Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic

Index

Entries in italics refer to tables

ABC News, 250

Abramoff, Jack, 262–63

Abu Ghraib, 8–9, 22–24, 33–35, 37, 40–46, 124, 181, 246, 259, 260, 269

Ackerman, Spencer, 101–2

acquisitions and cross-servicing agreements (ACSAs), 145

Actium, battle of (31 BC), 68

Adak, Alaska, 223

Adams, Gordon, 264

Adams, John, 59

Adams, John Quincy, 59

ADCS Inc., 260

Addington, David S., 251

Aeneid (Virgil), 57

Aero Contractors Ltd., 128

Aeroplane Spotter (newspaper), 126

Afghanistan, 5, 7–9, 19, 21, 23–25, 29–32, 35–38, 41, 45, 71, 76, 94, 100, 104, 110–20, 123–24, 128, 140, 143, 151–52, 191, 276–78

Afghanistan People’s Democratic Party, 111

African Americans, 7

Against All Enemies (Clarke), 99

Agiza, Ahmed, 129, 130

Agriculture Department, 263

Agrippina, 70

AinAouda (torture center), 124

Air America (CIA airline), 126, 128

airborne laser (ABL), 225–26

Air Force, U.S., 17, 24, 147–48, 153, 178–79, 209, 215–16, 218–20, 225, 230–32, 234–36, 239–40, 242

Air Force Academy, 3

Air Force Association, 215

Air Force Space Command, 208, 215, 232, 236, 239

Air Intelligence Agency, 156

Air Mobility Command, 6

airplane spotters, 125–28

Airpower Journal, 27, 215

Akayev, Askar, 152

Akihito, emperor of Japan, 201

Al-Asad Air Base (Iraq), 162–63

Albania, 94, 122, 132

Albanian National Intelligence Service, 132

Albright, Madeleine, 25–27

al-Dhafra Air Base (United Arab Emirates), 159

Alexander the Great, 52, 64

Algeria, 85, 148

Alito, Samuel, 248

al-Jafr prison (Jordan), 124

Al Jazeera, 3

Allawi, lyad, 95

Allende, Salvador, 2–3, 105–9

Alliance for Progress, 106

all-volunteer army, 7, 269

al-Qaeda, 4, 36–37, 41, 98, 110, 118–19, 122–24, 143

al-Rashid Military Camp (Iraq), 161

al Sahra airfield (Iraq), 162–63

al Taqaddum military base (Iraq), 162

Al-Udeid Air Base (Qatar), 124, 159

Alwani, Hatim al-, 29

American Aviation Historical Society, 126

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 42–44

American Council for Cultural Policy, 50

American embassies, 104, 107, 133, 168, 183, 188–90, 194

bombings of 1998, 118–19, 122–23

American empire, 1–11

British Empire and, 56, 71–76, 80, 84–85

democracy undercut by, 56, 60, 88–89, 278–79

economy and, 81, 83–85, 270

Iraq and, 157–63

military bases and, 6–7, 138–39, 141, 156–58, 177–207, 278

neoconservatives and, 73–75, 142–43

space weaponry and, 211

American Enterprise Institute (AEI), 148–49, 229

American Historical Association, 248

American Indians, 75, 77, 263

American Prospect, 261

American Service-Members’ Protection Act (2002), 145

America Right or Wrong (Lieven), 270

Amritsar, massacre at (1919), 79

Anderson, Frank, 113

Andersson, Arne, 128, 130

Angola, 94

anti-Americanism, 177, 179–80, 194

Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972), 220, 228, 241

antiballistic missile (ABM) defense system, 209–10, 212–14, 220–32

antinuclear movement, 208–9

antisatellite (ASAT) weapons, 209, 214, 216–19, 236, 239–41

anti-Vietnam War movement, 92, 254

Antony, Mark, 67, 68

Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare), 56

Anwar, Masood, 125–26

Arai, Shogo, 196

Arar, Maher, 128, 268

Arbatov, Aleksei, 228

archaeological sites, 46–47, 51–53

“arc of instability,” 147, 158

Arendt, Hannah, 17, 21–22, 24, 75, 78, 88

Argentina, 3, 108–9, 121, 164, 166–67, 169, 236, 269

Arjomand, Said, 51

Arkin, William M., 141, 143

Armey, Dick, 212

Armitage, Richard, 167

Armor Holdings, 262

Army, U.S., 17, 22, 43–45, 47, 153, 163, 179

Army Air Corps, 126

Army Corps of Engineers, 154, 159

Army First Armored Division, 141

Army First Infantry Division, 141

Army Medical Corps, 45

Army Rangers, 40

Army Times, 33

Aruba, 148, 165

Asahi Evening News, 176

Asahi Shimbun, 188, 191, 197

ASEAN Regional Forum (2003), 189–90

Ash, Timothy Carton, 34

Ashcroft, John, 35, 247

Assassination of Julius Caesar, The (Parenti), 56–57

assassinations, 94, 102, 107–9, 250

Assyria, 47–48, 78

“asymmetric warfare,” 2

Atlantic Monthly, 29–30

Atomic Energy Commission, 92

Auerback, Marshall, 271

Augustus Caesar (Octavian), emperor of Rome, 68–69, 266

Austen, Jane, 75

Australia, 148, 157

autonomous proximity operations, 240

Aviano Air Base (Italy), 133, 145

Avrakotos, Gust, 113–16

Aztecs, 76

Babylonia, ancient, 46–47, 52, 78

Baccus, Rick, 42

Bacevich, Andrew, 20

Baer, Robert, 124

Baghdad, 5, 23–24, 33, 47, 49–51, 160–62

Baghdad Burning Web site, 9

Baghdad International Airport, 161–62

Bagram Air Base (Afghanistan), 8, 37, 124, 246

Bahrain, 148, 150, 159

Bahrani, Zainab, 52

Baker, Howard, 188, 189

Baker, Kevin, 14, 74–75

Bakiyev, Kurmanbek, 153

Balad Air Force Base (Iraq), 162–63

Balkans, 63, 122

“banality of evil,” 21–22

Bandura, Albert, 120–21

Baring, Evelyn, Lord Cromer, 74

Barr, Bob, 268

Base Realignment and Closure (BRAG), 149

Base Structure Report, 5–6, 138, 140, 146–47

Basra, 163

Batista, Fulgencio, 19

Bayard Foreign Marketing, 127

Bay of Pigs invasion, 96

BBC, 30

Bearden, Milton, 113, 118

Bell, BurwellB., 173, 221

Bergenstrand, Klas, 131

Berkin, Carol, 15–16

Berkshire Eagle-, 14

Berlin Airlift, 156

Berlin Wall, fall of, 117

Berlusconi, Silvio, 131–32, 134, 154

Berrigan, Frida, 230

Beyond Fear (Schneier), 252

Bhutto, ZulfikarAli, 115

Bilefsky, Dan, 123

Bill of Rights, 176, 254

Bilmes, Linda, 277

bin Laden, Osama, 1, 3, 25, 35, 91, 98–99, 111, 118–20

“Bin Laden Determined to Strike in U.S.” (August 6, 2001, memo), 98

Bin Laden Unit, 122

Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 153

Bissell, Richard, 96

Black, Gofer, 124

Black, Hugo, 253

black budgets, 115, 229, 230, 264

Blackman, Robert L, 196

black propaganda, 105

Blair, Tony, 46

Blanton, Thomas, 248

“Bloody Niggers” (Graham), 78

blowback, 1–2, 110, 120, 122–23, 278–79

Blowback, 1–2, 278

Blumenthal, Sidney, 255

Blunt, Roy, 261–62

Board of National Estimates (BNE), 96

BoccaPaz, Alfredo, 168

Boeing Corp., 128, 211–13, 222, 225–26, 262

Boers, 75, 87

Bolivia, 94, 108, 164

Bolton, John, 15, 211

bombing, 21, 24–26, 31–33

boost-phase interception, 221–22, 224–26

Boot, Max, 71

Boston Globe, 29, 224

Boykin, William G. “Jerry,” 4

Brandeis, Louis, 253

Brazil, 3, 104, 108, 164, 166–67, 169, 236

Bremer, L. Paul, 158

Brezhnev, Leonid, 82

Brilliant Solution, A (Berkin), 15–16

British East India Company, 77

British Empire, 4, 35, 46, 55–56, 71–90, 121, 138, 157, 279

British Royal Air Force, 87, 126, 140

Bromma Airport (Sweden), 128–29

Brooks, David, 38

Brown, Lisa, 184

Brown, Michael J., 184–90

Browne, Harry, 243

Brutus, 57, 60, 67–68

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 110

Buchanan, Walter E., Ill, 158–59

Budget Control and Impoundment Act (1974), 250

Bulgaria, 143, 149, 155

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 165, 232

“Burden, The” (Ignatieff), 74

Burns, John, 48

Bush, George H. W. (Bush 1), 26, 45, 50, 76, 96, 142, 193, 248–50

Bush, George W. (Bush II), 8, 21, 33, 39–40, 62, 152, 211, 243, 262

addresses by, 3, 47, 100, 123–24, 144, 231

defense spending and, 270–71, 275–78

extraordinary renditions and, 122–23, 152

free market and, 82, 84–85

intelligence and, 10, 90–92, 96, 98–102, 135–36

Iraq and, 45–47, 50, 77, 98–102, 136, 138, 154, 161, 203, 277

Japan and, 177, 180–81, 186, 190–93, 198–200, 203

Latin America and, 168–69

military bases and, 141, 144, 149, 154–57, 178, 201

9/11 attacks and, 2–5, 96, 167

presidential power and, 8, 13–15, 57–60, 68, 71, 191, 244, 246–48, 250–59, 266–68

space and, 209–10, 213–15, 220, 227–29, 231–32

torture and, 33–10, 258–59

Bybee, Jay S., 38

Byrd, Robert, 14, 55–56, 65, 67, 265

Caesar, Julius, 56–57, 59, 62–68, 70, 244, 268

Caligula, emperor of Rome, 69

Cambodia, 3, 19, 94, 96

Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, 77, 79–80, 86

campaign contributions, 242, 259–62

Camp Anaconda (Iraq), 162

Camp Bondsteel (Kosovo), 140, 161

Camp Courtney (Japan), 184, 187–88

Camp Darby (Italy), 154–55

Camp Echo complex, 124

Camp Foster (Japan), 190

Camp Hansen (Japan), 179–80, 189–90

Camp Humphreys (South Korea), 145

Camp Lemonier (Djibouti), 147

Camp Marez (Iraq), 162

Camp Qayyarah (Q-West, Iraq), 162–63

Camp Renegade (Iraq), 162

Camp Salerno (Afghanistan), 124

Camp Schwab (Japan), 194, 204, 206

Camp 6, 124

Camp Speicher (Iraq), 163

Camp Stronghold Freedom (K-2, Uzbekistan), 151–53

Camp Taji (Iraq), 161–62

Camp Victory North (Iraq), 161

Camp Zama (Japan), 202, 204, 206

Canada, 157

Cannae, battle of, 58

capitalism, 164, 272

capital markets, 80–81

Carlucci, Frank, 211

Carr, E. H., 54

Carter, Jimmy, 109, 110, 115, 158, 254

Carthage, 58, 63, 74

Casey, George, 44

Casey, William, 112–13

Cassius, 67–68

Castiglioni, Luis, 168

Castro, Fidel, 96, 102–3, 105, 164

Castro, Juanita, 105

Catholic Church, 112

CBS News, 41–42, 123

CBS TV, 25, 239

Cecil, Robert Gascoyne- (Lord Salisbury), 74

Center for Defense Information, 215, 222, 225, 237, 239

Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, 168

Center for National Security Studies, 249

Center for Responsive Politics, 260

Center for Security Policy (CSP), 211–13, 225

Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 230

Central Asia, 140, 151–53

Central Bank of Iraq, 48, 50

Central Command (Centcom), 15, 51, 61, 76, 158, 160

Central Intelligence Act (1949), 94

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 2–3, 10, 21, 90–136, 212, 246, 249–50

Afghanistan and, 104, 110–20

al-Qaeda and, 36–37

budget of, 115, 275

Chile and, 2–3, 104–10

Congress and, 91, 94–95, 250

covert operations and, 93–94, 102–35

creation and purpose of, 93–95, 134–35

extraordinary rendition and, 36, 104, 120–35, 152, 268

findings, 103–4

future of, 269

Iran and, 2, 93

Iraq and, 95, 98–100

Italy and, 131

Japan and, 178

leaks and, 91, 100–102

Nicaraguan Contras and, 165

Pakistan and, 112, 116

plausible deniability and, 102–4

president and, 17, 90–93, 95–96, 135–36, 246

Saudi Arabia and, 112, 118

torture and, 23–24, 35–37, 40, 120, 258

CIA Counterterrorism Center, 122, 124

Chad, 148

Challenger space shuttle, 217

Chávez, Hugo, 20, 164, 166

Cheney, Dick, 7, 15, 21, 95, 98–99, 101, 168, 193, 246, 249–51, 258

Chicago Tribune, 128, 159

child mortality, 25–29

Chile, 2–3, 19, 94, 104–10, 121, 163, 167, 236, 250

Chilean Army Directorate of National Intelligence (DINA), 108–9

Chilean Christian Democratic Party, 105

Chilean Congress, 106, 107

Chilean National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture, 108

China, 8, 14, 54–55, 76, 78, 83–84, 94, 119–20, 116, 157, 198–201, 204–5, 207, 215, 221–22, 236–37, 240, 252, 269–71, 279

Chinese Television Network, 239

Christianity, 4, 55, 70, 76

Christian Science Monitor, 141, 148

Christie, Agatha, 52

Christine, Anthony, 43

Chun Doo-Hwan, 19

Church, Frank, 93, 104, 250

Church Committee, 93–94, 102–5, 250

Ciarrocca, Michelle, 212, 230

Cicero, 56–57, 59–61, 63, 66–68

Cicero (Everitt), 56

citizens, rights of, 59–60, 63

Citizens Against Government Waste, 264

Civilian Conservation Corps, 272, 273

civilians, war and, 8–9, 24–33

“civilizing mission,” 71–72, 75–76

civil liberties, 267

Clarke, Richard A., 34, 99, 120

Clarke Orbit, 238

“clash of civilizations,” 46

class struggle, 62

Claudius, emperor of Rome, 69–70

Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, 68

Clinton, Bill, 34, 96, 99, 119–20, 122–23, 142–43, 181, 194, 210, 213, 215, 220, 235, 248, 255, 275

Clinton v. New York, 258

CNN Airport Channel, 239

Cockburn, Patrick, 31

Cohen, Nick, 137

Cold War, 17, 20, 35, 50, 82, 94, 111, 118, 135, 230, 274–75

Cole, USS, attack on, 123, 125

Coleman, Dan, 121

Coll, Steve, 98, 112–13, 117

collateral damage, 24–33, 121, 225

Colombia, 164–65

Colossus (Ferguson), 80

Comalapa military base (El Salvador), 165

Combatant Status Review Tribunals, 267

“comfort women,” 24, 121

“command responsibility,” 39–40

Commerce Department, 253, 263

Commission on Review of Overseas Military Facility Structure, 137

Commission to Assess United States

National Security Space Management and Organization (Rumsfeld report of 2001), 213–15, 241

Common Aero Vehicle (CAV), 209

communism, 16, 82, 84, 111, 164

Computer Sciences Corporation, 257

concentration camps, 86

Condor Years, The (Dinges), 108

Congo/Zaire, 3, 19

Congressional Budget Office, 212

Congressional Research Service, 276

Conrad, Joseph, 45, 76, 78

conscience, lack of, 21–22

Constantine, emperor of Rome, 55

Constitutional Convention of 1787, 16. See also U.S. Constitution

consuls, Roman, 61–62, 66

containment, 148, 274

“Contract with America,” 212

Contras. See Iran-Contra; Nicaragua

Contreras, Manuel, 108–9

Convention on the Presence of Foreign

Forces in the Federal Republic of Germany (1954), 171

Cook, Robin, 14–15, 100

Cooperative Security Locations (CSLs, “lily pads”), 147–48, 153, 155, 164–70

Coors family, 212

Copper Green SAP, 40–41

Coriolanus (Shakespeare), 56

Corona spy satellites, 216

Corriere della Sera (newspaper), 154, 155

corruption, 59, 229–31, 259–68

Council of Europe, 123

Council on Foreign Relations Study Group on Space Weapons, 217–18

Counter-intelligence Field Activity (C1FA), 256–57

counternarcotics flights, 165

“counterspace operations,” 215–16

coups d’état, 20, 106–8, 250

Coyle, Philip, 210, 223, 227

Craig, Larry, 262

Crewdson, John, 128

crime, military bases and, 175–76, 178–93, 198, 206–7

Crisis and Leviathan (Higgs), 277

Cross, Suzanne, 66

cruise missiles, 218, 234

Cuba, 3, 19–20, 94, 96, 102–3, 105, 163. See also Guantanamo Bay

Cuidad del Este (Paraguay), 166–67

Cunningham, Randy “Duke,” 260–61

Curacao military base, 148, 165

current account deficits, 270–71

Curtis, John, 48, 52

Dahlgren, Hans, 128

Daily American (Italian newspaper), 106

Dakar military base (Senegal), 147–48

DalBello, Richard, 238

Daoud, Sardar Mohammed, 111

Darby, Joseph M., 22

Darnell, Daniel, 239

Darwinism, 76, 79

data mining, 251, 256–57

Davis, Mike, 78, 83

death squads, 121

deBlois, Bruce M., 215

decoys, 223–25, 228

Defense Appropriation bills, 149, 258–60, 264–66, 270, 276–77

defense budget, 9–10, 17, 115, 229–31, 260–61, 264, 276–77

Defense Contract Audit Agency, 230

defense contractors, 210, 212–15, 232, 242, 260–62, 264–65, 271, 274

Defense Department (DOD, Pentagon), 4, 9, 15, 19–21, 69, 102, 135, 200

budget of, 7–8, 10, 229–32, 264, 276–77, 275–78

corruption and, 260–61, 264–65

intelligence and, 94, 136, 256–57

Iraq and, 15, 47, 49–50, 99–100, 158, 160

military bases inventory of, 5–6, 138–41, 139

overseas bases and, 143–51, 155–56, 167–68, 171–72, 178, 201–4

Pax American and, 58

power of, 20–21, 71

space weaponry, missile defense and, 211–14, 218, 227–28, 238

torture and, 38, 44–45, 258

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 26, 33, 44, 91, 99, 178

Defense Science Board Task Force on Strategic Communication (September 2004 report), 47

defense spending, 5, 9–10, 17, 115, 229–32, 260–62, 264–65, 271–78

“defense transformation” program, 143–45, 148–51, 195

DeLay, Tom, 261–63

Delta Force, 40

democracy

imperialism and, 55–56, 62, 70, 77, 88–89

threats to, in U.S., 9–14, 17–19, 21–22, 60, 249, 278–79

Democratic Party, 92, 255, 262

Denmark, 131

depleted-uranium ammunition, 197

deportation hearings, secret, 249

Depression, 271, 273–74

Der Monat (German newspaper), 106

desk murderers, 21–23, 45

detainees, 38, 249, 251, 266–67. See also prisoners of war

Detainee Treatment Act (2005), 258–59

Diamond, Larry, 158–59

dictatorship, 19, 152

possibility of, in U.S., 14, 267–69, 278

Diego Garcia (military base), 36, 124, 147

Diem, Ngo Dinh, 250

DINA. See Chilean Army Directorate of National Intelligence

Dinges, John, 108

Directorate of Intelligence (DI), 93–94, 101

Directorate of Operations (DO), 93, 96, 101, 114

Director of National Intelligence, CIA replaced by, 135

Disney World, 6

Djibouti (military base), 147, 166

Dobbs, Michael, 214

dollar, value of, 271

Dolman, Everett, 215–16

Domenici, Pete, 265

domestic surveillance, 94, 250–51, 254–57, 266

Dominican Republic, 94, 163

Donnelly, Thomas, 148

Doolittle, John, 261

Dora Farms compound bombing, 33

Dower, John, 76

Dratel, Joshua, 39

driving accidents, military bases and, 6, 174–75, 182, 190

drugs, 5, 77, 83, 110–11, 117, 126, 165, 167, 182

Duarte Frutos, Nicanor, 168

Duelfer, Charles, 99

dugong, 195

Dulles, Allen, 95, 136

Dulles, John Foster, 136

Dutch Empire, 279

Dyer, Reginald “Rex,” 79

DynCorp, 165

earmarks, 115, 229, 260, 262, 264–65

Earth Institute, 33

East Asia, 78, 81, 143, 178–79, 182, 199, 201, 207

Eastern Europe, 36, 157, 174

East Germany, 172

economy

defense spending and, 5, 8, 17, 138, 269–79

imperialism and, 77–78, 80–85

Ecuador, 94, 164–66, 169–70, 176

Ecuadoran Congress, 166

Eddie Bauer company, 263

Education Department, 263

Efron, Sonni, 15

Egypt, 9, 36, 74, 78, 87, 94, 112, 116, 122–125, 128–35

Ehmann, Amy, 155

Eichmann, Adolf, 21–22, 34

Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt), 21

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 18, 95, 103, 136, 216

elections

campaign contributions and, 242, 259, 261, 269

Founding Fathers and, 15–17

imperialism and, 88

of 2000, 143

of 2004, 8, 33, 101, 144, 199, 255, 261

Elkins, Caroline, 86

Ellsberg, Daniel, 246

EloyAlfaro Air Base (Ecuador), 165

El Salvador, 3, 112, 164–65

Encounter (British newspaper), 106

Endangered Species Act, 149

Energy Department, 7, 263, 276

Entebbe International Airport (military base), 148

environmental pollution, 6, 145, 149, 172–74, 194–95, 204

Equatorial Guinea, 148

Erato (mythic figure), 10

Essex, USS (amphibious assault ship), 198

Eucom, 61

eugenics, 76

euphemisms, 120–21

Euripides, 68

European Convention on Human Rights, 123

European Parliament, 123

European police authority, 131

European Space Agency, 235–37

European Union, 235

Everitt, Anthony, 56, 61–63, 65–67

Executive Orders

11905 (on assassinations), 250

13233 (on Presidential Records Act), 248

secret (on FISA), 255–57, 266

exoatmospheric kill vehicle (EKV), 222–28

“Exterminate All the Brutes” (Lindqvist), 76

extraconstitutional centers of power, 20–21

extraordinary renditions, 36, 38, 102, 104, 119–35, 152, 268

extraterritoriality, 172

Faisal II, king of Iraq, 46

Fallujah, 15, 29, 32, 33, 46

“false flag” agents, 106

Falwell, Jerry, 4

Farber, Dan, 252

Fast, Barbara, 40

Federal Aviation Administration, 125

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 37, 42–43, 104, 109, 121–23, 168, 246–47, 254

federal courts (judiciary branch), 15–16, 20, 60, 186, 246–47, 266–69

Federal Election Commission, 261

federalism, 16

Federalist Papers, 59

Federation of American Scientists, 18

Fein, Bruce, 250–51

Feinstein, Dianne, 149, 150

Feith, Douglas, 99–100, 144, 149

Feldman, Noah, 249, 259

Ferguson, Niall, 71, 74–75, 77, 79–87

Fifth Corps, 44

Fifth Air Force, 202

Financial Times, 71

First Armored Division, 141, 153

First Infantry Division, 141, 153

First Corps, 202

first-strike capability, 97–98

FISA court, 254–56

Fisk, Robert, 31, 49

Flanigan, Timothy, 38

Flynn, Michael, 165

Foley, Brian, 266, 267

Foner, Eric, 75, 76

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), U.N., 28

“force projection,” 6

Ford, Gerald, 246, 249–50

Foreign Affairs, 167

Foreign Assistance Act (1974), 102

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA, 1978), 254–56, 266

Foreign Operations bill (2004), 263–64

Forell.Paul, 128, 129

Forster, E. M., 80

Fort Benning (Georgia), 163

Fort Bragg (North Carolina), 128

Fort Carson (Colorado), 142

Fort Greely (Alaska), 210, 222

Fort Lewis (Washington State), 202

Forward Operation Sites (FOSs), 146–48, 153, 155, 159–60, 164

Founding Fathers, 15–16, 55, 59, 88–89, 267–68

Fourth Amendment, 254

Fourth Infantry Division, 162

Fox, Vicente, 164

Fox News, 23

Foz do Iguacu, Brazil, 167

France, 48, 54–55, 63, 73, 85, 148, 236, 279

Frankfurter, Felix, 253

Frankfurt International Airport, 156

Franklin, Benjamin, 15–16, 89

Franks, Tommy, 14–15, 30

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA, 1966, 1974), 42, 44, 245–48, 250

freedom. See also democracy

free market and, 82, 84–85

of religion, 152

“Free Major Brown” Web site, 187–88

free market, 82–85, 164

FreeRepublic.com Web site, 125–26

free trade, 77, 81–85

Frei, Eduardo, 105–6

French Foreign Legion, 147

Fried, Daniel, 153

Friedman, Thomas, 3, 80–84

From the Shadows (Gates), 90

Fukuchi Dam, 173

Fukuda.Yasuo, 183

Fukuoka High Court, 188

FuldaGap, 142

“full spectrum dominance,” 138

Furukawa, Teijiro, 193

Futenma Marine Corps Air Station, (Japan), 193–98, 204–6

Future of Freedom Foundation, 27

Gabe, Masaaki, 191, 205

Gabon, 148

Gaffney, Frank, Jr., 211–13

Galaxy IV satellite, 238–39

Galileo navigation system, 235–36

Gap, the, 263

Garfield, Richard, 28, 29

Garlasco, Marc, 33

Garmisch facility (Germany), 6, 155

Gamer, Jay, 50

Gates, Robert M., 90, 96, 110

Gaul, 63, 66, 74

General Dynamics, 262, 264

General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, The (Keynes), 271–72

Geneva Accords of 1988, 117

Geneva Conventions, 4–5, 8–9, 23, 25, 27, 36–37, 43–44

genocide, 29, 86

George III, king of Great Britain, 16

George Washington, USS (aircraft carrier), 202

Georgia (former Soviet state), 20, 152

geosynchronous or geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites, 237–39

German Social Democratic Party, 154

Germany, 14, 73, 85, 123, 141–43, 145, 149–50, 153–57, 174, 176, 178, 201, 269, 274

Nazi, 21–22, 121, 273

unification of, 157

Ghana, 148

“ghost detainees,” 124–25

Ghost Wars (Coll), 112

Gibbon, Edward, 55, 57, 67

Gibson, McGuire, 49

Gilman, Benjamin, 262

Gingrich, Newt, 212

Ginowan, Japan, 193–98

Girard, William S., 175–76, 181

Glina, Marsela, 132

global communications, 141

global Echelon eavesdropping system, 156

Global Hawk UAV, 233

globalization, 77, 80–85

Global Positioning System (GPS), 214, 223, 232–36

Global Posture Review (Integrated Global Presence and Basing Strategy), 143–45, 148–52, 154–57

Global Security Organization, 51, 160, 161

Global Strike Force, 209

Glonas navigation system, 235

God of Small Things, The (Roy), 80

Goldberg, Jeffrey, 167

Golove, David, 257–58

Gonzales, Alberto, 23, 33, 38, 44, 251

Goodman, Melvin A., 91

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 116

Gordon, Joy, 27–28

Gore, Al, 259

Goss, Porter J., 90–92, 100–102, 135

Government Accountability Office (GAO), 227, 277

GPS. See Global Positioning System

Gracchus, Tiberius, 66

Grafenwöhr training area (Germany), 155

Graham, Bradley, 160, 163

Graham, Lindsey, 262, 267

Graham, R. B. Cunninghame, 78

Graves, Robert, 69

Gray, John, 82

Great Britain, 16, 27, 28, 55, 100, 123, 140, 152, 163, 236, 240. See also British Empire

Great Leap Forward, 84

Great Transformation, The (Polanyi), 83

Greece, 3, 19, 94, 104, 114

ancient, 47, 63, 78

Greenberg, Karen, 39

Greenpeace, 195

Green Zone, 160–61

Gregson, Wallace C., 189

Grenada, 19, 163

Gronlund, Lisbeth, 227, 239

Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) system, 220–28

Guam, 20, 164, 204, 206

Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), 8, 34–35, 37, 40–45, 123–24, 181, 246, 266–67, 278

“Guantánamo Bay Express,” 127

Guantánamo (Rose) , 43

Guardian, 1, 49–50

Guatemala, 3, 94, 104, 112, 163

guerrilla wars, 94

Gulfstream jets (CIA), 125–28

Gulf War of 1991, 26–27, 47, 49–50, 163, 227

Gumbel, Andrew, 275

habeas corpus, 186, 244, 266

Habermas, Jiirgen, 272

Habiger, Eugene, 210

Haditha massacre, 29

Hadley, Stephen J., 92

Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property (1954), 50

Haig, Alexander M., 19

Haiti, 94

Haldeman, Bob, 92

Hall, Keith, 215

Halliburton Corp., 7, 140

Hailidav, Denis, 29

Hamas, 167

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 267

Hamilton, Alexander, 16, 59

Hamilton, Edith, 243–44

Hammer, Joshua, 159, 160

Hannibal, 58

Hart, Howard, 111–12

Hartford, USS (nuclear submarine), 154

Hartung, William D., 212, 230

Harvard School of Public Health, report of May 1991, 27

Hashimoto, Ryutaro, 181, 194

Hayashida, Soichi, 184

Hayden, Michael, 92, 135

Haynes, William J., 38

Hazar Qadam, civilian deaths at, 31

Health and Human Services Department, 263

Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 76, 78

Heat and Dust (Jhabvala), 80

Heaven’s Command (Morris), 54

Hecksher, Henry, 106–7

Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 113, 117–18

Hellfire missile, 21

Helms, Richard, 92, 95–97, 104–7

Henriques, Diana B., 146

Henry, Patrick, 17

Herbert, Bob, 268

Herodotus, 57

Hersh, Seymour, 37, 40

Hezbollah, 167

Higgs, Robert, 277

high value targets (HVTs), 32–33

Hill, James, 167

Hindu-Muslim conflict, 87–88

Hirohito, emperor of Japan, 201

Hispanic magazine, 44

Historia Universal de la Destruction de los Libras (Marquez), 49

Histories (Herodotus), 57

History of Rome (Livy), 57–58

History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon), 55

Hitchens, Theresa, 215, 239, 240

Hitler, Adolf, 79, 273

Holland, Tom, 54, 57–60, 62, 64–65, 67

Homeland Security Department, 276

Honduras, 164–65, 176

Honeywell, 262

Hoover, J. Edgar, 247

Hornberger, Jacob, 27

Hosenball, Mark, 125

Housing and Urban Development Department, 263

“How Not to Catch a Terrorist” (Scheuer letter) , 99

Hubble Telescope, 218, 237

Hughes, Harold E., 103

Hughes-Ryan Act (1974), 102–3

“Humane Treatemnt of al-Qaeda and Taliban Detainees” (Yoo memorandum), 36–37

humanitarian imperialism, 73

Human Rights First, 259

Human Rights Watch, 124

Hungary, 94

Hunter, Duncan, 260–62

Huntington, Stuart A., 40–41

Huntsville, Alabama, 232

Hussein, king of Jordan, 94

Hussein, Saddam, 26–28, 32–33, 52, 87, 98–101, 143, 157, 160–61, 163, 214, 232

Hutchison, Kay Bailey, 149–50, 186

Hypervelocity Rod Bundles, 209

I, Claudius (Graves), 69

Ibrahim, Izzat, 32

ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), 218, 220–23, 226–28, 231

Russian Topol-M, 228–29

Soviet SS-9, 97–98

ideology, 82

“of extermination,” 76

Ignatieff, Michael, 73–74

Iha, Yoichi, 196

“illegal combatants,” 37

illegal imprisonment, 8

illegal orders, obedience to, 269

impeachment powers, 16

Imperial Hubris (Scheuer), 99

imperialism. See also American empire; British Empire

administrative massacres and, 75

economic justification for, 77–78, 80–85

racial justification for, 75–78

Roman Republic destroyed by, 55, 59–60, 63–67, 70

imperial presidency. See presidential power

Inamine, Keiichi, 174, 181–83, 186, 189–91, 198

Incan civilization, 76

Incirlik Air Base (Turkey), 156

Independent (London), 31, 49, 275

India, 71–72, 77–84, 87–88, 116, 148, 236, 270, 278

Indian Congress Party, 88

Indian Muslim League, 88

Indian Mutiny, 81

Indochina, 85

Indonesia, 3, 19, 94, 104, 147

Integrated Global Presence and Basing Strategy. See Global Posture Review

intelligence

CIA and, 93–94, 135–36

fabricated or suppressed, 95–102

9/11 attacks and, 95, 98

State Department and, 21

intelligence agencies. See also specific agencies

competition among, 95

power of, 20–21

secret budgets of, 9–10

Intelligence Oversight Act (1980), 250

Intelligence Wars (Powers), 256

Intelsat I “Early Bird,” 238

Interior Department, 263

International Committee of the Red Cross, 43, 45, 124

International Criminal Court (ICC), 145, 164, 169, 191

International Islamic Front for lihad, 118, 122–23

international law, 8, 25, 27, 34–37, 43–44, 87, 102, 123, 191, 241, 243, 251

International Military Education and Training, 151

International Monetary Fund, 164

International Space Station, 218, 237

International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), 105

Internet, 9, 125, 127

Inter Press News Service, 168

Iquitos, Peru, 165

Iran, 2, 5, 15, 48, 93–94, 104, 110–11, 158, 225

Iran, Shah of, 2, 19, 111

Iran-Centra scandal, 103–4, 113, 163–65, 248–49, 256

Iraq, 87, 91, 94. See also Gulf War of 1991; Iraq war and occupation

ancient, 46–47, 49

sanctions and, 3, 25–29

Iraq Body Count, 32

Iraq Confidential (Ritter), 92

Iraqi Interior Ministry, 29, 50

Iraqi Ministry of Religious Affairs and Endowments, 47

Iraqi National Library and Archives, 47, 49

Iraqi Oil Ministry, 46, 50–51

Iraqi Republican Guard, 161

Iraqiyun (Baghdad), 29

“Iraq’s Continuing Program for Weapons of Mass Destruction” (NIE of October 1, 2002), 98–99

Iraq Survey Group, CIA, 99

Iraq war and occupation (2003-), 5–10, 19, 21–25, 27, 36, 46, 123–24, 153–54, 156, 164, 178, 191, 199, 201, 203–4, 243, 278, 279

cost of, 7, 59, 275–77

election of lanuary 2005 and, 95

insurgents and, 29–30

intelligence and, 5, 23, 98–100

looting and, 23, 45–53

military bases and, 7, 140–43, 153–63, 188

reconstruction of, 15

Rumsfeld strategy and, 143

space war and, 232

torture and, 5, 8, 21–23, 35, 38, 41–45

“Iraq Water Treatment Vulnerabilities” (DIA document, 1991), 26

Irbil military base (Iraq), 163

Irish famine, 81

Ishaqi massacre, 29

Ishihara, Shintaro, 190–91

Ishtar Gate, 52

Islamabad CIA station, 100, 113

Islamists (mujahideen), 2, 4, 111–13, 115–19, 122, 131, 152

Israel, 3, 116, 140, 158, 227, 236

Italian Christian Democratic Party, 94

Italy, 6, 48, 85, 104, 123, 131–35, 142–43, 145, 154–55

Jackson, Derrick, 29

Jackson, Henry M. “Scoop,” 211

Jackson, Robert H., 253

Jacobi, Derek, 69

Jamaat-e-lslami, 112, 132

Jamail, Dahr, 30

Japan, 8, 157, 178, 186, 198–201, 207, 219, 271, 274–75, 279

military bases in, 142–43, 145, 150, 171–207

WW II and, 24, 39–40, 73, 76, 83–85, 121, 199–200, 279

Japanese Americans, 244

Japanese constitution, 199, 203

Japanese Defense Agency, 197–98, 204

Japanese Diet, 181, 196, 201

Japanese Liberal Democratic Party, 94, 181, 186, 196, 205

Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 173, 185, 192–93, 197–98

Japanese Ministry of Justice, 192–93

Japanese National Police Agency, 192

Japanese SOFA, 174, 176, 178–207