Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic

Japanese Supreme Court, 188

Japan-U.S. Interim Agreement of 2005, 204–5

Japan-U.S. negotiations

of 2003, 191–93

of 2004–5, 202–5

Japan-U.S. Security Treaty (1960), 171–72, 178–80, 186, 202–4, 206

Javits, Jacob, 265

Jay, John, 59

Jefferson, Thomas, 17

Jenkins, Simon, 4

Jerusalem, 58

Jewel in the Crown, The (Scott), 80

Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer, 80

Jin, Lu, 189

John Paul II, Pope, 169

Johnson, Loch K., 93, 95, 102

Johnson, Lyndon B., 90, 95, 245

Johnson County Airport (North Carolina), 128

Johnson Space Center (Texas), 219

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 41, 116, 180

Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), 236

Jonsson, Kjell, 129

Jordan, 9, 36, 48, 94, 123–25, 128, 141

Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), 56

Justice Department, 36, 247, 251–52, 263, 267

Kabul, Afghanistan, military base, 124, 143

Kadena Air Base (Japan), 145, 173, 178–79, 182–83, 190, 194

Kaiserslautern (K-town, Germany), 155

Kalecki, Micha, 273

Kalla Fakta (Cold Facts) (TV program), 128

Kanagawa, Japan, 173, 202, 205, 207

Kandahar, Afghanistan, 124

Karachi Airport, 127

Karakak wedding attack, 31–32

Karimov, Islam, 152–53

Karp, Jonathan, 275–76

Karpinski, Janis L., 43, 45

Karzai, Hamid, 32

Kashmir, 87, 116

Kassebaum, Nancy, 265

Katzenstein, Peter, 157

Kawaguchi, Yoriko, 185, 190

Kawakami, Hiroyuki, 187

KBR (formerly Kellogg Brown & Root), 7, 140, 159–61

Keith, Damon, 249

Keller, Bill, 255

Kelley, Victor, 186

Kennedy, John F., 95–96, 103, 105, 216

Kenya, 79, 85–87, 121, 279

Kerry, John, 101

Kessler Effect, 217

Keynes, John Maynard, 271–72

Keynesianism, 271–73

Khartoum plant attack, 119

Khomeini, Ayatollah, 2

Khost, Afghanistan, 124

Khostcamp, 118–19

kidnapping. See extraordinary renditions Kikuyu people, 79, 85–87

Kin, Okinawa, 189

kinetic kill vehicles, 218

Kipling, Rudyard, 74

Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 75

Kirkuk.Iraq, 162

Kissinger, Henry, 54–55, 92, 94, 96–97, 104, 106

Kitty Hawk, USS (aircraft carrier), 202, 207

Klein, Naomi, 38

Koh, Harold Hongju, 39

Kohat prison (Pakistan), 124

Kohn, Jerome, 21, 22

Koizumi, Junichiro, 185, 192–93, 198–203, 205–7

Korea, 76

Korean Air Lines, 234

Korean War, 20, 145, 176, 182, 253

Kornbluh, Peter, 107, 108

Kosovo, military base in, 140, 161

Krieble, Helen, 212

Kurds, 28, 87

Kuwait, 26, 28, 48, 148, 150, 158–60

Kwajalein Missile Range (Marshall Islands), 222

Kwiatkowski, Karen, 99, 158

Kyle, Jon, 220

Kyrgyzstan, 6, 140, 147, 151–52

labor, 81, 175, 263, 272

Labor Department, 263

Lady, Robert Seldon, 131, 133–34

Lafontaine, Oskar, 154

Laird, Melvin, 97

laissez-faire, 82, 84

La Maddalena military base (Sardinia), 154

Lancet, 28, 32

Langewiesche, William, 29–30

Laos, 94, 126

Latin America, 101, 147, 163–70

Lawless, Richard P., 192, 202, 204

“law of the flag,” 172

Lebanese immigrants, 166–67

Lebanon, 9, 63, 122

Lee, Barbara, 13

Lee, Burton J., Ill, 45

legislative branch, 15–16, 267–68

Lenin, Vladimir, 5, 83

“Lesser Evils” (Ignatieff), 73

Letelier, Orlando, 109

Levi Strauss & Co., 263

Lewinsky, Monica, 119

Lewis, Jeffrey, 240

Lewis, Jerry, 261

Lexus and the Olive Tree, The (Friedman), 80

liberal imperialism, 77

Liberia, 148

Library of Korans, 47, 49

Libya, 123

Lieven, Anatol, 270

Lincoln, Abraham, 244

Lincoln’s Constitution (Farber), 252

Lindemans, Micha F., 11

Linder, Sven, 128

Lindh, John Walker, 34–35

Lindorff, Dave, 35

Lindqvist, Sven, 76, 79

Livy, 56–58, 60

Liz Claiborne, 263

lobbyists, 260–65, 273

Locke, John, 77

Lockheed Martin, 212–13, 215, 225, 227, 257, 264

London Times, 4, 123, 161 “lone superpower,” 142

Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad, The (Polk and Schuster), 48

Lord, Lance, 215, 232

Lord & Taylor, 263

Los Angeles Times, 15, 35, 71, 263

low Earth orbits (LEO), 216–19, 237, 241

Lucas, George, 209

Macedonia, 63

Macke, Richard C., 180

Madam Secretary (Albright), 25–26

Madison, James, 16, 18, 20, 59, 244–45

Mahle, Melissa Boyle, 100

Mahuad, Jamil, 166

Maier, Charles S., 77

Main Operating Bases (MOBs), 145–46, 148, 153–54

Malayan Emergency (1948-60), 4, 85

Malaysia, 85, 94, 236

Mali, 148

Mallowan, Max, 52

Malthus, Thomas Robert, 76

Manas Air Base (Kyrgyzstan), 6, 147, 151, 153

Manhattan Project, 10

Mansfield Park (Austen), 75

Manta base (Ecuador), 165–66, 169

Maoris, 75

Mao Zedong, 84, 252

Marcos, Ferdinand, 19

Margolis, Eric, 87

Mariana Islands, 263

Marine Civil Affairs Bureau, 49

Marine Corps, 17, 51–53, 178, 184–89, 204

Marine Mammal Protection Act, 149

Mariscal Estigarribia, Paraguay, 169

Marius, Caius, 65–66

Marquez, Humberto, 49

Marshall, John, 176

Marshall, Joshua Micah, 72

Marshall, P. J., 79, 80, 85

Martin, Kate, 249

Martinez, Mel, 262

Marxism, 81–83

MasraTora Prison, 130

Massimino, Elisa, 259

Masterpiece Theater (TV series), 73

Mau Mau Uprising, 85–87

Mauritania, 148

Mauritius, 94

Maxwell Air Force Base (Alabama), 216

Mayan civilization, 76

McCain, John, 258–59, 266

McCone, John, 105

McCoy, Alfred W., 35, 267

McGaffin, John, 114

McGovern, Ray, 98–99

McGrory, Daniel, 161

McGuiness, Mary Ellen, 128

McLaughlin, John, 135

McNamara, Robert, 103

Medea (Euripides), 68

media, 17, 19, 30, 33, 269

Meiji, emperor of Japan, 200

Mein Kamp/(Hitler), 79

Mercosur agreement, 169

Mesopotamia, 36, 87

Mexico, 83–84, 164

Mi-24

Hind helicopter, 116–17

microsatellites, 240

Middle East, 142–43, 147, 158–63, 203–4

Mihail Kogalniceanu Air Base, (Romania), 155

militarism, 5, 88–89, 137, 141

Constitution and, 13–21

defined, 19–20

military Keynesianism and, 273–74

Rome and, 55, 57, 59, 64, 66, 70

space and, 209–10

military bases

domestic, 17, 137–38, 141–42, 146, 149–50

number and cost of, 5–6, 10

space and, 210

military bases, overseas, 3, 128, 257

costs of, 150–51, 155–56

culture of, 146

domestic bases vs., 138

empire of, 71, 278

Iraq and, 157–63

Japan and, 171–207

neoconservative program to transform military and, 142–45, 148–50

number and size of, 5–6, 10, 138–42 139, 178

Paraguay and, 163–70

protocols to establish, 144–45

relationships with host countries and, 6–7, 151–57

SOFAs for, 171–75

types of, 145–49

Military Construction Appropriations Act, 7, 150, 276

military courts, 177

military-industrial complex, 9, 15, 71, 89, 209, 210, 229, 242, 260, 264–65, 269, 273

military intelligence, 34–35

“military Keynesianism,” 138, 271–79

military pensions, 276

Miller, Geoffrey, 34, 40, 42–44

Milstar satellites, 238

MIRVs (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles), 97

Miscik, Jami A., 101

Missile Defense Agency (MDA), 218, 222, 224–27

missile defense program (NMD), 199–200, 211–14, 220–33, 242, 265

commission on (Rumsfeld report of 1998), 212–14

“missile gap,” 216

Misty stealth satellites, 240

Mobutu, SeseSeko, 19

Moffitt, Ronni Karpen, 109

Mohammed, Jamil Qasim Saeed, 125

Mondale, Walter, 246

money laundering, 110, 167

Montesquieu, 16, 55

Moore, Mike, 232

“Morale, Welfare, and Recreation (MWR)” commands, 6

Morales, Evo, 164, 166

“Morbidity and Mortality Among Iraqi Children” (Garfield), 28–29

Morocco, 9, 123–24, 148, 236

Moron Air Base (Spain), 156

Morris, Gouverneur, 15

Morris, Jan, 54

Moseley, T. Michael, 33

Moss, John, 245

Mossadeq, Mohammad, 2

Mosul, Iraq, 42, 48, 162

Mountbatten, Edwina, Lady, 80

Mountbatten, Lord, 88

Moyers, Bill, 230, 245, 261–62, 264

MRVs (multiple reentry vehicles), 97

Muhammad (prophet), 4

Murdoch, Rupert, 38

Murphy, Frank, 39–40

Murray, Craig, 152

Murtha, John P., 260

Muslim Brotherhood, 112, 117, 130

Muslims, 4, 9, 47, 76, 167. See also Islamists

Myers, Richard, 23, 34, 40–42, 180

Myers v. United States, 253–54

My Lai massacre, 29

MZM Inc., 260–61

Nabu, Temple of, 52

Nago, Japan, 194

Nagy, Thomas, 26

Nairobi embassy bombing, 118–19, 122–23

Najibullah, Mohammad, 117

Nakamine, Victoria, 184–85, 187–88

Napoleon Bonaparte, 70

“narcoterrorism,” 164

NASA, 216, 219

Nasiriyah., 51

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 87

national debt, 270–71, 275, 277

National Defense Authorization Act (2000), 214

National Democratic Institute, 152

National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs), 93–94, 97–98, 106

nationalism, 82, 85–88

National Military Justice Group, 186

National Missile Defense Act (1999), 213

National Museum of Iraq, 46–50

National Public Radio, 239

National Reconnaissance Office, 215

National Security Act (1947), 93, 94

National Security Adviser, 97–98

National Security Agency (NSA), 91–92, 156, 251, 254–57, 266

National Security Archive, 107, 248

National Security Council (NSC), 92–93, 100, 102, 104, 192

National Security Strategy of 2002, 58

Natural Resources Defense Council, 155–56

Navy, U.S., 17, 153, 179

Headquarters in Europe, 154

Navy Engineering Logistics Office (NELO), 127

Navy SEALs, 40

Nebuchadnezzar II, 51–52

Negroponte, John, 92

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 80

“Neighborhood Girl” (Shreffler), 10–11

Nelson, Bill, 262

Nemesis (goddess), 10–11, 243–44, 279

neoconservatives, 142, 148–49, 198–99, 210–11, 215–16, 231

neoliberalism, 82, 164

Nero, emperor of Rome, 70

Neumann, Michael, 74

New Deal, 272–73

New Republic, 102

Newsweek, 125, 159, 160

New Yorker, 37, 122, 167

New York Journal-American, 176

New York Times, 3, 38, 44, 48, 58, 80, 81, 100, 106, 123, 135, 146, 156, 159, 209, 255, 256, 266, 268

Magazine, 73

New Zealand, 75, 157

Nicaragua, 3, 19, 94, 103–4, 112–13, 163–65, 248. See also Iran-Contra scandal

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 76

Niger, 100, 148

Nimrud excavations, 52, 48

9/11 Commission (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States), 98–99, 123

Report, 137

Nineveh, 52

Nixon, Richard M., 54, 92, 94–96, 104, 106–8, 121, 246–47, 250

noise pollution, 173–74, 195

nongovernmental organizatons (NGOs), 152

Nordstrom, 263

Noriega, Roger, 168

North, Oliver, 112–13

North, Thomas, 67

North Africa, 63, 147–48

North American Treaty Organization (NATO), 5, 141, 171–72, 174

Northcom, 61

Northeast Asia, 143, 157

Northern Alliance, 35–37, 100, 143

North Korea, 94, 145, 199, 205, 207, 210, 221, 223

Northrop Grumman, 212, 225, 257, 264

North Vietnam, 96

nuclear weapons, 7–8, 98–100, 138, 141, 154–56, 202, 206, 208–10, 212–13, 241, 274, 276

Obering, Henry, 225

Observer, 137

Occidental Petroleum Co., 165

Octavian, 66–69

Office of Legal Counsel, 36, 251

Office of National Estimates, 94

Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA), 50

Office of Special Plans, 99–100

oil, 6, 46, 51, 142, 147–48, 158, 162, 165–66, 199, 203, 219

oil for food program, 28

Okinawa, 3, 171, 173–74, 177–207

Oklahoma City bombing, 231

Oliphant, Jermaine, 183

Oman, 94, 148, 159

“Omar, Abu” (Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr), 131–34

Omar, Mullah Mohammed, 31, 118

Omdurman, battle of, 79

“1-4-2-1” defense strategy, 143

101st Airborne Division, 42, 162

O’Neill, Tip, 115

On the Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 16

Oosterlinck, Rene, 235

Operation Condor, 108, 112

Operation Enduring Freedom, 276

Operation Goldenrod, 121–22

Operation Infinite Justice, 76

Operation Iraqi Freedom, 76, 143, 159, 232

Operation Just Cause, 76

Operation Urgent Fury, 18–19

Opium wars, 77

Opus Dei, 112

Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 219

Origins of Totalitarianism, The (Arendt), 22

Ornstein, Norman, 229

Ota, Masahide, 181–82

Ottoman Empire, 14, 46, 49, 87

Outer Space Treaty (1967), 241

Overseas Basing Commission, 147, 150–51, 158, 160

Ozaki, Hotsumi, 279

Pacom, 61, 202

Pakistan, 35–36, 87–88, 111–13, 115–17, 119, 124–26, 148, 236

Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 112, 116, 118

Palestinians, 3

Panama, 3, 76, 261

PanAmSat, 238

Paraguay, 108, 163, 165–70

Parenti, Michael, 56–57, 62, 67

Passage to India, A (Forster), 80

Patriot PAC-3 missile, 220, 227

“Patterns of Terrorism” (State Department report), 167

Pax Americana, 58

Pax Romana, 58–59, 69

Pearl Harbor, 93, 95

Pentagon. See Defense Department

People for the American Way, 247

Pérez Esquivel, Adolfo, 170

Perle, Richard, 211

Perón, Juan, 70

Persian Gulf, 140, 148, 150, 163

Persson, Göran, 130

Peru, 165

Peterson Air Force Base (Colorado), 232

Pfaff, William, 151

Philbin, Patrick E, 38

Philippi, battle of, 68

Philippines, 3, 19–20, 39, 74, 81, 84, 94, 104, 147–48, 207

Phillips, Wendell, 17

Phoenix Program, 40

Pincus, Walter, 209, 257

Pinochet, Augusto, 2–3, 19, 108–10

Pinter, Harold, 243

plausible deniability, 102–3

plebians, 62–64

Plutarch, 56, 67

Poindexter, John M., 103, 256

Poland, 52, 94, 112, 123–24, 143, 148–49, 155

Polanyi, Karl, 83

Polk, Milbry, 48

Polk, William R., 46

Pompey, 58–59, 64, 66

populares, 62–63, 66

pork-barrel legislation, 263, 265–66

Porter, Bernard, 72–73

Portugal, 19

Postol, Theodore C., 224

poverty, 7, 81–82, 84–85

Powell, Colin, 24, 73, 190, 199

Powers, Francis Gary, 226

Powers, Thomas, 91, 102–3, 135–36, 256

Praetorian Guard, 69, 95

Prats, Carlos, 108–9

Predator unmanned aerial vehicle, 21, 233

preemptive or preventive war, 8, 58–59, 91, 138, 142, 148–49, 158, 203, 251

Premier Executive Transport Services, 126, 127, 128, 130

Presentment Clause, 258

Presidential Emergency Operations Center, 34

presidential power (imperial presidency), 14–18, 20–21, 39–40, 244–68

CIA and, 90–97, 102–10, 120, 135–136

commander in chief status and, 62, 120, 244–46, 251–54

Congress and, 245–51, 259–68

FISA and, 254–56

habeas corpus and, 266-67

legislative and judicial power vs., 268–69

republic strained by, 60, 88–89, 279

torture memos and, 39–40, 251–54

veto and, 16, 59

war on terror and, 244–45

Presidential Records Act (1978), 247–48

President Kennedy (Reeves), 248

President Nixon (Reeves), 248

President’s Advisory Committee on Cultural Property, 50

Priebe, Miranda, 225

Priest, Dana, 124, 126

Primack, Joel, 217

Prince Sultan Air Base (Saudi Arabia), 159

prisoners of war, 5, 8–9, 19, 24, 36–45, 246

prisons, secret, 8, 24, 33–45, 123–24, 155, 159–60

private contractors, 7, 31, 165, 171–72

proconsul, 61–62

Public Works Administration, 272

Puerto Rico, 20

Qatar, 6, 124, 140, 148, 150, 158–59

Quantico Marine Corps base, 189

racism, 7, 78–80, 85

radar systems, 165, 223

Ramadi, Iraq, 162

Ramstein Air Base (Germany), 133, 145–46, 155–56

RAND corporation, 236

Ransom, Harry Howe, 94

Rasul v.Bush (2004), 266

Rather, Dan, 41–42

Raychaudhuri, Tapan, 80, 87–88

Raytheon, 212

Reagan, Ronald, 19, 75, 103–4, 109, 111–13, 121–22, 164–65, 192, 201, 208–11, 223, 228, 230, 248–49, 256, 275

Red Cross, 31

Red Scare, 244

Reebok, 263

Reeves, Richard, 248

remote sensing, 237

Reno, Janet, 247

Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation (1991), 108

republican form of government, 9–11, 18, 59–60, 89, 279. See also democracy

Republican Party, 199, 210, 212, 249–50, 258, 260–62, 266–67

Responsiblity and Judgment (Arendt), 21

Reuters, 168

Rhein-Main Air Base (Germany), 156

Rhode Island National Guard, 42

Rhodes, Cecil, 82

Rhyne, Jim, 128

Rice, Condoleezza, 23, 92, 98, 155, 204

Ride, Sally, 217

Ridgeway, James, 244

Riggs Bank, 110

Ritter, Scott, 92, 228

Roberts, John, 248, 267

Roberts, Paul Craig, 255

Robertson, James, 255

Robertson, Pat, 4

Robson, Eleanor, 47

rogue nations, 212–13, 228, 241

Romania, 123–24, 143, 149, 155

Romano, Joseph, 133

Rome, ancient, 16–17, 55–71, 47, 78, 88–89, 138–39, 150, 244, 269

Senate, 14, 61–63, 65–69, 266

U.S. as new, 37–38

U.S. Constitution and, 59–61, 63–64, 66

Romulus, 60

Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site (Marshall Islands), 222

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 244

Rose, David, 43

Rosen, Ruth, 247

Rostow, Walt, 97

Rota naval station (Spain), 156

Rothschild Bank, 82

Rove, Karl, 92

Roy, Arundhati, 1, 80

Royal Jordanian Airlines Flight 402, 122

Rozen, Laura, 261

Rubicon (Holland), 54, 57

rule of law, 8–9, 77, 81, 102, 112–13, 251–53

Rumsfeld, Donald, 17, 21, 23, 32–35, 40–41, 47, 143–44, 146, 149–51, 154, 158, 168, 174, 178, 182–83, 193, 195, 198, 204–6, 209, 212–15, 227, 230, 241, 246, 249

Russia, 6, 73, 215, 220–21, 228, 235–37, 263. See also Soviet Union

Russian Strategic Missile Force, 228

Ruzicka, Maria, 30

Ryan, Leo J., 103

Ryukyu Petroleum, 181

Sachs, Jeffrey, 33

Safire, William, 256

Said, Edward, 75

Saipan, 263

Sakharov, Andrei, 223–24

Salman bin Abdul Aziz, 118

Samson, Victoria, 222

Sanchez, Ricardo, 34, 40–41, 43–44

Sandinistas, 165, 248

San Francisco Chronicle, 13, 247

Sappenfield, Mark, 148

Sardinia, 154

Sasebo, Japan, 178

Satellite Industry Association, 237, 238

satellites, 216–20, 232–41

Sao Tome and Principe military base, 148

Saudi Arabia, 3, 6, 9, 36, 48, 111, 115–19, 141, 143, 158–59, 163, 236

Saudi General Intelligence Department (Istakhbarat), 118

Scaife, Richard Mellon, 212

Scheuer, Michael, 99, 101, 122

Schlesinger, fames, 92, 94

Schneider, Rene, 107–9

Schneier, Brucé, 252

School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, 216

School of the Americas, 163

Schriever Air Force Base (Colorado), 234, 239

Schroder, Gerhard, 153

Schroen, Gary C., 100

Schuster, Angela M. H., 48

Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 162

Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, 227

Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), 212

Sciscioli, Alejandro, 168

Scott, Paul, 80

Scowcroft, Brent, 26

Scud missiles, 227

Seabees, 162

Second Infantry Division, 142

Second Space Operations Squadron, 234

secrecy, 1–2, 6, 19–20, 71, 89, 94–95, 120, 140–41, 249, 258, 278

Bush II and, 245–51

corruption covered by, 229–30

defense spending and, 264

FISA court and, 254–55

FOIA and, 245–48

plausible deniability and, 102–3

Sembawang port (Singapore), 146

Sensitized Compartmentalized Information Facility, 147, 166

separation of powers (balance of powers, checks and balances), 14–17, 23, 39, 55, 59–61, 63, 88–89, 91, 244, 252–54, 259, 266–68

September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks, 2–5, 13, 25, 29, 34, 75–76, 89, 95–96, 98–100, 110, 130–35, 143, 231–32, 235–36, 249, 255, 265

Serbia, 120, 140

Serchuk, Vance, 148

Serrano, Richard A., 35

Seventh Fleet, 178

Sextus, king of Etruria, 60

sexual assaults, military and, 6, 146, 179–90, 192, 194, 206–7

Shakespeare, William, 56, 67

Shannon Peace Campers, 127

Shia Muslims, 87

Shreffler, John, 10–11

“signing statements,” 248, 257–59, 266

Silverstein, Ken, 263–64

Singapore, 85

Singh, Anupama Rao, 28

Sismi (Italian intelligence service), 132

60 Minutes (TV program), 25, 123

slavery, 75, 81

Sleeping with the Devil (Baer), 124–25

smart bombs, 232, 241

Smith, Lamar, 186

Smuts, Jan Christian, 87

Social Security, 272

SOFAs. See Status of Forces Agreements

Soldiers’ Satellite Network, 239

Solovtsov, Nikolai, 228

Somoza, Anastasio, 19

Sorrows of Empire, The, 5, 6, 10–11, 278

Soto Cano Air Base (Honduras), 146–47, 164–65

South Africa, 79, 87, 157

Southern Command (Southcom), 44, 61, 147, 163–65, 167

South Korea, 3, 19, 104, 142–43, 145, 150, 156, 172–73, 176–77, 201, 221, 236

South Pacific Mail (Chilean newspaper), 106

South Vietnam, 19, 250

Soviet Union (USSR), 14, 97–98, 105–6, 110–12, 115–17, 135, 148, 172, 216, 223–24, 274–75

collapse of, 1, 20, 117, 142, 152, 157, 210–11, 228

space, 208–21, 225, 232–42

Space Shuttle, 237

Space Surveillance Network, 216

Space Warfare Center, 239

Spain, 10, 19, 63, 76, 150, 154, 156

Spangdahlem Air Base (Germany), 155

Spanish-American War, 20, 163

Spataro, Armando, 132

special access programs (SAPs), 40, 229

Special Forces, 4, 31, 40, 100, 128, 147, 163–65, 168–69

Speicher, Michael, 163

Spinney, Franklin C., 230, 264

Spolar, Christine, 159

spy satellites, 221, 223, 233

stagflation, 274

Stahl, Lesley, 25

Stalinism, 275

standing armies, 22, 60, 65–66, 70, 273, 279

“Star Wars” (Strategic Defense Initiative, SDI), 199–200, 208–9, 223–24, 228

State Department, 15, 21, 27, 104, 144, 152, 167, 177, 188, 263, 268, 276

state terrorism, 102, 112, 163, 243

Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs), 144, 149, 171–207

Steel, Ronald, 90, 273

Stephens, Joe, 124

Stern, Jessica, 167

Stevens, Ted, 265

Stiglitz, Joseph, 277

Stinger missiles, 114, 116–17

Streetcar Named Desire, A (Williams), 271

Strengthening U.S. Global Defense Posture (DOD report), 149

Stroessner, Alfredo, 169

Studies on Persianate Societies, 51

Subic Bay naval base (Philippines), 207

Sudan, 79, 94

Suetonius, 56, 64–65

Suez Canal, 87

Suharto, 19

Sullivan, Martin, 50–51

Sullivan, Michael, 19

Sulzberger, Arthur, Jr., 255

Sumerian civilization, 47, 51

Sunni Muslims, 87, 111

Sununu, John E., 251

supplementary war-spending bill of 2005, 159

surface-to-air missiles, 226

Suriname, 94

Swaggart, Jimmy, 4

Sweden, 123, 128–31

Swedish Security Police (SAPO), 128–30

Switzerland, 48

“sympathetic consideration” agreement (1996), 181, 185, 191, 193

Syria, 36, 48, 63, 125, 128, 141, 158, 162, 268

Tacitus, 56

Taepodong-2 (rocket), 221

Taft-HartleyAct (1947), 253

Taguba, Antonio, 41–42, 44

Taira, Koji, 171

Taiwan, 3, 19, 143, 198–99

Taji Air Base (Iraq), 161–62

Tajikistan, 152

Taliban, 31, 35–36, 53, 100, 110–11, 116–20, 143

Tallil Air Base (Iraq), 51–52, 162–63

Tanaka, Makiko, 184

tariffs, 82, 83

Tarloff, Erik, 71–72

TarnakFarm, 119

Tarquinius Superbus, king of Etruria, 60

Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 152–53

Tasmanians, 79

taxes, 150, 174, 230–31, 242, 275

Teets, Peter B., 215

Temara, Morocco (prison), 124

Temple Press Ltd., 126

Temptations of a Superpower (Steel), 90

Tenet, George, 92, 98, 100–101, 119–20, 123

Tennessee Valley Authority, 272

terminal phase interception, 221–22, 226–27

term limits, 61

Terror in the Name of God (Stern), 167

terrorism, 5, 14, 19, 37, 108–9, 148–49, 151, 166–70, 231. See also war on terror

Thailand, 36, 94, 124, 148

Thatcher, Margaret, 109

thinking, loss of ability for, 21–24

Iraq’s cultural treasures and, 45–53

killing of civilians and, 24–33

torture and, 33–45

Third Marine Expeditionary Force, 184, 193

Thirteenth Air Force, 202

Thomas, Clarence, 251

311th Military Intelligence Battalion, 42

372nd Military Police Company, 22

Tiberius, emperor of Rome, 69

Tibet, 94

“Tikrit South” air base (Iraq), 52, 162–63

Time, 177, 252

Timon of Athens (Shakespeare), 56

Tojo, Hideki, 200

Tolson, Clyde A., 247

Tomsen, Peter, 120

Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 249

Toronto Sun, 87

Torres, José, 189–90

torture, 5, 8, 19, 22–24, 33–45, 73, 86, 91, 102, 108, 120, 125, 128, 130, 134, 141, 152, 155, 246, 251, 256, 258, 266–67, 268

torture memos, 38–39, 251–52

Torture Papers, The, 39

Total Information Awareness (TIA), 256

Townley, Michael Vernon, 109

trade deficits, 8, 270, 271

Trager, David, 268

Treasury Department, 263, 276, 277

treaties, 8–9, 141

tribunes, 62–64, 68

Tricare, 277–78

Trocki, CarlA., 77

Truman, Harry S., 17, 93, 253

Tunisia, 148

Turkey, 48, 63, 94, 140, 143, 150, 156, 225

TV4 (Stockholm), 128, 130

Twenty-sixth Intelligence Group, 156

Twenty Years’ Crisis, The (Carr), 54

“Two Whatevers” principles, 252

Tyler, Patrick E., 58

tyranny, 16–17, 88–89

U-2 flights, 216, 226, 233

Udeid Air Base (Qatar), 159

Uganda, 148

Ugarte, Alejandro, 168

Ukraine, 20, 94, 152

UNESCO, 50

Union of Concerned Scientists, 227, 237, 239

Unisys Corporation, 257

unitary executive, 248, 251–54

United Arab Emirates, 9, 111, 118, 148, 150, 159

United Nations, 26, 263

Children’s Fund, 28

Convention against Torture (1984), 36, 130

“oil for food” program, 28–29

Security Council, 27–28, 199

U.S. Congress, 14, 245

Afghanistan and, 13, 113–14

budget and, 16–17

CIA and, 91, 94–95, 103–4

defense spending and, 210, 214–15, 229–32, 242, 270–71, 275–76

Iraq and, 60, 99, 159–60

missile defense and, 211–14, 229

overseas bases and, 145, 149–50, 188

power of, vs. president, 9, 13–14, 16–17, 20, 39, 60, 245–50, 252–68

torture and, 36, 44, 251

U.S. Constitution, 8–9, 13–17, 39, 55, 60, 88, 91, 99, 103, 244–45, 252–69

U.S. Family Network, 263

U.S. Forces Japan (USFJ), 180, 202

U.S. Forces Korea, 173

U.S. Government Manual, 127

U.S. House of Representatives, 14, 113

Appropriations Committee, 114–15, 260, 264

Armed Services Committee, 260

Foreign Operations Subcommittee, 114–15

Intelligence Committee, 99, 101, 115, 250, 260, 264

Rules Committee, 263

U.S. House-Senate Conference Committee, 265

U.S. Senate, 14, 55, 100–101, 110, 266. See also Church Committee

Appropriations Committee, 227, 264

Armed Services Committee, 34, 44–45, 144, 158, 211, 221, 262

Budget Committee, 265

Intelligence Committee, 99, 250, 264

Military Construction Appropriations Subcommittee, 149–50

Republican Policy Committee, 45

U.S. Strategic Command, 210

U.S. Supreme Court, 8, 16, 39–40, 175–76, 248–49, 252–54, 258, 266–68

unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 218, 233

Ur excavations, 51–52

Uruguay, 108, 164, 167, 169

Uruzgan province, Afghanistan, 31

USAPatriotAct (2001), 254

Uzbekistan, 36, 112, 140, 151–53

V-2 rockets, 238

Valech, Sergio, 108

Vandenberg Air Force Base (California), 210, 222, 240

Venezuela, 20, 94, 148, 164–66

veterans, 8, 277–78

Veterans Affairs Department, 263, 276

Veterans of Foreign Wars, 144

veto, 61–62, 68, 258

Victoria, queen of England, 72, 82

Vidal, Gore, 18

Vietnam War, 1, 3, 20, 29, 40, 96–97, 126, 161, 182, 249, 254, 258, 274

Vikan, Gary, 50–51

Virgil, 57

Voltaire, 120

von Braun, Wernher, 232

Wade, Mitchell, 260–61

Wagner, Richard, 11

Wagner Act, 272

Wag the Dog (film), 119

Wahhabi movement, 117

Wald, Charles, 137

Wall Street Journal, 275–76

war, 274, 279. See also preemptive or preventive war

of choice, 20–22

Congress and, 16, 253

liberty and, 18, 62

powers of presidency and, 249–53

War Crimes Act (1996), 37

war crimes tribunals, 39–40, 200–201

Warden, John A., III, 27

Warner, John W., 34, 45

War of the Triple Alliance (1865-70), 170

war on drugs, 164–65

war on terror, 35–37, 91, 99, 152, 164, 167–68, 199, 231–32, 244–45, 255, 261, 275–78

War Powers Act (1973), 13, 250

Washington, George, 15, 16

Washington Post, 26, 38, 45, 98, 106, 112, 124–26, 160, 163, 209, 214, 257

Wastrels of Defense (Wheeler), 265–66

Watergate scandal, 92, 94, 247, 249

weapons. See also defense contractors; defense spending; and specific weapons

Afghanistan and, 113–14, 116–17

corruption and, 229–30

domestic bases and, 138

of mass destruction, 98–100

military Keynesianism and, 273, 275–76

prepositioned, 147

space and, 209–18, 233, 240–42

Weekly Standard, 38

Weiner, Tim, 135, 209–10

Weldon, Curt, 212

Weller, Jerry, 262

Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (formerly School of the Americas), 163

West Germany, 94

Westmoreland, William, 96–97

Wheeler, Winslow, 265–66

White, Thomas D., 208

“White Man’s Burden, The” (Kipling), 74

Wicksell, Joshua, 52

Wiesbaden, Germany, military bases in, 153

Wilkes, Brent, 260–62

Will, George, 244

Williams, Tennessee, 271

Wilson, Charlie, 113–17, 175

Wilson, Joseph C., 99–100

Wilson, Woodrow, 244

Wilson v. Girard, 175–76

Wimert, Paul, 107

Wingo, Jonathan, 230

Winter, Bill, 14

Wireless World, 238

wiretapping, 254–56, 266

Wolfowitz, Paul, 29, 58, 191, 208

Woodland, Timothy, 182–84

Woodward, Bob, 38, 95

Works Projects Administration, 272

World Bank, 81, 164

World Factbook, 167

World Is Flat, The (Friedman), 80

World Policy Institute, 212, 230

World Trade Center. See September 11, 2001, attacks

World Trade Organization, 164

World War I, 20, 46, 87, 244

World War II, 15, 20–21, 24, 39–40, 76, 85, 126, 145, 157, 176, 200, 211, 238, 263, 271, 273–74

“worldwide findings,” 103–4

Würzburg, Germany, military bases in, 153

X-band radars, 221, 223–24

Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 39

Yasukuni Shrine, 200–201

Yemen, 35

Yokosuka, Japan, military base in, 178, 202, 206–7

Yokota, Nobuyuki, 187–88

YokotaAir Force Base (Japan), 202

Yongsan Garrison (South Korea), 145

Yoo, John C., 36–38, 251–53

Young, Adam, 14

Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company v. Sawyer, 253

Yugoslavia, 19

Yunis, Fawaz, 122

Zahir Shah, king of Afghanistan, 111

Zaitchik, Alexander, 210

Zapatero, José Luis Rodriguez, 10, 154

Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 112

Zawhar Kili camp, 119

Zery, Muhammed al-, 129–30

Zhou Enlai, 54–56

Zia-ul-Haq, Mohammed, 112–13, 115–17

Zimansky, Paul, 47

Zinni, Anthony, 15

Zulus, 74