T. Conley and John P. Kaminiski, eds., The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties (Madison, WI, 1991); and Gordon S. Wood, «The Origins of the Bill of Rights», American Antiquarian Society, Proc, 101 (1992), 255–74.

189

JM to TJ, 17 Oct. 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 14: 18.

190

JM, «To a Resident of Spotsylvania County», 27 Jan. 1789, Papers of Madison, 11: 428–29.

191

JM to Richard Peters, 19 Aug. 1789, Papers of Madison, 12: 347.

192

JM to Edmund Randolph, 15 June 1789, Papers of Madison, 12: 219.

193

JM to Richard Peters, 19 Aug. 1789, Papers of Madison, 12: 347.

194

JM, June 1789, in Helen E. Veit et al., eds., Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore, 1991), 66–68, 77–86.

195

JM, June 1789, in Veit et al., eds., Creating the Bill of Rights, 188.

196

Одна из предложенных Мэдисоном поправок, требующая проведения выборов в Палату представителей, прежде чем Конгресс сможет повышать свои зарплаты, была ратифицирована необходимым количеством штатов в 1992 году и в том же году стала статьей XXVII Конституции.

197

Вплоть до двадцатого века Билль о правах распространялся только на федеральное правительство, и эта позиция была поддержана Верховным судом в деле Barron v. City of Baltimore (1833). Только в первой половине двадцатого века Верховный суд утверждал, что Четырнадцатая поправка (1868) включает в себя Первую поправку и другие поправки к Биллю о правах. О доктрине инкорпорации см. Akhil Reed Amar, The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstitution (New Haven, 1998), 215–30.

198

«Symposium on the Second Amendment: Fresh Looks», ed. Carl T. Bogus, Chicago-Kent Law Review, 76 (2000), 60–715; Saul Cornell, A Well-Regulated Militia: The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America (New York, 2006); Mark V. Tushnet, Out of Range: Why the Constitution Can’t End the Battle over Guns (New York, 2007).

199

Leonard W. Levy, Origins of the Bill of Rights (New Haven, 1999), 157.

200

Mason, 16 June 1788, in John P. Kaminiski and Gaspare J. Saladino, eds., The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution (Madison, WI, 1976–), 10: 1326, 1328.

201

John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 24.

202

William Grayson to Patrick Henry, 29 Sept. 1789, and Thomas Tudor Tucker to St. George Tucker, 2 Oct. 1789, in Veit et al., eds., Creating the Bill of Rights, 300.

203

Grayson to Henry, 12 June 1789, in William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence and Speeches (New York, 1891), 3: 391.

204

Thomas Hartley to Jasper Yeates, 16 Aug. 1789, and John Brown to William Irvine, 17 Aug. 1789, in Veit et al., eds., Creating the Bill of Rights, 279.

205

This is the theme of Conley and Kaminiski, eds., Bill of Rights and the States.

206

Действительно, ни в одном из штатов в 1787 году не было исполнительной власти с четырехлетним сроком; десять руководителей избирались ежегодно, большинство из них — законодательным собранием, и только губернатор Массачусетса обладал правом вето, аналогичным тому, которым был наделен новый федеральный президент.

207

Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 1: 65, 119; 2: 513. Статья II настолько расплывчата, что некоторые федералисты, похоже, полагали, что президент унаследовал все прерогативные полномочия, которыми обладала английская корона, за исключением тех, которые, например, чеканка денег, учреждение почтовых отделений, создание судов и объявление войны, были специально предоставлены Конгрессу в разделе 8 статьи I Конституции.

208

Pierce Butler to Weedon Butler, 5 May 1788, in Farrand, ed., Records of the Federal Convention, 3: 302.

209

Thornton Anderson, Creating the Constitution: The Convention of 1787 and the First Congress (University Park, PA, 1993), 168.

210

TJ to David Humphreys, 18 March 1789, Papers of Jefferson, 14: 679; James Wilson, «Lectures on Law» (1790–1791), in The Works of James Wilson, ed. Robert Green McCloskey (Cambridge, MA, 1967), 1: 288.

211

Anderson, Creating the Constitution, 130–31.

212

Louise Burnham Dunbar, A Study of «Monarchical» Tendencies in the United States from 1776 to 1801 (1922; New York, 1970), 127.

213

William Strickland, Journal of a Tour in the United States of America, 1794–1795, ed. Rev. J. E. Strickland (New York, 1971), 53.

214

Dunbar, Study of «Monarchical» Tendencies in the United States, 99–100.

215

Anderson, Creating the Constitution, 132.

216

James McHenry to GW, 29 March 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 1: 461; Winifred E. A. Bernard, Fisher Ames: Federalist and Statesman, 1758–1808 (Chapel Hill, 1965), 92.

217

David W. Robson, Educating Republicans: The College in the Era of the American Revolution, 1758–1800 (Westport, CT, 1985), 149; Smith, City of New York in the Year of Washington’s Inauguration, 217–19.

218

GW, Draft of First Inaugural Address, c. Jan. 1789, Washington: Writings, 702–16.

219

Конгресс решил, что независимо от того, хочет Вашингтон жалованья или нет, он должен принять его — 25 000 долларов, из которых он должен оплачивать все свои расходы. David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789–1801 (Chicago, 1997), 33.

220

AH to GW, 5 May 1789, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 335–37.

221

Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History (New York, 1948), 108.

222

Diary of Maclay, 182, 212.

223

Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven, 2001), 45–46; David Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776–1820 (Chapel Hill, 1997), 120–22; Barry Schwartz, George Washington: The Making of an American Symbol (New York, 1987), 53–54; Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 301.

224

GW to JM, 30 March 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 1: 464–65; JA to Rush, 21 June 1811, Spur of Fame, 181.

225

GW to Philip Schuyler, 24 Dec. 1775, W.W. Abbot et al., eds., The Papers of George Washington: Revolutionary War Series, 2: 599–600 (Charlottesville, 1985–); GW to JM, 3 Dec. 1784, Papers of Madison, 12: 478; GW to John Hancock, 24 Sept. 1776, Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 6: 107–8.

226

Don Higginbotham, George Washington: Uniting a Nation (Latham, MD, 2001), 62, drawing on the work of David Shields and Fredrika Teute.

227

Lisle A. Rose, Prologue to Democracy: The Federalists in the South, 1789–1800 (Lexington, KY, 1968), 27–28.

228

Joseph J. Ellis, His Excellency, George Washington (New York, 2004), 195–96; Editorial Note, Papers of Washington: Presidential. Ser., 8: 73–74.

229

C. M. Harris, «Washington’s Gamble, L’Enfant’s Dream: Politics, Design, and the Founding of the National Capital», WMQ, 56 (1999), 527–64.

230

Kenneth R. Bowling, «A Capital Before a Capitol: Republican Visions», in Donald R. Kennon, ed., A Republic for the Ages: The United States Capitol and the Political Culture of the Early Republic (Charlottesville, 1999), 45, 46.

231

Pierre L’Enfant to GW, 11 Sept. 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 4: 15–17.

232

GW to the Commissioners for the Federal District, 7 May 1791, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 8: 159.

233

Harris, «Washington’s Gamble, L’Enfant’s Dream», 542–43, 557; Neil Harris, The Artist in American Society: The Formative Years, 1790–1860 (New York, 1966), 16–17, 42.

234

Kenneth R. Bowling, The Creation of Washington, D.C.: The Idea and Location of the American Capital (Fairfax, VA, 1991); Bowling, «A Capital Before a Capitol», in Kennon, ed., Republic for the Ages, 54; Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Rights of Man (Boston, 1951), 372.

235

Diary of Maclay, 21; Schwartz, Washington: The Making of an American Symbol, 62.

236

Diary of Maclay, 21.

237

GW to David Stuart, 26 July 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 3: 322.

238

Diary of Maclay, 70.

239

Schwartz, Washington: The Making of an American Symbol, 62–63.

240

Abraham Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 1783–1793 (Boston, 1970), 3: 201.

241

White, Federalists, 108 n; JA to GW, 17 May 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 2: 314.

242

John Ferling, John Adams: A Life (New York, 1992), 304.

243

Page Smith, John Adams (Garden City, NY, 1962), 2: 755.

244

Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 586.

245

Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York, 1971), 285; Smith, John Adams, 2: 755.

246

О том, что происходило в Сенате, мы знаем только благодаря замечательному дневнику, который вел заклятый враг Адамса, аграрный республиканец из западной Пенсильвании, сенатор Уильям Маклей, о дебатах в Сенате в течение первых двух лет работы Конгресса. Современное издание см. The Diary of William Maclay and Other Notes on Senate Debates, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore, 1988).

247

Diary of Maclay, 16–17.

248

Smith, John Adams, 2: 755.

249

Max Farrand, The Framing of the Constitution of the United States (New Haven, 1913), 163.

250

Diary of Maclay, 29.

251

TJ to JM, 29 July 1789, Papers of Jefferson, 15: 316.

252

JM to TJ, 23 May 1789, Republic of Letters, 612.

253

David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789–1801 (Chicago, 1997), 35.

254

JM to TJ, 9 May 1789, Republic of Letters, 607.

255

Annals of Congress, 1st Congress, 1st session, 1: 363.

256

Glenn A. Phelps, George Washington and American Constitutionalism (Lawrence, KS, 1993), 128.

257

GW to Lafayette, 29 Jan. 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 1: 263.

258

Forrest McDonald, The American Presidency: An Intellectual History (Lawrence, KS, 1994), 226.

259

Robert P. Williams, ed., The First Congress, March 4, 1789–March 3, 1791: A Compilation of Significant Debates (New York, 1970), 193.

260

James Hart, The American Presidency in Action, 1789: A Study in Constitutional History (New York, 1948), 178–84.

261

White, Federalists, 20–25; Diary of Maclay, 111, 113–14.

262

Williams, ed., First Congress, 216–17.

263

Об истории и значении права отстранения президента от должности см. Steven G. Calabresi and Christopher S. Yoo, The Unitary Executive: Presidential Power from Washington to Bush (New Haven, 2008).

264

GW to JM, 5 May 1789, GW to JA, 10 May 1789, Papers of Washington, 2: 216–17, 246–47.

265

Phelps, Washington and American Constitutionalism, 122, 169.

266

Diary of Maclay, 130; Phelps, Washington and American Constitutionalism, 170; Editorial Note, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 3: 526–27.

267

Hamilton was born in 1755, but he apparently believed that he was born in 1757, which would have made him think he was even more precocious than he was.

268

Hugh Knox to AH, 28 July 1784, Papers of Hamilton, 3: 573.

269

Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789 (New York, 1982; rev. ed., New York, 2005), 587.

270

AH, Speech in New York Ratifying Convention, 28 June 1788, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 118.

271

White, Federalists, 117; Jacob E. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 1982), 73; AH to Edward Carrington, 26 May 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 11: 442.

272

Freeman W. Meyer, «A Note on the Origins of the ‘Hamiltonian’ System», WMQ, 21 (1964), 579–88.

273

Diary of Maclay, 377.

274

Rose, Prologue to Democracy, 29; White, Federalists, 123.

275

Roberts and Roberts, eds., Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, 135–36.

276

Notes from Gouverneur Morris’s Diary, 11 July 1804, Papers of Hamilton, 26: 324 n.

277

Farrand, ed., Records of the Federal Convention, 1: 288.

278

John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783 (New York, 1989), xix.

279

The fullest description of these «Country-opposition» ideas can be found in Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA, 1967).

280

Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution (New York, 1993), 2: 768.

281

On Hamilton’s «financial revolution», see Richard Sylla, «The Transition to a Monetary Union in the United States, 1787–1795», Financial History Review, 13 (2006), 73–95.

282

Jacob E. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 1982), 75.

283

Edwin J. Perkins, American Public Finance and Financial Services, 1700–1815 (Columbus, OH, 1994), 221.

284

Herbert J. Storing, ed., The Complete Anti-Federalist (Chicago, 1981), 5: 84–85.

285

Max M. Edling and Mark D. Kaplanoff, «Alexander Hamilton’s Fiscal Reform: Transforming the Structure of Taxation in the Early Republic», WMQ, 61 (2004), 712–44.

286

Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History (New York, 1948), 404n; GW, Plan of American Finance, c. Oct 1789, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 30: 454.

287

Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, 1957), 69.

288

Hammond, Banks and Politics, 66.

289

Hammond, Banks and Politics, 126–27; Fisher Ames to AH, 31 July 1791, AH to William Seton, 25 Nov. 1791, Papers of Hamilton, 8: 590–91; 9: 538–39.

290

Hammond, Banks and Politics, 126.

291

Hammond, Banks and Politics, 188, 196, 189. О видении Гамильтона см. Robert E. Wright, The First Wall Street: Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, and the Birth of American Finance (Chicago, 2005), 66–85.

292

Cooke, Hamilton, 98.

293

«A Citizen of the United States», Observations on the Agriculture, Manufactures and Commerce of the United States (New York, 1789), 18–19. Хотя этот памфлет долгое время приписывали Тенчу Коксу, его авторитетный биограф Джейкоб Э. Кук считает это ошибочным; по его мнению, автор был жителем Новой Англии. Jacob E. Cooke, Tench Coxe and the Early Republic (Chapel Hill, 1978), 150n.

294

GW, First Annual Message to Congress, 8 Jan. 1790, Washington: Writings, 750, 749.

295

AH, Report on the Subject of Manufactures, 5 Dec. 1791, Papers of Hamilton, 10: 298.

296

Edling and Kaplanoff, «Alexander Hamilton’s Fiscal Reform», 740.

297

John R. Nelson Jr., Liberty and Property: Political Economy and Policymaking in the New Nation, 1789–1812 (Baltimore, 1987), 37–48; John E. Crowley, The Privileges of Independence: Neomercantilism and the American Revolution (Baltimore, 1993), 146–55.

298

Edling and Kaplanoff, «Alexander Hamilton’s Fiscal Reform», 743–44.

299

AH to GW, 15 Sept. 1790, Papers of Hamilton, 70: 50; GW to Henry Knox, 28 Feb. 1785, цитируется по John Lauritz Larson, «‘Wisdom Enough to Improve Them’: Navigation Projects and the Rising American Empire», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Launching the ‘Extended Republic’: The Federalist Era (Charlottesville, 1996), 235.

300

AH, Federalist No. 35.

301

James M. Banner Jr., To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815 (New York, 1970), 57.

302

Joyce Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York, 1984), 73; Perez Forbes, «An Election Sermon» (1795), in Charles S. Hyneman and Donald S. Lutz, eds., American Political Writing During the Founding Era (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 993; Andrew Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in Jeffersonian Pennsylvania (Lawrence, KS, 2004), 76.

303

AH, New York Ratifying Convention, 25 June 1788, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 85; AH, «The Defence of the Funding System» (July 1795), Papers of Hamilton, 13: 349.

304

Roger V. Gould, «Patron-Client Ties, State Centralization, and the Whiskey Rebellion», American Journal of Sociology, 102 (1996), 401.

305

AH, «Continentalist», VI, 4 July 1782, Papers of Hamilton, 3: 105–6.

306

White, Federalists, 117; Cooke, Hamilton, 73.

307

Carl E. Prince, The Federalists and the Origins of the U.S. Civil Service (New York, 1977), 271.

308

Andrew R. L. Cayton, «‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State: The Washington Administration and the Origins of Regionalism in the Trans-Appalachian West», JAH, 79 (1992–1993), 50–51; Prince, Origins of the Civil Service, 269–70.

309

GW to John Sullivan, 1 Sept. 1788, in Fitzpatrick, ed. Writings of Washington, 30: 86.

310

The Diary of William Maclay and Other Notes on Senate Debates, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore, 1988), 316, 200.

311

GW to Edward Rutledge, 5 May 1789, in Washington: Writings, 735–36.

312

Gould, «Patron-Client Ties», American Journal of Sociology, 102 (1996), 400–429.

313

Lisle A. Rose, Prologue to Democracy: The Federalists in the South, 1789–1800 (Lexington, KY, 1968), 27.

314

Федералистское использование патронажа напоминало, но сильно отличалось от более поздней джексоновской «системы награбленного», которая стала доминировать на политических должностях в Америке середины девятнадцатого века. Большинство джексоновских чиновников не были социально заметными и респектабельными людьми; более того, большинство из них были именно теми обычными людьми среднего достатка, которых игнорировали федералисты. Для джексонианцев критерием назначения была не семья, не общественное положение, не способности, не характер и не репутация, а связь с джексонианской Демократической партией. Больше ничего не требовалось. «Обязанности всех государственных должностей, — заявил президент Эндрю Джексон в своем первом ежегодном послании, — настолько просты и понятны, что люди с хорошим интеллектом могут без труда подготовиться к их выполнению». Политические должности больше не должны были быть «разновидностью собственности», принадлежащей видным джентльменам только в силу их социального положения или характера. Джексон, Первое ежегодное послание, 8 декабря 1829 г., в James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897 (Washington, DC, 1900), 2: 449; Lynn Marshall, «The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party», AHR, 72 (1972), 452.

315

GW to Henry Lee, 31 Oct. 1786, Washington: Writings, 609.

316

James Hudson, ed., Supplement to the Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1987), 229; Max Farrand, ed., Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 1: 246.

317

Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802 (New York, 1975), 76, 88.

318

Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 171.

319

Marcus Cunliffe, Soldiers and Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America, 1775–1865 (Boston, 1968), 183.

320

Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA, 2007), 195.

321

Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 1780–1825 (Kent, OH, 1986), 23; TJ to JM, 20 June 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 11: 481.

322

AH to Arthur St. Clair, 19 May 1790, Papers of Hamilton, 6: 421.

323

GW to Duane, 7 Sept. 1783, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 27: 140.

324

Eric Hinderaker, Elusive Empires: Construction Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1673–1800 (Cambridge, UK, 1997), 193, 194; National Gazette, I (November 1791), in Eugene L. Schwaab, ed., Travels in the Old South (Lexington, KY, 1973), 1: 58.

325

Reginald Horsman, The Frontier in the Formative Years, 1783–1815 (Albuquerque, 1975), 5–6.

326

John Stilgoe, Common Landscape of America, 1580 to 1845 (New Haven, 1982), 102–3.

327

GW to James Duane, 7 Sept. 1783, Washington: Writings, 536–38.

328

Cayton, Frontier Republic, 23; Kenneth R. Bowling, The Creation of Washington, D.C.: The Idea and Location of the American Capital (Fairfax, VA, 1991), 11.

329

Tamara Platkins Thornton, Cultivating Gentlemen: The Meaning of Country Life Among the Boston Elite, 1785–1860 (New Haven, 1989), 15–56.

330

H. E. Scudder, ed., Recollections of Samuel Breck (Philadelphia, 1877), 203; Diary of Maclay, 48, 73–74, 134.

331

Alan Taylor, William Cooper’s Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic (New York, 1995), 101.

332

Alan Taylor, «Land and Liberty on the Post-Revolutionary Frontier», in David Thomas Konig, ed., Devising Liberty: Preserving and Creating Freedom in the New American Republic (Stanford, 1995), 89.

333

Timothy J. Shannon, «‘This Unpleasant Business’: The Transformation of Land Speculation in the Ohio Country, 1787–1820», in Jeffery P. Brown and Andrew R. L. Cayton, eds., The Pursuit of Public Power: Political Culture in Ohio, 1787–1861 (Kent, OH, 1994), 23; Horsman, Frontier in the Formative Years, 42.

334

Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 (Cambridge, UK, 1991), 419; Robert Kagen, Dangerous Nation (New York, 2006), 74.

335

Cayton, Frontier Republic, 25.

336

Hinderaker, Elusive Empires, 231; Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987), 58–66.

337

Оценки численности индейцев, как известно, нелегки. В 1789 году военный министр Нокс подсчитал, что на Западе было 19 000 индейских воинов, из них 14 000 к югу и 5000 к северу от Огайо. По его подсчетам, на каждого воина приходилось по три женщины, ребенка и пожилых человека, таким образом, общая численность составляла 76 000 человек. Его оценка невоинов может быть слишком низкой. Knox to GW, 15 June 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 2: 494.

338

Peter Wood, «From Atlantic History to a Continental Approach», in Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan, eds., Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal (New York, 2009), 422.

339

Alan Taylor, The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution (New York, 2006).

340

См. Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 92.

341

Taylor, «Land and Liberty on the Post-Revolutionary Frontier», in Konig, ed., Devising Liberty, 81–108; Theda Perdue, «Native Women in the Early Republic: Old World Perceptions, New World Realities», and Daniel H. Unser Jr., «Iroquois Livelihood and Jeffersonian Agrarianism: Reaching Behind the Models and Metaphors», in Frederick E. Hoxie et al., eds., Native Americans and the Early Republic (Charlottesville, 1999), 103–22, 200–225; Lucy Eldersveld Murphy, «To Live Among Us: Accommodation, Gender, and Conflict in the Western Great Lakes Region, 1760–1832», in Andrew R. L. Cayton and Fredrika J. Teute, eds., Contact Points: American Frontiers from the Mohawk Valley to the Mississippi, 1750–1830 (Chapel Hill, 1998), 270–303.

342

Perdue, «Native Women in the Early Republic», in Hoxie et al., eds., Native Americans and the Early Republic, 115–19.

343

White, Middle Ground, 408.

344

Bernard W. Sheehan, «The Indian Problem in the Northwest: From Conquest to Philanthropy», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Launching the ‘Extended Republic,’ 191.

345

Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 94.

346

Knox to GW, 15 June 1789, Papers of Washington, Presidential Ser., 2: 491.

347

Knox to Washington, 7 July 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 3: 134–41.

348

Knox to Washington, 7 July 1789, Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser., 3: 134–41.

349

Knox to the Northwestern Indians, 4 Apr. 1792, in Reginald Horsman, «The Indian Policy of an ‘Empire for Liberty’», in Hoxie et al., eds., Native Americans and the Early Republic, 45–46; Taylor, Divided Ground, 278, 240.

350

Washington to the U.S. Senate, 4 Aug. 1790, Proclamation, 14 Aug. 1790, Papers of Washington, Presidential Ser., 6: 188–96, 248–54; Joseph J. Ellis, American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic (New York, 2007), 149–56.

351

Andrew R. L. Cayton, «‘Noble Actors’ upon ‘the Theatre of Honour’: Power and Civility in the Treaty of Greenville», in Cayton and Teute, eds., Contact Points, 254–55; Taylor, Divided Ground, 259.

352

Horsman, Frontier in the Formative Years, 45.

353

Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 125.

354

Cayton, «‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State», 156.

355

R. Douglas Hurt, The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830 (Bloomington, IN, 1996), 139; Richard White, «The Fictions of Patriarchy: Indians and Whites in the Early Republic», in Hoxie et al., eds., Native Americans and the Early Republic, 82–83; Cayton, «‘Noble Actors’ upon ‘the Theatre of Honour’», in Cayton and Teute, eds., Contact Points, 255–69.

356

Cayton, «‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State», 53–54; Hinderaker, Elusive Empires, 244.

357

Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars (New York, 2001), 33; Cayton, «‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State», 61–65.

358

Cayton, «‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State», 53.

359

Terry Bouton, «A Road Closed: Rural Insurgency in Post-Independence Pennsylvania», JAH, 87 (2000), 855–87; Terry Bouton, Taming Democracy: «The People», the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution (New York, 2007); Alan Taylor, Liberty Men and Great Proprietors: The Revolutionary Settlement on the Maine Frontier, 1760–1820 (Chapel Hill, 1990).

360

Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution (New York, 1986), 98. См. also William Hogeland, The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels Who Challenged America’s Newfound Sovereignty (New York, 2006).

361

Leland D. Baldwin, Whiskey Rebels: The Story of a Frontier Uprising (Pittsburgh, 1939), 68.

362

Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, 133–34, 135.

363

Mary K. B. Tachau, Federal Courts in the Early Republic: Kentucky, 1789–1816 (Princeton, 1978), 70–71.

364

Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, 121.

365

Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, 177; AH to GW, 5 Aug 1794, Papers of Hamilton, 17: 52.

366

Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 159.

367

John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 158; GW, Sixth Annual Address to Congress, 19 Nov. 1794, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 34: 28–30.

368

Miller, Federalist Era, 159; TJ to James Monroe, 26 May 1795, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 359.

369

Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 170; AH to Angelica Church, 23 Oct. 1794, Papers of Hamilton, 17: 340.

370

JM to James Monroe, 4 Dec. 1794, Papers of Madison, 15: 405–7; Baldwin, Whiskey Rebellion, 112.

371

GW, Sixth Annual Message to Congress, 19 Nov. 1794, Washington: Writings, 893, 888.

372

Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840 (Berkeley, 1969).

373

Stuart Leibiger, Founding Friendship: George Washington, James Madison, and the Creation of the American Republic (Charlottesville, 1999).

374

JM to AH, 19 Nov. 1789, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 525–26.

375

Kenneth R. Bowling, The Creation of Washington, D.C.: The Idea and Location of the American Capital (Fairfax, VA, 1991), 143.

376

Bowling, Creation of Washington, D.C., 8.

377

George Mason to TJ, 10 Jan 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 18: 484; Bowling, Creation of Washington, D.C., 206.

378

James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven, 1993), 37.

379

The Diary of William Maclay and Other Notes on Senate Debates, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore, 1988), 347.

380

AH, «Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank», 23Feb. 1791, Papers of Hamilton, 7: 98.

381

Virginia Resolutions on the Assumption of State Debts, 16 Dec. 1790, Henry Steele Commager, ed., Documents in American History, 4th ed. (New York, 1948), 155–56; Harry Ammon, «The Formation of the Republican Party in Virginia, 1798–1796», Journal of Southern History, 19 (1953), 292.

382

AH to John Jay, 13 Nov. 1790, Papers of Hamilton, 7: 149.

383

Stanley Elkins and Eric Mckitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 234; JM to TJ, 1 May 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 20: 337.

384

TJ to Jonathan B. Smith, 26 Apr. 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 20: 290. Обо всей этой истории, связанной с несанкционированной публикацией записки Джефферсона, см. Julian Boyd’s editorial discussion, «Rights of Man: The Contest of Burke and Paine… in America», Papers of Jefferson, 20: 268–90.

385

TJ, Notes of a Conversation with AH, 13 Aug. 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 22: 38–39. On the Hudson Valley trip, see Boyd’s editorial note, «The Northern Journey of Jefferson and Madison», Papers of Jefferson, 20: 434–53.

386

Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration (New York, 1964).

387

Introduction, Republic of Letters, 1–2.

388

Прекрасное обсуждение различий между этими двумя мужчинами см. Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge, UK, 1989), 45–64.

389

TJ to Abigail Adams, 22 Feb. 1787, Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 1: 173.

390

TJ to JM, 16Dec. 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 10: 603.

391

N. P. Trist, Memoranda, 27 Sept. 1834, in Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 3: 534; Michael Schwarz, «The Great Divergence Reconsidered: Hamilton, Madison, and U.S.-British Relations, 1783–89», JER, 27 (2007), 407–36. Для радикальных вигов слово «администрация» было тяжелым; оно означало активное осуществление прерогативных полномочий короля или исполнительной власти.

392

JM to TJ, 5Oct. 1794, Republic of Letters, 857.

393

TJ to JM, 4Feb. 1790, Papers of Jefferson, 16: 131–34.

394

Gordon S. Wood, Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York, 2006), 110.

395

TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., 15 May 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 20: 416.

396

Об этом см. Julian Boyd’s editorial note, «Jefferson, Freneau, and the Founding of the National Gazette», Papers of Jefferson, 20: 718–53.

397

National Gazette, 20 Feb. 1792.

398

Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca, 1978), 126–78.

399

TJ’s Memoranda of Conversations with the President, 1 Mar. 1792, Papers of Jefferson, 23: 184–87.

400

Bruce H. Mann, Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence (Cambridge, MA, 2002), 202, 194, 195.

401

TJ to Henry Remsen, 14 Apr. 1792, Papers of Jefferson, 23: 426.

402

AH to Edward Carrington, 26 May 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 11: 429.

403

AH to Edward Carrington, 26 May 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 11: 426–45.

404

TJ to GW, 23 May 1792, Papers of Jefferson, 23: 535–40.

405

AH to GW, 18 Aug. 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 12: 228–58.

406

Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 2004), 390.

407

GW to TJ, 23 Aug. 1792, Papers of Jefferson, 24: 317; GW to AH, 26 Aug. 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 12: 276–77.

408

Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Rights of Man (Boston, 1951), 463–64, 477, 473.

409

AH to GW, 9 Sept. 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 12: 348–49.

410

TJ to GW, 9 Sept. 1792, Papers of Jefferson, 24: 351–59.

411

S.W. Jackman, «A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation: Edward Thornton to James Bland Burges, 1791–1793», WMQ, 18 (1961), 93.

412

TJ, Notes of a Conversation with GW, 1 Oct. 1792, Papers of Jefferson, 24: 434.

413

AH to GW, 30 July 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 12: 137–38.

414

Milton Halsey Thomas, ed., Elias Boudinot’s Journey to Boston in 1809 (Princeton, 1955), 61 n.

415

AH to John Steele, 15 Oct. 1792, AH to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 10 Oct. 1792, Papers of Hamilton, 12: 568–69, 544.

416

Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 58.

417

Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven, 2001), 8; Joanne B. Freeman, «Slander, Poison, Whispers, and Fame: Jefferson’s ‘Anas’ and Political Gossip in the Early Republic», JER, 15 (1995), 25–57, quotation at 29.

418

Freeman, Affairs of Honor, 69.

419

Jay to AH, 26 Nov. 1793, Papers of Hamilton, 15: 412–13.

420

Noble E. Cunningham, The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801 (Chapel Hill, 1957), 250.

421

Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 67.

422

TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 13 March 1789, Papers of Jefferson, 14: 650.

423

JM, «A Candid State of Parties», 26 Sept. 1792, Madison: Writings, 530–32.

424

David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965), 51.

425

Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802 (New York, 1975), 198.

426

Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 64.

427

TJ to William Branch Giles, 31 Dec. 1795, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 566.

428

John F. Hoadley, «The Emergence of Political Parties in Congress, 1789–1803», American Political Science Review, 74 (1980), 757–79.

429

Matthew Schoenbacher, «Republicanism in the Age of the Democratic Revolution: The Democratic-Republican Societies of the 1790s», JER, 18 (1998), 237–62; Albrecht Koschnik, «Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together»: Associations, Partisanship, and Culture in Philadelphia, 1775–1840 (Charlottesville, 2007), 22–40.

430

Koschnik, «Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together», 31–32.

431

Eugene Perry Link, Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790–1800 (New York, 1942), 133.

432

Richard Labunski, James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights (New York, 2006), 291–92.

433

Carville Earle and Ronald Hoffman, «Urban Development in the Eighteenth-Century South», Perspectives in American History, 10 (1976), 67.

434

John Richard Alden, The First South (Baton Rouge, 1961), 9.

435

Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 97n.

436

Carl Bridenbaugh, Seat of Empire: The Political Role of Eighteenth-Century Williamsburg (Williamsburg, 1950), 10; Higginson to JA, 8Aug. 1785, in J. Franklin Jameson, ed., «Letters of Stephen Higginson, 1783–1804», American Historical Association, Annual Report for 1896 (Washington, DC, 1897), 1: 728.

437

TJ to Marquis de Chastellux, 2 Sept. 1785, Jefferson: Writings, 826–27.

438

See, for examples, Joseph J. Ellis, American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic (New York, 2007), 163–204; Robin L. Einhorn, American Taxation, American Slavery (Chicago, 2006), 151–55, 184–99, 251–55.

439

TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 164–65.

440

Richard Buel Jr., Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (Ithaca, 1972), 72–90.

441

Charles Warren, Jacobin and Junto: Early American Politics as Viewed in the Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames, 1758–1822 (New York, 1931), 53.

442

TJ to JM, 13 May 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 26.

443

Два года спустя, в 1795 году, Джефферсон все же попытался объяснить, как «ничтожное» членство в партии федералистов, или «антиреспубликанской партии», как он ее называл, могло иметь «видимость силы и численности». Федералисты, по его словам, «все живут в городах вместе и могут действовать сообща и в любое время; они дают основную работу газетам и поэтому контролируют большинство из них». Хотя республиканцы превосходили федералистов числом пятьсот человек к одному, Джефферсон считал, что «сельскохозяйственные интересы рассеяны по огромной территории страны, имеют мало средств связи друг с другом» и уязвимы для единства федералистов. TJ, «Notes on the Letter of Christopher Daniel Ebeling», после 15 октября 1795 г., Jefferson Papers, 28: 509.

444

Roland M. Baumann, «John Swanwick», Pa. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 97 (1973), 131–82, quotation at 142; Richard G. Miller, Philadelphia — The Federalist City: A Study of Urban Politics, 1789–1801 (Port Washington, NY, 1976), 84–86.

445

Paul Goodman, The Democratic-Republicans of Massachusetts: Politics in a Young Republic (Cambridge, MA, 1964), 108–14.

446

Link, Democratic-Republican Societies, 63.

447

Gary J. Kornblith, «Artisan Federalism: New England Mechanics and the Political Economy of the 1790s», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic»: The Federalist Era (Charlottesville, 1996), 249–72; Lisa B. Lubow, «From Carpenter to Capitalist: The Business of Building in Postrevolutionary Boston», in Conrad Edrick Wright and Katheryn P. Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs: The Boston Business Community, 1700–1850 (Boston, 1997), 195–96.

448

AH, Conversations with George Beckwith, Oct. 1789, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 483; Roland M. Baumann, «Philadelphia’s Manufacturers and the Excise Taxes of 1794», Pa. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 106 (1982), 17–18, 20, 22, 33; Link, Democratic-Republican Societies, 77.

449

Andrew Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in Jeffersonian Pennsylvania (Lawrence, KS, 2004), 62.

450

Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797 (Chapel Hill, 1967), 407.

451

Banning, Jeffersonian Persuasion, 213.

452

Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 309.

453

Elkins and MCkitrick, Age of Federalism, 310; Philipp Ziesche, «Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Jefferson, and the National Struggle for Universal Rights in Revolutionary France», JER, 26 (2006), 419–47.

454

William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1989), 193; Simon F. Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia, 1997), 124–25.

455

Larry E. Tise, American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800 (Mechanicsburg, PA, 1998), 4–6.

456

Charles Warren, Jacobin and Junto: Early American Politics As Viewed In The Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames, 1758–1822 (New York, 1931), 51.

457

TJ to Joseph Fay, 18 March 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 25: 402; Jay Winik, The Great Upheaval: America and the Birth of the Modern World, 1788–1800 (New York, 2007), 463; Charles D. Hazen, Contemporary American Opinion of the French Revolution (1897; Gloucester, MA, 1964), 257.

458

AH to _____, 18 May 1793, Papers of Hamilton, 16: 475–76.

459

Hazen, American Opinion of the French Revolution, 276, 277.

460

Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street, 125.

461

Susan Branson, These Fiery Frenchified Dames: Women and Political Culture in Early National Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 2001), 109; Heather Nathans, Early American Theater from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People (Cambridge, UK, 2003), 79–81.

462

Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (New York, 2008), 468–69.

463

S. W. Jackman, «A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation: Edward Thornton to James Bland Burges, 1791–1793», WMQ, 18 (1961), 110.

464

TJ to George Mason, 4 Feb. 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 19: 241.

465

TJ to William Short, 3 Jan. 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 25: 14.

466

TJ to Tench Coxe, 1 May 1794, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 67.

467

TJ to William Branch Giles, 27 April 1795, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 337.

468

John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 127; TJ to William Carmichael, 15 Dec. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 424; TJ to JM, 28Aug. 1789, Republic of Letters, 629.

469

Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821 (Columbus, OH, 1998), 20; Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797 (Chapel Hill, 1967), 363; Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty (Boston, 1962), 71.

470

Richard Buel Jr., Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (Ithaca, 1972), 42–43.

471

TJ to JM, 28 April 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 25: 619.

472

Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics In The New Republic (New Haven, 2001), 45.

473

John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 130; Jackman, «A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation», 119.

474

Ratcliffe, Party Spirit In A Frontier Republic, 94.

475

JM to TJ, 19 June 1793, 13 June 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 31, 29; JM to the Minister of the French Republic, April 1793, Republic of Letters, 778.

476

AH, Pacificus No. I, 29 June 1793, Pacificus No. II, 3 July 1793, Pacificus No. III, 6 July 1793, Pacificus No. IV, 10 July 1793, Pacificus No. V, 13–17 July 1793, Pacificus No. VI, 17 July 1795, Pacificus No. VII, 27 July 1793, Papers of Hamilton, 15: 33–43, quotation at 38; 55–63; 65–69; 82–86; 90–95; 100–106, quotation at 103; 130–35.

477

James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven, 1993), 79.

478

TJ to JM, 7 July 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 444.

479

JM to TJ, 30 July 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 48.

480

JM to TJ, 22 July 1793, and «Helvidius» No. 1, 24 Aug 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 47, 72.

481

JA to TJ, 30 June 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 346–47.

482

«The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet», Papers of Jefferson, 26: 686.

483

Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty, 104.

484

TJ, Notes of Cabinet Meeting and Conversations with Edmond Charles Genet, 5 July 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 438.

485

Harry Ammon, «The Genet Mission and the Development of American Political Parties», Jah, 52 (1966), 725–41; Harry Ammon, The Genet Mission (New York, 1973).

486

Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 351.

487

JM to Archibald Stuart, 1 Sept. 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 88.

488

TJ, Notes of Cabinet Meeting and Conversations with Edmond Charles Genet, 5 July 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 438.

489

В августе 1793 года Вашингтон обратился к Франции с просьбой отозвать Генета, но когда французское правительство согласилось, Генет, будучи ставленником жирондистов, решил, что его жизнь может быть в опасности во Франции, где к власти пришли якобинцы. Поэтому он женился на дочери губернатора Нью-Йорка Джорджа Клинтона, поселился недалеко от Олбани и стал американским гражданином.

490

TJ to JM, 3 Aug., 11 Aug. 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 606, 652.

491

TJ to GW, 16 April 1784, Papers of Jefferson, 7: 106–7.

492

«The Free Republican», Boston Independent Chronicle, 8 Dec. 1785.

493

Paine, «Common Sense» (1776), in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 20, 21; David M. Fitzsimons, «Tom Paine’s New World Order: Idealistic Internationalism in the Ideology of Early American Foreign Relations», Diplomatic History, 19 (1995), 569–82.

494

Gerald Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford, 1970), 146.

495

JA, March-April 1776, Diary and Autobiography, 2: 236.

496

Burton Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution (Charlottesville, 1979), 1; Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1990), 56.

497

Tucker and Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty, 53.

498

JA to BF, 17 Aug. 1780, in Felix Gilbert, To the Farewell Address: Ideas of Early American Foreign Policy (Princeton, 1961), 86; Fitzsimons, «Tom Paine’s New World Order»; Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation (New York, 2006), 59.

499

American Commissioners to De Thulemeir, 14 March 1785, Papers of Jefferson, 8: 28.

500

GW to Lafayette, 15 Aug. 1786, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 28: 520.

501

Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 131.

502

TJ to Tench Coxe, 1 May 1794, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 67.

503

Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 386; Ames to Christopher Gore, 28 Jan. 1794, in W. B. Allen, ed., The Works of Fisher Ames (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1028.

504

Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 384–86.

505

AH to GW, 8 Mar. 1794, Papers of Hamilton, 16: 134.

506

Hamilton, Defense of the Funding System, July 1795, Papers of Hamilton, 19: 56.

507

AH, «To Defence No. XX», 23–24 Oct. 1795, Papers of Hamilton, 19: 332.

508

JM, «Helvidius», No. 4, 14 Sept. 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 108.

509

James Monroe to TJ, 16 Mar. 1794, in S. M. Hamilton, ed., The Writings of James Monroe (New York, 1898), 1: 286–88.

510

JM to TJ, 11 May 1794, Papers of Madison, 15: 327–28.

511

JM to TJ, 25 May 1794, Papers of Madison, 15: 337–38.

512

JM to TJ, 16 Nov. 1794, Republic of Letters, 859.

513

Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 119.

514

TJ to JM, 21 Sept. 1795, Republic of Letters, 897.

515

Marcus Daniels, Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy (New York, 2009), 138–44; Barry Schwartz, George Washington: The Making of an American Symbol (New York, 1987), 67–68.

516

TJ to James Monroe, 6 Sept. 1795, TJ to Edward Rutledge, 30 Nov. 1795, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 542.

517

Gw to the House of Representatives, 30 March 1796, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 35: 3, 5.

518

TP, The Age of Reason (1794), in Philip Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 600; Russell Blaine Nye, The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830 (New York, 1960), 214; Daniels, Scandal and Civility, 242–49.

519

Gary B. Nash, «The American Clergy and the French Revolution», WMQ, 22 (1965), 402–12; Henry May, The Enlightenment in America (New York, 1976), 258.

520

Elizabeth A. Perkins, «The Consumer Frontier: Household Consumption in Early Kentucky», JAH, 78 (1991–92), 486–510.

521

Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 842n.

522

Max M. Edling and Mark D. Kaplanoff, «Alexander Hamilton’s Fiscal Reform: Transforming the Structure of Taxation in the Early Republic», WMQ, 61 (2004), 712–44.

523

Samuel Eliot Morison, The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860 (Boston, 1961), 73–74.

524

Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 441, 842–43, 443.

525

[Noah Webster], The Revolution in France, Considered in Respect to Its Progress and Effects (New York, 1794), in Ellis Sandoz, ed., Political Sermons of the Founding Era, 1750–1805 (Indianapolis, 1991), 1279; Annals of Congress, 3rd Congress, 2nd session, IV, 929; Albrecht Koschnik, «The Democratic Societies of Philadelphia and the Limits of the American Public Sphere, circa 1793–1795», WMQ, 58 (2001), 615–36.

526

JM to James Monroe, 4 Dec. 1794, Papers of Madison, 15: 406–7; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 487–88.

527

AH, Conversation with George Beckwith, Oct. 1789, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 383.

528

Gerard H. Clarfield, Timothy Pickering and the American Republic (Pittsburgh, 1980), 160–61; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 838.

529

Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 500.

530

John Ferling, The First of Men: A Life of George Washington (Knoxville, 1988), 465–66; GW to TJ, 6 July 1796, Papers of Jefferson, 29: 142–43.

531

GW to AH, 25 Aug. 1796, Papers of Hamilton, 20: 308.

532

Ferling, First of Men, 466.

533

GW, Farewell Address (1796), Washington: Writings, 962–77.

534

Manning J. Dauer, The Adams Federalists (Baltimore, 1953), 241; Marshall Smelser, «The Federalist Era as an Age of Passion», American Quarterly, 10 (1958), 391–419.

535

James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven, 1993), 142.

536

Joseph Charles, «Hamilton and Washington: The Origins of the American Party System», WMQ, 12 (1955), 414–15; AH to, 8Nov. 1796, Papers of Hamilton, 20:376–77; AH, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq. President of the United States, 24Oct. 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 195.

537

Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 149.

538

Joanne B. Freeman, «The presidential Election of 1796», in Richard Alan Ryerson, ed., John Adams and the Founding of the Republic (Boston, 2001), 148.

539

Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven, 2001), 217–18; Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 147.

540

Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 158.

541

Stanley Elkins and Eric Mckitrick, THe Age of Federalism (NEw York, 1993), 535.

542

В действительности Сэмюэл Адамс и некоторые другие бостонские патриоты стремились к тому, чтобы Адамс взял на себя защиту солдат, возможно, стремясь защитить репутацию Бостона в империи. Hiller B. Zobel, The boston massacre (New york, 1970), 220–21.

543

Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 581; Peter Shaw, The Character of John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1976), 318.

544

JA to James Warren, 9 Jan. 1787, in Worthington C. Ford, ed., Warren-Adams Letters (Mass. Hist. Soc., Coll., 72–73 [1917, 1925]), 2: 280.

545

Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 574.

546

Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 575.

547

David Lieberman has edited a new edition of Jean Louis De Lolme’s Constitution of England; or, An Account of the English Government (Indianapolis, 2007).

548

JA, Defence, in Wood, creation of the American Republic, 578.

549

О том, как французские революционеры представляли свою социальную борьбу, см. Sarah Maza, «The Social Imagery of the French Revolution: The Third Estate, the National Guard, and the Absent Bourgeoisie», in Colin Jones and Dror Wahrman, eds., The Age of Cultural Revolutions: Britain and France, 1750–1820 (Berkeley, 2002), 106–23.

550

Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution (New York, 1993), 2: 761.

551

Michael Merrill and Sean Wilentz, eds., The Key of Liberty: The Life and Democratic Writings of William Manning, «A Laborer», 1747–1814 (Cambridge, MA, 1993); Michael Merrill, «Putting Capitalism in Its Place: A Review of Recent Literature», WMQ, 52 (1995), 315–26.

552

О Финдли см. John Caldwell, William Findley from west of the mountains: A Politician in pennsylvania, 1783–1791 (Gig Harbor, WA, 2000); and Caldwell, William Findley from West of the Mountains: Congressman, 1791–1821 (Gig Harbor, WA, 2001).

553

Jerry Grundfest, George Clymer: Philadelphia Revolutionary, 1739–1813 (New York, 1982), 141.

554

Claude M. Newlin, The Life and Writings of Hugh Henry Brackenridge (Princeton, 1932), 71.

555

NEWLIN, BRACKENRIDGE, 80–81, 78; Russell J. Ferguson, Early Western Pennsylvania Politics (Pittsburgh, 1938), 66–69.

556

Newlin, Brackenridge, 79–80; Ferguson, Early Western Pennsylvania, 70–72.

557

Hugh Henry Brackenridge, Modern Chivalry, ed. Claude M. Newlin (New York, 1937), 53, 14, 611, 19, 449.

558

Mathew Carey, ed., Debates and Proceedings of the General Assembly of pennsylvania on the Memorials Praying a Repeal or Suspension of the Law Annulling the Charter of the Bank (Philadelphia, 1786), 19, 64, 66, 87, 128, 21, 130, 38, 15, 72–73.

559

[Findley], «Letter by an Officer of the Late Continental Army», Philadelphia Independent Gazette, 6 Nov. 1787, in Herbert J. Storing, ed., The Complete Anti-Federalist (Chicago, 1981), 3: 95.

560

Merrill Jensen and Robert A. Becker, eds., The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 1788–1790 (Madison WI, 1976), 2: 528–32, 551; Caldwell, William Findley: Politician, 166–68; Owen S. Ireland, Religion, Ethnicity, and Politics: Ratifying the Constitution in Pennsylvania (University Park, PA, 1995), 99–101.

561

William Findley, A Review of the Revenue System Adopted at the First Congress Under the Federal Constitution (Philadelphia, 1794), 117.

562

Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797 (Chapel Hill, 1967), 509–10.

563

Young, Democratic Republicans of New York, 511–12; Alan Taylor, William Cooper’s Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontiers of the Early American Republic (New York, 1995), 245–46.

564

Taylor, William Cooper’s Town, 244–46. Как отмечает Тейлор в своей блестящей книге, роман Джеймса Фенимора Купера «Пионеры» основан на опыте его отца.

565

Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of The American Revolution (New York, 1992), 237–38.

566

BF, «Blackamore, on Molatto Gentlemen», 1733, Franklin: Writings, 219; Albrecht Koschnik, «Political Conflict and Public Contest: Rituals of National Celebration in Philadelphia, 1788–1815», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 118 (1994), 209.

567

Daniel Chipman, The Life of Hon. Nathaniel Chipman… With Selections From His Miscellaneous Papers (BOSTON, 1846), 33, 29, 30, 31–32.

568

Aleine Austin, Matthew Lyon: «New Man» of the Democratic Revolution, 1749–1822 (university park, pa, 1981), 46, 45.

569

Chipman, Life of Nathaniel Chipman, 110.

570

Austin, Matthew Lyon, 91, 95; J. Fairfax McLaughlin, Matthew Lyon: The Hampden of Congress (New York, 1900), 500.

571

Annals of Congress, 5th Congress, 2nd session (Feb. 1798), VII, 955–1067.

572

Christopher Clark, Social Change in America: From the Revolution Through the Civil War (Chicago, 2006), 55.

573

Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretative History of the Continental Congress (New York, 1979), 216–39; George A. Billias, Elbridge Gerry: Founding Father and Republican Statesman (New York, 1976), 138–39.

574

Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (xi, par. 8) (Oxford, 1976), 1: 265.

575

См. William R. Taylor, Cavalier and Yankee: The Old South and American Character (New York, 1961).

576

The diary of William Maclay and other Notes on Senate Debates, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore, 1988), 141; Jack N. Rakove, «The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George Washington», in Richard Beeman et al., eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill, 1987), 283.

577

Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History (New York, 1948), 271, 292, 301.

578

Troup to AH, 31 March 1795, AH to Troup, 13 April 1795, Papers of Hamilton, 18: 310, 329.

579

Chester Mcarthur Destler, Joshua Coit: American Federalist, 1758–1798 (Middletown, CT, 1962), 64; Fisher Ames to Christopher Gore, 5 Oct. 1802, in W. B. Allen, ed., Works of Fisher Ames (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1438; Tamara Platkins Thornton, Cultivating Gentlemen: The Meaning of Country Life Among the Boston Elite, 1785–1860 (New Haven, 1989), 31.

580

Ethel E. Rasmusson, «Democratic Environment — Aristocratic Aspiration», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 90 (1966), 155–82; Bruce H. Mann, Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence (Cambridge, MA, 2002), 187–220. On Federalist dreams of Western empires, see Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 1780–1825 (Kent, OH, 1986), 12–32.

581

BR to JA, 22 April 1789, in Maeva Marcus and James R. Perry et al., eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789–1800 (New York, 1985), 1: 613.

582

David T. Gilchrist, ed., The Growth of The Seaport Cities, 1790–1825 (Charlottesville, 1967), 119; Ethel E. Rasmusson, «Democratic Environment — Aristocratic Aspiration», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 90 (1966), 155–82.

583

TJ to Mazzei, 24 April 1796, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 7: 72–78.

584

Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty (Boston, 1962), 366.

585

TJ to JM, 3 Aug. 1797, Republic of Letters, 985.

586

Monroe to JM, 8 June 1798, JM to Monroe, 9 June 1798, Papers of Madison, 17: 145–46, 149.

587

JM to TJ, 18 Feb 1798, Papers of Madison, 17: 82; Freeman, Affairs of Honor, 174; Joanne B. Freeman, «Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr-Hamilton Duel», WMQ, 53 (1996), 299.

588

Thomas J. Fleming, Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and the Future of America (New York, 1999), 21.

589

Freeman, Affairs of Honor, 167.

590

Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802 (New York, 1975), 205–6.

591

James Roger Sharpe, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven, 1993), 167.

592

Aaron N. Coleman, «‘A Second Bounaparty?’ A Reexamination of Alexander Hamilton During the Franco-American Crisis, 1796–1801», JER, 28 (2008), 199.

593

Ben Wilson, The Making of Victorian Values: Decency and Dissent in Britain, 1789–1837 (New York, 2007), 30.

594

George A. Billias, Elbridge Gerry: Founding Father and Republican Statesman (New York, 1976), 274.

595

TJ to JM, 29 March 1798, Republic of Letters, 1030.

596

Stephen G. Kurtz, The Presidency of John Adams: The Collapse of Federalism, 1795–1800 (New York, 1957), 293.

597

TJ to JM, 6, 19 April 1798, Republic of Letters, 1035, 1039.

598

Ames to Gore, 18 Dec. 1798, Works of Fisher Ames (1854), ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1302.

599

Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800 (New York, 1993), 588.

600

Ames to H. G. Otis, 23 April 1798, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, 2: 1275.

601

James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Acts and American Civil Liberties (Ithaca, 1956), 97.

602

Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 103; Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797–1801 (New York, 1966), 82.

603

DeConde, The Quasi-War, 328.

604

DeConde, The Quasi-War, 90–91; Marshall Smelser, The Congress Founds the Navy, 1787–1798 (Notre Dame, IN, 1959), 150–59; Ian W. Toll, Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy (New York, 2006), 101, 105–6; George C. Daughan, If by Sea: The Forging of the American Navy from the Revolution to the War of 1812 (New York, 2008).

605

E. James Ferguson, ed., Selected Writings of Gallatin (Indianapolis, 1967), 137; David McCullough, John Adams (New York, 2001), 499.

606

Richard Buel Jr., America on the Brink: How the Political Struggle over the War of 1812 Almost Destroyed the Young Republic (New York, 2005), 17.

607

Marilyn C. Baseler, «Asylum for Mankind»: America, 1607–1800 (Ithaca, 1998), 272; Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 64, 31, 66, 102; Annals of Congress, 5th Congress, 2nd session (April 1798), VIII, 1427; (June 1798), VIII, 1987–89.

608

TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 84–85; Basler, «Asylum for Mankind», 248–51.

609

Hans-Jürgen Grabbe, «European Immigration to the United States in the Early National Period, 1783–1820», in Susan E. Klepp, ed., The Demographic History of the Philadelphia Region, 1600–1860, American Philosophical Society, Proc., 133 (1989), 190–214.

610

Baseler, «Asylum for Mankind», 243–55; James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608–1870 (Chapel Hill, 1978), 269–74.

611

Baseler, «Asylum for Mankind», 255–70; Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 24.

612

Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 27; Annals of Congress, 5th Congress, 2nd session, VIII, 1567–68.

613

Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 53, 438–40.

614

Annals of Congress, 5th Congress, 2nd session (June 1798), VIII, 1956.

615

Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 82.

616

JA to TJ, 14 June 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 329.

617

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer (Garden City, NY, 1966), 185–86, 517.

618

JM, «Public Opinion», 19Dec. 1791, Madison: Writings, 500–501.

619

Paul Starr, The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communications (New York, 2004), 80.

620

Michael Durey, Transatlantic Radicals and the Early American Republic (Lawrence, KS, 1997). Из 219 политических беженцев, изученных Дюреем, 152 были ирландцами (69%), 49 англичанами (23%) и 18 шотландцами (8%) — пропорции, по мнению Дюрея, вероятно, отражают относительную интенсивность политических конфликтов в каждой из стран в 1790-х гг. В Англии пик эмиграции пришелся на 1793 и 1794 гг. Это позволяет предположить, что изгнанники стали жертвами первой волны репрессий английского правительства, кульминацией которых стали процессы о государственной измене в 1794 году. Основной этап эмиграции шотландских радикалов в Соединенные Штаты пришелся на 1794–1795 годы после заговора Уатта в Эдинбурге. А в Ирландии подавляющее большинство радикалов бежало в изгнание после восстания в Уэксфорде в 1798 году.

621

Jeffrey L. Pasley, «The Tyranny of the Printers»: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic (Charlottesville, 2001), 1–47.

622

Donald H. Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period (Albany, 1969), 13; Richard D. Brown, Knowledge Is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700–1865 (New York, 1989).

623

Joyce Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York, 1984), 66, 69, 75; Stewart, Opposition Press, 389, 390.

624

Charles Warren, Jacobin and Junto; or, Early American Politics as Viewed in the Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames, 1758–1822 (New York, 1931), 71.

625

Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821 (Columbus, OH, 1998), 20.

626

Richard Buel Jr., Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (Ithaca, 1972), 99.

627

Pasley, «Tyranny of the Printers», 231.

628

Marcus Daniel, Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy (New York, 2009), 295.

629

William Cobbett, Peter Porcupine in America: Pamphlets on Republicanism and Revolution, ed. David A. Wilson (Ithaca, 1994), 95, 113, 108.

630

Cobbett, Peter Porcupine in America, 117.

631

Cobbett, Peter Porcupine in America, 89–118.

632

Warren, Jacobin and Junto, 85, 82, 86; DeConde, The Quasi-War, 82.

633

Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 116; John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 233; Warren, Jacobin and Junto, 96.

634

Norman L. Rosenberg, Protecting the Best Men: An Interpretative History of the Law of Libel (Chapel Hill, 1986), 77. В деле New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) Верховный суд постановил, что закон прямо противоположен. Пресса может не только законно критиковать государственных служащих, но даже делать ложные заявления о поведении государственных служащих при условии отсутствия «действительного злого умысла». Такой широкой версии свободы прессы не существует больше нигде в мире.

635

Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York, 1992), 86.

636

Buel, Securing the Revolution, 156.

637

Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order, 60.

638

Samuel Miller, A Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1803), 2: 254–55.

639

Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 200; Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven, 2001), xvii-xviii.

640

TJ to JM, 26 April 1798, Republic of Letters, 1042; Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 441–42.

641

Annals of Congress, 5th Congress, 2nd session (June 1798), VIII, 2024–25, 2017–18.

642

AH to Wolcott, 29 June 1798, Papers of Hamilton, 21: 522.

643

Kenneth Roberts and Anna M. Roberts, eds., Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, 1793–1798 (New York, 1947), 253.

644

Edward J. Larson, A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America’s First Presidential Campaign (New York, 2007), 77.

645

Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 258–68; Warren, Jacobin and Junto, 107–10; Ames, «Laocoon 1», April 1799, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, 1: 192–93,196.

646

Pasley, «Tyranny of the Printers», 126–31.

647

JM, «Political Observations» (1795), in Marvin Meyers, ed., The Mind of the Founder: Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison (Indianapolis, 1973), 287.

648

Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 223.

649

Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 604.

650

Chernow, Hamilton, 179.

651

AH to Theodore Sedgwick, 2Feb. 1799, Hamilton: Writings, 914.

652

AH to James McHenry, 18 March 1799, Papers of Hamilton, 22: 552–53.

653

AH to Sedgwick, 2 Feb. 1799, Papers of Hamilton, 22: 453; Thomas P. Slaughter, «‘The King of Crimes’: Early American Treason Law, 1787–1860», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic»: The Federalist Era (Charlottesville, 1996), 96–97. Фрис и двое других были признаны виновными в государственной измене и приговорены к смертной казни, но президент Адамс помиловал их, даже несмотря на противодействие многих федералистов.

654

AH to Jonathan Dayton, Oct.-NOV. 1799, Papers of Hamilton, 23: 599–604.

655

AH to Rufus King, 22 Aug. 1798, Papers of Hamilton, 22: 154–55.

656

Ames, Sketch of the Character of Alexander Hamilton, July 1804, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, I: 518.

657

JA, Boston Patriot, 10 June 1809, Adams, ed., Works, 9: 305–6.

658

AH to GW, 19 May 1798, Papers of Hamilton, 21: 467.

659

GW to Lafayette, 25 Dec. 1798, Papers of Washington: Retirement Ser., 3: 281–82.

660

GW to Mchenry, 4 July 1798, Papers of Washington: Retirement Ser., 2: 378.

661

Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 188; TJ to Taylor, 4 June 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 389.

662

TJ to Stevens Thomson Mason, 11 Oct. 1798, to Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 Feb. 1800, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 560; 31: 360; TJ to BR, 23 Sept. 1800, Jefferson: Writings, 1081–82.

663

Douglas R. Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802 (Chapel Hill, 1993), 37.

664

Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 188; TJ to Taylor, 26 Nov. 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 589.

665

Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 194; JM, Virginia Resolutions Against the Alien and Sedition Acts, 21 Dec. 1798, Madison: Writings, 590.

666

TJ’s Draft of Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, before 4 Oct. 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 531–32, 536–41.

667

JM to TJ, 29 Dec. 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 606; JM, Report on the Alien and Sedition Acts, 7 Jan. 1800, Madison: Writings, 608–62.

668

Традиционное изложение Виргинской и Кентуккийской резолюций см. Philip G. Davidson, «Virginia and the Alien and Sedition Laws», AHR, 36 (1931), 336–42; и Adrienne Koch and Harry Ammon, «The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson’s and Madison’s Defense of Civil Liberties», WMQ, (1948), 145–76. Обе версии отрицают, что Вирджиния вооружалась. Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 187–207, предлагает убедительные аргументы в пользу того, что Вирджиния действительно готовилась к насильственной конфронтации с федеральным правительством. В более позднем исследовании William J. Watkins Jr., Reclaiming the American Revolution: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and Their Legacy (New York, 2004), 24, утверждает, что Вирджиния вооружалась не для противостояния федеральному правительству, а лишь пытаясь укрепить свою запущенную оборону, в первую очередь в ответ на участившиеся нападения индейцев на Западе.

669

TJ to JM, 23 Aug. 1799, Republic of Letters, 1119.

670

John Breckinridge to TJ, 13 Dec. 1799, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 266.

671

JM, Report on the Alien and Sedition Acts, 7 Jan. 1800, Madison: Writings, 646–47.

672

John Ferling, Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800 (New York, 2004), 121.

673

JA, 1809, Papers of Hamilton, 23: 546–47; Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 213.

674

JA to James McHenry, 31 May 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 24: 557.

675

AH to McHenry, 6 June 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 24: 573.

676

AH to Oliver Wolcott, 3 Aug. 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 54; Freeman, Affairs of Honor, 119.

677

AH, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 186–234; Ferling, Adams vs. Jefferson, 142–43.

678

Freeman, Affairs of Honor, 111; Stephen G. Kurtz, The Presidency of John Adams: The Collapse of Federalism, 1795–1800 (Philadelphia, 1957), 373.

679

Samuel Flagg Bemis, A Diplomatic History of the United States, 3rd ed. (New York, 1953), 125.

680

David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965), 151–52.

681

TJ to Spencer Roane, 6 Sept. 1819, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 140; Susan Dunn, Jefferson’s Second Revolution: The Electoral Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism (Boston, 2004), 274.

682

AH to Gouverneur Morris, 29 Feb. 1802, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 544.

683

John Melish, Travels Through the United States of America, in the Years 1806 and 1807, and 1809, 1810, and 1811 (London, 1815), 149.

684

Albert J. Beveridge, The Life of John Marshall (Boston, 1916), 2: 537.

685

James Parton, The Life and Times of Aaron Burr (New York, 1858), 1: 235.

686

7 Milton Lomask, Aaron Burr (New York, 1979, 1982), 1: 37, 44.

687

Matthew L. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr (New York, 1836), 1: 297.

688

For a modern defense of Burr, see Nancy Isenberg, Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr (New York, 2007).

689

Davis, Memoirs of Burr, 1: 297.

690

Burr to Aaron Ward, 14 Jan. 1832, in Mary-Jo Kline et al., eds., Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr (Princeton, 1983), 2: 1211.

691

TJ, ANAS (1804), Jefferson: Writings, 693; Mary-Jo Kline, «Aaron Burr as a Symbol of Corruption in the New Republic», in Abraham S. Eisenstadt et al., eds., Before Watergate: Problems of Corruption in American Society (Brooklyn, 1978), 71–72.

692

Lomask, Burr, 1: 87.

693

Burr to William Eustis, 20 Oct. 1797, to Charles Biddle, 14 Nov. 1804, to John Taylor, 22 May 1791, to Peter Van Gaasbeek, 8 May 1795, to James Monroe, 30 May 1794, to Jonathan Russell, 1 June 1801, to Théophile Cazenove, 8 June 1798, all in Kline et al., eds., Papers of Burr, 1: 316; 2: 897; 1: 82, 211, 180; 2: 601; 1: 344.

694

Burr to Theodore Sedgwick, 3 Feb. 1791, in Kline et al., eds., Papers of Burr, 1: 68.

695

Theodore Sedgwick to AH, 10 Jan. 1801, AH to James A. Bayard, 16 Jan. 1801, AH to Bayard, 16 Jan. 1801, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 311, 321, 320,323.

696

AH to John Jay, 7 May 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 24: 464–67.

697

Bruce Ackerman, The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy (Cambridge, MA, 2005), 85; TJ to John Garland Jefferson, 25 Jan. 1810, Papers of Jefferson: Retirement Ser., 2: 183.

698

Theodore Sedgwick to AH, 10 Jan. 1801, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 311–12; James H. Broussard, The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816 (Baton Rouge, 1978), 33.

699

AH to Oliver Wolcott JR., 16 Dec. 1800, to Gouverneur Morris, 24 Dec. 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 257, 272.

700

AH to Theodore Sedgwick, 22 Dec. 1800, to Harrison Gray Otis, 23 Dec. 1800, to Gouverneur Morris, 24 Dec. 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 270, 271, 272.

701

AH to Gouverneur Morris, 26 Dec. 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 275.

702

TJ to Monroe, 15 Feb. 1801, Papers of Jefferson, 32: 594.

703

TJ to Monroe, 15 Feb. 1801, Papers of Jefferson, 32: 594.

704

Tadahisa Kuroda, The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the early Republic, 1787–1804 (Westport, CT, 1994).

705

Ackerman, Failure of the Founding Fathers, 107.

706

MRS. Samuel Harrison Smith (Margaret Bayard), Forty Years of Washington Society, ED. Gaillard Hunt (London, 1906), 25.

707

TJ to DR. Walter Jones, 31 March 1801, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 255–56.

708

Начиная с Генри Адамса, большинство историков преуменьшают радикальный характер выборов Джефферсона в 1800 году. Но см. Jeffrey L. Pasley, «1800 as a Revolution in Political Culture: Newspapers, Celebrations, Voting and Democratization in the Early Republic», in James Horn, Jan Ellen Lewis, and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race, and the New Republic (Charlottesville, 2002), 121, 52.

709

TJ, First Inaugural Address, 4 March 1801, TJ to Dickinson, 6 March 1801, TJ to Priestley, 21 Mar. 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 493–96, 1084, 1086.

710

TJ to JA, 13 Nov. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 351.

711

Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805 (BOSTON, 1970), 388.

712

Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 383, 93.

713

James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, 1800–1828 (NEW YORK, 1966), 90.

714

Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (Boston, 1974), 568.

715

Jeffrey L. Pasley, «Private Access and Public Power: Gentility and Lobbying in the Early Congress», in Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon, EDS., The House and Senate in the 1790s: Petitioning, Lobbying, and Institutional Development (Athens, OH, 2002), 74–76.

716

Richard Beale Davis, ED., Jeffersonian America: Note on the United States of America Collected in the Years 1805–6–7 and 11–12 by Sir Augustus John Foster, Bart. (San Marino, CA, 1954), 49.

717

Davis, ED., Jeffersonian America, 8.

718

Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 540.

719

Young, Washington Community, 46; William Seale, The President’s House (Washington, DC, 1986), 47–50.

720

Young, Washington Community, 23.

721

Thomas Moore, Epistles, Odes, and other Poems (Philadelphia, 1806), 154.

722

TJ, First Annual Message, 8 Dec. 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 504.

723

Noble E. Cunningham JR., The Process of Government Under Jefferson (Princeton, 1978), 22.

724

TJ, First Annual Message, 8 Dec. 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 504.

725

Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 69.

726

Cunningham, Process of Government Under Jefferson, 22.

727

Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 386.

728

TJ to Samuel Adams, 26 Feb. 1800, Papers of Jefferson, 31: 395.

729

Theodore J. Crackel, Mr. Jefferson’s Army: Political and Social Reform of the Military Establishment, 1801–1809 (New York, 1987); Robert M. S. McDonald, Thomas Jefferson’s Military Academy: The Founding of West Point (Charlottesville, 2004).

730

Ian W. Toll, Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy (New York, 2006), 285.

731

TJ to Pierre-Samuel Du Pont De Nemours, 18 Jan. 1802, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 8: 127; Davis, ed., Jeffersonian America, 3.

732

Ames to AH, 31 July 1791, Papers of Hamilton, 8: 590; Richard Sylla, John B. Legler, and John J. Wallis, «Banks and State Public Finance in the New Republic», Journal of Economic History, 47 (1987), 391–403.

733

Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics from the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, 1957), 188, 196, 189; TJ to JM, 1 Oct. 1792, Republic of Letters, 740; Gordon S. Wood, Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York, 2006), 110; TJ to Col. Charles Yancey, 6 Jan. 1816, in Paul Ford, ed., Works of Thomas Jefferson: Federal Edition (1904–05), 11: 494.

734

Howard Bodenhorn, State Banking in Early America: A New Economic History (New York, 2003), 14.

735

Raymond Walters Jr., Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat (New York, 1957), 237, 239.

736

Albert Gallatin to William H. Crawford, 30 Jan. 1811, in E. James Ferguson, ed., Selected Writings of Albert Gallatin (Indianapolis, 1967), 277.

737

Pauline Maier, «The Debate over Incorporations: Massachusetts in the Early Republic», in Conrad Edick Wright, ed., Massachusetts and the New Nation (Boston, 1992), 111; J. Van Fenstermaker, The Development of American Commercial Banking, 1782–1837 (Kent, OH, 1965), 4–14.

738

Hammond, Banks and Politics, 145, 165; Charles G. Steffen, The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution (Urbana, IL, 1984), 192–95.

739

Hammond, Banks and Politics, 147; Pennsylvania General Advertiser, 16 Feb. 1793; Richard Gabriel Stone, Hezekiah Niles as an Economist (Baltimore, 1933), 94–95; Fenstermaker, American Commercial Banking, 8.

740

In Briscoe V. Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky (1837) Верховный суд постановил, что статья 1, раздел 10, запрещающая штатам выпускать бумажные деньги, не распространяется на банки, которым выданы лицензии штатами.

741

Hammond, Banks and Politics, 188, 196.

742

Jane Kamensky, The Exchange Artist: A Tale of High-Flying Speculation and America’s First Banking Collapse (New York, 2008), 9, 160.

743

Hammond, Banks and Politics, 189; Peter L. Rousseau and Richard Sylla, «Emerging Financial Markets and Early US Growth», Explorations in Economic History, 42 (2005), 1–26, quotation at 20–21.

744

TJ to Taylor, 26 Nov. 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 589.

745

Herbert E. Sloan, Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt (New York, 1995), 196.

746

TJ to Gallatin, 11 Oct. 1809, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 9: 264.

747

Noble Cunningham Jr., The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power: Party Operations, 1801–1809 (Chapel Hill, 1963), 17.

748

Cunningham, Jeffersonian Republicans in Power, 23–29; Broussard, Southern Federalists, 44.

749

Leonard D. White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801–1829 (New York, 1951), 81.

750

Jon Kukla, Mr. Jefferson’s Women (New York, 2007), 185; Merry Ellen Scofield, «The Fatigues of His Table: The Politics of Presidential Dining During the Jefferson Administration», JER, 26 (2006), 449–69.

751

Maxwell H. Bloomfield, American Lawyers in a Changing Society, 1776–1876 (Cambridge, MA, 1976), 37.

752

См. Especially David Daggett, Sun-Beams may be Extracted from Cucumbers, but the process is Tedious (New Haven, 1799).

753

AH to Rufus King, 3 June 1802, Papers of Hamilton, 26: 14; AH, «Views on the French Revolution», (1794), Papers of Hamilton, 26: 739–40.

754

Chilton Williamson, American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy, 1760–1860 (Princeton, 1960); Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (New York, 2000). Сборник данных об американских выборах, 1787–1825 гг., составленный Филипом Лампи, по выборам президента, конгресса, губернаторов и законодательных органов штатов революционизирует понимание историками развития демократии в ранней Республике; он доступен онлайн на веб-странице Американского антикварного общества: «Новая нация голосует: Избирательные бюллетени США, 1787–1825 гг.».

755

James M. Banner JR., To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815 (New York, 1970), 39.

756

William C. Dowling, Literary Federalism in the Age of Jefferson: Joseph Dennie and the Port Folio, 1801–1812 (Columbia, SC, 1999), 6.

757

Fisher Ames, «The Mire of Democracy» (Nov. 1805), in Lewis P. Simpson, ed., The Federalist Literary Mind: Selections from the Monthly Anthology and Boston Review, 1803–1811 (Baton Rouge, 1962), 54.

758

Albrecht Koschnik, «Young Federalists, Masculinity, and Partisanship During the War of 1812», in Jeffery L. Pasley, Andrew W. Robertson, and David Waldstreicher, eds., Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early Republic (Chapel Hill, 2004), 166–68.

759

Isenberg, Fallen Founder, 145.

760

Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821 (Columbus, OH, 1998), 81.

761

Linda K. Kerber, Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and Ideology in Jeffersonian America (Ithaca, 1970), 162; Fischer, Revolution of American Conservatism, 26.

762

Fischer, Revolution of American Conservatism, 32; AH to William Hamilton, 2 May 1797, Papers of Hamilton, 21: 78.

763

Steven J. Novak, The Rights of Youth: American Colleges and Student Revolt, 1798–1815 (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 55.

764

White, The Jeffersonians, 13.

765

Marshall Foletta, Coming to Terms with Democracy: Federalist Intellectuals and the Shaping of an American Culture (Charlottesville, 2001), 30.

766

Winfred E. A. Bernard, Fisher Ames: Federalist and Statesman, 1758–1808 (Chapel Hill, 1965), 341.

767

Ames to Oliver Wolcott, 3 Aug. 1800, Works of Fisher Ames (1854), ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1368.

768

Broussard, Southern Federalists, 308.

769

Banner, To the Hartford Convention, 133–34; Albrecht Koschnik, «Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together»: Associations, Partisanship, and Culture in Philadelphia, 1775–1840 (Charlottesville, 2007), 3–4, 153–83.

770

Fischer, Revolution of American Conservatism, 86.

771

Ronald P. Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s (New York, 1983), 74.

772

David Waldstreicher, In the midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism (Chapel Hill, 1997), 216.

773

Pasley, «1800 as a Revolution in Political Culture», in Horn et al., eds., The Revolution of 1800, 132–33; Jeffrey L. Pasley, «The Tyranny of Printers»: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic (Charlottesville, 2001), 126, 153–75; TJ to Priestley, 21 March 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 1086.

774

Pasley, «Tyranny of Printers», 236; Ames to Christopher Gore, 13 Dec. 1802, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, 2: 1445–46. См. Charles G. Steffen, «Newspapers for Free: The Economies of Newspaper Circulation in the Early Republic», JER, 23 (2004), 381–419.

775

William Crafts JR., An Oration on the Influence of Moral causes on National Character, Delivered Before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, on their Anniversary, 28 August, 1817 (Cambridge MA, 1817), 5–6; Tunis Wortman, A Treatise Concerning Political Enquiry, and the Liberty of the Press (New York, 1800), 180.

776

Gordon S. Wood, «The Democratization of Mind in the American Revolution», in Leadership in the American Revolution: Library of Congress Symposia in the American Revolution (Washington, DC, 1974), 67; В этой статье есть расширенный анализ общественного мнения (63–89), из которого и взято данное рассуждение.

777

JM to BR, 7 March 1790, Papers of Madison, 13: 93; JM, «Public Opinion», 19 Dec. 1791, Madison: Writings, 500–501.

778

[George Hay], An Essay on the Liberty of the Press (Philadelphia, 1799), 40; TJ, Inaugural Address, 4 March 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 493.

779

Richard Buel Jr., Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (Ithaca, 1972), 252.

780

John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 232; Isaac Chapman Bates, An Oration, Pronounced at Northampton, July 4, 1805 (Northampton, MA, 1805), 6–7, 15.

781

TJ, Inaugural Address, 4 March 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 493; BR to TJ, 12 March 1801, Letters of Rush, 2: 831. Конечно, новая либеральная идея свободы прессы не сразу прижилась. Например, в 1813 году председатель Верховного суда Нью-Йорка Джеймс Кент все еще придерживался мнения, что «индивидуальный характер должен быть защищен, иначе социальное счастье и внутренний мир будут разрушены», и поддержал обвинение в клевете, выдвинутое против печатника в штате Нью-Йорк. Donald Roper, «James Kent and the Emergence of New York’s Libel Law», American Journal of Legal History, 17 (1973), 228–29.

782

Wortman, Treatise Concerning Political Enquiry, 118.

783

Wortman, Treatise Concerning Political Enquiry, 118–19, 122–23, 155–57.

784

TJ to JA, 11 Jan. 1816, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 458.

785

Wortman, A Treatise Concerning Political Enquiry, 180; Richard E. Welch Jr., Theodore Sedgwick, Federalist: A Political Portrait (Middletown, CT, 1965), 211.

786

Samuel Williams, The Natural and Civil History of Vermont (Walpole, NH, 1794), 2: 394; Joseph Hopkinson, Annual Discourse, Delivered Before the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (1810), in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, 1760–1820, rev. ed. (Boston, 1990) 333; Ames, «The Mire of Democracy», in Simpson, ed., Federalist Literary Mind, 54.

787

Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic, 86.

788

Koschnik, «Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together», 184–227; Foletta, Coming to Terms with Democracy.

789

Richard E. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic (New York, 1971), 234.

790

Andrew Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in Jeffersonian Pennsylvania (Lawrence, KS, 2004), 146, 147.

791

В первых главах своей классической книги об администрации Джефферсона и Мэдисона Генри Адамс преувеличивает традиционный и статичный характер американского общества в 1800 году, чтобы противопоставить его более современной и динамичной Америке в конце президентского срока Мэдисона в 1817 году. Но Америка в 1800 году уже была энергичным и предприимчивым обществом, и ее нельзя было назвать стабильной. Корни необычайных перемен, происходивших в этот период, лежали в Революции, а не в избрании Джефферсона. О необходимой коррекции Адамса см. Noble E. Cunningham, The United States in 1800: Henry Adams Revisited (Charlottesville, 1988.) For a justification of Adams’s approach, see Garry Wills, Henry Adams and the Making of America (Boston, 2005).

792

Herbert S. Klein, A Population History of the United States (Cambridge, UK, 2004), 77. The fertility of black women was equally high.

793

Ralph H. Brown, Mirror for Americans: Likeness of the Eastern Seaboard, 1810 (New York, 1943), 30.

794

Niles’ Weekly Register, 1 (1811–12), 10.

795

Edward J. Nygren and Bruce Robertson, eds., Views and Visions: American Landscape Before 1830 (Washington, DC, 1986), 37; Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 1: 583.

796

Cunningham, United States in 1800, 6; Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959); Harriet Simpson Arnow, Flowering of the Cumberland (Lexington, KY, 1963), 90.

797

Monthly Magazine, 1 (1799), 129.

798

Monthly Magazine, 1 (1799), 129; William A. Schaper, Sectionalism and Representation in South Carolina (1901; New York, 1968), 139.

799

Curtis P. Nettels, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775–1815 (New York, 1962), 158–59.

800

Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 1780–1825 (Kent, OH, 1986), 116; Lucy Fletcher Kellogg, in Joyce Appleby, ed., Recollections of the Early Republic: Selected Autobiographies (Boston, 1997), 145, 147; Malcolm J. Rohrbough, The Trans-Appalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775–1850 (New York, 1978), 36–37, 96–97; Noel M. Loomis, «Philip Nolan’s Entry into Texas in 1800», in John Francis McDermott, ed., The Spanish in the Mississippi Valley, 1762–1804 (Urbana, IL, 1974), 120.

801

James L. Huston, Securing the Fruits of Labor: The American Concepts of Wealth Distribution, 1765–1900 (Baton Rouge, 1998), 89; Adna Ferrin Weber, The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Statistics (New York, 1969), 40–47; Philip Abrams and E. A. Wrigley, eds., Towns in Society: Essays in Economic History and Historical Sociology (Cambridge, UK, 1978), 247–48.

802

Franklin, «Information to Those Who Would Remove to America», (1784), Franklin: Writings, 975.

803

Jerry Grundfest, George Clymer: Philadelphia Revolutionary, 1739–1813 (New York, 1982), 141; Lucius Versus Bierce, Travels in the Southland, 1822–1823: The Journal of Lucius Versus Bierce, ed. George W. Knepper (Columbus, OH, 1966), 103.

804

Patricia S. Watlington, The Partisan Spirit: Kentucky Politics, 1779–1792 (New York, 1972), 46; Morris Birkbeck, Letters from Illinois (London, 1818), 14; Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 55; William C. Preston, Reminiscences, цитируется по Charles L. Sanford, ed., Quest for America, 1810–1824 (New York, 1964), 26; Donald B. Cole, «A Yankee in Kentucky: The Early Years of Amos Kendall, 1789–1828», Mass. Hist. Soc., Proc., 109 (1997), 31.

805

Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans (Cambridge, MA, 2000), 6.

806

Johann David Schoepf, Travels in the Confederation, 1783–1784 (Philadelphia, 1911), 1: 238–39.

807

Christopher Clark, Social Change in America: From the Revolution Through the Civil War (Chicago, 2006), 79.

808

Lawrence W. Towner, «The Indentures of Boston’s Poor Apprentices: 1734–1805», Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Publications, 43 (1956–1963), 427; Philip S. Foner, ed., The Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790–1800: A Documentary Sourcebook of Constitutions, Addresses, Resolutions, and Toasts (Westport, CT, 1976), 10.

809

Charles William Janson, Stranger in America (London, 1807), ed. Carl S. Driver (New York, 1935), xxiii-iv.

810

Janson, Stranger in America, 423–24, 311, 20, 86; William C. Dowling, Literary Federalism in the Age of Jefferson: Joseph Dennie and The Port Folio, 1801–1811 (Columbia, SC, 1999), 1.

811

Samuel L. Mitchill, An Address to the Citizens of New York (New York, 1800), 23; Joseph Kastner, A Species of Eternity (New York, 1977), 195.

812

James A. Henretta, The Origins of American Capitalism: Selected Essays (Boston, 1991); Allan Kulikoff, The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism (Charlottesville, 1992); Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780–1860 (Ithaca, 1990). Анализ дискуссии о «переходе к капитализму» см. Gordon S. Wood, «Inventing American Capitalism», New York Review of Books (9 June 1994), 44–49; и Wood, «The Enemy Is Us: Democratic Capitalism in the Early Republic», in Paul A. Gilje, ed., Wages of Independence: Capitalism in the Early Republic (Madison, WI, 1997), 137–53.

813

Ротенберг, чья книга основана на эмпирических данных, взятых из бухгалтерских книг, завещательных описей и налоговых оценок, утверждает, что подлинная рыночная экономика существует там, где покупатели и продавцы находятся в таком свободном обмене друг с другом на территории региона, что цены на одни и те же товары имеют тенденцию к сближению. Другими словами, рыночная экономика, заключает Ротенберг, возникла в сельской местности Новой Англии только тогда, когда цены на фермерские товары, фермерский труд (или заработную плату) и сельские сбережения (или проценты) стали устанавливаться не обычаями или правительством, а безличным рыночным обменом. Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Market Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750–1850 (Chicago, 1992), 124, 220, 243, 101.

814

J. M. Opal, Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England (Philadelphia, 2008), 53.

815

BF to Benjamin Vaughn, 26 July 1784, in Albert Henry Smyth, ed., The Writings of Benjamin Franklin (New York, 1905–1907), 9: 243–44; Derek Jarrett, England in the Age of Hogarth (London, 1974), 79–80.

816

Opal, Beyond the Farm, 75.

817

Elkanah Watson, Address of Elkanah Watson, Esq.. Delivered before the Berkshire Agricultural Societ y… 7th October, 1814 (Pittsfield, MA, 1814), 4, 7; Elkanah Watson, History of the Rise, Progress, and Existing State of Modern Agricultural Societies on the Berkshire System, from 1807 to Establishment of the Board of Agriculture in the State of New York, January 10, 1820 (Albany, 1820), 114, 126, 132, 142, 145, 160, 168 n, 169, 177–78, 182; Winslow C. Watson, ed., Men and Times of the Revolution; or, Memoirs of Elkanah Watson… from the year 1777 to 1842 (New York, 1857), 425, 426–27, 428.

818

Opal, Beyond the Farm, 96–125, esp. 118, 101, 111–13, 120; Rena L. Vassar, ed., «The Life or Biography of Silas Felton Written by Himself», American Antiquarian Society, Proc., 69 (1959), 140.

819

Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (New York, 1982); Jack K. Williams, Dueling in the Old South: Vignettes of Social History (College Station, TX, 1980).

820

Marquis de Chastellux, Travels in North America in the Years 1780, 1781 and 1782, ed. Howard C. Rice Jr., (Chapel Hill, 1963), 2: 601; Elliot J. Gorn, «‘Gouge and Bite, Pull Hair and Scratch’: The Social Significance of Fighting in the Southern Backcountry», AHR, 90 (1985), 18–43; Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790 (Chapel Hill, 1982), 98–104.

821

Daniel Drake, Pioneer Life in Kentucky: A Series of Reminiscential Letters, in joyce Appleby, ed., Recollections of the Early Republic: Selected Autobiographies (Boston, 1997), 64; Gorn, «‘Gouge and Bite’», 23–25.

822

Grady Mc Whiney, Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (Tuscaloosa, 1988); David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York, 1989).

823

Janson, Stranger in America, 307–8; Gorn, «‘Gouge and Bite’», 31–36.

824

Kenneth S. Lynn, Mark Twain and Southwestern Humor (Boston, 1960), 23–72.

825

Kenneth Roberts and Anna M. Roberts, eds., Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, 1793–1798 (Garden City, NY, 1947), 328–29, 333.

826

The Journal of William D. Martin: A Journey from South Carolina to Connecticut in the Year 1809, ed. Anna D. Elmore (Charlotte, SC, 1959), 8–9; Ester B. Aresty, The Best Behavior: The Course of Good Manners — From Antiquity to the Present as Seen Through Courtesy and Etiquette Books (New York, 1970), 189–90, 229; North American Review, 1 (1815), 20.

827

Samuel A. Otis to John Langdon, [16–22] Sept. 1789, in Maeva Marcus and James R. Perry et al., eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States (New York, 1985), 1: 661. Вторая часть этого тома полна неловких писем мужчин, которые хотели получить назначение в Верховный суд, но культура не позволяла им выражать свои желания слишком смело.

828

Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821 (Columbus, OH, 1998), 79.

829

Harvey Strum, «Property Qualifications and Voting Behavior in New York, 1807–1816», JER, 1 (1981), 359.

830

Strum, «Property Qualifications», 367.

831

Griffith J. Mcree, Life and Correspondence of James Iredell (New York, 1857–1858), 2: 160; Norman K. Risjord, The Old Republicans: Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson (New York, 1965), 57.

832

Strum, «Property Qualifications», 350, 369.

833

Andrew Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in jeffersonian Pennsylvania (Lawrence, KS, 2004), 199, 153; Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York, 2005), 123.

834

Michael Zakim, Ready-Made Democracy: A History of Men’s Dress in the American Republic, 1760–1860 (Chicago, 2003).

835

Benjamin Latrobe to Philip Mazzei, 19 Dec. 1806, in Margherita Marchione et al., eds., Philip Mazzei: Select Writings and Correspondence (Prato, Italy, 1983), 439.

836

Richard Beale Davis, ed., Jeffersonian America: Notes on the United States of America Collected in the Years 1805–6–7 and 11–12 by Sir Augustus John Foster, Bart. (San Marino, CA, 1954), 56.

837

Latrobe to Mazzei, 19 Dec. 1806, in Marchione et al., eds., Mazzei: Writings, 439.

838

David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: the Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965), 183; Charles Warren, Jacobin and Junto; or, Early American Politics as Viewed in the Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames, 1758–1822 (New York, 1931), 223.

839

Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic, 82; Chilton Williamson, American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy, 1760–1860 (Princeton, 1960), 161.

840

Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution, 43.

841

Alan Taylor, William Cooper’s Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic (New York, 1995), 367–68.

842

Warren, Jacobin and Junto, 183–214; Saul Cornell, A Well-Regulated Militia: The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America (New York, 2006), 113–17.

843

G. S. Rowe and Jack D. Marietta, «Personal Violence in a ‘Peaceable Kingdom’: Pennsylvania, 1682–1801», in Christine Daniels and Michael V. Kennedy, eds., Over the Threshold: Intimate Violence in Early America (New York, 1999), 24–27; Eric H. Monkkonen, Murder in New York City (Berkeley, 2001); Historical Violence Database, http://cjrc.ose.edu/hvd; Alan David Aberbach, In Search of An American Identity: Samuel Latham Mitchill, Jeffersonian Nationalist (New York, 1988), 187.

844

Neil K. Fitzgerald, «Towards an American Abraham: Multiple Parricide and the Rejection of Revelation in the Early National Period…» (M.A. thesis, Brown University, 1971), 8–9.

845

Doron Ben-Atar and Richard D. Brown, «Darkness in New Light New England: Punishing Bestial Acts in the 1790’s», неопубликованный доклад, представленный на съезде Американской исторической ассоциации, 5 января 2008 г., и цитируется с разрешения авторов.

846

Roger Lane, Murder in America (Columbus, OH, 1997), 82–84; Irene Q. Brown and Richard D. Brown, The Hanging of Ephraim Wheeler: A Story of Rape, Incest, and Justice in Early America (Cambridge, MA, 2003), 260.

847

Paul A. Gilje, The Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City, 1763–1834 (Chapel Hill, 1987), 123–288; Howard B. Rock, Artisans of the New Republic: The Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson (New York, 1979), 59.

848

Gilje, Road to Mobocracy, 268, 274, 279.

849

Seth Rockman, Scraping By: Wage Labor, Slavery, and Survival in Early Baltimore (Baltimore, 2009).

850

Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (Urbana, IL, 1989), 59.

851

Paul A. Gilje, Rioting in America (Bloomington, in, 1996), 60–63.

852

James Monroe to JM, 4 Aug. 1812, Papers of Madison: Presidential Ser., 5: 114.

853

Gilje, Rioting in America, 60–63; Charles G. Steffen, The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution, 1763–1812 (Urbana, IL, 1984), 243–50; Hickey, War of 1812, 52–71; Frank A. Cassell, «The Great Baltimore Riot of 1812», Maryland Historical Magazine, 70 (1975), 241–59; Donald R. Hickey, «The Darker Side of Democracy: The Baltimore Riots of 1812», Maryland Historian, 7 (1976), 1–19; Paul A. Gilje, «The Baltimore Riots of 1812 and the Breakdown of the Anglo-American Mob Tradition», Journal of Social History, 13 (1979), 547–64.

854

Janson, Stranger in America, 304.

855

Samuel L. Mitchill, Emporium, 1 (1812), 74; Aberbach, American Identity: Samuel Latham Mitchill, 189.

856

W. J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York, 1979) 89, 17.

857

Rorabaugh, Alcoholic Republic, 3–21, 87; Ian R. Tyrell, Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800–1860 (Westport, CT, 1979), 3–32; Randolph A. Roth, The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791–1850 (Cambridge, UK, 1987), 48; Elizabeth Cometti, ed., Seeing America and Its Great Men: The Journals and Letters of Count Francesco dal Verme, 1783–1784 (Charlottesville, 1969), 15; BR, «The Effects of Ardent Spirits upon Man», in Dagobert D. Runes, ed., The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush (New York, 1947), 340.

858

Page Smith, John Adams (Garden City, NY, 1962), 2: 1016–17.

859

Alan Taylor, «‘The Unhappy Stephen Arnold’: An Episode of Murder and Penitence in the Early Republic», in Ronald Hoffman, Mechel Sobel, and Fredrika J. Teute, eds., Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Personal Identity in Early America (Chapel Hill, 1997), 105.

860

Clare A. Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble: An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730–1830 (Chapel Hill, 2006), 188–353.

861

Karen A. Weyler, Intricate Relations: Sexual and Economic Desire in American Fiction, 1789–1814 (Iowa City, 2004), 24.

862

Ellen K. Rothman, «Sex and Self-Control: Middle-Class Courtship in America, 1770–1870», in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective (New York, 1983), 394–95; Daniel Scott Smith, «Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts», Journal of Marriage and the Family, 35 (1973), 419–28; Daniel Scott Smith and Michael S. Hindus, «Premarital Pregnancy in America, 1640–1971», Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 5 (1975), 561; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785–1822 (New York, 1990), 155–56.

863

American Museum, 7 (1790), 306; David Hackett Fischer, Growing Old in America (New York, 1977), 77–112; Zakim, Ready-Made Democracy.

864

Steven J. Novak, The Rights of Youth: American Colleges and Student Revolt, 1798–1815 (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 12–13, 14; Charles Nisbet (1787), цитируется по Samuel Miller, Memoir of the Rev. Charles Nisbet, D.D., Late President of Dickinson College, Carlisle (New York, 1840), 167.

865

Novak, The Rights of Youth, 14.

866

Novak, The Rights of Youth, 17–18.

867

Novak, The Rights of Youth, 20–21; Rorabaugh, Alcoholic Republic, 139.

868

Novak, The Rights of Youth, 28.

869

Novak, The Rights of Youth, 45, 57.

870

Novak, Rights of Youth, 76.

871

Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble, 225.

872

William Miller, «The Effects of the American Revolution on Indentured Servitude», Pennsylvania History, 7 (1940), 136; Sharon V. Salinger, «Artisans, Journeymen, and the Transformation of Labor in Late Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia», WMQ, 40 (1983), 64–66; Steven Rosswurm, Arms, Country, and Class: The Philadelphia Militia and «Lower Sort» During the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1987), 16.

873

C. Dallett Hemphill, Bowing to Necessities: A History of Manners in America, 1620–1860 (New York, 1999), 83.

874

American Museum, 11 (1792), 84; Daniel E. Sutherland, Americans and Their Servants: Domestic Service in the United States from 1800 to 1920 (Baton Rouge, 1981), 125–26; Richard S. Pressman, «Class Positioning and Shays’ Rebellion: Resolving the Contradictions of The Contrast», Early American Literature, 21 (1986), 95; Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution, 132.

875

Janson, Stranger in America, 88; M. J. Heale, «From City Fathers to Social Critics: Humanitarianism and Government in New York, 1790–1860», JAH, 63 (1976), 26–27; Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: «Woman’s Sphere» in New England, 1780–1835 (New Haven, 1977), 28–30, 49; Taylor, William Cooper’s Town, 379; Samuel Eliot Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848: The Urbane Federalist (Boston, 1969), 533; Strum, «Property Qualifications», 371.

876

David John Jeremy, ed., Henry Wansey and His American Journal, 1794 (Philadelphia, 1970) 99; Douglas T. Miller, Jacksonian Aristocracy: Class and Democracy in New York, 1830–1860 (New York, 1967), 5–7; Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr., Learning How to Behave: A Historical Study of Etiquette Books (New York, 1946), 82; Doris Elizabeth King, «The First-Class Hotel and the Age of the Common Man», Journal of Southern History, 23 (1957), 173–88; Sharon V. Salinger, Taverns and Drinking in Early America (Baltimore, 2002), 244–46; A. K. Sandoval-Strauss, Hotel: An American History (New Haven, 2007).

877

Sharon V. Salinger, «To Serve Well and Faithfully»: Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682–1800 (Cambridge, 1987), 154, 156–57; Charles F. Montgomery, American Furniture: The Federal Period (New York, 1966), 14.

878

Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America (New York, 1976), 39; Salinger, «To Serve Well and Faithfully», 167–68; Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788–1850 (New York, 1984), 58.

879

Montgomery, American Furniture, 22–23; Ian M. G. Quimby, «The Cordwainers Protest: A Crisis in Labor Relations», Winterthur Portfolio, 3 (1967), 83–101.

880

Lisa B. Lubow, «From Carpenter to Capitalist: The Business of Building in Postrevolutionary Boston», in Conrad Edrick Wright and Katheryn P. Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs: The Boston Business Community, 1700–1850 (Boston, 1997), 195.

881

James P. Walsh, «‘Mechanics and Citizens’: The Connecticut Artisan Protest of 1792», WMQ, 62 (1985), 66–89.

882

Lubow, «From Carpenter to Capitalist», in Wright and Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs, 206, 207.

883

Walsh, «‘Mechanics and Citizens’», 66–89.

884

Stuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900 (Cambridge, UK, 1989), 33–34; Lubow, «From Carpenter to Capitalist», in Wright and Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs, 185.

885

George Warner, Means for the Preservation of Political Liberty: an Oration Delivered in the New Dutch Church, on the Fourth of July, 1797 (New York, 1797), 13–14; Alfred Young, «The Mechanics and the Jeffersonians: New York, 1789–1801», Labor History, 5 (1964), 274; Donald H. Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period (Albany, 1969), 389; Richard E. Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic (New York, 1971), 173.

886

TJ to David Williams, 14 Nov. 1803, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 431.

887

Ruth Bogin, Abraham Clark and the Quest for Equality in the Revolutionary Era, 1774–1794 (East Brunswick, NJ, 1982), 32; Abraham Bishop, Proofs of a Conspiracy Against Christianity and the Government of the United States (Hartford, 1802), 20; Jerome J. Nadelhaft, «‘The Snarls of Invidious Animals’: The Democratization of Revolutionary South Carolina», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Sovereign States in an Age of Uncertainty (Charlottesville, 1981), 77; Aleine Austin, Matthew Lyon: «New Man» of the Democratic Revolution, 1749–1822 (University Park, PA, 1981), 274, 67; Stewart, Opposition Press of the Federalist Period, 390.

888

Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., «William Manning’s The Key of Libberty», WMQ, 13 (1956), 202–54. Michael Merrill and Sean Wilentz have edited a modern edition of The Key of Liberty: The Life and Democratic Writings of William Manning: «A Laborer», 1747–1814 (Cambridge, MA, 1993), but unfortunately they have corrected all his phonetic spelling.

889

Mason L. Weems, The Life of Washington (1809), ed. Marcus Cunliffe (Cambridge, MA, 1962), 203–14.

890

A. G. Roeber, Faithful Magistrates and Republican Lawyers: Creators of Virginia Legal Culture, 1680–1810 (Chapel Hill, 1981), 247, 251; Bogin, Abraham Clark, 32; Austin, Matthew Lyon, 64.

891

Dowling, Literary Federalism, 15; George W. Corner, ed., Autobiography of Benjamin Rush (Princeton, 1948), 338.

892

Leary, «Dennie on Franklin», in J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall, eds., Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography (New York, 1986), 244.

893

Charles Royster, Light-Horse Harry Lee and the Legacy of the American Revolution (New York, 1981), 168.

894

Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon (Cambridge, MA, 1969), 3: 372.

895

[James Sullivan], The Path to Riches: An Inquiry into the Origin and Use of Money; and into the Principles of Stocks and Banks (Boston, 1792), 6. О том, как интересы противостоят страстям и как укрощаются амбиции, см. Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism Before Its Triumph (Princeton, 1977); and J. M. Opal, Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England (Philadelphia, 2008).

896

Steven Watts, The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790–1820 (Baltimore, 1987), 186; Dowling, Literary Federalism, 15, 64.

897

TJ to Joseph Priestley, 19 June 1802, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 324–25.

898

TJ to J.P.G. Muhlenberg, 31 Jan. 1781, Papers of Jefferson, 4: 487; Reginald Horsman, «The Dimensions of an ‘Empire of Liberty’: Expansionism and Republicanism», JER, 9 (1989), 6. On the Jeffersonian West, see François Furstenberg, «The Significance of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier in Atlantic History», AHR, 113 (2008), 647–77.

899

Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography (New York, 1970), 773.

900

TJ to Archibald Stuart, 25 Jan. 1786, to George Rogers Clark, 25 Dec. 1780, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 218; 4: 237. О различных значениях понятия «империя» в конце XVIII века см. Gerald Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford, 1970), 189–95.

901

TJ to Monroe, 24 Nov. 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 1097.

902

Andro Linklater, Measuring America: How an Untamed Wilderness Shaped the United States and Fulfilled the Promise of Democracy (New York, 2002), 76.

903

Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 1780–1825 (Kent, OH, 1986), 116; Henry Wansey, The Journal of an Excursion to the United States of North America in the Summer of 1794 (New York, 1969), 183; J. M. Opal, Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England (Philadelphia, 2008), 45.

904

Malcoln J. Rohrbough, The Trans-Appalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775–1850 (New York, 1978), 89–156.

905

Ames to Christopher Gore, 3 Oct. 1803, Works of Fisher Ames (1854), ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1462.

906

Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, «A Meaning for Turner’s Frontier: Part I: Democracy in the Old Northwest», and «A Meaning for Turner’s Frontier: Part II: The Southwest Frontier and New England», Political Science Quarterly, 69 (1954), 321–53, 565–602.

907

Kathleen M. Brown, Foul Bodies: Cleanliness in Early America (New Haven, 2009).

908

Steven F. Miller, «Plantation Labor Organization and Slave Life on the Cotton Frontier: The Alabama-Mississippi Black Belt, 1815–1840», in Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan, eds., Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas (Charlottesville, 1993), 155–69; Andrew R. L. Cayton, Frontier Indiana (Bloomington, 1996), 183–87; Thomas P. Abernethy, From Frontier to Plantation in Tennessee: A Study in Frontier Democracy (Chapel Hill, 1932), 146–51; Harriette Simpson Arnow, Seedtime on the Cumberland (Lexington, KY, 1960), 247–81; Rohrbough, The Trans-Appalachian Frontier; Solon J. Buck and Elizabeth Hawthorn Buck, The Planting of Civilization in Western Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh, 1939), 333, 346–47.

909

Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South (Cambridge, MA, 2005); Abernethy, From Frontier to Plantation in Tennessee, 208; Robert E. Corlew, Tennessee: A Short History (Knoxville, 1969, 1981), 209, 210.

910

Paul Finkelman, «Slavery and the Northwest Ordinance: A Study in Ambiguity», JER, 6 (1986), 343–70; and Finkelman, «Evading the Ordinance: The Persistence of Bondage in Indiana and Illinois», JER, 9 (1989), 21–51.

911

Freeman Cleaves, Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time (New York, 1939), 9–32.

912

Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 188–92, 246–47.

913

Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 247–52; Patrick J. Furlong, «Jonathan Jennings», American National Biography (New York, 1999), 11: 951–52; Reginald Horsman, The Frontier in the Formative Years, 1783–1815 (New York, 1970), 92. Хотя сам Гаррисон вел популистскую кампанию за президентское кресло в 1840 году, используя крепкий сидр и бревенчатую хижину в качестве символов, чтобы скрыть свое аристократическое происхождение из Вирджинии, он не забыл, как поступил с ним Дженнингс. В своей инаугурационной речи в качестве президента Гаррисон обратил внимание на этот «старый трюк тех, кто хочет узурпировать правительство своей страны. Они выступают от имени демократии, предостерегая народ от влияния богатства и опасностей аристократии. История, древняя и современная, полна таких примеров».

914

Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821 (Columbus, OH, 1998), 102.

915

Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans (Cambridge, MA, 2000), 103.

916

Jacob M. Price, «Economic Function and the Growth of American Port Towns in the Eighteenth Century», Perspectives in American History, 8 (1974), 123–86; Carville Earle and Ronald Hoffman, «Urban Development in the Eighteenth-Century South», Perspectives in American History, 10 (1976), 7–78.

917

Rohrbough, The Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 140.

918

Elkins and Mckitrick, «A Meaning For Turner’s Frontier», 572.

919

Stanley Elkins and Eric Mckitrick, Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 335; Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic, 61, 74.

920

AH to GW, 15 Sept. 1790, Papers of Hamilton, 7: 51–53.

921

TJ to Archibald Stuart, 25 Jan. 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 218.

922

JM to TJ, 20 Aug. 1784, Republic of Letters, 339.

923

TJ to Robert R. Livingston, 18 April 1802, Jefferson: Writings, 1104–7.

924

Lawrence S. Kaplan, Jefferson and France: An Essay on Politics and Political Ideas (New Haven, 1967), 101.

925

TJ to Robert R. Livingston, 18 April 1802, Jefferson: Writings, 1104–7.

926

Jon Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America (New York, 2003), 287, 289.

927

Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense, 292, 291.

928

Higginson to Timothy Pickering, 22 Nov. 1803, «Letters of Stephen Higginson, 1783–1804», Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1896 (Washington, DC, 1897), 1: 837.

929

AH to Theodore Sedgwick, 10 July 1804, Papers of Hamilton, 26: 309.

930

TJ, Second Inaugural, 4 Mar. 1805, Jefferson: Writings, 519.

931

John Mack Faragher, Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer (New York, 1992), 174–75.

932

TJ to Joseph Priestley, 29 Jan. 1804, Jefferson: Writings, 1142.

933

Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense, 311–13; Alexander DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana (New York, 1976), 212.

934

William E. Foley, A History of Missouri, VOL. 1, 1673–1820 (Columbia, MO, 1971), 63–119.

935

Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense, 323.

936

Fisher Ames to Thomas Dwight, 31 Oct. 1803, Works of Ames, ed. Allen, 2: 1468–69.

937

Peter J. Kastor, The Nation’s Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, 2004), 66; Rothman, Slave Country, 101–2.

938

J.C.A. Stagg, Borderlines in Borderlands: James Madison and the Spanish-American Frontier, 1776–1821 (New Haven, 2008), 39, 41.

939

Livingston to JM, 20 May 1803, Papers of Madison: Secretary of State Ser., 5: 19.

940

DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana, 215, 216.

941

DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana, 218, 225, 214; TJ to JM, 18Sept. 1805, Republic of Letters, 1387.

942

Randolph, Annals of Congress, 9th Congress, 1st session (April 1806), 947.

943

Reginald Horsman, «The Dimensions of an ‘Empire of Liberty’: Expansionism and Republicanism», JER, 9 (1989), 11; Everett S. Brown, ed., William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate, 1803–1807 (New York, 1923), 401.

944

TJ to JM, 27 April 1809, Republic of Letters, 1586; Andrew McMichael, Atlantic Loyalties: Americans in Spanish West Florida, 1785–1810 (Athens, GA, 2008).

945

Edward G. Gray, The Making of John Ledyard: Empire and Ambition in the Life of an Early American Traveler (New Haven, 2007).

946

TJ to Meriwether Lewis, 15 July 1803, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 8: 199–200.

947

Stephen E. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (New York, 1996), 79; William H. Goetzmann and William N. Goetzmann, The West in the Imagination (New York, 1986), 7.

948

Landon Y. Jones, William Clark and the Shaping of the West (New York, 2004).

949

Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 156–57.

950

Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 212.

951

James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln, NE, 1984), 157.

952

Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 305.

953

В 1893 году доктор Эллиотт Коуз опубликовал новое аннотированное издание «Истории Биддла», в котором он идентифицировал многие растения и животных, упомянутых в тексте. Но только после того, как Рубен Голд Твейтс, директор Исторического общества штата Висконсин и опытный редактор документальных материалов, опубликовал в 1904–1905 годах свое многотомное издание «Оригинальных дневников экспедиции Льюиса и Кларка», мир узнал, что же на самом деле написали Льюис и Кларк и их подчиненные. Эти более ранние издания были вытеснены тринадцатитомным изданием под редакцией Gary Moulton, The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Lincoln, NE, 1987–2001).

954

William H. Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West, 1803–1863 (New Haven, 1959).

955

Editorial note, Mary-Jo Kline and Joanne Wood Ryan, eds., Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr (Princeton, 1983), 2: 882.

956

Milton Lomask, Aaron Burr (New York, 1979, 1982), 1: 347.

957

Lomask, Aaron Burr, 1: 350.

958

Lomask, Aaron Burr, 2: 45.

959

Lomask, Aaron Burr, 2: 172.

960

TJ, Message to Congress, 22 Jan. 1807, Jefferson: Writings, 532. Джон Адамс сделал очевидный вывод. Даже если вина Бёрра была «ясна, как полуденное солнце», сказал он Бенджамину Рашу в феврале 1807 года, «первый магистрат не должен был объявлять ее таковой до того, как его судил суд присяжных». Leonard W. Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side (Cambridge, MA, 1963), 71.

961

On the Trial From Burr’s Point of view, see Isenberg, Fallen Founder, 319–65.

962

К сожалению, большая часть тридцатилетней работы Джефферсона над индейскими словарями была украдена во время его переезда в Монтичелло в конце президентского срока. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time: The Sage of Monticello (Boston, 1981), 4–5.

963

Более полный анализ этого вопроса о климате Америки см. Gordon S. Wood, «Environmental Hazards, Eighteenth-Century Style», in Leonard J. Sadosky et al., eds., Old World, New World: America and Europe in the age of Jefferson (Charlottesville, forthcoming), из которой взято это обсуждение.

964

Buffon, Natural History, General and Particular, in Henry Steele Commager and Elmo Giordanetti, eds., Was America a Mistake? An Eighteenth-Century Controversy (New York, 1967), 60; Gilbert Chinard, «Eighteenth-Century Theories on America as a Human Habitat», American Philosophical Society, Proc., 91 (1947), 25–57; Antonello Gerbi, The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic, 1750–1900 (Pittsburgh, 1973); Philippe Roger, The American Enemy: A Story of French Anti-Americanism (Chicago, 2005), 1–29.

965

Gerbi, Dispute of the New World, 4; Buffon, Natural History, in Commager and Giordanetti, eds., Was America a Mistake? 53, 60.

966

Buffon, Natural History, in commager and Giordanetti, eds., Was America a Mistake? 60, 61.

967

Karen Ordahl Kupperman, «The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period», AHR, 87 (1982), 1262–89.

968

Durand Echeverria, Mirage in the West: A History of the French Image of American Society to 1815 (Princeton, 1957).

969

Stanley Weintraub, Iron Tears: America’s Battle For Freedom, Britain’s Quagmire, 1775–1783 (New York, 2005), 65; Stacy Schiff, A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America (New York, 2005), 169. T. H. Breen, «Ideology and Nationalism on the Eve of the American Revolution: Revisions Once More in Need of Revising», JAH, 84 (1997), 29–32; Stephen Conway, «From Fellow-Nationals to Foreigners: British Perceptions of the Americans, circa 1739–1783», WMQ, 59 (2002), 65–100.

970

TJ to C. F. de C. Volney, 8 Feb. 1805, Jefferson: Writings, 1155.

971

TJ to BR, 12 Sept. 1799, Papers of Jefferson, 31: 183–84; Edwin T. Martin, Thomas Jefferson: Scientist (New York, 1952), 131–47.

972

TJ to Governor William Henry Harrison, 27 Feb. 1803, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 368; Governor William C. C. Claiborne, 7 July 1804, in Merrill Peterson, ed., The Portable Jefferson (New York, 1975), 499–500; TJ to Benjamin Rush, 12Sept. 1799, Papers of Jefferson, 31: 183–84.

973

Charles Caldwell, Medical and Physical Memoirs: Containing, Among Other Subjects, a Particular Enquiry into the Origin and Nature of the Late Pestilential Epidemics of the United States (Philadelphia, 1801), 46, 51, 64, 117; Caldwell, An Oration on the Causes of the Difference, in Point of Frequency and Force, Between the Endemic Diseases of the United States of America, and Those of the Countries of Europe (Philadelphia, 1802), 5–9, 13, 16, 18, 32.

974

Ramsey to TJ, 3 May 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 441.

975

TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 43–58, quotation at 55.

976

Gerbi, Dispute of the New World, 264.

977

John Sullivan to TJ, 16 April 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 11: 296.

978

TJ to Buffon, 1 Oct. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 194; Martin, Jefferson: Scientist, 187.

979

TJ to Joseph Willard, 24 Mar. 1789, Papers of Jefferson, 14: 699; to Bishop James Madison, 1 Apr. 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 236; to Palisot de Beauvois, 25 Apr. 1798, Papers of Jefferson, 30: 293–97; American Philosophical Society, Trans., 4 (1799), 246–60.

980

Charles Coleman Sellers, Mr. Peale’s Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art (New York, 1980), 146–47; C. A. Browne, «Elder John Leland and the Mammoth Cheshire Cheese», Agricultural History, 18 (1944); L. H. Butterfield, «Elder John Leland, Jeffersonian Itinerant», American Antiquarian Society, Proc., 62 (1952).

981

Joseph Kastner, A Species of Eternity (New York, 1977), 190–91.

982

Cecelia Tichi, «Charles Brockden Brown, Translator», American Literature, 44 (1972), 1–12.

983

TJ, Notes on Virginia, ed. Peden, 58–62; TJ to Chastellux, 7 June 1785, Papers of Jefferson, 8: 184–86.

984

Rev. James Madison to TJ, 28 Dec. 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 10: 643.

985

TJ, Notes on Virginia, ed. Peden, 162. В 1798 году протеже Джефферсона Уильям Шорт предложил Джефферсону лучшее, по его мнению, решение расовой проблемы Америки — расовое смешение. Джефферсон, рассматривавший смешение как деградацию белых, проигнорировал предложение Шорта. Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (New York, 2008), 536–39.

986

Bernard W. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian (New York, 1974), 201–7.

987

Panoplist and Missionary Herald, 14 (1818), 212–13.

988

TJ to William Ludlow, 6 Sept. 1824, Jefferson: Writings, 1496–97.

989

TJ, First Annual Message, 8 Dec. 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 501.

990

TJ to the chiefs of the Wyandots, Ottawas, Chippewas, Powtewatamies, and Shawanese, 10 Jan. 1809, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 16: 464; Anthony F. C. Wallace, Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans (Cambridge, MA, 1999).

991

Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction.

992

William E. Nelson, Americanization of the Common Law: The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society, 1760–1830 (Cambridge, MA, 1975), 14–16; Hendrik Hartog, «The Public Law of a County Court: Judicial Government in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts», American Journal of Legal History, 20 (1976), 321–23.

993

[Anon.], Four Letters on Interesting Subjects (Philadelphia, 1776), 21; [Adams], Boston Gazette, Jan. 27, 1766, in Adams, ed., Works, 3: 480–82. Томас Пейн, который, вероятно, был автором «Четырех писем», в своей работе «Права человека, часть вторая» (1792) все еще утверждал, что «судебная власть является строго и правильно исполнительной властью каждой страны».Philip Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 388.

994

William Henry Drayton, A Letter From Freeman of South-Carolina (Charleston, 1774), 10.

995

Gerhard Casper, «The Judiciary Act of 1789 and Judicial Independence», Maeva Marcus, ed., Origins of the Federal Judiciary: Essays on the Judiciary Act of 1789 (New York, 1992), 284.

996

Gordon S. Wood, «The Origins of Judicial Review», Suffolk Law Review, 22 (1988), 1293–307.

997

TJ to Edmund Pendleton, 26 Aug. 1776, Papers of Jefferson, 1: 505.

998

Anaton-Hermann Chroust, The Rise of the Legal Profession in America (Norman, OK, 1965), 2: 5–15; George Dargo, Law in the New Republic: Private Law and the Public Estate (New York, 1983), 49–59; Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law (New York, 1973), 276–81.

999

Chroust, Rise of the Legal Profession in America, 2: 28.

1000

TJ to Pendleton, 26 Aug. 1776, Papers of Jefferson, 1: 505.

1001

Marc Raeff, «The Well-Ordered Police State and the Development of Modernity in Seventeenth– and Eighteenth-Century Europe: An Attempt at a Comparative Approach», AHR, 80 (1975), 1221–43; David Lieberman, «Codification, Consolidation, and Parliamentary Statute», in John Brewer and Eckhart Hellmuth, eds., Rethinking Leviathan: The Eighteenth-Century State in Britain and Germany (London, 1999), 359–90.

1002

Tj, Autobiography (1821), Jefferson: Writings, 32.

1003

«On the Present States of America», 10 Oct. 1776, in Peter Force, ed., American Archives, 5th Ser. (Washington, DC, 1837–46), 2: 969.

1004

Drayton, Speech to General Assembly of South Carolina, Jan. 20, 1778, in Hezekiah Niles, ed., Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America (New York, 1876), 359. О запутанном состоянии колониального права и преобладании судебного усмотрения см. Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 291–305.

1005

[Anon.], Rudiments of Law and Government, Deduced from the Law of Nature (Charleston, SC, 1783), 35–37.

1006

St. George Tucker, Blackstone’s Commentaries: With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws of the Federal Government and of the Commonwealth of Virginia (Philadelphia, 1803), I, pt. 1, xiii. Конечно, такое количество законодательных актов в эпоху ранней республики было ничто по сравнению с тем, что происходит в современную эпоху. Например, «Дайджест» 1798 года, первая кодификация законов штата Род-Айленд, состояла из одного тома в 652 страницы. Для сравнения, Общие законы штата 1998 года состояли из тридцати томов с более чем двадцатью одной тысячей страниц текста. Patrick T. Conley, ed., Liberty and Justice: A History of Law and Lawyers in Rhode Island, 1636–1998 (East Providence, 1998), 11.

1007

Mary Sarah Bilder, «The Corporate Origins of Judicial Review», Yale Law Journal, 116 (2006), 502–66 (I owe this reference to Bruce H. Mann); Philip Hamburger, Law and Judicial Duty (Cambridge, MA, 2008).

1008

W. M. Geldart, Elements of English Law, 6th ed., rev. William Holdsworth and H. G. Hanbury (London, 1959).

1009

David Lieberman, The Province of Legislation Determined: Legal Theory in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, UK, 1989), 13, 28.

1010

«The Free Republican», Boston Independent Chronicle, 26 Jan. 1786.

1011

Moses Mather, Sermon, Preached in the Audience of the General Assembly… on the Day of Their Anniversary Election, May 10, 1781 (New London, 1781), 7–8.

1012

Charleston State Gazette of South Carolina, 8 Sept. 1784.

1013

Lynn W. Turner, William Plumer of New Hampshire, 1759–1850 (Chapel Hill, 1962), 34–35.

1014

Address of Massachusetts Convention (1780), in Oscar and Mary Handlin, eds., The Popular Sources of Political Authority: Documents on the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 (Cambridge, MA, 1966), 437.

1015

Wilfred J. Ritz, Rewriting the History of the Judiciary Act of 1789: Exposing Myths, Challenging Premises, and Using New Evidence, ed. Wythe Hold and L.H. LaRue (Norman, OK, 1990), 36; D. Kurt Graham, «The Lower Federal Courts in the Early Republic: Rhode Island, 1790–1812» (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 2002).

1016

Это произошло в 1792 году в Род-Айленде в деле Champion and Dickason v. Casey. Два английских кредитора Сайласа Кейси обратились в федеральный окружной суд с иском о том, что принятый в 1791 году закон Род-Айленда, освобождающий Кейси от долгов на три года, нарушает положение о договоре, содержащееся в статье I, раздел 10 Конституции. Решение в пользу истцов, по словам главного историка прошлого Род-Айленда, стало «первым случаем в американской истории, когда федеральный суд отменил закон штата за нарушение Конституции Соединенных Штатов». Patrick T. Conley, First in War, Last in Peace: Rhode Island and the Constitution, 1786–1790 (Providence, 1987), 44.

1017

Dwight F. Henderson, Courts for a New Nation (Washington, DC, 1971), 30.

1018

Julius Goebel, Antecedents and Beginnings to 1801: History of the Supreme Court of the United States (New York, 1971).

1019

Ritz, Rewriting the History of the Judiciary Act of 1789, 22–23; Stephen B. Presser, The Original Misunderstanding: The English, the Americans, and the Dialectic of Federalist Jurisprudence (Durham, 1991), ch. 6.

1020

William R. Casto, The Supreme Court in the Early Republic: The Chief Justiceships of John Jay and Oliver Ellsworth (Columbia, SC, 1995), 55.

1021

Henry J. Friendly, «The Historic Basis of Diversity Jurisdiction», Harvard Law Review, 41 (1928), 498.

1022

Casto, Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 66.

1023

Carl E. Prince, The Federalists and the Origins of the U.S. Civil Service (New York, 1977), 242–47.

1024

Ralph Lerner, The Thinking Revolutionary: Principle and Practice in the New Republic (Ithaca, 1987), 91–136; Casto, Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 126–29.

1025

George L. Haskins and Herbert A. Johnson, Foundations of Power: John Marshall, 1801–1815: The History of the Supreme Court of the United States of America (New York, 1981), 395.

1026

Casto, Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 164; Thomas P. Slaughter, «‘The King of Crimes’: Early American Treason Law, 1787–1860», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic»: The Federalist Era (Charlottesville, 1996), 91.

1027

Administrative Duties of the Judges, in Maeva Marcus et al., eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789–1800 (New York, 1992), 4: 723–29.

1028

AH, «The Examination», 23 Feb 1802, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 531–32.

1029

Casto, Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 74–75.

1030

Casto, Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 116, 178–79.

1031

William Paterson Notes on Judicial Bill Debate, 22 June 1789, Marcus et al., eds., Documentary History of the Supreme Court, 4: 410–12, 414–16.

1032

Jay to Rufus King, 22 Dec. 1793, in Marcus et al., eds., Documentary History of the Supreme Court, 2: 434–35; Graham, «The Lower Federal Courts in the Early Republic», ch. 2.

1033

На своем ратификационном съезде в 1790 году Род-Айленд предвидел проблему, связанную с тем, что отдельные лица будут подавать иски против штата, и рекомендовал вывести такие дела из-под федеральной юрисдикции. Patrick T. Conley, Rhode Island in Rhetoric and Reflection: Public Addresses and Essays (East Providence, 2002), 92.

1034

Bradley Chapin, The American Law of Treason: Revolutionary and Early National Origins (Seattle, 1964); Slaughter, «‘The King of Crimes’», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic», 93–94, 97–108.

1035

В 1800 году Конгресс, в котором доминировали федералисты, наконец принял сложный и вызывавший много споров закон о банкротстве, который республиканцы правильно расценили как очередную схему федералистов, направленную на расширение покровительства исполнительной власти и консолидацию Союза. В 1801 году республиканцы немедленно отменили этот закон. Только в 1841 году федеральное правительство приняло еще один закон о банкротстве, и он просуществовал всего год. Bruce H. Mann, Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence (Cambridge, MA, 2002), 214, 215.

1036

Presser, Original Misunderstanding, 68–69.

1037

Presser, Original Misunderstanding, 90.

1038

Casto, Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 150, 156–57; JM, Report on the Alien and Sedition Acts, 7 Jan. 1800, Madison: Writings, 640.

1039

Presser, Original Misunderstanding, 103.

1040

TJ to Edmund Randolph, 18 Aug. 1799, Jefferson: Writings, 1066.

1041

TJ to Randolph, 18 Aug. 1799, Jefferson: Writings, 1066–68.

1042

Oliver Wolcott Jr. to Fisher Ames, 29 Dec. 1799, in Haskins and Johnson, Foundations of Power: Marshall, 121.

1043

Boston Columbia Centinel, 14 Jan. 1801, цитируется по Graham, «The Lower Federal Courts in the Early Republic», ch. 2.

1044

Kathryn Turner, «Federalist Policy and the Judiciary Act of 1801», WMQ, 22 (1965), 3–32.

1045

Kathryn Turner, «Midnight Judges», University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 109 (1961), 494–523.

1046

Richard E. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic (New York, 1971), 15.

1047

Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805 (Boston, 1970), 458.

1048

Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 116.

1049

Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 20–21.

1050

TJ to JM, 26 Dec. 1800, Republic of Letters, 1156; Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 33; Haskins and Johnson, Foundations of Power: Marshall, 152.

1051

Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 119.

1052

Samuel Chase to John Marshall, 24 April 1802, in Papers of Marshall, 6: 110.

1053

Graham, «The Lower Federal Courts in the Early Republic», Ch. 2.

1054

Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 52.

1055

Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 49; Friendly, «Historic Basis of Diversity Jurisdiction», Harvard Law Review, 41 (1928), 483–510; Robert L. Jones, «Finishing a Friendly Argument: The Jury and the Historical Origins of Diversity Jurisdiction», New York University Law Review, 82 (2007), 997–1101.

1056

Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 462.

1057

Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 75.

1058

Robert Dawidoff, The Education of John Randolph (New York, 1979), 30, 152–54.

1059

Richard E. Ellis, «The Impeachment of Samuel Chase», in Michael R. Belknap, ed., American Political Trials (Westport, ct, 1981), 70.

1060

John Marshal to Samuel Chase, 23 Jan. 1805, Papers of Marshall, 6: 347–48.

1061

Presser, Original Misunderstanding, 157; Ellis, «Impeachment of Chase», in Belknap, ed., American Political Trials, 72–73; Andrew Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in Jeffersonian Pennsylvania (Lawrence, KS, 2004), 85.

1062

В Англии в XVIII веке судьи могли быть смещены по простому обращению обеих палат парламента к короне. Акт о поселении, дававший судьям право занимать должность во время хорошего поведения, распространялся только на корону. См. Saikrishna Prakash and Steven d. Smith, «how to Remove a Federal Judge», Yale Law Journal, 116 (2006), 72–137.

1063

TJ to Giles, 20 April 1807, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 9: 191; Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (Boston, 1974), 367–68; Gouverneur Morris to John Marshall, 26 June 1807, Papers of Marshall, 7: 54.

1064

Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 229.

1065

Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 234.

1066

Governor to the Assembly, 21 Nov. 1800, «Papers of the Governors, 1785–1817», ed. George Edward Reed and W. W. Griest, Pennsylvania Archives, 4th Ser. (Harrisburg, 1900) 4: 460–461.

1067

Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 80.

1068

Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 99, 141, 142.

1069

Elizabeth K. Henderson, «The Attack on the Judiciary in Pennsylvania, 1800–1810», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 61 (1937), 113–36; Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 88.

1070

Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 157–70, quotation at 165.

1071

Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 133.

1072

Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 173, 163–64; James Headley Peeling, «Governor McKean and the Pennsylvanian Jacobins (1799–1808)», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 54 (1930), 320–54; Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 153.

1073

Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 174–81.

1074

Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 179; Michael Les Benedict, «Laissez-Faire and Liberty: A Re-Evaluation of the Meaning and Origins of Laissez-Faire Constitutionalism», Law and History Review, 3 (1985), 323–26; Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 145.

1075

Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 175, 178.

1076

John R. Commons et al., eds., A Documentary History of American Industrial Society (Cleveland, 1919–1911), 3: 231–32; Christopher L. Tomlins, Law, Labor, and Ideology in the Early American Republic (Cambridge, UK, 1993), 133.

1077

Shankman, Crucible of American Democracy, 195.

1078

Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860 (Cambridge, ma, 1977), 21, 22.

1079

Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 221.

1080

Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 246.

1081

William T. Utter, «Ohio and the English Common Law», Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 16 (1929–1930), 328–31.

1082

Хотя судья Луиза Д. Брандейс в решении по делу Erie Railroad Co. (1938) заявила, что «не существует федерального общего права», в настоящее время все еще существует специализированное федеральное общее право.

1083

Albert J. Beveridge, The Life of John Marshall (Boston, 1919), 4: 81.

1084

Jean Edward Smith, John Marshall: Definer of a Nation (New York, 1996), 5.

1085

Charles F. Hobson, The Great Chief Justice: John Marshall and the Rule of Law (Lawrence, KS, 1996), 15; R. Kent Newmyer, John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court (Baton Rouge, 2001), 80; Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, ed. Charles R. Williams (Columbus, OH, 1922–1926), 1: 116.

1086

Hobson, The Great Chief Justice: Marshall, 20.

1087

TJ to Monroe, 13 Apr. 1800, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 19: 120.

1088

Kathryn Turner, «The Appointment of Chief Justice Marshall», WMQ, 17 (1960), 145, 155, 157.

1089

Marshall to AH, 1 Jan 1801, Papers of Marshall, 6: 46–47; Editorial Note, ibid., 379.

1090

AH, Federalist No. 78.

1091

John Jay to JA, 2 Jan. 1801, in Maeva Marcus et al., eds., The Documentary History of the United States Supreme Court (New York, 1992) 4:664; R. Kent Newmyer, The Supreme Court Under Marshall and Taney (Arlington Heights, IL, 1968), 26, 37.

1092

Джефферсон пришел к выводу, что такая практика, когда судьи выносят единое мнение вместо нескольких мнений, была ошибочной и являлась результатом влияния лорда Мэнсфилда на Маршалла. TJ to Johnson, 27 Oct. 1822, in Paul L. Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Federal Edition (New York, 1905), 12: 250.

1093

Smith, John Marshall, 403.

1094

George L. Haskins and Herbert A. Johnson, Foundations of Power: John Marshall, 1801–1815, vol. 2 of the Oliver Wendell Holmes Devise History of the Supreme Court of the United States (New York, 1981), 652.

1095

Smith, John Marshall, 285–86.

1096

Haskins and Johnson, Foundations of Power: Marshall, 74.

1097

Editorial Note, United States Circuit Court for North Carolina (1803), Papers of Marshall, 6: 144.

1098

Marshall to St. George Tucker, 27 Nov. 1800, Papers of Marshall, 6: 23.

1099

Smith, John Marshall, 284 n.

1100

Stephen B. Presser, «The Original Misunderstanding»: The English, the Americans, and the Dialectic of Federalist Jurisprudence (Durham, 1991), 81, 97.

1101

Marshall to Richard Peters, 23 Nov. 1807, Papers of Marshall, 7: 165.

1102

Thomas P. Slaughter, «‘The King of Crimes’: Early American Treason Law, 1787–1860», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic»: The Federalist Era (Charlottesville, 1996), 110–18; Joseph Wheelan, Jefferson’s Vendetta: The Pursuit of Aaron Burr and the Judiciary (New York, 2005), 10.

1103

Editorial Note, United States v. Burr (1807), Papers of Marshall, 7: 3–11, quotations at 9, 10; TJ to Eppes, 28 May 1807, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 9: 67–68.

1104

Smith, John Marshall, 313; Newmyer, Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court, 157–75.

1105

Несмотря на заявление Маршалла, Конгресс, по мнению выдающегося исследователя конституции, не расширил первоначальную юрисдикцию Суда. См. Akhil Reed Amar, The American Constitution: A Biography (New York, 2005), 232–33.

1106

Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805 (Boston, 1970), 149.

1107

Marbury v. Madison (1803), in William Cranch, ed., U.S. Supreme Court Reports (Washington, DC, 1804), 177.

1108

Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 155.

1109

AH, Federalist No. 78.

1110

Некоторые историки утверждают, что истоки современной практики судебного пересмотра лучше всего искать не в Суде Джона Маршалла, а в истории последнего столетия или около того. Действительно, сам термин был введен в оборот только в 1910 году исследователем конституции Эдвардом Корвином. Об этих ревизионистских исследованиях см. Christopher Wolfe, The Rise of Modern Judicial Review: From Constitutional Interpretation to Judge-Made Law (New York, 1986); J. M. Sosin, The Aristocracy of the Long Robe: The Origins of Judicial Review in America (Westport, CT, 1989); Robert Lowry Clinton, Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review (Lawrence, KS, 1989). William E. Nelson, Marbury v. Madison: The Origins and Legacy of Judicial Review (Lawrence, KS, 2000) is a sensible account.

1111

Commonwealth of Va. v. Caton and Others (Nov. 1782), in Peter Call, ed., Reports of Cases Argued and Decided in the Court of Appeals of Virginia (Richmond, 1833), 4: 8. Philip Hamburger, Law and Judicial Duty (Cambridge, MA, 2008), подчеркивает степень, в которой английские и колониальные судьи уже осуществляли широкий судебный контроль, основываясь на своих традиционных представлениях об иерархическом характере права и об обязанности судей принимать решения в соответствии с законом. Поэтому, утверждает он, судьи американских штатов, оспаривавшие законодательные акты после революции, не делали ничего нового. Но, конечно, многие люди считали, что суды делают что-то новое, и горячо протестовали.

1112

Commonwealth of Va. v. Caton, in Call, ed., Reports, 4: 17–18.

1113

Richard Spaight to James Iredell, 12 Aug. 1787, in Griffith J. McRee, Life and Correspondence of James Iredell (New York, 1857–1858), 2: 169–70.

1114

Madison’s Observations on Jefferson’s Draft of a Constitution for Virginia, 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 6: 315.

1115

J. W. Gough, Fundamental Law in English Constitutional History (Oxford, 1955, 1961), 186–90, 206, 214.

1116

James Iredell to Richard Spaight, 26 Aug. 1787, McRee, Life of James Iredell, 2: 172–76.

1117

Commonwealth of Va. v. Caton, in Call, ed., Reports, 4: 17.

1118

Iredell, «To the Public», 17 Aug. 1786, in McRee, Life of Iredell, 2: 147.

1119

Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 2: 430; JM, цитируется по Maeva Marcus, «Judicial Review in the Early Republic», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic», 31; JM, «Helvidius No. II», 1793, in Guillard Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison (New York, 1900–1910), 6: 155; TJ to Spencer Roane, 6 Sept. 1819, Jefferson: Writings, 1425–28.

1120

Federalist No. 49.

1121

Sylvia Snowiss, Judicial Review and the law of the Constitution (New Haven, 1990), 74.

1122

Jeff Roedel, «Stoking the Doctrinal Furnace: Judicial Review and the New York Council of Revision», New York History, 69 (1988), 261–83.

1123

Farrand, ed., Records of the Federal Convention, 1: 97, 73.

1124

Annals of Congress, 2nd Congress, 1st Session (April, 1792), 3: 557.

1125

Marcus, «Judicial Review», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic», 36–37.

1126

G. S. Rowe, «Judicial Tyrant and Vox Populi: Pennsylvanians View Their State Supreme Court, 1777–1799», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 118 (1994), 55.

1127

Hylton v. United States, 3 Dallas 171 (1796).

1128

Cooper v. Telfair, 4 Dallas 18 (1800).

1129

О традиционных полномочиях и обязанности судов общего права проводить различие между вышестоящими и нижестоящими законами см. Mary Sarah Bilder, «The Corporate Origins of Judicial Review», Yale Law Journal, 116 (2006), 502–66; Philip Hamburger, Law and Judicial Duty (Cambridge, MA, 2008); and Gordon S. Wood, «The Origins of Judicial Review», Suffolk Law Review, 22 (1988), 1293–1307.

1130

David Lieberman, The Province of Legislation Determined: Legal Theory in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, UK, 1989), 16–20.

1131

Gerald Gunther, «Judicial Review», in Leonard W. Levy, ed., Encyclopedia of the American Constitution (New York, 1986), 1055; Larry D. Kramer, The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review (New York, 2004), 150, 155.

1132

О важном различии между судебным пересмотром и судебным верховенством см. Kramer, The People Themselves, 139–40, 143, 210.

1133

L. H. LaRue, Constitutional Law as Fiction: Narrative in the Rhetoric of Authority (University Park, PA, 1995), 56–69.

1134

Marbury v. Madison (1803), in William Cranch, ed., U.S. Supreme Court Reports (Washington, DC, 1804), 177.

1135

TJ to Phillip Mazzei, 28 Nov. 1785, to John Brown Cutting, 2 Oct. 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 67–72; 13: 649; to JM, 17 Feb. 1826, Jefferson: Writings, 1513–14.

1136

Opinion, Livingston v. Jefferson, 5 Dec. 1811, Papers of Marshall, 7: 284; Hobson, The Great Chief Justice: Marshall, 37.

1137

AH, Federalist No. 78.

1138

James Wilson, «Lectures on Law» (1790–1791), The Works of James Wilson, ed. Robert Green McCloskey (Cambridge, MA, 1967), 293.

1139

William A. Robinson, Jeffersonian Democracy in New England (New Haven, 1916), 120.

1140

О широком распространении судебного пересмотра в 1790-х годах см. William E. Nelson, «Changing Conceptions of Judicial Review: The Evolution of Constitutional Theory in the States, 1790–1860», University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 120 (1972), 1166, 1169–70; Marcus, «Judicial Review», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic», 25–53; Kramer, The People Themselves, 148.

1141

Marcus, «Judicial Review», in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Launching the «Extended Republic», 36–37.

1142

Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History (Boston, 1937), 1: 52–53, 110–11.

1143

Anaton-Hermann Chroust, The Rise of the Legal Profession in America (Norman, OK, 1965), 2: 75–77.

1144

Chroust, Rise of the Legal Profession, 2: 36–37, 173–223.

1145

Haskins, «Law Versus Politics», University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 130 (1981), 24.

1146

Haskins and Johnson, Foundations of Power: John Marshall, 322–31.

1147

Everett Somerville Brown, ed., William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate, 1803–1807 (London, 1923), 269; C. Peter Magrath, Yazoo: Law and Politics in the New Republic: The Case of Fletcher v. Peck (New York, 1967).

1148

Carl Brent Swisher, American Constitutional Development, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA, 1954), 153–54; Haskins and Johnson, Foundations of Power: John Marshall, 597.

1149

Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860 (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 21.

1150

Horwitz, Transformation of American Law, 23.

1151

William E. Nelson, Americanization of The Common Law: The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society, 1760–1830 (Cambridge, MA, 1975), 172; Horwitz, Transformation of American Law, 23–26.

1152

По этому вопросу см. Gordon S. Wood, «The History of Rights in Early America», in Barry Alan Shain, ed., The Nature of Rights at the American Founding and Beyond (Charlottesville, 2007), 233–57.

1153

Marbury v. Madison (1803), in Cranch, ed., U.S. Supreme Court Reports, 166, 167;

1154

TJ to JM, 15 March 1789, Republic of Letters, 587.

1155

St. George Tucker, Blackstone’s Commentaries: With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws of the Federal Government and of the Commonwealth of Virginia (Philadelphia, 1803), I, pt. 1, xxv.

1156

Marshall to C. C. Pinckney, 21 Nov. 1802, Papers of Marshall, 6: 125.

1157

Marshall to Timothy Pickering, 28 Feb. 1811, Papers of Marshall, 7: 270.

1158

Horwitz, Transformation of American Law, 31–62. For Marshall’s conception of property, see Richard A. Brisbin Jr., «John Marshall and the Nature of Law in the Early Republic», Va. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 98 (1990), 62–71; Edward S. Corwin, «The Basic Doctrine of American Constitutional Law», Michigan Law Review, 12 (1914), 247–76.

1159

Haskins, «Law Versus Politics», 19–20.

1160

Когда на Филадельфийском конвенте Джеймс Мэдисон предложил наделить федеральное правительство прямыми полномочиями по выдаче инкорпоративных хартий, рамочники решили уладить этот вопрос, ничего не говоря в Конституции об инкорпорации, опасаясь вызвать народную оппозицию «меркантильным монополиям». Frank Bourgin, The Great Challenge: The Myth of Laissez-Faire in the Early Republic (New York, 1989), 44.

1161

Pennsylvania Packet, 2, 10 Sept. 1783, 7, 23 Aug., 25 Sept. 1786; Hendrik Hartog, Public Property and Private Power: The Corporation of the City of New York in American Law, 1730–1870 (Chapel Hill, 1983), 90.

1162

[James Sullivan], The Path to Riches: An Inquiry into the Origin and Use of Money; and into the Principles of Stocks and Banks (Boston, 1792), 37–38, 10, 43.

1163

Thomas Cochran, Frontiers of Change: Early Industrialization in America (New York, 1981), 21; Hartog, Public Property and Private Power, 153; [Samuel Blodget], Economica: A Statistical Manual for the United States of America (Washington, DC, 1806), 17; Johann A. Neem, Creating a Nation of Joiners: Democracy and Civil Society in Early National Massachusetts (Cambridge, MA, 2008), 62.

1164

Oscar and Mary Handlin, Commonwealth: A Study of the Role of Government in the American Economy: Massachusetts, 1774–1861 (Cambridge, MA, 1947, 1969), 106–33; E. Merrick Dodd, American Business Corporations until 1860, with Special Reference to Massachusetts (Cambridge, MA, 1954); Ronald E. Seavoy, The Origins of the American Business Corporation, 1784–1855: Broadening the Concept of Public Service During Industrialization (Westport, CT, 1982); Pauline Maier, «The Revolutionary Origins of the American Corporation», WMQ, 50 (1993), 68–69.

1165

Sylvia Snowiss, «Text and Principle in John Marshall’s Constitutional Law: the Cases of Marbury and Mccullough», John Marshall Law Review, 33 (2000), 990.

1166

В 1776 году большинство конституций штатов, принятых в эпоху Революции, не предусматривали справедливой компенсации за изъятие частной собственности государством. Однако после принятия Пятой поправки к федеральной Конституции в 1791 году это положение было прямо добавлено почти во все конституции штатов, впоследствии принятых в Союз, а там, где оно отсутствовало в конституциях первоначальных штатов, его часто добавляли путем судебного толкования. J.A.C. Grant, «The ‘Higher Law’ Background of the Law of Eminent Domain», Wisconsin Law Review, 6 (1930–1931), 70.

1167

Mathew Carey, ed., Debates and Proceedings of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania… (Philadelphia, 1786), 11–12.

1168

AH, «The Examination», 23 Feb. 1802, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 533. Эдвард С. Корвин назвал защиту закрепленных прав «основной доктриной американского конституционного права». Corwin, «The Basic Doctrine of American Constitutional Law», Michigan Law Review, 12 (1914), 247–76.

1169

Harry N. Scheiber, «Public Rights and the Rule of Law in American Legal History», California Law Review, 72 (1984), 217–51; Neem, Creating a Nation of Joiners, 58–64; John S. Whitehead, The Separation of College and State: Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Yale, 1776–1876 (New Haven, 1973), 16–21.

1170

R. Kent Newmyer, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story: Statesman of the Old Republic (Chapel Hill, 1985), 127–37; Newmyer, Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court, 246–50.

1171

Debates in the Senate of the United States on the Judiciary During the first Session of the Seventh Congress (Philadelphia, 1802), 39; Snowiss, «Text and Principle in John Marshall’s Constitutional Law», John Marshall Law Review, 33 (2000), 991–92.

1172

TJ to William Plumer, 21 July 1816, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 15: 46–47. К началу 1820-х годов Джефферсон пришел к убеждению, что федеральная судебная власть, отнюдь не являющаяся, по словам Гамильтона, «наименее опасной» ветвью власти, «стала самой опасной ветвью» правительства США, «понемногу разрушая основы конституции и добиваясь ее изменения путем строительства». AH, Federalist No. 78; TJ to M. Coray, 31 Oct. 1823, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 15: 486–87.

1173

Sandra F. Vanburkleo, «‘The Paws of Banks’: The Origins and Significance of Kentucky’s Decision to Tax Federal Bankers, 1818–1820», JER, 9 (1989), 480–87; Sandra F. VanBurkleo, «‘That Our Pure Republican Principles Might Not Wither’: Kentucky’s Relief Crisis and the Pursuit of Moral Justice, 1818–1826» (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1988), ch. 6.

1174

L. Ray Gunn, The Decline of Authority: Public Economic Policy and Political Development in New York, 1800–1860 (Ithaca, 1988).

1175

William J. Novak, The People’s Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill, 1996), 15, 88.

1176

Joel Barlow, Oration, Delivered at Washington, July Fourth, 1809; at the Request of the Democratic Citizens of the District of Columbia (Washington, DC, 1809), 3–6, 9.

1177

Donald J. D’Elia, «Dr. Benjamin Rush and the American Medical Revolution», American Philosophical Society, Proc., 110 (1966), 70, 101.

1178

Jacqueline S. Reinier, «Rearing the Republican Child: Attitudes and Practices in Post-Revolutionary Philadelphia», WMQ, 39 (1982), 155.

1179

В ряде необычных романов, написанных в 1790-х годах, писатель Чарльз Брокден Браун исследовал, как ненадежность чувственных впечатлений может повлиять на распространение «фальши и диссимуляции» в Америке. Colin Jeffery Morris, «To ‘Shut Out the World’: Political Alienation and the Privatized Self in the Early Life and Works of Charles Brockden Brown, 1776–1794», JER, 24 (2004), 624.

1180

Simeon Doggett, A Discourse on Education (1797), in Frederick Rudolph, ed., Essays on Education in the Early Republic (Cambridge, MA, 1965), 155–56.

1181

James Axtell, The School upon a Hill: Education and Society in Colonial New England (New Haven, 1974), 184.

1182

William Smith, The History of the Province of New York, ed. Michael Kammen (Cambridge, MA, 1972), 194.

1183

Donald Tewksbury, The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War (New York, 1932).

1184

BR, «Education Agreeable to a Republican Form of Government» (1786), in Dagobert D. Runes, ed., The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush (New York, 1947), 98–99, 92; Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The National Experience, 1783–1876 (New York, 1980), 116–17.

1185

TJ said as much in a letter to George Wythe, 13 Aug. 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 10: 244.

1186

Dumas Malone, Jefferson the Virginian (Boston, 1948), 282–83.

1187

Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780–1860 (New York, 1983), 33–35.

1188

Noah Webster, On the Education of Youth in America (1790), in Rudolph, ed., Essays on Education, 59.

1189

BR, «Of the Mode of Education Proper in a Republic» (1798), in Runes, ed., Selected Writings of Rush, 90, 88.

1190

J. M. Opal, Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England (Philadelphia, 2008), 97, 104–9.

1191

Daniel Walker Howe, «Church, State, and Education in the Young American Republic», JER, 22 (2002), 1–24.

1192

BR to Richard Price, 25 May 1786, Letters of Rush, 1: 388–90.

1193

Editorial Note, Letters of Rush, 1: lxvii.

1194

George W. Corner, ed., The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush (1948; Westport, CT, 1970), 161; D’Elia, «Rush and the American Medical Revolution», 101–2; BR, «The Influence of Physical Causes upon the Moral Faculty» (1786), in Runes, ed., Selected Writings of Rush, 209.

1195

David S. Shields, Civil Tongues and Polite Letters in British America (Chapel Hill, 1997), 316–17.

1196

Richard L. Bushman, «The Early History of Cleanliness in America», JAH, 74 (1988), 1215–17; Kathleen M. Brown, Foul Bodies: Cleanliness in Early America (New Haven, 2009).

1197

Russell B. Nye, The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830 (New York, 1960), 134; Konstantin Dierks, «Letter Writing, Gender, and Class in America, 1750–1800» (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1999), ch. 7.

1198

Andrew Burstein, Sentimental Democracy: The Evolution of America’s Romantic Self-Image (New York, 1999), 169.

1199

Shields, Civil Tongues and Polite Letters, 322–23.

1200

Richard D. Brown, The Strength of a People: The Idea of an Informed Citizenry in America, 1650–1870 (Chapel Hill, 1996), 85–118.

1201

Louis L. Tucker, Clio’s Consort: Jeremy Belknap and the Founding of the Massachusetts Historical Society (Boston, 1990), 95.

1202

Len Travers, «‘In the Greatest Solemn Dignity’: The Capitol Cornerstone and Ceremony in the Early Republic», Steven C. Bullock, «‘Sensible Signs’: The Emblematic Education of the Post-Revolutionary Freemasonry», and James Steven Curl, «The Capitol in Washington, D.C., and Its Freemason Connections», all in Donald R. Kennon, ed., A Republic for the Ages: The United States Capitol and the Political Culture of the Early Republic (Charlottesville, 1999), 155–76, 177–213, 214–67.

1203

Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines 1741–1850 (New York, 1930), 28–38.

1204

Richard R. John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, MA, 1995), 50, 8, 54, 17–18.

1205

John, Spreading the News, 3, 4, 25–63.

1206

Allen R. Pred, Urban Growth and the Circulation of Information: The United States System of Cities, 1790–1840 (Cambridge, MA, 1975), 36–42; John, Spreading the News, 17–18; Brown, Strength of a People, 85–118.

1207

John, Spreading the News, 36–42.

1208

Alfred M. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America (New York, 1937), 715–17; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of American Newspapers in the United States Through 250 Years, 1690–1940 (New York, 1941), 159, 167; Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought, 3rd ed. (New York, 1964), 209; Donald H. Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period (Albany, 1969), 15, 624.

1209

Richard R. John and Christopher J. Young, «Rites of Passage: Postal Petitioning as a Tool of Governance in the Age of Federalism», in Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon, eds., The House and Senate in the 1790s: Petitioning, Lobbying, and Institutional Development (Athens, OH, 2002), 129.

1210

J. M. Opal, Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England (Philadelphia, 2008), 56–63.

1211

TJ, Message to Congress, 19 Feb. 1808, in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897 (Washington, DC, 1900), 1: 429.

1212

Wallace Hutcheon Jr., Robert Fulton: Pioneer of Undersea Warfare (Annapolis, 1981), 114–15.

1213

Hutcheon, Robert Fulton, 4–15, 114–15.

1214

Hutcheon, Robert Fulton, 117.

1215

Kenneth L. Sokoloff, «Inventive Activity in Early Industrial America: Evidence from Patent Records», Journal of Economic History, 48 (1988), 813–50.

1216

TJ, Sixth Annual Message, 2 Dec. 1806, Jefferson: Writings, 529.

1217

John Lauritz Larson, Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States (Chapel Hill, 2001), 67–68.

1218

Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York, 1992), 192.

1219

TJ to Maria Cosway, 12 Oct. 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 10: 447–48.

1220

Merrill Jensen, The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781–1789 (New York, 1950), 141.

1221

Conrad E. Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Post-Revolutionary New England (Boston, 1992), 63.

1222

Edward Dorr Griffin, Sermon, Preached August 11, 1811, for the Benefit of the Portsmouth Female Asylum (Boston, 1811), 16.

1223

American Museum, 5 (1789), 555; Richard D. Brown, «The Emergence of Urban Society in Rural Massachusetts, 1760–1820», JAH, 61 (1974), 29–51; Richard D. Brown, «The Emergence of Voluntary Associations in Massachusetts, 1760–1830», Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 2 (1973), 64–73; Albrecht Koschnik, «Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together»: Associations, Partisanship, and Culture in Philadelphia, 1775–1840 (Charlottesville, 2007).

1224

BR, «To the Ministers of All Denominations», 21 June 1788, Letters of Rush, 1: 461–62; Lyman Beecher, A Reformation of Morals Practicable and Indispensable: A Sermon Delivered at New Haven on the Evening of October 27, 1812 (Andover, MA, 1814), 18.

1225

«Formation and Constitution of the Columbia Moral Society», Columbia Magazine, 1 (1814–1815), 179–85.

1226

Dewitt Clinton, An Address, Delivered Before the Holland Lodge, December 24, 1793 (New York, 1794), 15.

1227

Raymond A. Mohl, Poverty in New York, 1783–1825 (New York, 1971), 166.

1228

M. J. Heale, «Humanitarianism in the Early Republic: The Moral Reformers of New York, 1776–1825», Journal of American Studies, 2 (1968), 161–75; Clare A. Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble: An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730–1830 (Chapel Hill, 2006), 321–22, 354–95.

1229

Oliver Wendell Elsbree, The Rise of the Missionary Spirit in America, 1790–1815 (Williamsport, PA, 1928), 63.

1230

Elsbree, Rise of the Missionary Spirit, 64.

1231

William R. Hutchison, Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions (Chicago, 1987), 43–61.

1232

Recollections of Samuel Breck, ed. H. E. Scudder (Philadelphia, 1877), 36–37; Linda Kealey, «Patterns of Punishment in Massachusetts in the Eighteenth Century», American Journal of Legal History, 30 (1986), 163–76.

1233

Louis Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776–1865 (New York, 1989), 72.

1234

Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York, 2007), 76.

1235

Masur, Rites of Execution, 37.

1236

Masur, Rites of Execution, 77; American Museum, 7 (March 1790), 137.

1237

Masur, Rites of Execution, 72.

1238

TJ, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in Cases Heretofore Capital (1776–1786), Papers of Jefferson, 2: 492–507.

1239

Masur, Rites of Execution, 65, 71, 80–82, 88, 87; Adam J. Hirsch, «From Pillory to Penitentiary: The Rise of Criminal Incarceration in Early Massachusetts», Michigan Law Review, 80 (1982), 1179–269; Linda Kealey, «Patterns of Punishment: Massachusetts in the Eighteenth Century», American Journal of Legal History, 30 (1986), 1631–76; Michael Meranze, «The Penitential Ideal in Late Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 108 (1984), 419–50; Bradley Chapin, «Felony Law Reform in the Early Republic», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 113 (1989), 163–83; Thomas Paine, Rights of Man (1791), in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 265–66; Hunt, Inventing Human Rights, 112.

1240

Michael Meranze, Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760–1835 (Chapel Hill, 1996), 71; Masur, Rites of Execution, 82.

1241

Adam Jay Hirsch, The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America (New Haven, 1992), 61–66.

1242

John Melish, Travels Through the United States of America in the Years 1806 and 1807, and 1809, 1810, and 1811 (London, 1813), 124.

1243

Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill, 1985), 3; JA, Diary and Autobiography, 1: 123.

1244

Christopher Clark, Social Change in America: From the Revolution Through the Civil War (Chicago, 2006), 71.

1245

Abigail Adams to JA, 31 March 1776, in Margaret A. Hogan and C. James Taylor, eds., My Dearest Friend: Letters of Abigail and John Adams (Cambridge, MA, 2007), 110.

1246

Mary Kelley, Private Women, Public Stage: Literary Domesticity in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1984), 65.

1247

David C. Ward, Charles Willson Peale: Art and Selfhood in the Early Republic (Berkeley, 2004), 136–39.

1248

Mary Beth Norton, Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800 (Boston, 1980) 240–41, 235.

1249

George Sensabaugh, Milton in Early America (Princeton, 1964), 195–217.

1250

Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill, 1980); Jan Lewis, «The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic», WMQ, 44 (1987), 689–712.

1251

Frank L. Dewey, «Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on Divorce», WMQ, 39 (1982), 212–23; Nancy F. Cott, «Divorce and the Changing Status of Women in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts», WMQ, 33 (1976), 586–614; Sheldon S. Cohen, «The Broken Bond: Divorce in Providence County, 1749–1809», in Patrick T. Conley, ed., Liberty and Justice: A History of Law and Lawyers in Rhode Island, 1636–1998 (East Providence, 1998), 224–37; Mary Beth Sievens, Stray Wives: Marital Conflict in Early National New England (New York, 2005); Sarah Leavitt, «‘She Hath Left My Bed and Board’: Runaway Wives in Rhode Island, 1790–1810», Rhode Island History, 58 (2000), 91–104; Sara Tabak Damiano, «From the Shadows of the Bar: Law and Women’s Legal Literacy in Eighteenth-Century Newport» (Honors thesis, Brown University, 2008), 122–54.

1252

Stanley N. Katz, «Republicanism and the Law of Inheritance in the American Revolutionary Era», Michigan Law Review, 76 (1977), 1–29; Holly Brewer, By Birth or Consent: Children, Law, and the Anglo-American Revolution in Authority (Chapel Hill, 2005).

1253

Frank Luther Mott, Golden Multitudes: The Story of Best Sellers in the United States (New York, 1960), 40, 30; James D. Hart, The Popular Book: A History of America’s Literary Taste (Berkeley, 1961), 61; Lewis, «Republican Wife», 696.

1254

Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans (Cambridge, MA, 2000), 173.

1255

Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution Against Patriarchal Authority, 1750–1800 (Cambridge, MA, 1982), 86–87.

1256

Norton, Liberty’s Daughters, 236.

1257

Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, 26–27.

1258

Jon Kukla, Mr. Jefferson’s Women (New York, 2007), 167–72; Nancy Isenberg, Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr (New York, 2007), 433.

1259

Linda Kerber, Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays (Chapel Hill, 1997), 35.

1260

Rosemarie Zagarri, «The Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America», WMQ, 55 (1998), 210; Rosemarie Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash: Women and Rights in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia, 2007).

1261

Larry E. Tise, The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800 (Mechanicsburg, PA, 1998), 178–83.

1262

Kerber, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, 23; Martha Tomhave Blauvelt, The Work of the Heart: Young Women and Emotion, 1780–1830 (Charlottesville, 2007).

1263

Marylynn Salmon, «Republican Sentiments, Economic Change, and the Property Rights of Women in American Law», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Women in the Age of the American Revolution (Charlottesville, 1989), 450–51.

1264

Zagarri, «Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America», 225.

1265

Zagarri, «Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America», 217.

1266

Kerber, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, 36.

1267

Antoine Louis Claude Destutt de Tracy, Commentary and Review of Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws (Philadelphia, 1811), 72; Joseph Hopkinson, Annual Discourse, Delivered Before the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (1810), in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, rev. ed. (Boston, 1990), 337.

1268

Lewis, «Republican Wife», 689–721; James Fordyce, Sermons to Young Women: A New Edition (Philadelphia, 1787), 20; Hopkinson, Annual Discourse, in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America, 337.

1269

Catherine Allgor, Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government (Charlottesville, 2000), 4–101; Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash.

1270

Lewis, «Republican Wife», 689–721.

1271

Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash, 177.

1272

Kerber, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, 29.

1273

BR, «Thoughts upon Female Education» (1787), in Rudolph, ed., Essays on Education, 36.

1274

Zagarri, «Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America», 218.

1275

Doggett, Discourse on Education (1797), in Rudolph, ed., Essays on Education, 159; Bullock, «‘Sensible Signs,’ in Kennon», ed., A Republic for the Ages, 196.

1276

Norton, Liberty’s Daughters, 271–72.

1277

Mary Kelley, Learning to Stand and Speak: Women, Education, and Public Life in America’s Republic (Chapel Hill, 2006).

1278

Zagarri, «Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America», 224, 226.

1279

Tise, American Counterrevolution, 161–63.

1280

Alfred F. Young, Masquerade: The Life and Times of Deborah Sampson, Continental Soldier (New York, 2004), 202.

1281

Young, Masquerade, 220, 221, 223, 224.

1282

Charles Brockden Brown, Alcuin: A Dialogue (New York, 1798), 57–59; Kerber, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, 37.

1283

David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965), 184; TJ to Gallatin, 13 Jan. 1813, in Henry Adams, ed., The Writings of Albert Gallatin (Philadelphia, 1879), 1: 328.

1284

Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York, 2007), 207.

1285

Как отмечает Дэвид Брион Дэвис, «французский ученый Раймон Мони считает, что между 600 и 1800 годами в мусульманские регионы было вывезено до четырнадцати миллионов африканских рабов». Davis, Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery (Cambridge, MA, 2003), 10.

1286

См. «New Perspectives on the Transatlantic Slave Trade», to which the entire issue of January 2001 of the WMQ, 58 (2001), is devoted.

1287

Philip Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and the Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998), 165.

1288

Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 148.

1289

Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 170–75; Robert F. Dalzell Jr. and Lee Baldwin Dalzell, George Washington’s Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America (New York, 1998), 132–33; Lorena S. Walsh, «Slave Life, Slave Society, and Tobacco Production in the Tidewater Chesapeake, 1620–1820», in Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan, eds., Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas (Charlottesville, 1993), 170–99; Sarah S. Hughes, «Slaves for Hire: The Allocation of Black Labor in Elizabeth City County, Virginia, 1782 to 1810», WMQ, 35 (1978), 260–86.

1290

Isaac Weld, Travels Through the States of North America (London, 1799), 1: 147.

1291

Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 148.

1292

Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 49–50.

1293

Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 79, 594; Philip Morgan, «Black Society in the Lowcountry, 1760–1810», in Ira Berlin and Ronald Hoffman, eds., Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution (Charlottesville, 1983), 89; John W. Blassingame, The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Ante-Bellum South (New York, 1972), 17–40; Sylvia R. Frey, Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (Princeton, 1991), 41–42; Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (New York, 1977); Shane White and Graham White, The Sounds of Slavery: Discovering African American History Through Songs, Sermons, and Speech (Boston, 2005).

1294

John Campbell, «As ‘A Kind of Freeman’? Slaves’ Market Related Activities in the South Carolina Up Country, 1800–1860», in Berlin and Morgan, eds., Cultivation and Culture, 244.

1295

Dalzell and Dalzell, George Washington’s Mount Vernon, 129, 212–13.

1296

Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 393; Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812 (Chapel Hill, 1968), 228–34.

1297

Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 258.

1298

Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 405–7.

1299

Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (New York, 2008), собрал огромное количество убедительных доказательств того, что Джефферсон содержал Салли Хемингс в качестве своей наложницы.

1300

Lucia C. Stanton, «‘Those Who Labor for My Happiness’: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves», in Peter S. Onuf, ed., Jeffersonian Legacies (Charlottesville, 1993), 155, 150.

1301

Stanton, «‘Those Who Labor for my Happiness’», in Onuf, ed., Jeffersonian Legacies, 158, 160; TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 162.

1302

Gary B. Nash, «Slaves and Slaveowners in Colonial Philadelphia», WMQ, 30 (1973), 237; Shane White, Somewhat More Independent: The End of Slavery in New York City, 1770–1810 (Athens, GA, 1991), 16.

1303

Joanne Pope Melish, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and «Race» in New England, 1780–1860 (Ithaca, 1998).

1304

William D. Pierson, Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth-Century New England (Amherst, MA, 1988), 15.

1305

Gary B. Nash, The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America (New York, 2005), 32.

1306

Samuel Johnson, Taxation No Tyranny (1775), in Samuel Johnson: Political Writings, ed. Donald J. Greene (New Haven, 1977), 454; James Otis, The Rights of the British Colonists Asserted and Proved (1764), in Bernard Bailyn, ed., Pamphlets of the American Revolution, 1750–1776 (Cambridge, MA, 1965), 1: 439.

1307

Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA, 1967), 239.

1308

TJ, A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774), Jefferson: Writings, 115–16.

1309

Gary B. Nash, Race and Revolution (Madison, WI, 1990), 9; BR to Granville Sharp, 1Nov. 1774, in John A. Woods, ed., «The Correspondence of Benjamin Rush and Granville Sharp, 1773–1809», Journal of American Studies, 1 (1967), 13.

1310

Jefferson to Jean Nicolas Démeunier, 26 June 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 10: 63; Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South (Cambridge, MA, 2005), 2.

1311

Примеры таких антирабовладельческих выражений см. James G. Basker et al., eds., Early American Abolitionists: A Collection of Anti-Slavery Writings, 1760–1820 (New York, 2005).

1312

Patrick T. Conley and John P. Kaminski, eds., The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties (Madison, WI, 1992), 202.

1313

Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, MA, 1998), 232.

1314

Berlin, Many Thousands Gone, 232.

1315

James Wilson, 3 Dec. 1787, The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution: Ratification by the States: Pennsylvania, ed. Merrill Jensen et al., (Madison, WI, 1976), 2: 463.

1316

White, Somewhat More Independent, 51.

1317

Lorena S. Walsh, From Calabar to Carter’s Grove: The History of a Virginia Slave Community (Charlottesville, 1997), 129.

1318

Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 415–18, 428–33, 652–54; Duncan J. MacLeod, Slavery, Race and the American Revolution (Cambridge, UK, 1974), 29.

1319

Douglas R. Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802 (Chapel Hill, 1993), 13.

1320

Berlin, Many Thousands Gone, 281; Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion, 13.

1321

Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South (Cambridge, MA, 2005), 25–26, 31, 34.

1322

Philip Morgan, «Black Society in the Lowcountry, 1760–1810», in Berlin and Hoffman, eds., Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution, 114–15, 124–25. Тем не менее, по сравнению с Верхним Югом, число свободных негров в Южной Каролине было ничтожно мало: к 1800 году в штате проживало всего около трех тысяч свободных негров. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 491.

1323

GW to Robert Lewis, 17 Aug. 1799, Papers of Washington: Retirement Ser., 4: 256.

1324

Richard S. Newman, «Prelude to the Gag Rule: Southern Reaction to Antislavery Petitions in the First Federal Congress», JER, 16 (1996), 571–72; JM to BR, 20 Mar. 1790, Papers of Madison, 13: 109.

1325

GW to John Francis Mercer, 9 Sept 1786, Washington: Writings, 607; Charles Rappleye, Sons of Providence: The Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution (New York, 2006), 297.

1326

Richard S. Newman, The Transformation of American Abolitionism: Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic (Chapel Hill, 2002), 33; Эллсворт цитируется по J. J. Spengler, «Malthusianism in Late Eighteenth-Century America», American Economic Review, 25 (1935), 705.

1327

Jay Coughtry, The Notorious Triangle: Rhode Island and the Slave Trade, 1700–1807 (Philadelphia, 1981); Stanley Lemons, «Rhode Island and the Slave Trade», Rhode Island History, 60 (2002), 95–104; Steven Doyle, Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life (New York, 2005), 19.

1328

Richard S. Dunn, «Black Society in the Chesapeake, 1776–1810», in Berlin and Hoffman, eds., Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution, 49–82.

1329

James Broussard, The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816 (Baton Rouge, 1978), 11.

1330

Broussard, Southern Federalists, 89–90, 235–40, 364–68, 371–73, 377–81, 390–91.

1331

George C. Rogers Jr., Charleston in the Age of the Pinckneys (Columbia, SC, 1969).

1332

David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, Daily Life in the Early Republic, 1790–1820: Creating a New Nation (Westport, CT, 2004), 68.

1333

William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854 (New York, 1990), 220.

1334

Rothman, Slave Country, 47–51.

1335

Rothman, Slave Country, 77–78, 83, 94; Carlyle Sitterson, Sugar Country: The Cane Sugar Industry in the South (Lexington, KY, 1953); John G. Clark, New Orleans, 1718–1812: An Economic History (Baton Rouge, 1970), 219, 275.

1336

James K. Paulding, «Slaves and Rivermen: Western Virginia, 1816», in Warren S. Tyron, ed., A Mirror for Americans: Life and Manners in the United States, 1790–1870, as Recorded by American Travelers (Chicago, 1952), 259.

1337

Drew R. Mccoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge, UK, 1989), 222–23.

1338

Robin L. Einhorn, American Taxation, American Slavery (Chicago, 2006), 220, 232, 249, 236; Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, «A New Meaning for Turner’s Frontier: Part II: The Southwest Frontier and New England», Political Science Quarterly, 69 (1954), 572–76.

1339

Garry Wills, ‘Negro President’: Jefferson and the Slave Power (Boston, 2003).

1340

Leonard L. Richards, The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860 (Baton Rouge, 2000); Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government’s Relations to Slavery (New York, 2001).

1341

Donald R. Wright, African Americans in the Early Republic, 1789–1831 (Arlington Heights, IL, 1993), 89; David P. Geggus, ed., The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World (Columbia, SC, 2001).

1342

James Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel’s Virginia, 1730–1810 (Cambridge, UK, 1997), 39–48; Donald Robinson, Slavery in the Structure of American Politics (New York, 1979), 364.

1343

Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion, 15.

1344

Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion, 40.

1345

Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion, 49, 51; Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords, 97.

1346

Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion, 102.

1347

Монро спикеру Генеральной Ассамблеи, 5 декабря 1800 г., в Stanislaus M. Hamilton, ed., Writings of James Monroe (New York, 1900), 3: 208–9.

1348

Fredericksburg Virginia Herald, 22 Sept. 1800, in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, rev. ed. (Boston, 1990), 361.

1349

Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion, 114.

1350

Duncan J. MacLeod, Slavery, Race, and the American Revolution (Cambridge, UK, 1974), 155–58; Ira Berlin, Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (New York, 1975), 36–41; Jordan, White over Black, 580.

1351

David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823 (Ithaca, 1975), 196.

1352

TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. Peden, 138–43.

1353

TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. Peden, 138–43; TJ to James Monroe, 24 Nov. 1801, to Edward Coles, 25 Aug. 1814, Jefferson: Writings, 270, 1097, 1345.

1354

Duncan J. MacLeod, «Toward Caste», in Berlin and Hoffman, eds., Slavery and Freedom, 235.

1355

TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. Peden, 138.

1356

JM, Memorandum on an African Colony for Freed Slaves, ca. 20 Oct. 1789, Papers of Madison, 12: 438.

1357

Clare A. Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble: An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730–1830 (Chapel Hill, 2006), 224, 355; MacLeod, Slavery, Race, and the American Revolution, 163; Leon F. Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790–1860 (Chicago, 1961), 81.

1358

Harvey Strum, «Property Qualifications and Voting Behavior in New York, 1807–1816», JER, 1 (1981), 360–61; Leslie M. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863 (Chicago, 2003), 58–60.

1359

Russell B. Nye, The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830 (New York, 1960), 257; Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Edward Waldo Emerson and Waldo Emerson Forbes (Boston, 1909–14), 8: 339.

1360

Linda Kerber, Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and Ideology in Jeffersonian America (Ithaca, 1970), 3n; Catherine O’Donnell Kaplan, Men of Letters in the Early Republic: Cultivating Forums of Citizenship (Chapel Hill, 2008).

1361

TJ to John Hollis, 19 Feb. 1809, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 12: 252–54; Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (Boston, 1974), 661.

1362

О космополитизме революционеров см. Arthur L. Ford, Joel Barlow (New York, 1971), 27, 31, 59, 61; and Allan Guttman, «Copley, Peale, Trumbull: A Note on Loyalty», American Quarterly, 11 (1959), 178–83.

1363

Andrew Burstein, Sentimental Democracy: The Evolution of America’s Romantic Self-Image (New York, 1999), 165–66.

1364

Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 50; David Ramsay, An Oration on the Advantages of American Independence (1778), in Robert L. Brunehouse, ed., «David Ramsay, 1740–1815: Selections from His Writings», American Philosophical Society, Trans., 55 (1965), 185.

1365

Kenneth Silverman, A Cultural History of the American Revolution (New York, 1976), 10.

1366

Беркли цитируется по Lewis P. Simpson, ed., The Federalist Literary Mind: Selections from the Monthly Anthology and Boston Review, 1803–1811 (Baton Rouge, 1962), 34.

1367

Silverman, Cultural History of the American Revolution, 10–11; Joseph J. Ellis, After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture (New York, 1979), 7.

1368

Andrew Burnaby, Travels Through the Middle Settlements in North America: In the Years 1759 and 1760 (1775; Ithaca, 1960). В начале XIX века Джон Адамс вспоминал, что с тех пор, как он был молодым юристом в Массачусетсе, он часто замечал, что «искусства, науки и империя движутся на запад» и что «следующий скачок будет через Атлантику в Америку». JA to BR, 21 May 1807, in Adams, ed., Works, 9: 600.

1369

Silverman, Cultural History of the American Revolution, 230.

1370

Ezra Stiles, «Election Sermon» (1783), in John Wingate Thornton, ed., The Pulpit of the American Revolution; or, the Political Sermons of the Period (Boston, 1876), 460.

1371

О неоклассицизме см. Hugh Honour, Neo-Classicism (Harmondsworth, UK, 1968), and the exhibition catalogue of the Royal Academy and the Victoria & Albert Museum, The Age of Neo-Classicism (London, 1972).

1372

Об этих культурных изменениях см. R. G. Saisselin, «The Transformation of Art into Culture: From Pascal to Diderot», in Theodore Besterman, ed., Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 70 (Geneva, 1970), 3–25; R. G. Saisselin, «Tivoli Revisited or the Triumph of Culture», in Paul Fritz and David Williams, eds., The Triumph of Culture: Eighteenth-Century Perspectives (Toronto, 1972), 3–25; J. H. Plumb, «The Public, Literature and the Arts in the Eighteenth Century», ibid., 27–48; and Robert Rosenblum, Transformations in Late Eighteenth-Century Art (Princeton, 1970).

1373

JA to Abigail Adams, 9 Oct. 1774, 25 April 1778, April-May 1780, in Lyman Butterfield et al., eds., The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family, 1762–1784 (Cambridge, MA, 1975), 79, 210, 256; Neil Harris, The Artist in American Society: The Formative Years, 1790–1860 (New York, 1966), 33–34; Wendell D. Garrett, «John Adams and the Limited Role of the Fine Arts», Winterthur Portfolio, 1 (1964), 243–55.

1374

Stanley Grean, Shaftesbury’s Philosophy of Religion and Ethics: A Study in Enthusiasm (Athens, OH, 1967), 250; Lawrence Klein, «The Third Earl of Shaftesbury and the Progress of Politeness», Eighteenth-Century Studies, 18 (1984–85), 186–214.

1375

Винкельманн цитируется по Eric Slauter, «Neoclassical Culture in a Society with Slaves: Race and Rights in the Age of Wheatley», Early American Studies (Spring 2004), 101.

1376

Caroline Winterer, «From Royal to Republican: The Classical Image in Early America», JAH, 91 (2005), 1264–90; Caroline Winterer, The Culture of Classicism: Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life, 1780–1910 (Baltimore, 2002); Meyer Reinhold, ed., The Classick Pages: Classical Readings of Eighteenth-Century Americans (University Park, PA, 1975); Carl J. Richard, The Founders and the Classics: Greece, Rome, and the American Enlightenment (Cambridge, MA, 1994).

1377

Constantin François Volney, A New Translation of Volney’s Ruins; or, Meditations on the Revolution of Empire (Paris, 1802); American Museum, 8 (1790), 174–76; J. Meredith Neil, Toward a National Taste: America’s Quest for Aesthetic Independence (Honolulu, 1975), 143.

1378

Helmut von Erffa and Allen Staley, The Paintings of Benjamin West (New Haven, 1986), 9.

1379

«Letters and Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham, 1739–1776», Massachusetts Historical Society, Coll., 71 (1914), 661–66.

1380

Trumbull to TJ, 11 June 1789, Papers of Jefferson, 15: 176–79; Irma B. Jaffe, John Trumbull: Patriot Artist of the American Revolution (Boston, 1975).

1381

Harris, Artist in American Society, 42.

1382

Massachusetts Magazine, 4 (1792), 434.

1383

Neil, Toward A National Taste, 145.

1384

GW to Lafayette, 28 May 1788, Washington: Writings, 680–81.

1385

Frank H. Sommer, «Emblem and Device: The Origin of the Great Seal of the United States», Art Quarterly, 24 (1961), 57–77; Burstein, Sentimental Democracy, 132–34; Steven C. Bullock, «‘Sensible Signs’: The Emblematic Education of Post-Revolutionary Freemasonry», in Donald R. Kennon, ed., A Republic for the Ages: The United States Capitol and the Political Culture of the Early Republic (Charlottesville, 1999), 203, 210.

1386

Ellis, After the Revolution, 51.

1387

David C. Ward, Charles Willson Peale: Art and Selfhood in the Early Republic (Berkeley, 2004), 146.

1388

Neil, Toward a National Taste, 57–58; Ward, Peale, 16–17.

1389

Lillian B. Miller, Patrons and Patriotism: The Encouragement of the Fine Arts in the United States, 1790–1860 (Chicago, 1966), 90.

1390

Ward, Peale, 103–4.

1391

Charles Willson Peale, Discourse Introductory to a Course of Lectures on the Science of Nature (1800), in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, 1760–1820, rev. ed. (Boston, 1990), 224, 225; David R. Brigham, Public Culture in the Early Republic: Peale’s Museum and Its Audience (Washington, DC, 1995), 36; Charles Coleman Sellers, Mr. Peale’s Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art (New York, 1980), 26–27; Sidney Hart, «‘To Encrease the Comforts of Life’: Charles Willson Peale and the Mechanical Arts», Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog. 110 (1986), 323–57; Ward, Peale, 105–7.

1392

John Saillant, «The American Enlightenment», Eighteenth-Century Studies, 31 (1998), 264.

1393

Kenneth R. Bowling, The Creation of Washington, D.C.: The Ideas and Location of the American Capital (Fairfax, VA, 1991), 5.

1394

О революционных усилиях во Франции см. James A. Leith, The Idea of Art as Propaganda in France, 1750–1799 (Toronto, 1965); David Lloyd Dowd, Pageant Master of the Republic: Jacques-Louis David and the French Revolution (Lincoln, NE, 1948).

1395

David Humphreys, «Poem on the Industry of the United States of America» (1804), in Vernon Louis Parrington, ed., The Connecticut Wits (New York, 1954, new ed. 1969), 401.

1396

John W. Reps, Monumental Washington: The Planning and Development of the Capital Center (Princeton, 1967), ch. 1.

1397

Neil, Toward a National Taste, 150–51.

1398

TJ to William Buchanan and James Hay, 26 Jan. 1786, to JM, 20 Sept. 1785, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 220–22, 8: 534–35.

1399

Lawrence J. Friedman, Inventors of the Promised Land (New York, 1975), 9; Jeffrey H. Richards, Drama, Theater, and Identity in the American New Republic (Cambridge, UK, 2005), 2, 4; Heather Nathans, Early American Theater from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People (Cambridge, UK, 2003), 86; Edward J. Nygren and Bruce Robertson, eds., Views and Visions: American Landscape Before 1830 (Washington, DC, 1986), 25, 137–43.

1400

Latrobe, «Anniversary Oration», Port Folio, 3rd Ser., 5 (1811), 4.

1401

Harris, Artist in American Society, 22.

1402

Ruth M. Elson, Guardians of Tradition: American Schoolbooks of the Nineteenth Century (Lincoln, NE, 1964), 223; Michael T. Gilmore, «The Literature of the Revolutionary and Early National Periods», The Cambridge History of American Literature, ed. Sacvan Bercovitch (Cambridge, UK, 1994), 548.

1403

Gilmore, «The Literature of the Revolutionary and Early National Periods», 548–49.

1404

Nathans, Early American Theater, 13–36; G. Thomas Tanselle, Royall Tyler (Cambridge, MA, 1967), 5; William J. Meserve, An Emerging Entertainment: The Drama of the American People to 1828 (Bloomington, IN, 1977), 61.

1405

Kenneth R. Bowling, «A Capital Before a Capitol: Republican Visions», in Kennon, ed., A Republic for the Ages, 51.

1406

Ellis, After the Revolution, 133.

1407

Nathans, Early American Theater, 37–70; Silverman, Cultural History of the American Revolution, 546–556; Ellis, After the Revolution, 129; American Museum, 5 (1789), 185–90.

1408

Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought, 3rd ed. (New York, 1964), 133.

1409

Bowling, «Capital Before a Capitol», Kennon, ed., A Republic for the Ages, 51.

1410

Playbill, in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America, 281; Nye, Cultural Life of the New Nation, 264; Ellis, After the Revolution, 133–34; Richards, Drama, Theater, and Identity in the American New Republic, 69, 2; Nathans, Early American Theater, 86–88.

1411

William Haliburton, The Effects of the Stage… on the Manners of a People (Boston, 1792), 11, 15, 21.

1412

Silverman, Cultural History of the American Revolution, 554; Ellis, After the Revolution, 134; David Grimsted, Melodrama Unveiled: American Theater and Culture, 1800–1850 (Chicago, 1968), 8; Meserve, Emerging Entertainment, 104–5.

1413

Meserve, Emerging Entertainment, 154.

1414

Elson, Guardians of Tradition, 233.

1415

Latrobe, «Anniversary Oration», Port Folio, 3rd Ser., 5 (1811), 30.

1416

Joseph Hopkinson, «Annual Discourse, Delivered Before the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts» (1810), in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America, 334.

1417

James Thomas Flexner, The Light of Distant Skies: American Painting, 1760–1835 (New York, 1954), 152.

1418

Hopkinson, «Annual Discourse», in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America, 330; Oliver W. Larkin, Samuel F. B. Morse and the American Democratic Art (Boston, 1954), 31–32.

1419

Flexner, Light of Distant Skies, 84; David Meschutt, «John Durand», in John A. Garraty and Mark Carnes, eds., American National Biography (New York, 1999), 7: 139–40.

1420

Charles Coleman Sellers, Charles Willson Peale, vol. 2, Later Life (Philadelphia, 1947), 329.

1421

JA to Marshall, 4 Feb. 1806, Papers of Marshall, 6: 425; to TJ, 13 July 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 349; Editorial Note, The Life of George Washington, Papers of Marshall, 6: 221.

1422

Emily E. F. Skeel, ed., Mason Locke Weems: His Works and Ways (New York, 1929), 1: 55, 132.

1423

Karen A. Weyler, Intricate Relations: Sexual and Economic Desire in American Fiction, 1789–1814 (Iowa City, 2004), 29–74.

1424

Rodney Hessinger, Seduced, Abandoned, and Reborn: Visions of Youth in Middle-Class America, 1780–1850 (Philadelphia, 2005), 23–43.

1425

Sellers, Charles Willson Peale, 2: 62–72; James Thomas Flexner, «The Scope of Painting in the 1790s», Penn. Mag. of History and Biography, 74 (1950), 74–89 (Я обязан этой ссылкой Джону Э. Кроули); Flexner, The Light of Distant Skies, 103, 109–10; Nygren and Robertson, eds., Views and Visions, 25, 137–43.

1426

Miller, Patrons and Patriotism, 92; Flexner, The Light of Distant Skies, 159.

1427

Flexner, The Light of Distant Skies, 161.

1428

Harris, The Artist in American Society, 93–95; Miller, Patrons and Patriotism, 265.

1429

North American Review, 2 (1815–1816), 161; Harris, The Artist in American Society, 97.

1430

Daniel Walker Howe, The Unitarian Conscience: Harvard Moral Philosophy, 1805–1861 (Cambridge, MA, 1970), 191.

1431

Theodore Dehon, «With Literature as with Government» (1807), in Lewis P. Simpson, ed., The Federalist Literary Mind (Baton Rouge, 1962), 186.

1432

Davidson, Revolution and the Word, 73–79.

1433

Ellis, After the Revolution, 155; William Dunlap, A History of the American Theater (New York, 1832), 1: 130, 125; Jean V. Matthews, Toward a New Society: American Thought and Culture, 1800–1830 (Boston, 1990), 132; Grimsted, Melodrama Unveiled, 20.

1434

Flexner, «The Scope of Painting in the 1790s», Penn. Mag. of History and Biography, 74 (1950), 84–87; Martin P. Snyder, «William Birch: His Philadelphia Views», ibid., 73 (1949), 271–315; Snyder, «Birch’s Philadelphia Views: New Discoveries», ibid., 88 (1964), 164–73.

1435

Flexner, The Light of Distant Skies, 191–92, 112; William Dunlap, A History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States (1834; New York, 1969), 1: 417, 418.

1436

Dunlap, A History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design, 1; 417; Joseph Stevens Buckminster, «The Dangers and Duties of Men of Letters» (1809), and Robert H. Gardiner, «The Multiplicity of Our Literary Institutions» (1807), in Simpson, ed., Federalist Literary Mind, 100, 71, 55, 101.

1437

Lewis P. Simpson, «Federalism and the Crisis of Literary Order», American Literature, 32 (1960), 260; Joseph Stevens Buckminster, «The Polity of Letters» (1806), in Simpson, ed., Federalist Literary Mind, 260, 184.

1438

Port Folio, 4th Ser., 3 (1814), 35–38.

1439

Harris, The Artist in American Society, 97; Port Folio, 4th Ser., 3 (1814), 154.

1440

North American Review, 16 (1823), 102–3.

1441

Virgil Barker, American Painting: History and Interpretation (New York, 1960), 339–51.

1442

Edmund Trowbridge Dana, «The Works of Criticism» (1805), Simpson, ed., Federalist Literary Mind, 209–12.

1443

Catherine O’Donnell Kaplan, Men of Letters in the Early Republic: Cultivating Forums of Citizenship (Chapel Hill, 2008), 201–2; Nye, Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830, 236; Russell B. Nye, George Bancroft (New York, 1964), 40.

1444

Nicholas Collin, «An Essay on those inquiries in Natural Philosophy Which at Present are most beneficial to the United States of America», American Philosophical Society, Trans., 2 (1793), vii.

1445

Henry May, The Enlightenment in America (New York, 1976), 72–73; [John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon], Cato’s Letters… (London, 1748,) IV, No. 123; John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (London, 1695), bk. IV, ch. 19; Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, MA, 1990), 195–96, 214–15.

1446

TJ to Horatio Spafford, 17 March 1814, to James Smith, 8 Dec. 1822, in James H. Hutson, ed., The Founders on Religion: A Book of Quotations (Princeton, 2005), 68, 218.

1447

Russell B. Nye, The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830 (New York, 1960), 230; Franklin Hamlin Littell, From State Church to Pluralism: A Protestant Interpretation of Religion in American History (New York, 1962), 32.

1448

Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, 195; John W. Chandler, «The Communitarian Quest for Perfection», in Stuart C. Henry, ed., A Miscellany of American Christianity (Durham, NC, 1963), 58; William Warren Sweet, The Story of Religions in America (New York, 1930), 322; Douglas H. Sweet, «Church Vitality and the American Revolution: Historiographical Consensus and Thoughts Towards a New Perspective», Church History, 45 (1976), 342, 344.

1449

О деизме см. Kerry S. Walters, The American Deists: Voices of Reason and Dissent in the Early Republic (lawrence, KS, 1992).

1450

Джон Батлер подчеркивает низкую долю членов церкви или прихожан среди колонистов XVIII века, в то время как Патриция У. Бономи и Питер Р. Айзенштадт подчеркивают высокую долю посещающих церковь. Jon Butler, «Coercion, Miracle, Reason», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Religion in a Revolutionary Age (Charlottesville, 1994), 19; Patricia U. Bonomi and Peter R. Eisenstadt, «Church Adherence in the Eighteenth-Century British American Colonies», WMQ, 39 (1982), 245–86.

1451

Bernard Bailyn et al., The Great Republic: A History of the American People, 4th ed. (Lexington, MA, 1992), 174.

1452

Stephen A. Marini, «The Revolutionary Revival in America» (unpublished paper); Mark A. Noll, America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York, 2002), 166.

1453

William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, D.D: Pastor of East Church, Salem, Massachusetts (Gloucester, MA, 1962), 3: 192–93.

1454

Dee E. Andrews, The Methodists and Revolutionary America, 1760–1800: The Shaping of an Evangelical Culture (Princeton, 2000), 76.

1455

James H. Smylie, «Protestant Clergy, the First Amendment and Beginnings of a Constitutional Debate, 1781–91», in Elwyn A. Smith, The Religion of the Republic (Philadelphia, 1971), 149–50.

1456

Smylie, «Protestant Clergy in Smith», ed., Religion of the Republic, 117.

1457

Forrest Church, So Help Me God: The Founding Fathers and the First Great Battle over Church and State (New York, 2007), 36.

1458

GW to The Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island, 18 Aug. 1790, Washington: Writings, 767; Patrick T. Conley and John P. Kaminski, eds., The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties (Madison, WI, 1992), 131–32.

1459

Church, So Help Me God, 41.

1460

Annals of Congress, 1st Congress, 1st session (Sept. 1789), 948, 949; Church, So Help Me God, 61, 64.

1461

Gordon S. Wood, Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York, 2006), 35; Church, So Help Me God, 46–47, 57.

1462

GW to Watson and Cassoul, 10 Aug. 1782, in Hutson, ed., Founders on Religion, 18.

1463

TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 159; TJ, Virginia Bill for Religious Freedom (1786), Jefferson: Writings, 346–48.

1464

Jon Meacham, American Gospel: God, the Founding Fathers, and the Making of a Nation (New York, 2006), 278; Church, So Help Me God, 188.

1465

Church, So Help Me God, 227.

1466

Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography (New York, 1970), 960.

1467

TJ to Messrs. Nehemiah Dodge and Others, 1 Jan. 1802, Jefferson: Writings, 510.

1468

James H. Hutson, «Thomas Jefferson’s Letter to the Danbury Baptists: A Controversy Rejoined», and Responses, WMQ, 56 (1999), 775–824.

1469