Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic

Notes

PROLOGUE: THE BLOWBACK TRILOGY

1. The CIA report is entitled Clandestine Service History: Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952-August 1953 (March 1954). The author is Donald N. Wilber. For the original typescript and a history of its declassification and publication, including the CIA’s claim that the document had been destroyed and that no copy remained in existence, see, in particular, Malcolm Byrne, ed., “The Secret History of the Iran Coup, 1953,” National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book no. 28, http://www.gwu.edu/nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/.

2. Elisabeth Bumiller, “Addressing Cadets, Bush Sees Parallel to World War II,” New York Times, June 3, 2004.

3. “Bin Laden’s Warning: Full Text,” BBC News, October 7, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/l/low/world/south_asia/l585636.stm. For a somewhat different translation, see “Bin Laden’s Statement: ’The Sword Fell,’” New York Times, October 8, 2001.

4. Thomas Friedman, “No Mere Terrorist,” New York Times, March 24, 2002. See also Ervand Abrahamian, “The U.S. Media, Huntington, and September 11,” Third World Quarterly 24, no. 3 (2003), pp. 529-44; and a shorter version of the same essay in Middle East Report, Summer 2002, pp. 62-63.

5. John F. Harris, “God Gave U.S. ’What We Deserve,’ Falwell Says,” Washington Post, September 14, 2001; Oliver Burkeman, “Powell Attacks Christian Right,” Guardian, November 15, 2002; John Sutherland, “God Save America,” Guardian, May 3, 2004.

6. William M. Arkin, “The Pentagon Unleashes a Holy Warrior,” Los Angeles Times, October 16, 2003; “Rumsfeld Defends General Who Commented on War, Satan, “Associated Press, October 17, 2003; Douglas Jehl,”U.S. General Apologizes for Remarks About Islam,” New York Times, October 18, 2003; Editorial, “For Religious Bigotry,” New York Times, August 26, 2004.

7. Simon Jenkins, “Democrats Should Not Fight Fire with Fire,” Times (London), September 12, 2001.

8. Mai Yamani, research fellow at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, “The Rise of Shi’ite ’Petrolistan,’” Straits Times (Singapore), March 5, 2004; Juan Cole, “The United States in Iraq and Shiite Islamic Politics” (speech, San Diego State University, April 19, 2005); Robin Wright, “Iraq Winners Allied with Iran Are the Opposite of U.S. Vision,” Washington Post, February 14, 2005.

9. Army colonel Hy Rothstein, quoted by Seymour M. Hersh, “The Other War,” New Yorker, April 12, 2004, p. 42.

10. Humberto Marquez, “Iraq Invasion the ’Biggest Cultural Disaster Since 1258,’” Antiwar.com, February 16, 2005; Ian Frazier, “Invaders: Destroying Baghdad,” New Yorker, April 25, 2005.

11. Ronald Bruce St. John, “Iraq Blowback Is Global and Growing,” Antiwar.com, December 11, 2004.

12. On the staggering costs of caring for our maimed and psychologically damaged veterans, see Ronald J. Glasser, “A War of Disabilities: Iraq’s Hidden Costs Are Coming Home “ Harper’s Magazine, July 2005, pp. 59-62.

13. “Baghdad Burning,” River Bend blog, May 7, 2004, http://www.riverbendblog.blogspot.com/.

14. Joanna Chung and Alex Halperin, “Arab Attitudes to U.S. Hardening,” Financial Times, July 24-25,2004.

15. “Millions Marched Against Bush’s War,” February 14-16,2003, http://www.failureisimpossible.com/dosomething/0215.htm.

16. Shreffler’s complete poem reads:

Neighborhood Girl

She’s new to the neighborhood, her family just moved in

From Greece or somewhere, she’s a great, tall, gawky girl

With braces and earrings and uneven skin:

Hormones and acne, her change is coming in,

And today, she’s playing hooky. January fog.

Orange lights on the school zone sign beat out their tattoo

And caution the Homeland’s socked-in morning rush

With their strobe-light samba: Condition Amber,

As she sits invisible, swinging her legs to the beat,

Perched up high on aluminum over

The uncanny Day-Glo of the key-lime fluorescence

That says: School at the top of this composition.

I see her and she lets me. I’m an old family friend:

Sometimes I play poker with her Aunt Erato.

Her name is Nemesis and she’s just moved in,

She’s new to the neighborhood, she’s checking it out.

17. Micha F. Lindemans, “Nemesis,” Encyclopedia Mythica Online, http://www.pantheon.org/articles/n/nemesis.html.

18. Richard Wagner, Die Walküre, act 2, scene 4.

1: MILITARISM AND THE BREAKDOWN OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT

1. Newsmax, “Tommy Franks: Martial Law Will Replace Constitution After Next Terror Attack,” November 21, 2003, http://www.propagandarnatrix.com/211103martiallaw.html.

2. Kevin Baker, “We’re in the Army Now,” Harper’s Magazine, October 2003, p. 46.

3. Robert C. Byrd, “Congress Must Resist the Rush to War,” New York Times, October 10, 2002.

4. Editorial, “Last Days of the Republic,” Berkshire Eagle (Pittsfield, MA), October 12, 2002, http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2002/Republic-Last-Daysl2oct02.htm.

5. Bill Winter, “The Monarchization of America Under Bush,” Libertarian Party, October 29, 2004, http://nucnews.net/nucnews/2004nn/0410nn/041029nn.htm#680.

6. Adam Young, “War Gave Us Caesar,” Ludwig von Mises Institute, October 12, 2004, http://www.mises.org/fullstory.aspx?Id=1642.

7. Robin Cook, “Bush Will Now Celebrate by Putting Fallujah to the Torch,” Guardian, November 5, 2004.

8. Thomas E. Ricks, “Ex-Envoy Criticizes Bush’s Postwar Policy,” Washington Post, September 5, 2003.

9. Sonni Efron, “Diplomats on the Defensive,” Los Angeles Times, May 8, 2003.

10. “President Addresses the Nation in Prime Time Press Conference” (White House, April 13, 2004), p. 8, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/04/20040413-20.html.

11. Quoted by John Dillin, “To the Founders, Congress was King,” Christian Science Monitor, January 20, 2005. See also Thomas E. Woods Jr., “Presidential War Powers,” LewRockwell.com, July 7, 2005, http://www.lewrockwell.com/woods/woods45.html.

12. Lieutenant Colonel Charles J. Dunlap Jr., “The Origins of the American Military Coup of 2012,” Parameters (U.S. Army War College Quarterly), Winter 1992-93, pp. 2-20; http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/1992/dunlap.htm, p. 6.

13. “Base Closure List Becomes Battleground,” MSNBC.com, May 13, 2005, http://www.msnbc.msn.eom/id/7834939/print/l/displaymode/1098/; Charles V. Pena, “Base Closing Blues,” Reason, May 20, 2005, http://www.reason.com/hod/cp052005.shtml; Sheldon Richman, “Turning Off Government’s Money Spigot,” Newsday, May 31, 2005.

14. Hannah Arendt, Responsibility and Judgment, ed. Jerome Kohn (New York: Schocken Books, 2003), pp. 272-73.

15. James Madison, “Political Observations,” April 20, 1795, http://www.reclaimdemocracy.org/quotes/madison_perpetual_war.html. Madison’s statement on war continues:” [It should be well understood] that the powers proposed to be surrendered [by the Third Congress] to the Executive were those which the Constitution has most jealously appropriated to the Legislature.... The Constitution expressly and exclusively vests in the Legislature the power of declaring a state of war ... the power of raising armies ... the power of creating offices.... A delegation of such powers [to the President] would have struck, not only at the fabric of our Constitution, but at the foundation of all well organized and well checked governments. The separation of the power of declaring war from that of conducting it, is wisely contrived to exclude the danger of its being declared for the sake of its being conducted. The separation of the power of raising armies from the power of commanding them, is intended to prevent the raising of armies for the sake of commanding them. The separation of the power of creating offices from that of filling them, is an essential guard against the temptation to create offices for the sake of gratifying favorites or multiplying dependents.”

16. Gore Vidal, Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: How We Got to Be So Hated (New York: Nation Books, 2002), pp. 22-40.

17. Michael J. Sullivan III, American Adventurism Abroad: Thirty Invasions, Interventions, and Regime Changes Since World War II (Newport, CT: Praeger, 2004). The two most complete and accurate compilations of modern American military operations abroad are William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1995); and Clara Nieto, Masters of War: Latin America and U.S. Aggression (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003). Also see Bernard Chazelle, “Anti-Americanism: A Clinical Study,” September 2004, http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~chazelle/politics/antiam-print.html.

18. Minxin Pei and Sara Kasper, “Lessons From the Past: The American Record on Nation Building,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Brief no. 24, May 2003; Roger Morris (a former member of the National Security Council staff), “Freedom, American Style “ Los Angeles Times, April 23, 2003; Abid Aslam, “U.S. Selling More Weapons to Undemocratic Regimes That Support ’War on Terror,’” Common Dreams News Center, May 25, 2005.

19. See Richard Norton-Taylor, “Both the Military and the Spooks are Opposed to War in Iraq,” Guardian, February 24, 2003, http://politics.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4611927-103677,00.html. For a remarkably accurate, if fictional, treatment of how the CIA goes about overthrowing a regime that is no longer useful to the United States and installing a puppet government, see Henry Bromell, Little America (New York: Vintage, 2002).

20. Walter Karp (1934-1989), a theorist of republicanism and for a decade a contributing editor of Harper’s Magazine, argues, “There is not a single modern American war which was forced upon the United States by compelling interest of any kind, yet every one of America’s wars since 1898 the party oligarchs gave unmistakable signs of welcoming: by fabricating incidents, by carrying out secret provocations, by concocting far-fetched theories— ’dominoes’ in one war, ’neutral rights’ in another, ’collective security’ in a third—to demonstrate an American interest not otherwise apparent and to hold up to the American people a foreign menace not otherwise menacing.” See Indispensable Enemies: The Politics of Misrule in America (New York: Franklin Square Press, 1993), p. 264.

21. On secrecy in American overt and covert military activities abroad, see William M. Arkin, Code Names: Deciphering U.S. Military Plans, Programs, and Operations in the 9/11 World (Hanover, NH: Steerforth Press, 2005).

22. Andrew J. Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 2.

23. See, inter alia, John W. Dean, Worse than Watergate: The Secret Presidency of George W. Bush (New York: Warner Books, 2005); James Bovard, The Bush Betrayal (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2004); Anthony Lewis, “One Liberty at a Time,” Mother Jones, May-June 2004; Michael Lind, “How a Superpower Lost Its Stature,” Financial Times, June 1, 2004; and Jim VandeHei, “GOP Tilting Balance of Power to the Right,” Washington Post, May 26, 2005.

24. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Viking, 1963). I have used the revised and enlarged edition, New York: Penguin, 1994.

25. Arendt, Responsibility and Judgment, p. 159.

26. Ibid., p. 160.

27. Ibid., p. xxix.

28. Ibid., p. 187.

29. Ibid., p. 160.

30. Mark Danner, “Abu Ghraib: The Hidden Story,” New York Review of Books, October 7, 2004, p. 49. The most important book on the history of a distinctively American form of torture, developed by the CIA and employed throughout Afghanistan and Iraq, is Alfred W. McCoy, A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror (New York: Metropolitan, 2006).

31. Seymour M. Hersh, “The Gray Zone: How a Secret Pentagon Program Came to Abu Ghraib,” New Yorker, May 24, 2004, http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?040524fa_fact; John Shattuck, former assistant secretary of state for democracy, human rights, and labor, “On Abu Ghraib: One Sergeant’s Courage a Model for U.S. Leaders,” Christian Science Monitor, May 16, 2005.

32. Lawrence Smallman, “Rumsfeld Cracks Jokes, but Iraqis Aren’t Laughing,” Al Jazeera (English), April 12, 2003.

33. Michael Isikoff, “2002 Memo Reveals Push for Broader Presidential Powers,” Newsweek, December 18, 2004.

34. “Gen. Richard Myers on ’Fox News Sunday,’” transcript, Fox News, May 2, 2004. Also see Gary Younge and Julian Borger, “CBS Delayed Report on Iraqi Prison Abuse After Military Chief’s Plea,” Guardian, May 4, 2004.

35. Statement of Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, December 5, 2005, in “Rice Says United States Does Not Torture Terrorists,” FindLaw, December 5, 2005, http://news.fmdlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=/wash/s/20051205/20051205124753.html.

36. “Powell Discusses Future Roles of U.N., Coalition on German TV, April 3, 2003,” State Department transcript, http://www.usembassy.it/file2003_04/alia/A3040414.htm.

37. See George Hicks, The Comfort Women: Japans Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); Yoshiaki Yoshimi, Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000); Yuki Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution during World War II and the U.S. Occupation (New York: Routledge, 2002).

38. U.S. Air Force Pamphlet 14-210, February 1998. On the history of concepts like “collateral damage” and their uses as propaganda, see David Barsamian, interview with Noam Chomsky, “Collateral Language,” Z Magazine Online 16, no. 7/8 (July-August 2003), http://zmagsite.zmag.org/Aug2003/barsamianpr0803.html.

39. “Geneva Conventions,” Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2005, http://encarta.msn.com/text_762529232l/Geneva_Conventions.html. See also Anthony Gregory,” ’Collateral Damage’ as Euphemism for Mass Murder,” LewRock well.com, April 30, 2005, http://www.lewrockwell.com/gregory/gregory72.html.

40. Quoted by Sheldon Richman, “Iraqi Sanctions: Were They Worth It?” Future of Freedom Foundation, February 9, 2004. For a defense of the attitudes and policies of the Clinton administration, see Nancy Soderberg, The Superpower Myth, foreword by Bill Clinton (New York: John Wiley, 2005), pp. 204-7.

41. David Cortright, “A Hard Look at Iraq Sanctions,” Nation, December 3, 2001.

42. Ramzi Kysia, “Biological Warfare in Iraq,” Common Dreams News Center, August 21, 2002; Thomas J. Nagy, “The Secret Behind the Sanctions: How the U.S. Intentionally Destroyed Iraq’s Water Supply,” Progressive, August 2001, http://www.progressive.org/0801issue/nagy0901.html; James Bovard, “Iraq Sanctions and American Intentions: Blameless Carnage?” Future of Freedom Foundation, February 9, 2004. In his book Terrorism and Tyranny (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2003), Bovard documents how the civilian infrastructure was deliberately targeted. Also see Anthony Arnove, ed., Iraq Under Siege: The Deadly Impact of Sanctions and War,2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2003).

43. Barton Gellman, “Allied Air War Struck Broadly in Iraq; Officials Acknowledge Strategy Went Beyond Purely Military Targets,” Washington Post, June 23, 1991.

44. Colonel John A. Warden III, “The Enemy as a System,” Airpower Journal 9, no. 1 (Spring 1995), pp. 40-55, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/warden.html.

45. Gellman, “Allied Air War.”

46. International Committee of the Red Cross, International Humanitarian Law, full texts, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebCONVFULL10penView.

47. Jacob G. Hornberger, “Sanctions: The Cruel and Brutal War Against the Iraqi People,” Future of Freedom Foundation, February 9, 2004.

48. Joy Gordon, “Cool War: Economic Sanctions as a Weapon of Mass Destruction,” Harper’s Magazine, November 2002, http://www.scn.org/ccpi/HarpersJoyGordonNov02.html.

49. Richman, “Iraqi Sanctions.”

50. Gordon, “Cool War.”

51. Hornberger, “Sanctions.”

52. Cortright, “Hard Look”; Richard Garfield, “Morbidity and Mortality Among Iraqi Children from 1990 through 1998: Assessing the Impact of the Gulf War and Economic Sanctions,” Columbia University Medical School, July 1999, http://www.nd.edu/~krocinst/ocpapers/op_16_3.pdf.

53. Richman, “Iraqi Sanctions.” See also David Rieff, “Were Sanctions Right?” in At the Point of a Gun: Democratic Dreams and Armed Intervention (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), pp. 185-204.

54. William Rivers Pitt, “Stand and Be Heard,” May 27, 2005, http://www.pdamerica.org/articles/news/stand-be-heard.php.

55. See Ellen Knickmeyer, “Iraq Puts Civilian Toll at 12,000,” Washington Post, June 3, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/02/AR2005060201098_pf.html; Associated Press, “Death from Insurgents,” San Diego Union-Tribune, June 3, 2005; Michael Schwartz, “Why Immediate Withdrawal Makes Sense,” TomDispatch.com, September 22, 2005, http://www.tomdispatch.com/indexprint.mhtml?pid-23549.

56. “Iraqi Civilian Casualties,” United Press International, July 12, 2005, http://ww.wpherald.com/print.php?StoryID=20050712-122153-5519r; Judith Coburn, “Unnamed and Unnoticed: Iraqi Casualties,” TomDispatch.com, July 17, 2005, http://w\vw.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtml?pid=6963; Neil Mackay, “Haditha: The Worst U.S. Atrocity Since Vietnam: Iraqi Women and Children Massacred by American Marines,” Sunday Herald, June 4, 2006, http://www.sundayherald.com/print56107; Peter Beaumont and Mohammed al-Ubeidy, “U.S. Confronts Brutal Culture Among Its Finest Sons,” Guardian, June 4, 2006.

57. William Langewiesche, “Letter from Baghdad,” Atlantic Monthly, January-February 2005, p. 94.

58. Dahr Jamail, “Living Under the Bombs,” TomDispatch.com,, February 2, 2005, http://www.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtmPpid-2166.

59. “Burying the Bodies,” Harper’s Magazine, January 2002, p. 14.

60. Samir Haddad, “U.S. ’Fireballs’ Threaten Iraqi Flora,” Islam on Line, June 4, 2005, http://www.islamonline.org/English/News/2005-06/04/article05.shtml.

61. Derrick Z. Jackson, “The ’Tsunami’ Victims that We Don’t Count,” Boston Globe, January 7, 2005; Patrick Cockburn, “Terrified U.S. Soldiers Are Still Killing Civilians with Impunity, while the Dead Go Uncounted,” Independent, April 24, 2005; Christopher Dickey, “Body Counts: The Pentagon Secretly Keeps Track of Many Grim Statistics in Iraq,” Newsweek, May 11, 2005, http://www.msnbc.msn.eom/id/7818807/site/newsweek/print/l/displaymode/1098/; and Tom Engelhardt, “How Not to Count in Iraq: The Return of the Body Count,” TomDispatch.com,, May 23, 2005, http://www.tomdispatch.com/indexprint.mhtml?pid=2709. Anatol Lieven of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace observes, “Since the war in Iraq began, U.S. forces have displayed their respect for the Iraqi civilians they came to liberate by failing even to keep count of the numbers they accidentally kill.” See “A Second Chance to Learn the Lesson of Vietnam,” Financial Times, June 8, 2004.

62. Alan Eisner, “U.S. Seen as Unaccountable in Iraqi Civilian Deaths,” Reuters, May 3, 2005.

63. Cockburn, “Terrified U.S. Soldiers.”

64. Robert Fisk, “Brace Yourself for Part Two of the War for Civilization,” Independent, December 22, 2001.

65. Roland Watson, “U.S. Gunship Opened Fire on Afghan Wedding,” Times (London), July 3, 2002, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0l-3-345233,00.html; Alissa J. Rubin, “U.S. Raid on Afghan Village Prompts Afghans to Demand Changes in War Strategies,” Los Angeles Times, July 15, 2002.

66. Anne Gearan, Associated Press, “Bush Rebuffs Karzai on Control of U.S. Troops in Afghanistan,” San Diego Union-Tribune, May 23, 2005.

67. Les Roberts, Riyadh Lafta, Richard Garfield, James Khudhairi, and Gilbert Burnham, “Mortality Before and After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq,” Lancet 364, no. 9448 (October 29, 2004), pp. 1857–64, summary, http://www.countthecasualties.org.uk/docs/robertsetal.pdf. See also Emma Ross, “Household Survey Sees 100,000 Iraqi Deaths,” Newsday, October 29, 2004; “1,000 Iraqis Dying Each Month: Expert,” Daily Telegraph, April 22, 2005.

68. Iraq Body Count Database, http://www.iraqbodycount.net/database/; Eisner, “U.S. Seen as Unaccountable.”

69. Roberts, Lafta, Garfield, Khudhairi, and Burnham, “Mortality.”

70. James Carroll, “Was the War Necessary?” Boston Globe, July 22, 2003; Douglas Jehl and Eric Schmitt, “Errors Are Seen in Early Attacks on Iraqi Leaders,” New York Times, June 23, 2004; Jeremy Scahill, “The Other Bomb Drops,” Nation, June 1, 2005.

71. Jeffrey D. Sachs, “Iraq’s Civilian Dead Get No Hearing in the United States,” Daily Star (Lebanon), December 2, 2004, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_ID-10&article_ID-10594&categ_id-5. The best treatment of the social meaning of bombing and of how little “civilization” has affected the international law covering it is Sven Lindqvist, A History of Bombing, trans. Linda Haverty Rugg (New York: New Press, 2001). His main conclusion: “The laws of war protect enemies of the same race, class, and culture. The laws of war leave the foreign and the alien without protection.”

72. Editorial, “A Failure of Leadership at the Highest Levels,” Army Times, May 17, 2004, http://www.armytimes.com/print.php?f=1-292925-2903288.php. See also Charles Aldinger, “Rumsfeld Criticized by Influential Military Paper,” Reuters, May 10, 2004.

73. Edward Alden, Peter Spiegel, and Demetri Sevastopulo, “Chain of Command: Can Torture in Iraq Be Linked to the White House?” Financial Times, June 17, 2004.

74. Quoted by Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, p. 247.

75. Richard A. Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror (New York: Free Press, 2004), p. 24.

76. Timothy Garton Ash, “The Forward March of Liberty Has Been Halted— Even Reversed,” Guardian, November 17, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5334944-103677,00.html.

77. Richard A. Serrano, “Lindh Case Possible Sign of Abuse; Captors Instructed to ’Take Gloves Off while Questioning,” Los Angeles Times, June 9, 2004. Also see “A TomDispatch Interview with Mark Danner,” TomDispatch.com,, February 26, 2006, http://www.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtmPpid-63903; William Pfaff, “Torture: Shock, Awe, and the Human Body,” International Herald Tribune, December 21, 2004, http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1221-30.htm.

78. Dave Lindorff, “A First Glance at Bush’s Torture Show: John Walker Lindh Revisited,” Counterpunch, June 5/6,2004.

79. McCoy, A Question of Torture; and McCoy, “The Bush Legacy of Legalized Torture,” TomDispatch.com,, February 8, 2006, http://www.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtml?pid=57336.

80. Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), pp. 76-77; Kenneth Roth, “The Law of War in the War on Terror,” Foreign Affairs 83, no. 1 (January/February 2004), pp. 2-7; “CIA Renditions of Terror Suspects Are ’Out of Control’: Report,” Agence France-Presse, February 6, 2005; Douglas Jehl and David Johnston, “Rule Change Lets CIA Freely Send Suspects Abroad,” New York Times, March 6, 2005; Jeffrey St. Clair, “The Road to Rendition: Torture Air, Incorporated,” Counterpunch, April 9/10,2005.

81. “U.S. Army Failed to Conduct Full Probe into Iraqi Torture Claims: Rights Group,” Agence France-Presse, January 24, 2005; Matt Kelley, Associated Press, “U.S. Holds About 10,500 Prisoners in Iraq,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 30, 2005; “U.S. and Iraq Lock Up Record Number of Suspects,” Agence France-Presse, April 10, 2005; Sidney Blumenthal, “See No Evil,” Salon, June 1, 2005, http://fairuse.laccesshost.com/news2/blumenthal-see-no-evil.html.

82. Matthew Rothschild, “Stripping Rumsfeld and Bush of Impunity,” Progressive, July 2005, http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/052805X.shtml. It should be noted that although the United States ratified the International Convention Against Torture in 1994, it tried during July 2002 to block the U.N.’s measures to create enforcement mechanisms but failed in the attempt. See Patrick Martin, “U.S. Seeks to Block Enforcement of Anti-Torture Treaty,” World Socialist Web site, August 5, 2002, http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/aug2002/tort-a05_prn.shtml. For key excerpts from the Convention Against Torture, see Philippe Sands, Lawless World: America and the Making and Breaking of Global Rules from FDR’s Atlantic Charter to George W Bush’s Illegal War (New York: Viking, 2005), pp. 257-60.

83. The basic sources are Karen J. Greenberg and Joshua L. Dratel, eds., The Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Mark Danner, Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror (New York: New York Review of Books, 2004); and Jeremy Brecher, Jill Cutler, and Brendan Smith, eds., In the Name of Democracy: American War Crimes in Iraq and Beyond (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2005). See also Katharine Q. Seelye, “A P.O.W. Tangle: What the Law Says,” New York Times, January 29, 2002; Lisa Hajjar, “In the Penal Colony,” Nation, February 7, 2005, pp. 23-30; Rachel Meeropol, ed., America’s Disappeared: Secret Imprisonment, Detainees, and the “War on Terror” (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005); and Rothschild, “Stripping Rumsfeld and Bush of Impunity.”

84. Seymour M. Hersh, Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), p. 51.

85. David Rose, “The Truth about Camp Delta,” Observer, October 3, 2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5030363-l11575,00.html; David Rose, Guantanamo: The War on Human Rights (New York: New Press, 2004); Jane Mayer, “Outsourcing Torture,” New Yorker, February 14, 2005; Bob Herbert, “Is No One Accountable?” New York Times, March 28, 2005. A New York Times editorial stated, “Report after report shows that a vast majority of those swept up in American anti-terrorism campaigns were innocent”; see “Self-Inflicted Wounds,” New York Times, February 15, 2005. Also see Steve Crawshaw, “Torture Doesn’t Work,” Prospect Magazine, no. 122, May 2006, http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/printarticle.php?id-7440.

86. Editorial, “A Very Bad Deal,” New York Times, October 8, 2004.

87. The basic source is Harlan K. Ullman and James P. Wade, Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1996), http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/books%20-%201996/Shock%20and%20Awe%20-%20Dec%2096/index.html (note that the military strategists who wrote this book misspell “blitzkrieg” throughout). See also Susan Sontag, “Regarding the Torture of Others,¹’ New York Times, May 23, 2004.

88. Woodward, Bush at Wan p. 96.

89. Naomi Klein, “Torture’s Part of the Territory,” Los Angeles Times, June 7, 2005. See also William Pfaff, “The Truth About Torture,” American Conservative, February 15, 2005, http://amconmag.com/2005_02_14/print/articleprintl.html.

90. David Brooks, “The Age of Conflict: Politics and Culture after September 11,” Weekly Standard 7, no. 8 (November 5, 2001).

91. Tim Golden, “After Terror, a Secret Rewriting of Military Law,” New York Times, October 24, 2004.

92. “Working Group Report on Detainee Interrogations in the Global War on Terrorism: Assessment of Legal, Historical, Policy, and Operations Considerations,” March 6, 2003, classified secret, “no foreign dissemination,” http://www.yirmeyahureview.com/archive/documents/prisoner_abuse/detainee_interrogations_in_the_global_war_on_terrorism.htm. In regard to John Yoo, see also Maria L. La Ganga, “Scholar Calmly Takes Heat for His Memos on Torture,” Los Angeles Times, May 16, 2005.

93. Karen J. Greenberg and Joshua L. Dratel, “Interrogating Donald Rumsfeld,” TomDispatch.com,, January 11, 2005, http://www.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtml?pid=2116.

94. Edward Alden, “Attempt to Find Legal Justification for Torture Leaves Lawyers Aghast,” Financial Times, June 10, 2004; and Editorial, “Torturing the Law, if not Prisoners,” Financial Times, December 8, 2004.

95. Sodei Rinjiro, “Remember in re Yamashita [327 US 1 (1946)]!’ Japan Focus,http://www.japanfocus.org/116.html. See also Andrew J. Bacevich, “Command Responsibility,” Washington Post, June 28, 2005.

96. Human Rights Watch says that Rumsfeld may bear “command responsibility” for abuse in Iraq and asks that the United States name a special prosecutor to investigate his role. “Demand for Rumsfeld Abuse Inquiry,” BBC News, May 24, 2005, http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/americas/4475133.stm.

97. Hersh, “Gray Zone”; Arkin, Code Names, p. 321, s.v. “Copper Green.”

98. Quoted by Dana Priest, “Spirited Debate Preceded Policies,” Washington Post, June 23, 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61942-2004Jun22?language=printer.

99. Josh White, “U.S. Generals in Iraq Were Told of Abuse Early, Inquiry Finds,” Washington Post, December 1, 2004.

100. Sidney Blumenthal,” Abuse’? How About Torture?” Salon, May 6, 2004; Editorial, “Mr. Rumsfeld’s Responsibility” Washington Post, May 6, 2004; Bob Herbert, “The Rumsfeld Stain,” New York Times, May 23, 2005.

101. On the use of women in the armed forces as torturers, see Erik Saar, Inside the Wire: A Military Intelligence Soldier’s Eyewitness Account of Life at Guantanamo, with Viveca Novak (New York: Penguin, 2005); Philip Kennicott, “A Wretched Picture of America,” Washington Post, May 5, 2004; Marie Cocco, “Chain of Prisoner Abuse Starts at the Top,” Newsday, May 24, 2005; Daniel Eisenberg and Timothy J. Burger, “What’s Going on at Gitmo?” Time, June 6, 2005, pp. 30-31; Adam Zagorin and Michael Duffy, “Inside the Interrogation of Detainee 063,” Time, June 20, 2005, pp. 26-33.

102. Quoted by Seymour M. Hersh, “Torture at Abu Ghraib,” New Yorker, May10,2004, p. 43. For the text of General Taguba’s report, see http://www.antiwar.com/article.php?articleid=2479. For the 279 photographs and 19videos from the army’s internal investigation of torture at Abu Ghraib, see Joan Walsh, “The Abu Ghraib Files,” Salon, March 14, 2006, http.7/www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/introduction/print.html.

103. “Gen. Richard Myers,” Fox News.

104. Associated Press, “Army Probe Finds Abuse at Jail near Mosul,” March 26, 2005.

105. Suzanne Goldenberg, “Former Guantanamo Chief Clashed with Army Interrogators,” Guardian, May 19, 2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4927249-111575,00.html; Peter Spiegel and Edward Alden, “Focus Back on General in Charge of Detention,” Financial Times, June 10, 2004.

106. Dan Eggen and R. Jeffrey Smith, “FBI Agents Allege Abuse of Detainees at Guantanamo,” Washington Post, December 21, 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A14936-2004Dec20?language=printer.

107. Reuters, “Red Cross: Guantanamo Tactics ’Tantamount to Torture,’” November 30, 2004.

108. Rose, “Truth about Camp Delta.”

109. Scott Higham, Josh White, and Christian Davenport, “A Prison on the Brink: Usual Military Checks and Balances Went Missing,” Washington Post, May 9, 2004.

110. James Sturcke, “General Approved Extreme Interrogation Methods,” Guardian, March 30, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5158950-103550,00.html; Andrew Buncombe, “Green Light for Iraqi Prison Abuse Came from the Top,” Independent, April 3, 2005, http://news.independent.co.uk/low_res/story.jsp?story-6259098chost=38cdir=70.

111. Will Dunham, “U.S. General Urged ’Outer Limits’ Iraq Interrogation,” Reuters, May 2, 2006, http://www.alertnet.org/printable.htm?URL=/thenews/newsdesk/N02295252.htm.

112. U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), “General Officer Assignments,” news release no. 203-04, March 22, 2004; ibid., no. 1210-04, November 24, 2004; Gerry J. Gilmore, “Casey Takes Over Iraq Commander’s Reins from Sanchez,” American Forces Press Service, July 1, 2004; Reuters, “U.S. Replaces General Who Ran Prisons in Iraq,” ABC News, November 24, 2004; Eric Schmitt and Thorn Shanker, “Posts Considered for Commanders After Abuse Case,” New York Times, June 20, 2005.

113. John Hendren, “4-Star Plans After Abu Ghraib,” Los Angeles Times, October 15, 2004, http://www.truthout.org/docs_04/printer_101604I.shtml.

114. Dave Moniz, “Gen. Karpinski Demoted in Prison Scandal,” USA Today, May 5, 2005.

115. Editorial, “Impunity,” Washington Post, April 26, 2005. See also Editorial, “American Homicide,” Boston Globe, March 29, 2005; Josh White, “Top Army Officers Are Cleared in Abuse Cases,” Washington Post, April 23, 2005; Seymour Hersh, “The Unknown Unknowns of the Abu Ghraib Scandal,” Guardian, May 21, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5198906-103677,00.html.

116. Sonni Efron, “GOP Committee Targets International Red Cross,” Los Angeles Times, June 15, 2005, http://fairuse.laccesshost.com/news2/latimes688.html; Caroline Moorhead, “Speak No Evil,” Financial Times, June 18-19, 2005.

117. Burton J. Lee III, “The Stain of Torture,” Washington Post, July 1, 2005.

118. American Embassy, London, “Visit of President Bush to Northern Ireland, April 7-8,2003,” http://www.usembassy.org.uk/potus03/potus03c.html.

119. William R. Polk, introduction to The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Ancient Mesopotamia, Milbry Polk and Angela M. H. Schuster, eds. (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005), p. 5. See also Suzanne Muchnic, “Spotlight on Iraq’s Plundered Past,” Los Angeles Times, June 20, 2005.

120. David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East (New York: Owl Books, 1989, 2001), p. 450.

121. George Bush’s address to the Iraqi people, broadcast on Towards Freedom TV, April 10, 2003, http://home.earthlink.net/~platter/speeches/030410-bush-tfreedom.html.

122. Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Strategic Communication (Washington, DC: September 2004), pp. 39-40.

123. See Frank Rich, “And Now: ’Operation Iraqi Looting,’” New York Times, April 27, 2003; Eleanor Robson, “The Collection Lies in Ruins, Objects from a Long, Rich Past in Smithereens,” Guardian, April 14, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/features/story/0,11710,936561,00.html.

124. Robert Scheer, “It’s U.S. Policy that’s ’Untidy,’” Los Angeles Times, April 15, 2003; reprinted in “Books in Flames,” TomDispatch.com,, April 15, 2003, http://www.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtmPpid-578.

125. John F. Burns, “Pillagers Strip Iraqi Museum of Its Treasures,” New York Times, April 13, 2003; Piotr Michalowski (University of Michigan), “The Ransacking of the Baghdad Museum Is a Disgrace,” History News Network, April 14, 2003, http://hnn.us/articles/1386.html; Fiachra Gibbons, “The End of Civilization,” Guardian, April 2, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/features/story/0,11710,927788,00.html.

126. Polk and Schuster, Looting of Iraq Museum, pp. 209-10; “Looters Trash Museum’s Treasures,” Observer, April 13, 2003, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0935762,00.html.

127. Mark Wilkinson, “Looting of Ancient Sites Threatens Iraqi Heritage,” Reuters, June 29, 2005, http://famulus.msnbc.com/famulusintl/reuters06-29-050006.asp?reg-mideast8tvts=62920051945. See also Matthew Bogdanos, Thieves of Baghdad (New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2005).

128. Polk and Schuster, Looting of Iraq Museum, pp. 23, 212-13; Louise Jury, “At Least 8,000 Treasures Looted from Iraq Museum Still Untraced,” Independent, May 24, 2005; Stephen Fidler,” ’The Looters Knew What They Wanted. It Looks Like Vandalism, but Organized Crime May Be Behind It,’” Financial Times, May 23, 2003; Rod Liddle, “The Day of the Jackals,” Spectator, April 19, 2003, http://www.agitprop.org.au/nowrar/20030419_liddle_day_of_the_jackals.php.

129. Humberto Marquez, “Iraq Invasion the ’Biggest Cultural Disaster Since 1258,”’ Antiwar.com, February 16, 2005, http://www.antiwar.com/ips/marquez.php?articleid-4859.

130. Robert Fisk, “Library Books, Letters, and Priceless Documents Are Set Ablaze in Final Chapter of the Sacking of Baghdad,” Independent, April 15, 2003.

131. Polk and Schuster, Looting of Iraq Museum, p. 10.

132. Guy Gugliotta, “Pentagon Was Told of Risk to Museums; U.S. Urged to Save Iraq’s Historic Artifacts,” Washington Post, April 14, 2003; McGuire Gibson, “Cultural Tragedy in Iraq: A Report on the Looting of Museums, Archives, and Sites,” International Foundation for Art Research, http://www.ifar.org/tragedy.htm. See also Jeremy Grant’s interview with McGuire Gibson at the University of Chicago’s Oriental Institute, “Hidden Gems and Unexpected Links,” Financial Times, September 10–11, 2005.

133. Liddle, “Day of the Jackals”; Oliver Burkeman, “Ancient Archive Lost in Baghdad Blaze,” Guardian, April 15, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0936943,00.html.

134. See James A. R. Nafziger, “Art Loss in Iraq: Protection of Cultural Heritage in Time of War and Its Aftermath,” International Foundation for Art Research, http://www.ifar.org/heritage.htm.

135. Jonathan Steele, “Museum’s Treasures Left to the Mercy of Looters, U.S. Generals Reject Plea to Protect Priceless Artifacts from Vandals,” Guardian, April 14, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/news/story/0,11711,936557,00.html; Paul Martin, Ed Vulliamy, and Gaby Hinsliff, “U.S. Army Was Told to Protect Looted Museum,” Observer, April 20, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4651740-102275,00.html; Rich, “Operation Iraqi Looting”; Paul Martin, “Troops Were Told to Guard Treasures,” Washington Times, April 20, 2003.

136. Said Arjomand, “Under the Eyes of U.S. Forces and This Happened?” History News Network, April 14, 2003, http://hnn.us/articles/1387.html. For the hypocrisy of marine colonel Matthew Bogdanos, who was put in charge of covering up or distracting from the failures of the American military to carry out its orders, see Christopher de Bellaigue, “Loot,” Granta, no. 83 (Fall 2003), pp. 193-211. For Bogdanos’s own attempt to conflate the looting in Iraq with the international trade in illegally obtained antiquities, see “The Terrorist in the Art Gallery,” New York Times, December 10, 2005.

137. Ed Vulliamy “Troops ’Vandalize’ Ancient City of Ur,” Observer, May 18, 2003, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4671554-102275,00.html; Paul Johnson, Art: A New History (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), pp. 18, 35; Polk and Schuster, Looting of Iraq Museum, p. 99, % 25.

138. “Tallil Air Base,” GlobalSecurity.org, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/tallil.htm.

139. Max Mallowan, Mallowan’s Memoirs (London: Collins, 1977), p. 61.

140. Rory McCarthy and Maev Kennedy, “Babylon Wrecked by War,” Guardian, January 15, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5104058-103550,00.html.

141. Owen Bowcott, “Archaeologists Fight to Save Iraqi Sites,” Guardian, June 20, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1510061,00.html.

142. Zainab Bahrani, “The Fall of Babylon,” in Polk and Schuster, Looting of Iraq Museum, p. 214. See also Bahrani, “Looting and Conquest,” Nation, May 14, 2003, http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtmPi-20030526 & s=bahrani.

143. Associated Press, “Hussein’s Gazelles Feed Marine Base,” San Diego Union-Tribune, April 19, 2003.

2: COMPARATIVE IMPERIAL PATHOLOGIES: ROME, BRITAIN, AND AMERICA

1. Cornel West is particularly interesting on the relationship between “prophetic Christians” and “Constantinian Christians.” See his Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism (New York: Penguin, 2004), pp. 146-69.

2. Robert C. Byrd, The Senate of the Roman Republic (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 41.

3. Anthony Everitt, Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome’s Greatest Politician (New York: Random House, 2001), p. 67.

4. Michael Parenti, The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People’s History of Ancient Rome (New York: New Press, 2003), p. 191.

5. Ibid., p. 181.

6. Ibid., p. 221.

7. Ibid., p. 16.

8. Ibid., pp. 50, 204.

9. Tom Holland, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic (New York: Doubleday, 2003), pp. 181-82.

10. Ibid., p. 8.

11. Patrick E. Tyler, “U.S. Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop,” New York Times, March 8, 1992.

12. Paul Wolfowitz, “Remembering the Future,” National Interest, Spring 2000, p. 36; David Armstrong, “Dick Cheney’s Song of America: Drafting a Plan for Global Dominance,” Harper’s Magazine, October 2002, pp. 76-83.

13. Holland, Rubicon, p. 177.

14. Ibid., p. 167.

15. Ed Harriman, “Where Has All the Money Gone?” London Review of Books, July 7, 2005, pp. 3-7; Pratap Chatterjee, Iraq, Inc.: A Profitable Occupation (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004).

16. For a map showing the “Tiber River,” see James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, 1800-1828 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), p. 67. Also see Byrd, Senate of the Roman Republic, p. 183.

17. Holland, Rubicon, pp. xv-xvi.

18. Ibid., p. xvii.

19. Everitt, Cicero, p. 12.

20. See, for example, Dana Priest, “The CinCs: Proconsuls to the Empire,” in The Mission: Waging War and Keeping Peace with America’s Military (New York: Norton, 2003), pp. 61-77.

21. Byrd, Senate of the Roman Republic, p. 50.

22. Holland, Rubicon, p. 21.

23. Parenti, Assassination of Julius Caesar, pp. 54-55.

24. Everitt, Cicero, p. 14.

25. Ibid., pp. 321-22.

26. Ibid., p. 11.

27. Holland, Rubicon, pp. 161-62.

28. Everitt, Cicero, pp. 126-27.

29. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, trans. Robert Graves (London: Penguin Books, 2003), p. 25.

30. Everitt, Cicero, pp. 16-17.

31. Byrd, Senate of the Roman Republic, pp. 111, 116.

32. Holland, Rubicon, p. 162.

33. Everitt, Cicero, p. 19.

34. Ibid., p. 45.

35. Suzanne Cross, “Gaius Marius, 157-86 B.C,” http://heraklia.fwsl.com/contemporaries/marius/.

36. Everitt, Cicero, p. 246.

37. Ibid., pp. 281, 296; Holland, Rubicon, p. 361; Parenti, Assassination of Julius Caesar, p. 201; Byrd, Senate of the Roman Republic, p. 34.

38. Everitt, Cicero, pp. 303-18.

39. Shasta Darlington, Reuters, “New Dig Says Caligula Was Indeed a Maniac,” San Diego Union-Tribune, August 16, 2003.

40. On Nero’s reputation, see Edward Champlin, Nero (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003).

41. Niall Ferguson, Colossus: The Price of America’s Empire (New York: Penguin, 2004), p. 208. Also see Vivek Chibber, “The Good Empire: Should We Pick Up Where the British Left Off?” Boston Review, February-March 2005, pp. 30-34.

42. Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (New York: Basic Books, 2002), pp. xxi, x.

43. Max Boot, “The Case for an American Empire,” Weekly Standard, October 15, 2001.

44. Review of Ferguson’s Colossus, Financial Times, May 15-16,2004.

45. See Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts (London: Verso, 2001), pp. 7, 311-12.

46. Joshua Micah Marshall, “Power Rangers,” New Yorker, February 2, 2004.

47. Bernard Porter, The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society, and Culture in Britain (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); Ronald Steel, Pax Americana (New York: Viking, 1967), pp. 16-17.

48. Bernard Porter, Empire and Superempire: Britain, America and the World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 42.

49. Wikipedia, “Michael Ignatieff,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff; Peter C. Newman, “Q&A with Liberal Leadership Contender Michael Ignatieff,” Macleans.ca, April 6, 2006, http://www.macleans.ca/topstories/politics/article.jsp?content=20060410_124769_124769; and Michael Ignatieff, “Lesser Evils,” New York Times Magazine, May 2, 2004, http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/news/opeds/2004/ignatieff_less_evils_nytm_050204.htm.

50. Michael Ignatieff, “The Burden,” New York Times Magazine, January 5, 2003; reprinted in various places under the title “The American Empire (Get Used to It).”

51. Michael Neumann, “Michael Ignatieff, Apostle of He-manitarianism,” Counter-punch, December 8, 2003, which draws its quotations from Ignatieff’s book Empire Lite: Nation Building in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan (London: Vintage UK, 2003).

52. Ferguson, Colossus, p. 169; Empire, p. 267.

53. Quoted by Ferguson, Colossus, p. 220. Also see Roger Owen, Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).

54. Quoted by Ferguson, Empire, p. 200.

55. Kevin Baker, “We’re in the Army Now,” Harper’s Magazine, October 2003, p. 43.

56. Eric Foner, “The Lie that Empire Tells Itself,” London Review of Books, May 19, 2005, p. 16.

57. Edward Said, “Jane Austen and Empire” (1990), in The Edward Said Reader, ed. Moustafa Bayoumi and Andrew Rubin (New York: Vintage Books, 2000), p. 349.

58. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Meridian, 1958), p. 216. The term comes from an unnamed British bureaucrat commenting on what was necessary to keep the population of India docile and under British control.

59. Quoted by Dinesh D’Souza, “In Praise of American Empire,” Christian Science Monitor, April 26, 2002.

60. See John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York: WW. Norton, 1999).

61. Foner, “Lie.”

62. The most important compilation of such campaign names is Arkin, Code Names.

63. Quoted by Tony Stephens, “According to the White House this Action is Anything but War,” Sydney Morning Herald, March 21, 2003, http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/03/20/1047749879550.html.

64. Sven Lindqvist, ”Exterminate All the Brutes”: One Mans Odyssey into the Heart of Darkness and the Origins of European Genocide, trans. Joan Tate (New York: New Press, 1996). Also see Tom Engelhardt, “The Cartography of Death,” Nation, October 23, 2000.

65. Charles S. Maier, “An American Empire?” Harvard Magazine, November-December 2002, http://www.harvardmagazine.eom/on-line/1102193.html.

66. Carl A. Trocki, Opium, Empire, and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade, 1750-1950 (London: Routledge, 1999). Also see Ferguson, Empire, p. 139; Yoshie Furuhashi, “A New Opium War,” 2004, http://info.interactivist.net/print.pPsid-04/12/ll/2259233; James L. Hevia, “Opium, Empire, and Modern History,” China Review International 10, no. 2 (Fall 2003); and John Richards, “The Opium Industry in British India,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 39, no. 2-3 (2002), pp. 149-80. The classic studies are Maurice Collis, Foreign Mud: Being an Account of the Opium Imbroglio at Canton in the 1830’s and the Anglo-Chinese War that Followed (New York: Knopf, 1947); and Alfred W McCoy, The Politics of Heroin (Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1991).

67. Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, pp. 183-84.

68. Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, p. 292.

69. Ferguson, Empire, p. 22.

70. Lindqvist, ”Exterminate All the Brutes” pp. 81-88.

71. Ibid., p. 115.

72. Ferguson, Empire, p. 217.

73. Ibid., p. 219.

74. Ibid., p. 279.

75. P. J. Marshall, ed., Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p, 373.

76. Ferguson, Empire, p. 169.

77. Katherine Bailey, “Edwina Mountbatten: India’s Last Vicerine,” British Heritage, April-May 2000, http://historynet.com/bh/blmountbatten/index.html.

78. Tapan Raychaudhuri, “British Rule in India: An Assessment,” in Marshall, History of the British Empire, p. 367.

79. Marshall, History of the British Empire, pp. 371-72.

80. Editorial, “Promises, Promises,” New York Times, August 22, 2005.

81. Anita Jain, “World Bank to Lend India $9bn to Help Improve Rural Areas,” Financial Times, August 22, 2005.

82. See Walden Bello, Dilemmas of Domination: The Unmaking of the American Empire (New York: Metropolitan, 2005).

83. Ferguson, Empire, p. 304.

84. Ferguson, Colossus, p. 25.

85. John Gray, “The World Is Round,” New York Review of Books, August 11, 2005, pp. 13-15.

86. Ferguson, Empire, p. 164.

87. Raychaudhuri, “British Rule in India,” p. 363.

88. See Chalmers Johnson, “Whatever Happened to Globalization?” in The Sorrows of Empire (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004), pp. 255-81; Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982); Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999); and Johnson, “Economic Crisis in East Asia: The Clash of Capitalisms,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 22, no. 6 (November 1998), pp. 653-61.

89. Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, p. 295.

90. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (1944; repr. Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), pp. 159-60; quoted by Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, p. 10.

91. Ferguson, Empire, p. 314.

92. Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999), p. 381. The best study of globalization today is Manfred B. Steger, Globalism: The New Market Ideology (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Little-field, 2002). Also see Jeff Faux, “Flat Note from the Pied Piper of Globalization,” Dissent, Fall 2005, pp. 64-67.

93. Ferguson, Colossus, p. 196.

94. Ferguson, Empire, p. 302.

95. Marshall, History of the British Empire, pp. 372-73.

96. Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain s Gulag in Kenya (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), p. 11. Also see David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: Britain s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (London: Weidenfeld, 2005); Daphne Eviatar, “In Cold Blood,” Nation, February 21, 2005; and Bernard Porter, “How Did They Get Away with It?” London Review of Books, March 3, 2005. An early study of Mau Mau had already discredited British propaganda that the insurgents were “heathen savages” and shown the revolt to have been in response particularly to settler land seizures. See Carl G. Rosberg Jr. and John Nottingham, The Myth of Mau Mau: Nationalism in Kenya (New York: Praeger, 1966).

97. Elkins, Imperial Reckoning, pp. xv-xvi.

98. Ferguson, Empire, p. xv.

99. Quoted by Andrew Gilmour, “How to Create Insurgents,” Spectator, January 24, 2004.

100. Ferguson, Colossus, p. 221.

101. Eric Margolis, “George Bush’s New Imperialism,” Toronto Sun, August 4, 2002. The major work on this subject is Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace. See also Karl E. Meyer, “Forty Years in the Sand: What Happened the Last Time Freedom Marched on Iraq,” Harper’s Magazine, June 2005, pp. 69-74.

102. The classic treatment is Khushwant Singh, Mano Majra (New York: Grove Press, 1956). Mano Majra is the name of a Punjabi village where Hindus and Muslims had lived in peace for hundreds of years until partition. Singh’s novel has since been reissued under the title Last Train to Pakistan.

103. Raychaudhuri, “British Rule in India,” pp. 366-67.

104. Ferguson, Empire, p. 297.

105. Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, pp. 503-4.

3: CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY: THE PRESIDENT’S PRIVATE ARMY

1. Douglas Jehl, “Chief of CIA Tells His Staff to Back Bush,” New York Times, November 17, 2004; David Wise, “Sycophant Spies,” Los Angeles Times, November 21, 2004; Alexander Cockburn, “Politicize the CIA? You’ve Got to Be Kidding,” Nation, December 20, 2004, p. 8.

2. Thomas Powers, “The Failure,” New York Review of Books, April 29, 2004, p. 4.

3. Melvin A. Goodman, “Righting the CIA,” Baltimore Sun, November 19, 2004.

4. See, among several references, the recollections of a CIA officer who actually heard Schlesinger’s remark: Ray McGovern, “Cheney’s Cat’s Paw: Porter Goss as CIA Director,” Counterpunch, July 6, 2004, http://www.counterpunch.org/mcgovern07062004.html.

5. See James Moore and Wayne Slater, Bush’s Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential (New York: Wiley, 2004).

6. Scott Ritter, “A Silver Lining in Bush’s New CIA Pick?” AlterNet, May 16, 2006, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/articlel3063.htm.

7. Loch K. Johnson, America’s Secret Power: The CIA in a Democratic Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 21.

8. See Willard C. Matthias, “An Assault upon the National Intelligence Process,” in America’s Strategic Blunders: Intelligence Analysis and National Security Policy, 1936-1991 (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001), pp. 293-314.

9. Among the recommended books on the agency’s past activities are William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions since World War II (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1995); Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin, 2004); Frederick H. Gareau, State Terrorism and the United States (Atlanta, GA: Clarity Press, 2003); Greg Grandin, Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism (New York: Metropolitan, 2006); Stephen Kinzer, Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq (New York: Henry Holt, 2006); John Kenneth Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival (New York: Public Affairs, 1999); James Risen, State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration (New York: Free Press, 2006); Frances Stonor Saunders, The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters (New York: New Press, 1999); Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala, expanded ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999); Richard H. Schultz Jr., The Secret War Against Hanoi (New York: HarperCollins, 1999); and Paul Todd and Jonathan Bloch, Global Intelligence: The World’s Secret Services Today (London: Zed Books, 2003).

10. Quoted by Johnson, America’s Secret Power, p. 36.

11. William M. Arkin, “Secrecy Is the CIAs Stock in Trade, and the Agency’s Hidden Weakness,” Los Angeles Times, July 18, 2004; Nick Schwellenbach, “Government Secrecy Grows Out of Control,” Common Dreams News Center, September 24, 2004, http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0923-05.htm; Dorothy Samuels, “President Bush Is Hard at Work Expanding Government Secrecy,” New York Times, November 1, 2004; Kevin Freking, Associated Press, “Feds Increasingly Classify Documents,” ABC News, July 2, 2005.

12. See, for example, Admiral Stansfield Turner [DCI, 1977-81 ], Terrorism and Democracy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 27 ff.; Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Secrecy: The American Experience (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), pp. 8-9,168-69; Mark Riebling, Wedge: From Pearl Harbor to 9/11, How the Secret War Between the FBI and CIA Has Endangered National Security (New York: Simon & Schuster Touchstone Books, 2002); Hersh, “Why the Government Didn’t Know What It Knew,” in Chain of Command, pp. 87-103.

13. For details, see Seymour M. Hersh, “Getting Out the Vote,” New Yorker, July 25, 2005. Also see Hannah Allam and Warren P. Strobel, Knight Ridder News Service, “CIA Keeps Hold of Iraq’s Intelligence Service in Turf War,” San Diego Union Tribune, May 9, 2005; Gareth Porter, “The Coming Shi’ite Showdown,” Antiwar.com, May 13, 2005; Patrick Cockburn, “Americans Accused of Interfering in Iraq Election,” Independent, July 18, 2005.

14. Johnson, America’s Secret Power, p. 43.

15. Bob Woodward, Veil: The CIA’s Secret Wars, 1981-87 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 49.

16. Johnson, America’s Secret Power, p. 62.

17. Robert M. Gates, “The CIA and American Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs 66 (Winter 1987-88), p. 227.

18. Johnson, America’s Secret Power, p. 62. See also Harold P. Ford, CIA and Vietnam Policymakers: Three Episodes, 1962-1968 (Washington: Central Intelligence Agency, 1998), pp. 86-104.

19. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee), Final Report, 94th Cong. 2nd sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1976), 1:78; Johnson, Americas Secret Power, p. 64.

20. See Federation of American Scientists, Weapons of Mass Destruction, R-36/ SS-9 SCARP, http://wvvw.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/r-36.htm; and Fred Kaplan, “The Rumsfeld Intelligence Agency,” Slate, October 28, 2002, http://www.slate.com/toolbar.aspx?action-print8dd-2073238.

21. Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 562.

22. McGovern, “Cheney’s Cat’s Paw.”

23. See Clarke, Against All Enemies; Anonymous (Michael Scheuer), Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War on Terror (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2004); and Scheuer, “How Not to Catch a Terrorist,” Atlantic Monthly, December 2004, pp. 50-52. See also Scheuer, “Why I Resigned from the CIA,” Los Angeles Times, December 5, 2004.

24. Karen Kwiatkowski, “The New Pentagon Papers,” March 10, 2004, http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2004/03/10/osp_moveon/; “Karen Kwiatkowski: Archives,” http://www.lewrockwell.com/kwiatkowski/kwiatkowski-arch.html; Robert Dreyfuss and Jason Vest, “The Lie Factory,” Mother Jones, January-February 2004, pp. 34-41; Marc Cooper, “Soldier for the Truth: Exposing Bush’s Talking-points War,” LA Weekly, February 20-26, 2004. Colonel Kwiatkowski also made an important contribution to Eugene Jarecki’s documentary film Why We Fight, which won the gold medal at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival.

25. Joseph C. Wilson, “What I Didn’t Find in Africa,” New York Times, July 6, 2003, http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0706-02.htm; Wilson, “A Right-Wing Smear Is Gathering Steam,” Los Angeles Times, July 21, 2004; Wilson, “Our 27 Months of Hell,” Los Angeles Times, October 29, 2005; Neil Mackay, “Niger and Iraq: The War’s Biggest Lie,” Sunday Herald, July 13, 2003, http://www.sundayherald.com/print35264; Edward Alden, “Naming of Agent was Aimed at Discrediting CIA,” Financial Times, October 25, 2003; James Risen, “How Niger Uranium Story Defied Wide Skepticism,” New York Times, July 14, 2004; Ian Masters, “Who Forged the Niger Documents?” AlterNet, April 7, 2005, http://www.alternet.org/module/printversion/21704; Frank Rich, “Follow the Uranium,” New York Times, July 17, 2005; Tom Hamburger and Peter W^rallsten, “Top Aides Reportedly Set Sights on Wilson,” Los Angeles Times, July 18, 2005; Matthew Yglesias, “Follow the Documents,” American Prospect Online, July 19, 2005, http://www.prospect.org/web/printfriendly-view.ww?id=10015.

26. Gary C. Schroen, First In: An Insider’s Account of How the CIA Spearheaded the War on Terror in Afghanistan (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 2005).

27. Melissa Boyle Mahle, Denial and Deception: An Insider’s View of the CIA from Iran-Contra to 9/11 (New York: Nation Books, 2005).

28. Quoted by Arthur Schlesinger Jr., “The Imperial Presidency Redux,” Washington Post, June 28, 2003. Also see Mark Hubbard and Stephen Fidler, “No Smoking Gun: How Intelligence May Have Been Exaggerated, Misinterpreted, and Manipulated,” Financial Times, June 4, 2003.

29. Douglas Jehl, “Ex-CIA Chief Nets $500,000 on Talk Circuit,” New York Times, November 11, 2004.

30. Greg Miller, “Goss Isn’t Done with Housecleaning at CIA,” Los Angeles Times, November 18, 2004; Douglas Jehl, “Director of Analysis at CIA Is the Latest to Be Forced Out,” New York Times, December 29, 2004.

31. Spencer Ackerman, “Killing the Messenger,” Salon, November 16, 2004.

32. Walter Pincus and Dana Priest, “Bush Orders the CIA to Hire More Spies,” Washington Post, November 24, 2004.

33. Johnson, America’s Secret Power, p. 106.

34. Thomas Powers, “Inside the Department of Dirty Tricks,” Atlantic Monthly, August 1979, pp. 33-64.

35. Johnson, America’s Secret Power, p. 107.

36. Powers, “Department of Dirty Tricks.”

37. Peter Kornbluh, The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability (New York: New Press, 2003, A National Security Archive Book), p. xvi.

38. The most important source is Kornbluh, Pinochet File. See also Peter Kornbluh, “The Chile Coup—The U.S. Hand,” iF Magazine.com, October 25, 1998; John Dinges, “Pulling Back the Veil on Condor,” Nation, July 24-31, 2000; Peter Kornbluh, “CIA Outrages in Chile,” Nation, October 16, 2000; Diana Jean Schemo, “Kissinger Cool to Criticizing Junta in ’76,” New York Times, October 1, 2004; Associated Press, “Chile Torture Victims to Get Compensation,” New York Times, November 29, 2004. On Kissinger’s attempts to hide his role in the overthrow of Salvador Allende and the promotion of the Pinochet dictatorship, see Scott Sherman, “The Maxwell Affair,” Nation, June 21, 2004; Sherman, “Kissinger’s Shadow Over the Council on Foreign Relations,” Nation, December 27, 2004; and Kenneth Maxwell, “The Case of the Missing Letter in Foreign Affairs: Kissinger, Pinochet, and Operation Condor” (Working Papers on Latin America, no. 04/05-3, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University, 2004).

39. Kornbluh, Pinochet File, chap. 1, doc. 1.

40. Quoted by Kornbluh, “CIA Outrages.”

41. Kornbluh, Pinochet File, pp. 18 and 510, notes 23 and 24; Powers, “Department of Dirty Tricks”; Johnson, America’s Secret Power, p. 22.

42. Staff report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee), Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 15; Blum, Killing Hope, pp. 206-7.

43. Paul E. Sigmund, The Overthrow of Allende and the Politics of Chile, 1964-1976 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977), pp. 35,297; quoted by Blum, Killing Hope, p. 207.

44. Kornbluh, “Chile Coup”; Johnson, America’s Secret Power, pp. 186, 197.

45. Blum, Killing Hope, p. 208.

46. Powers, “Department of Dirty Tricks”; Kornbluh, Pinochet File, p. 5.

47. Church Committee, Covert Action in Chile, p. 47; Blum, Killing Hope, p. 214.

48. NSSM (National Security Study Memorandum) 97, “Regarding Threats to U.S. Interests,” c. August 11, 1970. See Kornbluh, Pinochet File, pp. 8-9.

49. Kornbluh, Pinochet File, chap. 1, doc. 12.

50. Ibid., p. 16.

51. Ibid., chap. 1, doc. 14.

52. Ibid., p. 30; Seymour M. Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit Books, 1983), pp. 289-93.

53. Kornbluh, Pinochet File, p. 29.

54. Ibid., p. 113.

55. Larry Rohter, New York Times, “Report on Torture Forcing Chile to Rethink Its Past,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 28, 2004; Associated Press, “Chile Torture Victims to Get Compensated,” New York Times, November 29, 2004; Peter Kornbluh, “Letter from Chile,” Nation, January 31, 2005, pp. 22-24.

56. Kornbluh, Pinochet File, p. 324.

57. Ibid.

58. Dinges, “Pulling back the Veil.”

59. See, inter alia, John Dinges and Saul Landau, Assassination on Embassy Row (New York: Pantheon, 1980); A. J. Langguth, Hidden Terrors: The Truth About U.S. Police Operations in Latin America (New York: Pantheon, 1978); John Dinges, The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents (New York: New Press, 2004); Kornbluh, “CIA Outrages”; Francisco Letelier (son of Orlando Letelier), “My Case Against Pinochet,” Los Angeles Times, December 17, 2004.

60. See, in particular, Philippe Sands, in “Pinochet in London,” in Lawless World: America and the Making and Breaking of Global Rules from FDR’s Atlantic Charter to George W. Bush’s Illegal War (New York: Viking, 2005), pp. 23-45.

61. Timothy L. O’Brien and Larry Rohter, “U.S. and Others Gave Millions to Pinochet,” New York Times, December 7, 2004; Adam Thomson, “Pinochet Stripped of Political Prestige,” Financial Times, December 15, 2004; Kornbluh, “Letter from Chile.”

62. George Crile, Charlie Wilson’s War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003), p. 4; Johnson, America’s Secret Power, p. 49.

63. Robert Michael Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), pp. 146-47.

64. Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Les Revelations d’un Ancien Conseiller de Carter: ’Oui, la CIA est Entree en Afghanistan avant les Russes ...,”’ Le Nouvel Observateur (Paris), January 15-21,1998, trans. William Blum and David D. Gibbs in David D. Gibbs, “Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Retrospect,” International Politics, 37 (June 2000), pp. 233-46.

65. Quoted by Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 55.

66. Ibid., p. 92.

67. Ibid., pp. 93, 103–4, 112, 125.

68. Ibid., p. 60.

69. Ibid., p. 165.

70. Crile, Charlie Wilson’s War, p. 338.

71. Quoted by Eric Konigsberg, “Washington’s Sexual Awakening,” New York Magazine, February 9, 1998.

72. Crile, Charlie Wilson’s War, pp. 3, 12.

73. Ibid., pp. 40-42,96.

74. Marcus Stern and Jerry Kammer, Copley News Service, “Cunningham Case: A View into Political Pork Process,” San Diego Union-Tribune, August 31, 2005. “Cunningham” in the title of this article refers to Randy “Duke” Cunningham, a former Republican congressman from California, who, like Wilson, was a member of both the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee and the Intelligence Oversight Committee of the House of Representatives. In 2006, Cunningham confessed to pocketing $2.4 million, the largest bribeever paid to a member of Congress in U.S. history, and was sentenced to along term in prison.

75. Richard Whittle and George Kuempel, Dallas Morning News, “Ex-lawmaker Accused of Arms Deal Kickbacks,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, October 23, 1997; Crile, Charlie Wilsons War, pp. 210, 291-92,460.

76. Quoted by Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 234.

77. Ibid., pp. 83-84.

78. Ibid., p. 144.

79. Ibid., p. 421.

80. Vernon Loeb, “CIA Fires Officer Over Embassy Bombing,” Washington Post, April 9, 2000.

81. Quoted by Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 394,557.

82. Albert Bandura, “Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 3, no. 3 (1999), pp. 193-209, at p. 195.

83. Quoted by lane Mayer, “Outsourcing Torture,” New Yorker, February 14, 2005, http://www.newyorker.com/printables/fact/050214fa_fact6.

84. See Bruce B. Campbell and Arthur D. Brenner, eds., Death Squads in Global Perspective: Murder with Deniability (New York: St. Martin s Press, 2000); Frederick H. Gareau, State Terrorism and the United States: From Counter-insurgency to the War on Terrorism (Atlanta, GA: Clarity Press, 2004).

85. See Tim Naftali, “Milan Snatch,” Slate, June 30, 2005, http://www.slate.msn.com/toolbar.aspx?action=print&id=2121801; Congressional Record, Senate, “International Terrorism,” March 15, 1989, p. S2538; U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Agency, Department of Homeland Security, “ICE Deports Terrorist Who Hijacked, Blew Up Airliner,” news release, March 29, 2005.

86. Mayer, “Outsourcing Torture”; CBS News, “CIA Flying Suspects to Torture?” March 6, 2005, http.7/www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/04/60minutes/main678155.shtml.

87. Ibid.

88. Dana Priest and Joe Stephens, “Secret World of U.S. Interrogation: Long History of Tactics in Overseas Prisons Is Coming to Light,” Washington Post, May 11, 2004.

89. Douglas Jehl and David Johnston, “Rule Change Lets CIA Freely Send Suspects Abroad,” New York Times, March 6, 2005.

90. Ibid.

91. Stephen Grey, “U.S. Accused of ’Torture Flights,’” Times Online, November 14, 2004, http://www.timesonline.co.Uk/printFriendly/0,, 1-524-1357699-524,00.html; CBS News, “CIA Flying Suspects to Torture?” Also see Amy Goodman’s interview with Stephen Grey, “U.S. Operating Secret ’Torture Flights,’” Democracy Now, November 17, 2004, http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/11/17/1525208.

92. Ian Cobain, Stephen Grey, and Richard Norton-Taylor, “Destination Cairo: Human Rights Fears over CIA Flights,” Guardian, September 12, 2005, http://ww.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5283268-105744,00.html.

93. Dan Bilefsky, “European Inquiry Says CIA Flew 1,000 Flights in Secret,” New York Times, April 27, 2006, http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/042706N.shtml; Ian Silva, “Probe of CIA Prisons Implicates EU Nations,” Associated Press, June 7, 2006; Stephen Grey and Ian Cobain, “From Logistics to Turning a Blind Eye: Europe’s Role in Terror Abductions,” Guardian, June 7, 2006, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0329498686-l10878,00.html; “Europeans Assisted CIA with Abductions,” Financial Times, June 8, 2006.

94. Quoted by Isabel Hilton, “The 800 lb Gorilla in American Foreign Policy,” Guardian, July 28, 2004, http://www.truthout.org/docs_04/073104F.shtml.

95. Priest and Stephens, “Secret World.”

96. See, inter alia, Dana Priest and Scott Higham, “At Guantanamo, a Prison Within a Prison; CIA Has Run a Secret Facility for Some Al-Qaeda Detainees, Officials Say,” Washington Post, December 17, 2004; Dana Priest, “Long-Term Plan Sought for Terror Suspects,” Washington Post, January 2, 2005; Priest and Stephens, “Secret World”; James Risen and Thorn Shanker, “Saddam Enters Shadowy Realm of Foreign Detainees,” New York Times, December 18, 2003; Inigo Gilmore and Robin Gedye, “Jordan ’Ghost’ Jail Is Holding Senior al-Qaeda Leaders,” Telegraph (London), October 14, 2004; BBC News, “Jordan Denies ’Secret U.S. Prison,’” October 14, 2004; Mayer, “Outsourcing Torture”; Jeffrey St. Clair, “The Road to Rendition: Torture Air, Incorporated,” CounterPunch, April 9-10,2005; Grey, “U.S. Accused of ’Torture Flights’”; Dana Priest, Washington Post, “CIA Holds Suspects in Secret Prisons,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 2, 2005; Dana Priest and Josh White, “Policies on Terrorism Suspects Come Under Fire,” Washington Post, November 3, 2005; Editorial, “The Prison Puzzle,” New York Times, November 3, 2005; Carlotta Gall, “Rights Group Reports Afghanistan Torture,” New York Times, December 19, 2005; Reuters, “Poland Was Main CIA European Destination,” December 9, 2005; Tom Walker and Sarah Baxter, “Revealed: The Terror Prison U.S. Is Helping Build in Morocco,” Sunday Times (London), February 12, 2006.

97. Quoted by Adrian Levy and Cathy Scott-Clark,” [Afghanistan:] One Huge U.S. Jail,” Guardian, March 19, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0,1284,1440836,00.html. See also Ken Silverstein, “U.S., Jordan Forge Closer Ties in Covert War on Terrorism,” Los Angeles Times, November 11, 2005; Yossi Melman, “Jordanian Spy Agency Replaces Mossad as Key CIA Ally,” Haaretz (Tel Aviv), November 12, 2005.

98. Mark Hosenball, “No Secrets: Eyes on the CIA,” Newsweek, March 7, 2005, http://www.truthout.org/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi/37/9261/printer.

99. Stephen Grey, “U.S. Accused of’Torture Flights’”; Dana Priest, “Jet Is an Open Secret in Terror War,” Washington Post, December 27, 2004; Farah Stockman, “Terror Suspects’ Torture Claims Have Mass. Link,” Boston Globe, November 29, 2004; John Crewdson, “Mysterious Jet Tied to Torture Flights,” Chicago Tribune, January 8, 2005. On Air America, see Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1991); http://www.air-america.org/index.html; William M. Leary, “Supporting the ’Secret War’: CIA Air Operations in Laos, 1955-1974,” Central Intelligence Agency, Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1999-2000, http://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art7.html.

100. See http://www.aahs-online.org/. Cf. Chalmers Johnson, “A Survey of Lockheed Orion History,” Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society1, no. 1 (June 1956), pp. 4-7; and ibid., “Thirty Years of Lockheed Vegas,” 2, no. 1 (January-March 1957), pp. 1-35.

101. Priest, “Open Secret.”

102. See, for example, http://www.airliners.net/; http://users.pandora.be/michel.vandaele/air1.htm; http://www.jetspotter.com/;http://www.planespotting.com/ (see also the links section on this Web site).

103. Seth Hettena, Associated Press, “Navy Secretly Contracted Jets Used by CIA,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 24, 2005.

104. Ibid.