Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941

INDEX

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Abkhazia, 136–39, 231, 505, 506–7, 513–14, 516–18

Abrikosov, Andrei, 294

Abulyan, Armenak, 502

Abwehr (German military intelligence), 485, 798

Abyssinia (Ethiopia), Italian invasion of, 269, 287, 292, 318

Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, xiii

Academy of Sciences, arrests in, 405

Adzhubei, Alexei, 379

Afanasyev, Boris (Atanasov), 322

Afinogenov, Alexander, 152, 544–45, 595

Africa, European “scramble” for, 591

Agranov, Yakov (Yankel Sorenson), 176, 196, 207, 212, 264, 319, 394

Kirov murder and, 210, 211, 213, 228, 236

Agrba, Alexei, 505, 507, 516

agricultural commissariat, arrests in, 405

agriculture, Soviet, 131

droughts and, 75–76, 87

improved harvests in, 47–48, 70, 87, 130, 132, 180, 226, 263

poor harvests in, 16, 47–48, 75, 87, 100, 103, 106, 112, 305, 405, 514, 606

see also collectives; collectivization

aircraft, 425

British, 794

German, 764, 794, 827

Soviet, 820, 824, 839, 861, 893

U.S., 834

see also bombers; fighters

Ajaria, Ajarians, 513–14, 518

Akhmatova, Anna (Gorenko), 181, 186

Akulov, Ivan, 79, 212, 232

Albania, 665, 812

Alexander I, king of Yugoslavia, assassination of, 189, 751

Alexander II, emperor of Russia, assassination of, 199

“Alexander III Receiving Rural District Elders in the Courtyard of Petrovsky Palace” (Repin), 246–47

Alexander Nevsky (film), 671, 812, 853

Alexandrov, Grigory, 215, 216, 217, 293, 593, 795, 853, 854

Alexandrovsky, Mikhail, 413, 455

Alexandrovsky, Sergei, 252, 403, 560, 561, 565, 568, 572

Alexei, tsarevich of Russia, xi

Alfonso XIII, king of Spain, 312, 314

Alighieri, Dante, vii

Alliluyev, Pavel, 46, 108, 111, 191, 210

Alliluyev, Sergei, 108, 214

Alliluyeva, Anna, 108, 742

Alliluyeva, Nadezhda “Nadya,” 3, 46–47, 103, 108, 109–10, 163, 212, 214, 272, 388

funeral of, 111–12

Stalin’s correspondence with, 25, 26, 43, 45, 54–55, 82–83

Stalin’s fights with, 109, 110

suicide of, 110–11, 134, 228, 232, 250, 491

Alliluyeva, Svetlana, 3, 103, 108, 109, 111, 187, 209, 234, 263, 271, 281, 388, 464, 526

on mother’s suicide, 112

schooling of, 165

Stalin’s correspondence with, 135

on Stalin’s darkening mind-set, 492

Stalin’s doting on, 166, 600

on Stalin’s film watching, 192

in visit with grandmother, 270

Alliluyeva, Yevgeniya “Zhenya,” 191, 388

all-Union Congresses of Collective Farm Shock Workers, 120, 226–27

All-Union Congress of Shock Brigades (1929), 31–32

all-Union Creative Conference of Workers in Soviet Cinema, 217–18

Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, 12, 497

“Alta,” see Stöbe, Ilse

Amatouni, Amatouni, 504, 516

Amur River, 456–57, 536, 805

anarchists, in Spanish civil war, 316, 321, 334, 338, 339, 351, 364, 400–401, 406, 408, 718

Andreyev, Andrei, 57, 237, 295, 308

as Central Committee secretary, 225, 500, 606

Kirov murder and, 205

regional party arrests and, 444

Stalin’s mealtime meetings with, 225

Anti-Comintern Pact, 355–57, 539, 557, 581–82, 596, 655, 665, 667, 677, 687–88

anti-intellectualism, Stalin’s denunciation of, 571

anti-Semitism, 238, 266–67, 307, 430, 557, 559, 582, 589, 597–98

Antonescu, Ion, 788, 798, 853, 876, 889

Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir, 334, 380, 467

“Appeal to All Members of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)” (Ryutin), 104

Aragon, Louis, 255

Aral Sea, 692

“Architect of Socialist Society, The” (Radek), 155

Arctic Sea, 711

Ardennes, 766, 767

Arkhangelsk, 739, 740

armaments commissariat, 727

Armenia, 138, 354, 502, 504, 516, 517, 542, 773

army, German, see Reichswehr; Wehrmacht

army, Soviet, see Red Army

Aron, Raymond, 760

artels, 35–36

Art of War, The (Sun Tzu), 262

Artuzov, Artur, 24, 91, 158, 222, 377, 378

appointed deputy chief of military intelligence, 172

arrest of, 413

Uritsky’s rivalry with, 252–53

“Aryan,” see Scheliha, Rudolf von

Association of Proletarian Writers, 152, 153

Astakhov, Georgy, 631–32, 646, 654, 655, 664

Austria:

German annexation of, 240–41, 292, 558–60, 598, 888

1937 putsch in, 556

Austria-Hungary, xv

aviation commissariat, 737–38

Axis pact, 809–10, 811

Bulgaria in, 847

Germany, Japan, and Italy in formation of, 792–93

Hungary in, 811–12, 829, 847

proposed Soviet inclusion in, 797, 799, 808–9, 813, 815–16, 817–19, 820, 831, 835

Romania in, 812, 829, 847

Slovakia in, 812, 829, 847

Stalin’s conditions for joining, 813, 818, 820, 831

Yugoslavia in, 847, 850

Azerbaijan, 138, 190, 354, 502, 518, 773

Babel, Isaac, 181, 255, 635, 740, 788

Bagirov, Mircafar, 139, 502, 503, 504, 520

Baikal, Lake, 644

Baku, 504, 739–40, 762

Baldwin, Stanley, 255, 317

Balkans, 796, 798, 799, 837, 840

Churchill’s concern about, 777

conflicting Soviet and German interests in, 814–15, 816, 831

German invasion of, 889

Baltic Fleet, Soviet, 703, 710, 711

Baltic Sea, 703, 707, 876

Baltic special military district, 779

Baltic states, 92, 614

anti-Soviet fifth column in, 774–75

British relations with, 655

denunciations encouraged in, 772

deportations in, 772

German-Soviet Pact and, 651, 652, 654, 659

pro-German sentiment in, 655

single-candidate elections in, 772

Soviet annexation of, 772, 776, 819, 829

Soviet demand for guarantees of territorial integrity of, 634, 647–48

Soviet demand for mutual assistance pact with, 693

in Soviet war planning, 290

Stalin’s fear of invasion from, 27, 50, 54, 84, 613, 647

Triple Alliance proposal and, 633, 634, 638, 639, 647–48

Balytsky, Vsevolod, 39, 77, 78, 79, 103, 162, 168, 344, 431–32, 449

Balzac, Honoré, 231

Bank of England, 616

banks, failures of, 85–86

Barbarossa, Operation, see Germany, Nazi, Soviet invasion preparations of

Barbusse, Henri, 1, 155, 263

Stalin as depicted by, 225–26

Barcelona, Spain, 408

Basques, 312, 407, 411

Bavarian Soviet Republic, xiii

Baidukov, Georgy, 425, 451

Beck, Józef, 568, 596–97, 615, 620, 634, 638

Beck, Ludwig, 168, 222, 257, 287, 291, 559, 567

Bedny, Demyan (Yefim Pridvoroy), 169, 332

Stalin’s relationship with, 150–51

survived the terror, 545–46

Belgium, 678, 766

German invasion of, 763

see also Low Countries

Belgrade, 847

Belorussia, 180, 772–73

anti-Soviet fifth column in, 774–75

ethnic Poles in, 211

famine in, 98

Polish territory annexed by, 689, 716

Belyakov, Alexander, 425, 451

Beneš, Edvard, 61–62, 252, 561, 562, 565, 567, 572

Berezhkov, Valentin, 799, 872

Berezina River, 340

Berghof, 585, 633, 642, 661, 664, 666

Beria, Lavrenti:

accusations against, 541, 589

arrests and executions ordered by, 502, 508–9, 513, 515

Blyukher’s death and, 549–50, 578

charisma of, 502

civil-war-era career of, 510–11

cruelty of, 549, 889

dachas of, 502, 605–6

elevated to Central Committee, 162

Georgian artists and writers controlled by, 511–12

and German invasion plans, 795, 876, 880, 894

Gulag labor as responsibility of, 692

industrial output and, 231

as inner circle member, 501, 526, 548

Khrushchev’s relationship with, 501, 520–21

Lakoba’s rivalry with, 139, 141, 142, 237, 504–6, 508

and Litvinov investigation, 626

lobbying for resources to Georgia by, 513–14

loyalty cultivated by, 549

Mekhlis’s criticisms of, 508, 509

Molotov’s rivalry with, 550, 692

and murder of Radek, 637

as NKVD deputy head, 541–42, 543, 547–48

as NKVD head, 588–89, 595, 605

NKVD powerbase of, 550, 588–89

in NKVD arrests, 588

Polish POWs and, 744–45

and rebuilding of Soviet intelligence, 589

Red Army reports of, 731

rise of, 139–41

showcase trials staged by, 515–16

South Caucasus controlled by, 501–4, 505, 506, 507, 512

Stalin biography project of, 154, 214, 260, 301

Stalin’s correspondence with, 513–14, 515–16, 518

Stalin’s relationship with, 511, 512–13, 546, 548, 550, 605–6

Stalin’s similarities to, 501

Trotsky assassination and, 610–12, 617, 764, 787

Vlasik’s rivalry with, 526

Winter War and, 725, 735, 739

and Yezhov investigation, 618–20

Yezhov’s power struggle with, 509, 542

Berlin:

bombing of, 791, 808, 809, 811, 818

Chancellery complex in, 585

Molotov’s visit to, 805–9, 811, 815, 818

1936 Olympics in, 326

Stalin’s 1907 visit to, xv

Berling, Zygmunt, 795, 838

Berlings, Orests (“Lycée-ist”), 804, 807, 823, 852, 873, 876, 880

Berzin, Jan Pēter Ķuzis, 172, 338, 382, 405, 454

reappointed head of military intelligence, 423

Stalin’s correspondence with, 406

Bessarabia, 17, 563, 694, 773, 786, 853

Soviet nonaggression pact with, 93

Soviet occupation of, 773–74, 776, 777

Bessonov, Sergei, 246, 275, 291

Bismarck, Otto von, 61, 339, 558–59, 598, 643, 791–92, 814, 886, 906

Bismarck (battleship), 255, 598, 703, 764

Black Sea, 311, 702, 703, 794, 796, 813, 819, 831

Black Sea Fleet, Soviet, 702–3

blitzkrieg, 767, 894, 904

Blokhin, Vasily, 424, 742

Blomberg, Werner von, 49, 473, 474, 475

Blum, Léon, 317, 318, 320, 329, 357, 363, 458

Blunt, Anthony, 222, 656, 800, 836

Blyukher, Vasily, 30–31, 420, 424, 456, 531, 533

accusations against, 527, 529, 537, 547

arrest and fatal beating of, 549–50, 578, 893

drinking by, 529

as Red Army marshal, 272

relieved of Far Eastern command, 547

and Soviet incursion in Manchukuo, 535–36, 537–38, 540, 547

Voroshilov’s dislike of, 412–13

Bodenschatz, Karl, 631, 675

Bogdanov, L. T., 141–42

Bohlen, Charles, 480–81, 666

Bolshakov, Ivan, 789, 795

Bolshevik Revolution, xi, 174, 489, 522

twentieth anniversary of, 467–69, 470

Bolsheviks, Bolshevism, see Communism

bombers:

German, 351, 678, 755

Soviet, 99, 101, 265, 338, 346, 351, 567, 820, 856

Boris III, king of Bulgaria, 811, 812, 889

Borisov, Mikhail, 201, 205, 207, 220, 235

Bormann, Martin, 585, 867

Brauchitsch, Walther von, 567, 677

Braun, Eva, 584, 642

Brest-Litovsk, Poland, 469, 695, 704, 722

German withdrawal from, 686–87

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, xv, 4, 121, 363, 370, 685, 903

Brezhnev, Leonid, 603

Brik, Lily, 276–77

British empire, xv, 591, 783, 833

British intelligence, 222, 242, 614, 656, 675

Enigma intercepts of, 850, 857, 882, 884, 890, 891

German military capabilities overestimated by, 591

on German military capability, 652–53

and Germany’s planned Soviet invasion, 882–83

Red Army capability underestimated by, 591

Soviet agents in, 836

Yugoslav coup and, 847

Bucharest, 872

Budyonny, Semyon, 37, 44, 46, 213, 272, 421, 424, 545

Bug River, 695

Bukhara, 138

Bukharin, Nikolai:

arrest of, 443

Central Committee expulsion of, 387

conspiracy accusations against, 357–58, 379, 386, 397, 437, 476

in counterattack on collectivization, 15

eulogy for Nadya delivered by, 112

execution of, 479, 526, 560, 602

expelled from politburo, 29

at February 1937 Central Committee plenum, 386–87

imprisonment of, 477–78

interrogations of, 336, 387

as Izvestiya editor, 349, 359

Kamenev’s meeting with, 12

Kirov murder and, 205

press slander of, 359

at 17th Party Congress, 156

Stalin’s correspondence with, 64–65, 336, 387, 478

Stalin’s demonization of, 11–12, 14–15, 24, 26, 56, 57, 68

Stalin’s friendship with, 11, 526

Stalin’s psychological torture of, 349, 368

trial of, 478, 560

Bukovina, 786, 808, 819

northern, Soviet occupation of, 774, 776

Bulgakov, Mikhail, 151, 184, 186, 230, 635

death of, 746

Kerzhentsev’s criticism of, 284–85

Stalin’s relationship with, 148–50

Bulgaria, 274, 788, 811, 812, 889

in Axis pact, 847

failed Communist coup in, 17

fascist coup in, 171–72

Soviet relations with, 813–14

Soviet spies in, 794

Wehrmacht in, 831, 872

Bulletin of the Opposition (Leninist-Bolsheviks), 13–14, 24, 68, 91, 94, 105, 294, 323, 328

Bullitt, William, 144–45, 263, 292

as U.S. ambassador to Soviet Union, 145–46, 167

Bullock, Alan, xv

Burgess, Guy, 222, 656, 661, 836

Buryat-Mongol autonomous republic, 281, 803

Butovo killing field, 479, 619

Butyrka prison, 438, 649

Bychkova, Alexandra, 108, 166

Cadogan, Alexander, 622–23, 642, 868

cadres:

arrests of, 577

Stalin on education of, 571–72

Stalin on importance of, 250, 462–64, 468, 495, 576–77, 603, 604–5, 832, 902

Cairncross, John, 656, 836

Cajander, Aimo, 706, 718

Campbell, Joseph, 301

Campbell, Thomas, 114–15

Canaris, Wilhelm, 485, 647, 661, 798

capitalist encirclement, 5–6, 11, 44, 124, 303, 305, 428, 429, 553

Carol II, king of Romania, 563, 613, 788

Catalonia, in Spanish civil war, 312, 316, 321, 364, 380, 408

Catherine II, “ the Great,” empress of Russia, 888

censors, censorship, 282, 308, 422

ubiquity of, 422

“Center of Centers” conspiracy, 434, 437, 450

Central Asia, 190

Central Black Earth region:

collectivization in, 39, 41, 70

famine in, 122

grain procurement in, 128

Central Committee, 45, 64, 126, 160, 161, 500, 602, 788, 839, 907

accusations against sitting members of, 383

Andreyev as secretary of, 225, 500, 606

arrests of, 443, 603

February–March 1937 plenum of, 383–84, 386–91, 394, 396–97, 418, 483, 488, 508, 509

joint plenums of Central Control Commission and, 15–16, 58, 65, 107, 115–17

June 1937 plenum of, 433–34, 443, 450, 510

Lominadze’s expulsion from, 59

Molotov elevated to, 605

new members of, 162

1933 purge by, 114

Syrtsov’s expulsion from, 59

Yezhov as secretary of, 224, 225, 437, 498, 587

Central Control Commission, 12, 57, 113, 383, 603, 907

joint plenums of Central Committee and, 15–16, 58, 65, 107, 115–17

Yezhov as chairman of, 225, 437, 587

Cervantes, Miguel de, 231

Chahar province, Inner Mongolia, 233–34

Chamberlain, Neville, 555, 559, 579, 582, 590, 591, 613, 657, 679, 762, 856

appeasement policy of, 565–66, 591, 652–53, 662, 674, 677

and choice between alliance with Hitler or Stalin, 674–75, 698

death of, 802

and German-Soviet Pact, 673, 675

Hitler misread by, 653

Hitler’s manipulation of, 698–99

Munich Pact and, 564, 565–66, 575

and negotiations with Germany, 652, 653

Polish independence guaranteed by, 614–15, 616, 617, 653, 654, 662, 674, 676

Red Army underestimated by, 675

resignation of, 763

Romanian independence guaranteed by, 616

Triple Alliance proposal and, 648, 649, 662

war preparations and, 782

Chapayev (film), 192, 193, 210, 215, 217, 230, 285, 466

Chaplin, Charlie, 217, 796

Charkviani, Candide, 166, 547

Chavchavadze, Ilya, 511, 512

Cheka, Chekists, 23, 79, 176, 181, 229, 345, 415, 449

in Azerbaijan, 139, 339, 908

see also NKVD

Chekhov, Anton, 2, 148

Chelyabinsk, 32, 190, 343

chemical commissariat, 846–47

Chiang Ching-kuo, 366, 367

Chiang Kai-shek, 30, 83, 114, 125, 167, 262, 321, 330, 374, 379, 457, 530, 533, 539, 557, 574, 744, 793, 887

in civil war with Communists, 277

legality of Communists recognized by, 459

proposed Sino-Japanese alliance and, 233

Soviet-Japanese pact feared by, 459

united front reaffirmed by, 366, 367

united front with Communists rejected by, 360

in war with Japan, 460, 470–71

Zhang’s capture of, 360–61, 366–67

Chicherin, Georgy, 26–27, 89

Chilston, Viscount, 242, 481

China:

civil war in, 262, 277, 321, 359–60, 367, 379

Communists in, see Communist Party, Chinese

Japanese-Soviet negotiations on, 793–94

Japanese war with, 229, 321, 330, 359, 364, 457–59, 460, 470–71, 530, 533, 536, 539, 557, 597, 667, 677, 743–44, 793, 805

Japan’s designs on, 88

Soviet aid to, 321, 459, 470, 471, 530, 535, 744, 852

Soviet policy on, 29–30, 321

Trotskyites in, 469

U.S. aid to, 843

see also Manchuria

Chinese, in USSR, deportations and imprisonment of, 528

Chinese Eastern Railway, 30, 83, 84, 144

sale to Manchukuo of, 233, 243

Chita, Siberia, 644, 667

Chkalov, Valery, 425, 451

Choibalsan, Khorloogiin, 196, 280, 287, 461–62, 482, 737

Christie, J. Walter, 91–92

Chubar, Vlas, 100, 102, 103, 180, 225, 308, 540

Chudov, Mikhail, 201, 202, 205

Churchill, Winston, 61, 557, 719, 740, 775, 794, 903

and Anglo-Soviet trade talks, 777

in attempt to provoke Soviet attack on Germany, 850–51

on imminent German invasion of USSR, 882

Maisky and, 709–10

negotiations with Hitler rejected by, 778

as prime minister, 763

in refusal to negotiate with Hitler, 764

scuttling of French navy ordered by, 777–78

Ciano, Galeazzo, 318, 355, 632–33, 647, 816

Cinema for the Millions (Shumyatsky), 218

Circus (film), 293

cities:

food rationing in, 128

influx of migrants into, 72

civil defense service, arrests in, 414

Civil War in France, The (Marx), 494

class struggle, 5, 7, 11

culture and, 132

seen as inevitable by Marxists, 6, 553

sharpening of, 6, 29, 38, 59, 114, 116, 309, 389

Stalin’s view of, 143–44, 190, 389

Clausen, Max, 874–75, 890

Clausewitz, Carl von, 2, 730

collectives, 909

attempts to force peasants back into, 115

compared with Gulags, 227

household plots and livestock in, 226, 639

Kazakhs’ flight from, 106

maternity leave approved for, 227

mechanization of, 226

1936 constitution and, 352, 353

peasants’ flight from, 93, 99, 101, 117, 129, 405

population of, 606

stabilization of, 226, 305

collectivization, xii, 11, 53, 84, 87, 103, 120, 137, 138, 299, 308, 439, 485, 902

artels in, 35–36

assassination of rural officials in, 38

as cause of famine of 1931–33, 71, 128–29

forced implementation of, 10, 27, 29, 35, 39, 70, 71, 106, 127–28, 302, 448, 477, 547, 638–39

human cost of, 131

industrialization and, 10–11

inflated claims for, 28–29, 31

kommunas in, 35–36

kulaks in, see dekulakization

Marxist ideology and, 132, 576–77

mass resistance to, 27, 29, 38–39, 41–42, 68

1928–29 harvest and, 16

OGPU and, 38, 39

opposition to, 12, 14, 38, 39, 52, 53, 77, 219, 301, 303, 309, 469, 470, 477, 484, 495

regime concessions in, 42–43

17th Party Congress’s celebration of, 160

as Stalin’s great gamble, 9, 17, 705

success of, 369

urban workers recruited for, 36–38, 42, 43

Comintern (Communist International), 119, 121, 143, 168, 171, 313, 328, 675, 909

Chiang’s capture condemned by, 362

China policy of, 321, 330

Dimitrov appointed general secretary of, 262–63

German-Japanese pact against, 355–56

German-Soviet Pact as blow to, 670–71

mass arrests in, 446–47

7th Congress of, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263

6th Congress of, 19–20

Social Democrats and, 171, 173, 175, 189

Spanish civil war and, 320, 460

tenth plenum of, 19–20

“united front” policy of, 259, 262, 277, 299, 320, 330, 359, 362, 367

commissariats, 908

see also specific commissariats

Communism:

British fear of, 590, 591

conspiratorial worldview of, 5–6, 308, 378, 422, 429, 439, 447, 483, 490

as enabler of terror, 307–8

German-Soviet Pact as betrayal of, 670–72

lofty vision of, 6, 7

mass violence justified by, 6–7

as revolt against Social Democracy, 19

Communist International, The, 344

Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 573

Communist Party, Austrian, 222

Communist Party, British, 222, 446

Communist Party, Bulgarian, 813–14

Communist Party, Chinese, 121, 262, 277, 330, 374, 446, 793

in civil war with Nationalists, 262, 277, 321, 359–60, 367, 805

as dependent on Soviet weapons and supplies, 366

in Long March, 262, 277, 321, 471

Nationalist massacre of, 30

ordered to release Chiang, 363–64

Soviet aid requested by, 321, 744

Stalin’s orders to, 371, 813

Trotskyites in, 371

in united front with Nationalists, 29–30, 362, 364, 379, 458, 459, 470

Communist Party, Czechoslovak, 20, 121, 446

Communist Party, Finnish, 713, 723

Communist Party, French, 121, 251, 261, 298, 328, 329, 446

Communist Party, German, 19, 53, 86, 118, 119, 121, 143, 220, 259, 307, 401, 446

Communist Party, Lithuanian, 770–71

Communist Party, Polish, 446

Communist Party, Spanish, 320, 321–22, 329, 335, 338, 364, 400, 408, 670

in attacks on leftist groups, 364

possibility of coup by, 401, 405, 406

Communist Party, Ukraine, 102

Communist Party, U.S., 145, 146, 446

Communist Party, USSR:

all aspects of society controlled by, 73, 697, 907

arrests of, 434, 438–39, 443–44, 475

conferences of, 907

congresses of, 907

18th Congress of, 601–5, 606–9, 610, 624, 698, 839–40, 862

infighting in, 48–49, 57

mass expulsions from, 278

Nazi Party, USSR compared with, 697

party card verification campaign in, 253, 278, 294, 348, 443

purges of, 43, 112, 114, 117, 124, 126, 438-39, 443, 475

reinstatement of expelled members of, 475

rightists in, see rightists

secret department of, see Stalin, Iosif, dictatorship of

17th conference of, 91

16th Congress of, 17, 43–46, 160, 355

Stalin as general secretary of, xi–xii, 10, 863, 907–8

Stalin’s micromanagement of, xii

Communist Party, USSR, apparatus of, 907

dysfunction in, 430, 440–42, 705

Kaganovich as head of, 325, 518–19

mass arrests in, 307, 442–45, 520

regional mass arrests in, 434, 443–44, 518, 551, 603

Communist Party, USSR, 17th Congress of, 155–56, 159–60, 168, 190, 206, 355, 358, 517

Bukharin at, 156

Kamenev at, 156

Kirov at, 160

Stalin’s keynote speech at, 156–57

Stalin’s report to, 159, 160

Communist Party, Yugoslav, 849

Communist Youth League, 10th Congress of, 289–90

Congress, U.S., repayment of pre-Soviet Russia debt demanded by, 16

Congress of Soviets, 297, 908

7th, 223

Supreme Soviet as replacement for, 354, 471

Congress of Soviets, 8th, 355, 356, 359, 505

Stalin’s speech at, 352, 353, 354, 355, 372, 483

Conquest, Robert, 306

conspiracies, imagined and trumped-up:

Stalin’s obsession with, 54, 113, 313, 332–33, 377, 469–70, 475

as tool of Stalin dictatorship, 306, 428

see also specific conspiracies

constitution, Soviet (1924), 105, 352

constitution, Soviet (1936), 352, 353–54, 370, 546

consumer goods:

access to, 208, 268

shortages of, 781, 856

“Corsican,” see Harnack, Arvid

Coulondre, Robert, 481, 530, 631, 638, 677

Council of People’s Commissars, 10, 29, 53, 55, 82, 84, 283, 286, 344, 354, 462, 542, 757, 831, 832, 865, 908

“bureau” of, 843

Molotov replaced by Stalin as head of, 863

Rykov replaced by Molotov as head of, 65

Stalin’s decimation of, 445

Course on Political Economy, A (Bogdanov), 691

Course of Russian History (Klyuchevsky), 493

Coyoacán, Mexico, 612

Crash of the German Occupation in Ukraine, 342

Creditanstalt, failure of, 79

Crete, German capture of, 905

Crimea, grain procurement in, 128

Cripps, Stafford, 810–11, 836, 890, 903

in British-Soviet talks, 775–76, 778–79, 796, 802

German invasion of USSR predicted by, 850, 884

and Hess’s flight to Britain, 868

possibility of British-German peace suggested by, 851

in recall to London, 877, 880, 884

Stalin’s meeting with, 777

Croatia, 889

culture, Soviet, 908–9

anti-”formalist” campaign in, 284

censors and, 282

class struggles and, 132

proletarianism, 132–33

socialist realism in, 183–84

Stalin’s engagement with, 132–33, 148, 153, 186–87, 248, 282–83, 298, 594, 789–90, 795, 853

Stalin’s mass arrests in, 434

Stalin’s opposition to rigid ideology in, 133, 148–49, 152

see also literature; music; painting

Czechoslovakia, 61–62, 340, 557, 558

ethnic minorities in, 558

French alliance with, 251–52, 299, 558, 559, 560, 561, 563, 565, 567, 568, 592, 612

German invasion of, 609, 612, 616, 617, 679, 747, 888

Hungarian seizure of territory in, 609

Munich Pact and, 565–66

in negotiations for Soviet alliance, 191

Polish seizure of territory in, 609

Silesian territory added to Poland by, 574

Soviet failure to support, 572, 574

Soviet mutual assistance pact with, 191, 251–52, 299, 341, 413, 560, 561, 563, 565, 567, 568

Stalin’s disgust with, 413–14

Sudetenland in, see Sudetenland

USSR recognized by, 173

d’Abernon, Lord, xiv

Dachau concentration camp, 560

Dagin, Israel, 415, 526, 541

Daladier, Édouard, 378, 565, 566, 592, 658, 673, 679, 762

Dalstroi (Far Northern Construction Trust), 133, 220, 598–99

Danton, Georges, 3

Danube, 794, 796

Danzig, 158, 596, 597, 613, 614, 615, 616, 652, 655, 658, 677, 895

Hitler’s trip to, 684–85

Darkness at Noon (Koestler), 435

Davies, Joseph, 480–81

Days of the Turbins, The (Bulgakov), 148–49, 230

defense commissariat:

arrests in, 405

Kremlin as responsibility of, 228, 229

see also Voroshilov, Klim E.

de Gaulle, Charles, 765

Deich, Yakov, 415, 499

Dekanozov, Vladimir, 541, 588, 610–11, 627, 772, 805, 807

as ambassador to Germany, 822, 823, 846, 855, 863–66, 872, 880, 890, 896, 899

dekulakization, 35–39, 53, 58, 70, 74, 84, 103, 127–28, 137, 227, 299, 439, 448, 450, 483, 606

human cost of, 131

internal deportations in, 36, 70, 74–75, 76, 117, 286

mass executions in, 75, 452

Demchenko, Maria, 226, 227

Demetradze, Davit, 512, 513

Demid, Gelegdorjiin, 197, 279, 287, 461

Denmark, 252, 774, 800

German occupation of, 762–63, 889

depression, global, 63, 79

see also Great Depression

Derevyansky, Vladimir, 707, 710

dialectical materialism, 570, 576

Dimitrov, Georgi:

appointed Comintern general secretary, 262–63

on Axis pact, 793

Bulgaria and, 813–14

on capture of Chiang, 361

Chinese Communists and, 330, 373, 744, 813

illnesses of, 176

Spanish civil war and, 347, 406

Stalin’s relationship with, 171, 189–90, 362, 446, 812–13

united front policy and, 175, 189, 259, 320, 362, 470–71

Diplomacy (Kissinger), 579

Dirksen, Herbert von, 144, 221, 609, 652, 676

Divine Comedy, The (Alighieri), vii

Dneprostroi, 41, 95

Dnieper River, 84

Doi, Akio, 650, 653, 713

Donbass, 161, 206, 253, 273, 550

decimation of party apparatus in, 445

Don River valley, 124

Donskoi Monastery, mass burials at, 479–80

Doumenc, Joseph, 657–58, 673

Draule, Milda, 199, 200

Kirov’s murder and, see Kirov, Sergei, murder of

marriage of Nikolayev and, 197–98

Drax, Reginald, 656–58, 659, 661, 664, 673

Dreitser, Yefim, 313, 320, 324

Drohobycz oilfields, 685, 686, 696

drought of 1931, 75–76, 87

Dubinsky, Ilya, 427–28

Dunayevsky, Isaac, 216, 293, 795, 853

Dunkirk, evacuation of, 765

Duranty, Walter, 63, 146

Dvinsky, Boris, 162, 499, 681, 682, 734

Dzierzyński, Felix, 229, 345, 419, 438, 471

Eastern Pact (proposed), 173, 183–84, 191, 222

collapsed negotiations for, 239

Hitler’s rejection of, 189

Eastern Siberia, 70, 75, 90, 97, 128, 198, 460, 779

East Prussia, 596, 613, 614, 679

economy, Soviet, 831

barter in, 39

black markets in, 781–82

and difficulty of obtaining foreign financing, 17–18

Five-Year Plans in, see Five-Year Plans

foreign debt in, 86–87

growth rate drop in, 821

Gulag labor and, 692

inflation in, 39–40, 46, 48

Marxist doctrine and, 691–92

per capita consumption in, 404–5

Eden, Anthony, 242, 280, 288, 292, 398, 648, 836, 868

on Hitler’s harping on Soviet threat, 242–43, 244

joint communiqué of Stalin and, 245

in meeting with Hitler, 240–41, 254

Stalin’s meetings with, 243–44, 251, 254, 255

on Stalin’s personality, 245–46

education, Stalin’s belief in power of, 464

Ehrenburg, Ilya, 170, 255, 256, 334, 339, 481, 497, 517, 545, 635, 670, 858

Eideman, Roberts (Eidemanis), 414, 422–23

Eihe, Roberts, 40, 48–49, 58, 190, 225, 453–54, 549

Eisenstein, Sergei, 215, 217, 218, 230, 284, 417, 635, 671, 770, 812, 853

Eismont, Nikolai, 113, 114

Eitingon, Naum “Leonid,” 610, 611–12

“Elder,” see Schulze-Boysen, Harro

elites, Soviet, 5, 76, 272, 304

access to consumer goods of, 208

terror campaign and, 308, 544

widespread resentment of, 308, 439, 544

Elser, Georg, 700–701, 720

émigré groups, anti-Soviet, 34, 48, 62, 65–66, 106, 349, 352–53, 378, 385, 437

Soviet penetration of, 12, 76, 322, 349, 437

Engels, Friedrich, 261, 573

Enigma machine, 850, 857, 882, 884, 890, 891

enlightenment commissariat, arrests in, 405

Erkko, Eljas, 704, 707, 710, 718–19

Ermler, Friedrich, 372–73

Espionage and Counter-Espionage, M.I.-4 (Russell), 423

Essays on the History of the Roman Empire (Vipper), 493

Estonia, 17, 50, 89, 485, 596, 634, 664, 703, 786

failed Communist coup in, 17

German nonaggression pact with, 647

Red Army troops in, 770–71

Soviet annexation of, 772

Soviet bases in, 714

Soviet pacts with, 93, 693, 694, 708, 715

standing army of, 112

Estonians, in USSR, 476

Ethiopia, see Abyssinia

Europe, failed Communist revolutions and coups in, 17

“Everything Higher: Aviation March” (song), 186

Face of the Day, The (Wasilewska), 789

Fadeyev, Alexander, 151, 153, 424, 437, 512–13, 789

Fall of Paris, The (Ehrenburg), 858

famine of 1891–92, 127

famine of 1921–23, 129

famine of 1931–33, 81, 87–88, 106–7, 112–13, 135, 169, 302

cannibalism in, 122

collectivization and dekulakization as causes of, 128–29

crowd seizures of grain warehouses in, 94

death and disease in, 122, 124, 127, 129

end of, 305

flight from collectives in, 41, 75, 76, 93, 99, 101, 106, 117

household gardens in, 125–26

1933 harvest in, 130

official explanations of, 128–29

OGPU and, 122, 129–30

policy concessions in, 95–98, 99, 100

politburo relief measures for, 123

rationing in, 72, 76, 85, 93–94, 98

reported theft of grain in, 101–2

Stalin’s blaming of peasants for, 128, 129

workers’ strikes and, 95

Farinacci, Roberto, 398–99

fascism, 156, 302

Italian, 19

popular front struggle against, 370

Stalin on, 157, 287

Fear (Afinogenov), 152

Fedotov, Pyotr, 873–74

Feldman, Boris, 412, 423–24

Ferdinand, Franz, archduke of Austria, 88, 558

Feuchtwanger, Lion, 363

on 1937 Trotskyite trial, 371

Stalin’s meetings with, 368–70, 416–17

fifth column:

in lead-up to German invasion of USSR, 774–75

Mola’s coining of term, 351

Nazi recruiting of, 891

as rationale for mass arrests, 428–29

fighters:

British, 782–83

German, 351, 407, 755–56, 783

Soviet, 78, 346, 351, 567, 668, 756, 820, 839

film industry, Soviet, 192

budget of, 193

musical comedies in, 215–16

newsreels in, 215

proposed Cinema City in, 285–86

Stalin’s involvement in, 193, 215–16, 217–18

films, Stalin’s private screenings of, 192–93, 210

Filov, Bogdan, 812, 813

Finance Capital (Hilferding), 760

Finland, 17, 89, 485, 596, 664, 702, 703, 889

British relations with, 708, 709

German alliance with, 748

German relations with, 703–4, 709, 713, 717

mobilization of, 710, 712, 713, 714, 879, 894

neutrality of, 712

“People’s Government” of, 724–25, 729, 730

pro-German sentiment in, 647

Soviet desire for base in, 710, 711, 716

Soviet invasion of, see Winter War

Soviet negotiations with, 705–7, 708–9, 710, 713–14, 715–20, 721

Soviet nonaggression pact with, 93, 703, 722

Soviet relations with, 722–23

Stalin’s fear of invasion from, 27, 50, 703, 704, 707–8, 712

Stalin’s territorial demands on, 710–15, 716, 718, 719, 746

standing army of, 112

Swedish relations with, 711, 717

territory ceded to USSR by, 747–48

Wehrmacht in, 792, 808, 813, 829

Finland, Gulf of, 702, 707, 711, 714, 716, 725, 740

Finnish intelligence, 721–22

Finns, in USSR, 476

Firin-Pupko, Semyon, 413

First Blow, The (Shpanov), 581, 699

First Cavalry Army, The (film), 690

Fischer, Louis, 339, 380

Fitin, Pavel, 627, 804, 836–37, 845, 852, 878, 879, 883–84

Five-Year Plans, 892

first (1928–32), 17, 20–21, 28, 43, 48, 70, 75, 126, 129, 131, 132, 606

second, 115, 132, 159, 190, 402, 606

shortfalls in, 781

third, 402–3, 606–7, 804–5

Flight (Bulgakov), 148

Fomin, Fyodor, 202, 204, 207, 208, 220

food commissariat, arrests in, 405

food rationing, 72, 76, 85, 93–94, 95, 98, 128

end of, 197, 235, 268, 305

food shortages, 16, 41, 404–5

forced labor, Gulag complexes for, see Gulag

Ford, Henry, 71

Ford Motor Company, 32

foreign affairs commissariat, 624

arrests in, 447, 495–96, 582, 625

arrest and torture of Litvinovites in, 626–27

Litvinov’s dismissal from, 625, 632

Molotov as head of, 625

removal of Jews from, 628

Foreign Legion, Spanish, 316

foreign policy, Stalin’s micromanaging of, 624–25

forestry commissariat, arrests in, 405

“former people,” 61, 74–75, 148, 177, 229, 236, 352, 383

Fourth International, 610, 787

France, 317, 340

accused of anti-Soviet plotting, 61–62

avoidance of new war as policy of, 556, 559, 563, 566, 568, 592

British relations with, 242, 298, 592, 612

Czech alliance with, 251–52, 299, 558, 559, 560, 561, 563, 565, 567, 568, 592, 612

in declaration of war on Germany, 679

German occupation of, 760–61, 765–66, 767, 769, 773, 826, 827, 861, 889

German relations with, 272, 357, 374

and German remilitarization of Rhineland, 288, 592

Germany viewed as threat by, 238, 298, 591–92

Hitler’s view of, as main enemy, 474

in minimal response to German invasion of Poland, 679–80

Munich Pact and, 565–66

in negotiations for Soviet alliance, 173, 188–89, 191, 246

Polish alliance with, 158, 592, 597, 612, 634, 677, 680

Polish independence guaranteed by, 676

political upheaval in, 559

Popular Front government of, 328, 357

and possible Japanese-Soviet war, 89

proposed pact between Britain and, 251

Soviet military talks with, 656–58, 661

Soviet mutual assistance pact with, 248, 249, 255, 266, 272, 275–76, 288, 298, 299, 357, 560, 561, 592, 601, 624, 649

Soviet nonaggression pact with, 93, 146, 251

Soviet relations with, 146, 318–19, 320, 341, 582, 593, 637

Spanish civil war nonintervention policy of, 317

Stalin’s distrust of, 762

Stalin’s gamble on fighting capabilities of, 668–69

Triple Alliance proposal and, 621, 638, 639, 649, 653, 810

France, Vichy, 766, 798, 889

Franco, Francisco, 343, 350, 556, 582, 889

civil war victory of, 615

in failed assault on Madrid, 350–52, 376, 398, 406–7

gradualist strategy favored by, 399

Hitler’s meeting with, 797–98, 815

in Morocco, 314-15

NKVD assassination attempts against, 409

post-civil-war massacres by, 797

right-based coalition built by, 400

rise of, 315-16

Stalin’s view of, 401

as war criminal, 615–16

Frank, Hans, 745, 867

French intelligence, 766

Frinovsky, Mikhail, 342, 391, 413, 415–16, 447, 448, 450, 453, 460, 472, 499, 523, 541

arrest and interrogation of, 617, 618, 620

execution of, 742

and Mongolia mass arrests, 461–62

as naval commissar, 543, 547

in Soviet Far East, 531–32, 534

and Soviet incursion in Manchukuo, 535–36, 537

as Yezhov’s deputy in terror campaign, 452, 497, 500, 528–29, 540

Fritsch, Werner von, 473, 474

“From Factionalism to Open Counterrevolution” (Yezhov), 433

“From the Odessa Jail” (song), 452

Furer, Veniamin, 161, 358

Gagra, 145, 311

shooting incident at, 142

Stalin’s holidays in, 136, 141, 142, 188

Gai, Mark (Stokland), 222, 393

Gaikis, Leonid, 334, 381, 405

Gamarnik, Jan, 58, 90, 350, 418, 423, 424, 443, 527

Gamelin, Maurice, 280, 767

Gamsakhurdia, Konstantin, 512, 513

Gavrilović, Milan, 779, 847–48

Geladze, Keke, 63–64, 109

death of, 421–22

grandchildren’s visit with, 270

Stalin’s correspondence with, 108, 270

Stalin’s visit with, 270–71

Gelovani, Mikhail, 548, 617–18, 745, 854

Genden, Peljidiin, 196, 277, 461

Stalin’s meetings with, 147–48, 195, 278–79

Stalin’s pipe smashed by, 279

George V, king of England, 280

George VI, king of England, 404, 566

Georgia, 138, 354, 547

Beria’s lobbying for aid to, 513–14

Beria’s supreme power in, 501, 506, 512–13

famine in, 81

mass terror in, 502, 508–9, 513, 515–16, 517

nationalism in, 138

1937 harvest in, 514

NKVD in, 508

10th Party Congress in, 509, 512, 517

Gerasimov, Alexander, 395, 436, 733, 854

German embassy, Moscow, evacuation of, 879, 887

German intelligence, 485

Anglo-Soviet trade talks and, 779

in USSR, 775

see also Abwehr; SD

Germans, in USSR, 476

mass arrests and executions of, 356, 453

German-Soviet nonaggression pact, see Hitler-Stalin Pact German Workers’ Party, xiii

Germany, Imperial, in World War I, xv

Germany, interwar, 17

Communists in, 19

depression in, 79–80, 86, 118

failed Communist coup in, 17

1930 elections in, 53

1932 elections in, 118, 119

Reichstag fire in, 120, 142

reparations owed by, 79

rise of Nazism in, 118–19, 129

in secret military cooperation with Soviets, 21

Soviet relations with, 86, 89, 93

unemployment in, 72

Germany, Nazi, 583

in Anti-Comintern Pact, 355–57, 539, 557, 581–82, 596, 655, 667, 677

anti-Communism in, 593

anti-Semitism in, 266–67, 307, 430, 559, 589, 736–37

armaments and machinery supplied to USSR by, 769

Austria annexed by, 292, 558–60, 598

Britain’s naval limitation pact with, 288, 630

Britain’s need for accommodation with, 169, 591

British lack of knowledge about, 242

British relations with, 355, 357, 590, 609, 617, 652, 653, 904

as common enemy of Britain and USSR, 168

Czechoslovakia invaded by, 609, 612, 616, 617, 679, 747, 888

declining reliance on Soviet materials of, 774

Estonia’s nonaggression pact with, 647

in exit from League of Nations, 240

expansionism of, 556, 609, 675

in failure to ship contracted material to USSR, 753, 756

Finnish relations with, 703–4, 709, 713, 717, 748

Four-Year Plan of, 348, 366

France’s fear of, 298, 591–92

French relations with, 272, 357, 374

grain shortages in, 852–53

Italian “Pact of Steel” with, 632–34, 639

Italy’s relations with, 292

Japanese relations with, 650

Japan’s sharing of intelligence with, 485, 533

Kristallnacht in, 598

Latvia’s nonaggression pact with, 647

military buildup of, 143, 191, 592

Molotov’s visit to, 805–9, 811, 815, 818

national debt of, 598

Nuremberg laws passed by, 266

Nuremberg rallies in, 266, 342, 564

Poland invaded by, 678–79, 682, 684–85, 691, 826

Poland’s rejection of alliance with, 634, 638

Polish invasion plans of, 620–21, 636–37, 646, 651, 659–60, 661–62, 664, 675, 676–77

Polish nonaggression declaration with, 157–58, 159, 222, 630, 631, 861

Polish POWs slaughtered by, 745

Polish relations with, 291–92, 562, 596–97, 613–14

as possible Japanese ally in attack on USSR, 534

private companies in, 697–98

and proposed Japanese military pact, 539, 632, 633–34, 639–40, 646, 653

rearmament of, 240, 242–43, 342, 556, 598, 612, 821

Red Army arrests as viewed in, 431

Red Army underestimated by, 748–49

Reichstag fire trial in, 142–43

Rhineland remilitarized by, 288, 592

Romanian alliance with, 774

shortages of raw materials in, 329, 350, 474, 833, 838, 859, 890

Soviet accusations of espionage by, 487

Soviet armaments openly revealed to, 856–57

Soviet distrust of, 673

Soviet extradition of political refugees to, 695

Soviet grain exports to, 661, 743, 756–57, 769, 816

Soviet imports of material and technology from, 816–17

Soviet invasion of Poland sought by, 679, 680

Soviet loan from, 246, 259, 264, 291

Soviet planning for war with, 779, 843–44, 869–71

Soviet relations with, 121, 144, 211, 222, 275, 289, 298, 342, 356, 402–3, 609, 622, 623, 631–32, 633, 637

Soviet shipments of raw materials to, 769, 856, 869

Soviet spies in, 252, 699, 722, 800, 803–4, 810, 822, 836

Soviet trade negotiations with, 246, 257, 271–72, 291, 347–48, 366, 598, 621–22, 643, 651, 654, 659, 660, 694

Soviet trade pacts with, 661, 696, 731, 743, 752, 756–57, 764, 769, 779, 786, 799, 817, 830–31, 856, 869

Spanish civil war intervention of, 317–18, 323, 328–29, 339, 350, 407, 431, 556, 582

Stalin dictatorship compared with, 696–97

Stalin on war plans of, 245

Stalin’s desire for rapprochement with, 169, 299, 579, 582–83, 601, 637, 643, 661, 675

Stalin’s fear of British alliance with, 590

Stalin’s growing concerns about, 167–68, 239–40, 242, 414, 533

in Tripartite Pact, see Axis pact

as USSR’s principal foe, 581

war plan of, 613, 620

Winter War and, 730

Germany, Nazi, Soviet invasion preparations of, 783–86, 815, 820, 822–23, 835

disinformation campaign in, 837–38, 840, 842, 860, 865–66, 869, 872–73, 874, 877, 878, 885, 890–91

eastern buildups of Wehrmacht in, 783–84, 785, 787, 790, 791, 794, 795, 818, 820, 825, 828, 838, 857, 858, 859, 864, 875, 877, 878, 881, 891, 894

fifth column recruiting in, 891

Hitler’s June 14 conference on, 881

Hitler’s justification of, 847

Luftwaffe redeployment in, 857

perceived as blackmail, 859, 882, 883–84, 886, 891

Romania in, 876, 877

Soviet airspace violations by, 846, 855–56, 857, 869, 878, 880, 898

Soviet intelligence and, 824, 828–29, 836–38, 840, 841–43, 845, 846, 858–59, 864, 865–66, 876, 880, 883, 890, 894–95

Stalin’s discounting of, 841–42, 856, 868, 875, 880–81, 883–84, 885, 890–91, 897

and Stalin’s fear of provoking attack, 841, 870, 871, 894, 895, 898

three-pronged attack in, 840, 845, 879

Tukhachevsky on, 245

U.S. warnings of, 854–55

widespread rumors of, 863–64

Germany, Nazi, in World War II:

in Battle of Britain, 780, 784, 785, 793, 794

British and French declaration of war on, 679

British bombing of, 791, 794, 808, 809, 811, 818

British invasion plans of, 782–83, 784, 794

France occupied by, 760–61, 765–66, 767, 769, 773, 826, 827, 861, 889

Greece invaded by, 849, 852, 859

Hess’s flight to Britain from, 866–68, 871

Japanese attack on British territory as goal of, 784

Low Countries invaded by, 760, 763, 766

Norway and Denmark occupied by, 762–63

“peripheral strategy” of, 784, 791, 798, 815, 835, 838, 849, 896, 905

Romania occupied by, 796, 797, 798, 808

USSR invaded by, 899–900

Yugoslavia invaded by, 848–49, 850, 852, 859

Gestapo, 174, 221, 331, 332, 336, 560

Gibraltar, 315, 784

Gide, André, 255, 256, 295, 326, 416

Gladun, Yevgeniya, 225, 635

Goebbels, Joseph, 118, 143, 173, 266, 318, 356, 432, 474, 585, 608–9, 630, 642, 677, 678, 762, 805, 808, 872, 877, 882, 891, 896, 900

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 231

Goglidze, Sergo, 142, 503, 588, 722, 876

Gogoberidze, Levan, 348, 508

Gogol, Nikolai, 2

gold:

international flow of, 79

mining of, 133, 497

Goldstab, Semyon, 467, 548

gold standard, Britain’s abandonment of, 85

Golikov, Filipp, 790, 828–29, 839, 847, 877, 894

German invasion plans and, 845–46, 858, 875, 876–77, 878, 882

Goloshchokin, Filipp, 113, 620

Gorev, Vladimir, 338, 346, 349, 350, 351, 382

Göring, Herbert, 291, 402

Göring, Hermann, 143, 175, 240, 244, 252, 287, 402, 473, 474, 574, 583, 642, 661, 662, 663, 677, 678, 700, 752–53, 785, 807, 815, 837, 842, 891

and German trade with USSR, 291–92, 365

as head of Four-Year Plan implementation, 348

Polish trip of, 222–23

Gorky, Maxim, 25, 60, 155, 230, 255–56, 261, 442, 478

death of, 295

honors heaped on, 151–52

Moscow mansion of, 152

in return to Russia, 151

rumored poisoning of, 296

and son’s death, 177, 296

Stalin’s relationship with, 9, 27, 34, 36, 64, 148, 153, 233

state seizure of archives of, 296

in writers’ union founding, 151–52, 153, 177–78, 181, 183, 185

Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod), 32, 135, 151, 162

auto factory at, 94

Gorsky, Anatoly, 656, 661, 740, 741, 800, 836

government bonds, reduced interest rates on, 294–95

grain:

imports of, 97, 98, 128

reported theft of, 101–2

reserves of, 85, 263–64

grain exports, 43, 49–50, 68, 85, 87, 94, 99, 107, 129, 269

to Germany, 661, 743, 756–57, 769, 816

industrialization and, 131

reductions in, 126, 128

in tsarist Russia, 127

grain procurements, 10, 16–17, 27, 34–35, 68, 87–88, 102, 115, 123, 131

1934 lag in, 180

1935 harvest and, 263–64

quotas for, 106–7, 113, 128, 227

reductions in, 87, 93–94, 95–96, 100, 106–7, 113, 117, 128

Stalin’s renewed demands for, 112–13, 114

Grand Kremlin Palace, 1939 New Year’s banquet at, 593–94, 595

Great Britain:

accommodation with Nazis needed by, 169, 591

avoidance of new war as policy of, 240, 242, 556, 562, 563, 566, 568, 590–91, 616, 662, 674

Baltic states’ relations with, 655

in Battle of Britain, 780, 784, 785, 793, 794

Communism feared by, 590, 591

in declaration of war on Germany, 679

empire of, xv, 591, 783, 833

Finnish relations with, 708, 709

French navy scuttled by, 777–78

French relations with, 242, 251, 298, 592, 612

German relations with, 355, 357, 590, 609, 617, 652, 653, 904

Germany and Japan as common enemies of USSR and, 168

Germany’s naval limitation pact with, 255, 288, 630

gold standard abandoned by, 85

Great Depression in, 591

Hitler as concern of, 238

Hitler’s view of, as main enemy, 474

Italian relations with, 374

and Japanese invasion of China, 364

Japanese relations with, 653

in military talks with Soviets, 656–58, 661

in minimal response to German invasion of Poland, 679–80

Munich Pact and, 565–66

Polish independence guaranteed by, 614–15, 616, 617, 653, 654, 662, 674, 676

Polish mutual assistance treaty with, 677, 679–80

Polish relations with, 597

Soviet negotiations with, 775–76, 778–79, 796, 810–11, 818, 819–20

Soviet relations with, 24–25, 26, 28, 168, 188–89, 243–44, 276, 364, 582, 593, 616, 632, 637, 719, 903–4

Soviet spy network in, 221–22, 241, 656, 740, 741, 800, 836

Spanish civil war and, 317, 356–57, 374, 398, 582

Stalin’s antipathy and distrust toward, xv, 24–25, 142–43, 168, 255, 292, 298, 675, 699, 762, 764, 765, 777, 780, 786, 819–20, 850, 884, 890, 903

Stalin’s fear of German alliance with, 590

Triple Alliance proposal and, 621, 622–23, 625, 630, 632, 638, 639, 646, 647–49, 652, 653, 674, 777, 810

unemployment in, 72

U.S. aid to, 791, 793, 833–35, 843, 904

Winter War and, 739, 777

Great Citizen, A (film script; Ermler), 372–73, 476

Great Depression, 85–86, 118, 155, 176, 297, 305, 591

Great Dictator, The (film), 796

Great Fergana Canal, 692

great power, USSR as, 238, 298

industrialization and, 131

Stalin’s obsession with building, 5, 8, 240, 249–50

great powers:

Britain as, xv

democratic vs. authoritarian, 296, 298

mass-based modernity mastered by, 296–97

Russia’s sense of insecurity vis-à-vis, 297

Great Terror, The (Conquest), 306

Great Wall of China, 125, 366

Greece:

German invasion of, 849, 852, 859

Italian invasion of, 798, 812, 847, 849

Grigulevich, Josifas “Juzik” (Grigulevičios) 409–10

Gromyko, Andrei, 628

Gronsky, Ivan, 151, 152

Grzybowski, Wacłav, 634, 683

Gubin, Alexander, 199, 220

Guderian, Heinz, 686, 767, 768

Guernica, bombing of, 407

Guernica (Picasso), 411

Gulag (forced labor camps), 133, 220, 227, 319, 404, 413

death rate in, 599

escapees from, 497

Polish POWs in, 687

population of, 598–99, 692

reforms of, 286

release of Red Army officers from, 759

Guomindang, see Nationalists, Chinese

Habsburg empire, xv, 557, 558, 598

Haile Selassie, emperor of Abyssinia, 292

Halder, Franz, 567, 647, 676, 680, 687, 700, 704, 708, 779, 784, 814, 815–16, 841–42, 854, 864, 874, 881

Halha River, Japanese-Soviet clash at, 644–45, 650–51, 667, 668, 669, 716, 726, 882

Halifax, Edward Wood, earl of, 559, 621, 622, 633, 638, 648, 652, 653, 658, 675, 679, 763, 775, 784

Hamlet (Shostakovich film score), 283

Hanko Cape, 707, 710, 711, 714, 716, 719, 725

Harbin, China, 30, 92, 172, 597

Harnack, Arvid (“Corsican”), 221, 836, 837, 859, 860, 861, 878

heavy industry commissariat, 371, 514, 606

accusations of wrecking in, 384

arrests in, 348, 405

Hebei province, China, 233

Hegel, G.W.F., 302

Heiden, Konrad, 589–90, 682

Henderson, Nevile, 583, 654–55, 661, 662, 664, 676

Hero with a Thousand Faces (Campbell), 301

Herriot, Édouard, 146, 147

Herrnstadt, Rudolf (“Arbin”), 220, 659, 699–700

Hess, Rudolf, xiv, 318, 369, 807

in flight to Britain, 866–68, 871

Heydrich, Reinhard, 174, 175, 377, 474

“hidden enemies,” 336, 389, 429, 439

Malenkov’s inventories of, 383, 391

Stalin’s call for ramped-up hunt for, 389–90, 391

Hilger, Gustav, 633, 654, 663, 864, 865

Himmler, Heinrich, 174, 175, 688, 694, 713, 797, 805, 823

Hindenburg, Paul von, 118, 119, 120, 174, 175

Hirohito, emperor of Japan, 458, 536

Hirota, Kōki, 90, 93, 196

history:

ancient, Stalin’s study of, 493

Russian, Stalin’s view of, 465–66, 468

History of National Socialism, A (Heiden), 682

History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), The: Short Course, see Short Course

History of the Russian Revolution (Trotsky), 62

Hitler, Adolf, 158, 218, 237, 298, 329, 350, 473

annihilation of Jews as goal of, 835

anti-Communist hysteria promoted by, 120, 121, 248, 557, 582

anti-Semitism of, 238, 266, 307, 342, 430, 557, 582, 597–98

anti-Slav worldview of, 817

Antonescu’s meeting with, 798

appointed chancellor, 118, 120

assassination attempts against, 700–701, 720

Austrian annexation plan denied by, 240–41

in Beer Hall Putsch, xiv, 559, 867

Britain and France viewed as main enemies by, 474

British concerns about, 238

British empire envied by, 833

and British-German relations, 355, 904–5

British invasion plans of, 782–83, 784, 794

Chamberlain manipulated by, 698–99

Chamberlain’s appeasement of, 565–66, 591, 652–53, 662, 674, 677

Chancellery offices of, 585

charisma of, 304, 557

coup plots against, 563–64, 567

Czechoslovak democracy undermined by, 558

daily routine of, 585–86

Danzig trip of, 684–85

dictatorial powers of, 120–21, 698

diplomatic maneuvering by, 286–87

Eastern Pact rejected by, 189

European conquest as goal of, 652, 814, 817, 888–89

fiftieth birthday celebration of, 629–30

Four-Year Plan of, 329

French-Soviet alliance denounced by, 252, 275–76, 288–89

Franco’s meeting with, 797–98, 815

as gambler, 675, 705

general European war anticipated by, 474

and German-Soviet negotiations, 403, 660, 661, 664–65

inner circle of, 585, 586

Lebensraum policy of, 238, 342, 474, 556, 562, 682, 783, 785, 834, 904

Lithuania ceded to Soviet sphere of influence by, 694–95

Lvov withdrawal ordered by, 686

as master improviser, xiv–xv

meeting of Simon and Eden with, 240–41, 254

Molotov’s meetings with, 806, 807–8, 823

Munich Pact and, 564, 565–66

Mussolini’s relationship with, 555–56, 559, 561, 798

in 1933 visit to Soviet Union, 146–47

nonaggression pacts and, 157–58, 252

in Paris tour, 769–70

personality and interests of, 583–85

Pétain’s meeting with, 798, 815

Polish invasion and, 636, 639, 651, 657, 661–62, 675–77

on possibility of war with USSR, 241

on possible Soviet Pact, 650

in prison, xiv

rearmament pushed by, 143, 238, 556

Rhineland remilitarized by, 288

rise of, xii–xiv, 129

SA arrests ordered by, 174–75

as self-proclaimed defender of civilization, 641

and Soviet annexation of Baltic states, 773

Soviet invasion plans of, see Germany, Nazi, Soviet invasion preparations of

Soviet pact desired by, 631, 639, 640, 646–47

Soviet policy of, 143, 617, 623

Soviet threat as fixation of, 242–43, 244, 248, 255, 257, 276, 292, 299, 329, 340, 342

and Spanish civil war, 317, 318, 398

on Stalin, 822

Stalin compared with, xiv–xv, 888

Stalin’s accusations of Trotskyite collusion with, 386–87

Stalin’s birthday greeting from, 734–35

Stalin’s misreading of, 119, 239, 583, 838, 859, 864–65, 869, 878, 891, 896, 897

Stalin’s relationship with, 579, 905–6

Stalin’s view of, 432, 822

and start of German invasion of USSR, 900

Triple Alliance proposal and, 655, 662

U.S. power envied by, 833–34

Versailles Treaty injustices decried by, 240, 254, 612, 630, 675

war ministry abolished by, 475

Western offensive planned by, 700, 720, 735

world conquest as goal of, 904–5

World War I army service of, xiii

zero-sum geopolitics of, 904

Hitler Rearms (Woodman), 681

Hitler-Stalin Pact, xii, xv, 631, 646, 699, 702, 708, 774, 775, 793, 880, 889, 903

Baltic states as issue in, 651, 652, 654, 659

British and French reaction to, 673–74, 676, 730

division of Poland in, 664, 679, 680

German violations of, 787–88, 790, 792, 799, 808

hard-line Nazis’ dismay at, 673

Japan and, 670

Lithuania and, 692–93

negotiations leading to, 650, 651, 654, 655, 657, 659–60, 662–65

new Soviet demands for, 799–800

revision of, 692–94, 695–96

Ribbentrop and, 678

seen as betrayal of Communist ideals, 670–72

signing of, 665–66

Soviet war planning and, 829

spheres-of-influence protocol of, 664, 666, 684, 685, 773, 806, 808, 831

Stalin on, 671, 768

Hoffmann, Heinrich, 584, 673

Hohenzollern dynasty, xv

Homage to Catalonia (Orwell), 410–11

Hoover, Herbert, 61, 79

Horthy, Miklós, 889

House of Commons, British, 28, 582, 614, 679

housing, scarcity of, 405

Howard, Roy, 287–88, 298, 621

“How Could This Happen?” (Trotsky), 13

How It All Began (Bukharin), 478

“How to Organize Competition?” (Lenin), 18

Hungarian Soviet Republic, 545

Hungary, 17, 557, 787, 791, 889

in Axis pact, 811–12, 829, 847

Czech territory seized by, 609

mobilization of, 894

I Am the Son of the Working People (Katayev), 770

Ilf, Ilya, 285, 404

Ilyushin, Sergei, 853

In an Old Urals Factory (Yoganson), 607

Indochina, 794

Industrial Academy, 25, 26, 109, 110

industrialization, Soviet, 16, 41, 53, 87, 131–32, 308, 821

accidents and waste in, 73

armament production in, 20–21, 84–85, 727, 760, 820

capital investment in, 257–58, 273

collectivization and, 10–11

first Five-Year Plan and, 17, 20–21, 28, 48

grain exports and, 43, 49–50, 68, 94, 131

growth of work force and, 72, 73, 85

importing of Western skills and technology in, 32, 45, 71–72, 297

mass arrests and, 445, 551, 603

1934 boom in, 155, 168–69

overoptimistic goals for, 70–71, 606–7

poor quality and underproduction in, 48, 513–14, 606

poor working conditions in, 60

productivity in, 445, 551, 781, 782

shortage of consumer goods in, 781

Soviet great-power status as dependent on, 238

success of, 305

wreckers in, see wreckers, wrecking

“Industrial Party,” 54, 56, 60, 77

Industry of Socialism (art exhibition), 607

intelligentsia, Soviet, 464, 481, 570, 571, 604–5

education of, 573–74

see also cadres

International Brigades, 338, 350, 399, 406, 460

International Congress of Writers for the Defense of Culture, 255–56

In the Steppes of Ukraine (Korniychuk), 896

Ionescu, Gheorghe Ştefan, 555

Iran, 17, 872

Iraq, 872

Irkutsk, 461

Italy:

Abyssinia invaded by, 269, 287, 292, 318

Albania and, 665

in Anti-Comintern Pact, 557

British relations with, 374

France invaded by, 767–68

German “Pact of Steel” with, 632–34, 639

German relations with, 292

Greece invaded by, 798, 812, 847, 849

Munich Pact and, 565–66

Soviet spies in, 241

Spanish civil war intervention of, 318, 323, 328–29, 330, 339, 350, 406, 407, 431, 556, 582

in Tripartite Pact, see Axis Pact

Ivan IV, “the Terrible,” tsar of Russia, 246, 282, 466

Ivanovo, 95, 444

Ivan the Terrible Killing His Son (Repin), 465

Ivan Vasilevich (Bulgakov), 284–85

Japan:

in Anti-Comintern Pact, 355–57, 539, 557, 581–82, 667, 677

in border clashes with Soviets, 456–57, 535–40, 547, 557, 562, 597, 644, 650, 667–70, 677, 683, 726, 755, 902

British relations with, 653

China war of, 321, 330, 359, 364, 457–59, 460, 530, 533, 536, 539, 557, 597, 667, 677, 743–44, 793, 805

as common enemy of Britain and USSR, 168

expansionism of, 88, 129, 145, 168, 239, 277, 298–99, 581, 675

German relations with, 650

Germany’s sharing of intelligence with, 485

limited resources of, 833

Manchuria occupied by, 83–84, 88; see also Manchukuo

Poland’s offers of cooperation with, 93, 597

as possible German ally in attack on USSR, 534

proposed Chinese alliance with, 233

and proposed German military pact, 539, 632, 633–34, 639–40, 646, 653

in search for allies, 196

Soviet accusations of espionage by, 487

Soviet Far East seizure as goal of, 90, 92, 501

in Soviet neutrality pact, 852

Soviet offers of nonaggression pact rebuffed by, 90, 114

Soviet relations with, 83, 239–40, 243, 650, 665, 793–94, 796–97, 811, 851–52

Soviet war seen as inevitable by, 89–90, 91, 92, 98, 125, 597

Stalin’s avoidance of provocations of, 530

Stalin’s expectation of war with, 125, 143, 287, 456, 536

Stalin’s military buildup provoked by, 91

in Tripartite Pact, see Axis pact

Japan, Sea of, 702

Japanese Army:

failed putsch in, 287

Munich Pact and, 574

troop strength of, 112

see also Kwantung Army, Japanese

Japanese intelligence, 597

anti-Soviet operations of, 526–27

German attack on USSR discounted by, 882

Germany’s sharing of intelligence with, 485, 533

Lyushkov defection and, 532, 533–34

Red Army underestimated by, 668

Stalin’s antispy campaign as windfall for, 527, 532–33

Japanese Korean Army, 531, 536

Javakhishvili, Mikheil, 512, 513, 517

Jelagin, Juri, 422, 472, 476, 593

Jews:

alleged international conspiracy of, 430, 589, 597

expelled from NKVD, 522

forced to wear Star of David, 736

Hitler’s desire for annihilation of, 835

Kristallnacht attacks on, 598

Polish, 687–88

Ukrainian pogroms against, 690

in Vienna, 560

see also anti-Semitism

Jodl, Alfred, 685, 784, 785, 791, 815, 824, 838, 900

Johnson Act (1934), 167

Jolly Fellows (film), 215–16, 217, 230, 273, 284, 293, 452

Jughashvili, Besarion “Beso,” 3, 154

Jughashvili, Galina, 523

Jughashvili, Yakov, 3, 108, 270, 272–73, 388, 523, 526, 860

attempted suicide of, 250

Jughashvili, Yevgeny, 523

July 11 (film), 690

justice system, Soviet, 176, 190

Kaganovich, Lazar:

appointed transport commissar, 225

as Central Committee secretary, 500

eulogy for Nadya delivered by, 112

famine and, 100, 122–23

at February 1937 plenum, 388, 394

grain procurements and, 180

“hidden enemies” campaign resisted by, 324, 325

as inner circle member, 180, 205, 215, 386, 393, 500, 526

as key to survival of Stalin dictatorship, 69

Kirov murder and, 205, 206

Molotov’s rivalry with, 66, 262

NKVD mass arrests sabotaged by, 500

Orjonikidze’s friendship with, 386, 500

party apparatus run by, 325, 518–19

and proposed replacement of Rykov, 55

regional party arrests and, 444

Stalin’s breaking of, 386, 709

Stalin’s correspondence with, 81, 82, 84, 98, 100, 102–3, 136, 140–41, 178, 180, 182, 184, 189, 263, 264, 266–67, 268–69, 313, 324, 332, 333, 338, 342

on Stalin’s darkening mind-set, 491

Stalin’s mealtime meetings with, 211, 225

Stalin’s relationship with, 237

Stalin’s toast to, 694

as Stalin’s top party deputy, 65–66, 82

Trotskyite-Zinovievite trial and, 331

Tukhachevsky trial and, 423

workers’ strikes and, 95

on Yezhov’s appointment as NKVD head, 345

Kalinin, Mikhail, 7, 49, 75, 145, 193, 205, 227, 269, 292, 308, 563, 801, 908

Kamenev, Lev, 22, 104, 105, 229, 253, 387, 437, 467

alleged involvement in Kirov murder of, 210–11, 212, 213, 232–33, 236–37

Bukharin’s meeting with, 12

as defendant in Trotskyite-Zinovievite trial, 331

execution of, 333, 376, 602

imprisonment of, 325

internal exile of, 107

interrogation of, 332

Kaganovich’s denunciation of, 324

in Kirov murder trial, 219, 532

Kremlin Affair sentence of, 260

at 17th Party Congress, 156

Stalin’s mercurial relationship with, 228, 236–37, 332–33

Trotskyite-Zinovievite Center testimony of, 319

Kamenev, Sergei, 420

Kaminsky, Grigory (Gofman), 510–11

Kandelaki, David, 246, 366, 414, 515

execution of, 700

German rapprochement sought by, 271–72

and German-Soviet political negotiations, 373, 402

in German trade negotiations, 208, 246, 257, 259, 264, 271–72, 279, 291

Stalin’s meetings with, 208–9, 257, 271, 414

Kangxi, emperor of China, 457

Kapitsa, Pyotr, 853

Karaganda camp complex, 497

Karakhan, Lev, 89, 93, 419, 447

Karelia, Soviet, 711, 712, 724, 725, 746, 772

Karelian Isthmus, 710–12, 714, 718, 725, 727, 746, 753

Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic, 753

Kartvelishvili, Lavrenti (Lavrentyev), 81, 82

Kasahara, Yukio, 78, 89–90, 92

Katyn Forest, slaughter of Polish officers in, 745, 795

Kayurov, Vasily, 103–4

Kazakh autonomous republic, 117

death toll in, 127

deported kulaks in, 76

famine in, 76, 106, 122, 127, 129

forced settlement of nomads in, 76, 128

grain procurement in, 113, 128, 180

livestock losses in, 127

starvation in, 41

Kazakhs, 106, 127

Kazakhstan, Republic of, 354, 449, 453

mass arrests of party machine in, 444

Kegel, Gerhard (“X”), 220, 699, 700, 775, 864, 895

Keitel, Wilhelm, 475, 633, 685, 785, 805, 824, 900

Kennan, George, 335, 481, 674

Kerensky, Alexander, xi, 336, 485

Kerzhentsev, Platon (Lebedev), 283, 284–85, 476

Khachaturyan, Aram, 853

Khanjyan, Aghasi, 502–4

Kharkov, 32, 122, 146–47, 370

Khasan, Lake, 535, 536, 539, 547, 557, 562, 644, 650, 726

Khatayevich, Mendel, 106–7

Khrushchev, Nikita, 109, 110, 162, 235, 358, 373, 426, 497, 510, 768

arrests and executions overseen by, 520

background of, 206

on Beria’s appointment as NKVD deputy head, 541–42

Beria’s relationship with, 501, 520–21

elevated to Central Committee, 162

on German invasion of Poland, 682–83

as inner circle member, 501

as Kaganovich protégé, 518–19

Kirov murder and, 206

on mass terror, 433

on Mein Kampf, 682

on Molotov, 625–26

as Moscow party boss, 225, 504, 519, 520

in politburo, 521

on Stalin’s fear of German attack, 893

Stalin’s relationship with, 519–20, 546, 550, 605, 662–63

Trotsky association of, 519–20

as Ukraine party boss, 504, 520, 522–23, 542

Khryunkin, Timofei, 826–27

Kiev, 41, 146, 370, 844

Kiev special military district, 779

German invasion of, 900

King Lear (Shakespeare), 231

Kirov, Sergei, 46, 109, 196, 197

as Central Committee secretary, 161–62

documentary film about, 209, 218, 219

extramarital affairs of, 194

funeral of, 209

as inner circle member, 107, 161–62, 526

Leningrad film industry and, 193

as Leningrad party boss, 46, 55, 107, 134, 161–62, 194

personality of, 134

at 17th Party Congress, 160

in Sochi, 179–80

Stalin’s friendship with, 111, 133–34, 191–92, 193, 210, 311

as unlikely possible replacement for Stalin, 160–61

Kirov, Sergei, assassination of, 201–13, 216, 372, 469, 476, 478, 485, 491–92, 526

Agranov and, 211

alleged Zinovievite conspiracy in, 210–12, 219, 232, 236

Borisov’s death and, 207, 220

conspiracy theories about, 235–36

Draule and, 202, 203, 206, 210, 218–19, 232

first trial and executions in, 213

Kamenev and, 232–33, 236–37, 532

mass arrests in, 305

Medved and, 235

Nikolayev as solely responsible for, 235

Nikolayev’s confession in, 202, 204, 210, 211

Nikolayev’s execution for, 213

Nikolayev’s stalking of Kirov in, 199, 200, 235

NKVD and, 202, 206, 228

NKVD investigation of, 208, 228, 232, 236, 369–70, 527, 532

NKVD negligence in, 201, 205, 219, 220, 235, 236

public viewing of body in, 208, 209

radio announcement of, 206

reopened investigation into, 313, 323

rumored liaison of Kirov and Draule as motive for, 203

second trial in, 218–19

Stalin and, 205, 206–7, 209, 235, 236–37

2004 forensic analysis of, 202–3

witness accounts of, 202, 203

Yagoda and, 235

Yezhov and, 224

Zinoviev and, 210–11, 212, 213, 229, 232–33, 236–37, 532

Kleist, Peter, 636, 646, 651–52

Knickerbocker, H. R., 63–64

Knight in the Panthers Skin, The (Rustaveli), 516–17

Knorin, Wilhelm, 171, 172, 189, 446

Kobulov, Amayak (“Zakhar”), 803–4, 809, 823, 836, 838, 840, 873, 880, 883

Kobulov, Bogdan “Bakhcho,” 501, 508, 588, 626, 804, 840, 878, 879

Koestler, Arthur, 435

Kola Peninsula, 133

Kollontai, Alexandra, 179, 301, 427, 627, 715, 741

Kolotilov, Nikolai, 57–58

Koltsov, Mikhail, 71, 154, 255, 376, 416, 545

accusations against, 409

death sentence of, 740

journalism career of, 334

1938 showcase trial reports of, 479

as Pravda correspondent in Spain, 334–35, 339, 351, 352, 364, 406, 408–9, 459–60

as Soviet agent, 364, 382

Stalin’s mocking of, 408–9

Kolyma River region, 133

labor camps in, 133, 286, 497, 598

Kommunarka killing field, 455, 479, 480

kommunas, 35

Komsomolsk shipyard, 703, 805

Konar, Fyodor (Polashchuk), 435–36

Konoe, Fumimaro, 457, 793, 851

Konovalets, Yevhen, 610, 611

Kopelev, Lev, 123–24

Korean Peninsula, Japanese annexation of, 92

Koreans, in USSR, deportations of, 453, 528

Kork, August, 411–12, 422–23

Korniychuk, Oleksandr, 274, 896

Korotkov, Alexander, 836, 837

Korzhenko, Vasily, 447, 626

Kosior, Stanisław, 29, 94, 100, 102, 103, 125, 129, 211, 308, 520

Köstring, Ernst, 414, 455, 633, 647, 663, 673, 684, 685–86, 784, 873, 884

Kosygin, Alexei, 603, 757

Kotolynov, Ivan, 210, 211, 212

Kozlovsky, Ivan, 594–95, 853–54

Krebs, Hans, 852, 856–57, 864

Krejčí, Ludvik, 558, 561, 562

Kremlin:

alleged conspiracy of cleaning personnel in, see Kremlin Affair

defense commissariat oversight of, 228, 229

as government headquarters, 66

as secret headquarters of Stalin dictatorship, 57, 66–67

Stalin’s apartment in, 108, 111, 163, 165, 191, 234, 388, 600

Kremlin Affair, 227–28, 253–54

NKVD investigation in, 228–29, 231–32

sentences in, 259–60

Yenukidze and, 231–32, 233

Krestinsky, Nikolai, 5, 144, 263, 327, 328–29, 333–34, 347, 447, 478

Kristallnacht, 598

Krivitsky, Walter, 583, 675, 696

Krivoshein, Semyon, 382, 405, 686

Kruglov, Sergei, 541, 589

Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 387, 425, 602

Kuibyshev, Nikolai, 473, 478

Kuibyshev, Valerian, 32, 55, 98, 101, 113, 190, 220

kulaks (rich peasants), 12, 14

classification of, 74

grain procurements from, 16–17

mass executions and internal deportations of, see dekulakization

Kulik, Grigory, 397, 414–15, 561, 651, 741, 752, 878

marriages of, 758, 795

mechanized units disparaged by, 755

promoted to marshal, 758

Kun, Béla, 172, 189, 446, 545

Kuril Islands, 811, 851

Kursk, 180

Kursky, Vladimir, 415, 526

Kutuzov, Mikhail, 751–52

Kutyakov, Ivan, 395–96

Kuusinen, Otto, 171, 189, 446, 723–25, 753

Kuzmina, Yulia, 411, 412

Kuznetsk, 32

Kuznetsov, Nikolai, 380, 427, 684, 899

as naval commissar, 702

promoted to admiral, 759

on Stalin’s fear of German attack, 893

Kwantung Army, Japanese, 31, 84, 125, 531, 597, 645

in Amur confrontation with Soviet gunboats, 456

in border clashes with Soviets, 535–40, 547, 557, 562, 597, 644, 650, 667–70, 677, 683, 726, 755, 902

massacre of Chinese soldiers by, 83

Kyrgyzstan, 354, 773

Labour party, British, 24

Ladoga, Lake, 711

Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (Shostakovich), 283

Lakoba, Nestor, 136–37, 144, 165

agricultural reports of, 231

background of, 137–38

Beria’s campaign against relatives and associates of, 515

Beria’s rivalry with, 139, 141, 142, 237, 504–6, 508

death of, 506, 526

Orjonikidze’s friendship with, 137

popularity of, 137, 140

Stalin biography and, 214

Stalin’s friendship with, 137, 138, 140, 237, 506

Lakoba, Sarie, 505, 506

Land Under the Yoke (Wasilewska), 789

Lapin, Albert, 532–33

Largo Caballero, Francisco, 338, 343, 346, 380–81, 406

resignation of, 408

Stalin and, 347, 365, 381, 405

Larina, Anna, 45, 349

Last Billionaire, The (film), 230

Latvia, 17, 50, 62–63, 89, 485, 596, 634, 664, 786

German nonaggression pact with, 647

Red Army troops in, 770–71

Soviet annexation of, 772

Soviet bases in, 714

Soviet pacts with, 93, 708, 715

standing army of, 112

Latvians, in USSR, 476, 454

Laval, Pierre, 242, 246, 252

German rapprochement sought by, 272

Stalin’s meeting with, 251

in trip to Moscow, 251

Law of Life, The (film), 788–89, 790

leadership, Stalin’s view of, 441–42

League of Nations, 83, 125, 144, 145, 146, 158, 218, 240, 242, 245, 269, 280, 288, 292, 608

Germany’s exit from, 173, 240

USSR expelled from, 729

USSR’s joining of, 189, 190, 237, 239, 248, 299

Lefortovo prison, 438

Lehmann, Wilhelm “Willy,” 221, 804

Lemeshev, Sergei, 595

Lend-Lease Act, 843

Lenin, Vladimir, 2, 18, 64, 65, 129, 173, 219, 249, 336, 494, 573, 903

death of, 387

documentary films on, 219–20

ideology of, 493–94, 691

New Economic Policy of, 9–10, 15

in 1917 return to Russia, xi

purported Testament of, 5, 12, 15, 67, 105, 160, 212, 228, 262, 299, 303, 336, 337, 372, 602

secret protocols condemned by, 666

Stalin’s rereading of, 691

stroke of, xii

Leningrad, 16, 32, 84

famine in, 112

security of, 711, 718, 747, 748

vulnerability to attack of, 703

Leningrad Film Studio, 218

Leningrad military district, 779

Lenin in 1918 (film), 617–18

Lenin in October (film), 467, 469, 617, 853

Leninism, see Marxism-Leninism

Leonhard, Wolfgang, 671–72

Leontyev, Konstantin (“Petrov”), 864, 895

Levin, Usher Leib “Lev,” 47, 264, 385

Levitan, Yuri, 210, 295, 424

Life of Stalin (Koltsov), 154

Lifshitz, Boris, see Souvarine, Boris

light industry commissariat, 514

arrests in, 405

Literary Fund, 178

literature, Soviet:

socialist realism in, 183

translation of foreign writers in, 231

Union of Soviet Writers and, see Union of Soviet Writers

see also culture, Soviet

Lithuania, 17, 252, 276, 562, 596, 613, 634, 664, 687, 786, 819

ceded to Soviet sphere of influence, 694–95

German-Soviet Pact and, 692–93

pro-German sentiment in, 647

Red Army troops in, 770–71

Soviet annexation of, 772

Soviet bases in, 714

Soviet pacts with, 87–89, 710, 715

Little Entente, 62, 173

Little Golden Calf, The (Ilf and Petrov), 285

Little Peter and the Wolf (Prokofyev), 292–93

Litvin, Mikhail, 416, 540, 543

suicide of, 578

Litvinov, Maxim, 24, 173, 251, 269, 280, 327, 329, 337, 342, 343, 448, 458, 538, 582, 590

anti-Nazism of, 275

Baltic states and, 614

dismissed as foreign affairs commissar, 625, 632

and French-Soviet relations, 357

German-Soviet political negotiations and, 373, 402, 403

as inner circle member, 500

investigation of, 626

Molotov’s antipathy toward, 623, 624, 625

multipower conference proposed by, 612

promoted to foreign affairs commissar, 89

Spanish civil war and, 320, 347

on threat of Nazi aggression, 242–43

Triple Alliance proposal of, 621, 623, 625

U.S. diplomatic recognition negotiated by, 145

war with Germany predicted by, 751

Zhdanov’s enmity toward, 624

livestock:

collectivization and, 29, 35, 43, 94, 96

imports of, 95, 126, 128

losses of, 38, 44, 48, 59, 101, 106, 127, 131, 159

Livshits, Yakov, 348, 358

Lloyd George, David, 614, 776

Loizeau, Lucien, 265–66

Lominadze, Vissarion “Beso,” 56, 57, 58, 64, 69

expelled from Central Committee, 59

suicide of, 358

Long March, 262, 277, 321, 471

Lordkipanidze, Zekeri, 515, 528–29

Low, David, 556, 642

Low Countries, German invasion of, 760, 766, 889

Lozovsky, Solomon, 172, 446

Luftwaffe, 221, 473, 566, 766, 794

in Battle of Britain, 780, 783, 784, 785, 793, 794

bombers of, 351, 678, 755

creation of, 240

fighters of, 351, 407, 755–56, 783

losses of, 780

order of battle of, 882

in Polish invasion, 679

Soviet airspace violations by, 846, 855–56, 857, 869, 878, 880, 898

in Spanish civil war, 323, 351, 407

in transfer to Soviet border, 857, 880

in Yugoslavia invasion, 848

Luxembourg:

German invasion of, 763

see also Low Countries

Lvov (Lwów, Lviv, Lemberg), 685–86, 774

German withdrawal from, 686

Lyakhterov, Nikolai (“Mars”), 840, 842, 872

“Lycée-ist,” see Berlings, Orests

Lyons, Eugene, 63, 71, 780–81

Lyushkov, Genrikh, 228

accusations against, 528–29, 531

defection of, 530–31, 533–35, 536, 540, 668

as NKVD head for Far East, 528, 530

Stalin’s mass arrests denounced by, 532–33

Macbeth (Shakespeare), 422

MacDonald, Ramsay, 24–25, 80

Machiavelli, Niccolò, vii, 4–5, 297–98, 493

Maclean, Donald, 222, 636, 836

Madrid:

air attacks on, 323, 350, 351

fall of, 615

Franco’s failed assault on, 350–52, 376, 398, 406–7

Magadan, 133, 599

Maginot Line, 592, 766, 827

Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine, 32, 75, 94, 96

Main Military Council, Soviet, 473, 547, 562, 564–65, 726, 736, 757

Main Military Council, Soviet, June 1937 session of, 417–18, 435

arrests of members of, 420–21

Blyukher’s report to, 420

interrogation reports presented to, 418

Stalin’s address to, 418–19

Voroshilov’s reports to, 418

Maisky, Ivan, 242, 280, 339, 614, 621, 622, 623, 627, 633, 648, 652, 656, 663, 719, 739, 740, 775, 776, 778, 780, 858, 868, 884, 890

Churchill and, 709–10

Triple Alliance proposal and, 638

Makhatadze, Nikolai, 81–82

Maksimovsky, Vladimir, 4–5

Malenkov, Georgy, 280, 839

inventories of “former people” drawn up by, 383, 391

on justification for mass terror, 483

list of candidates for NKVD head compiled by, 540–41

mass arrests overseen by, 350, 516

regional party arrests and, 444, 518

Stalin’s correspondence with, 383

Yezhov denounced by, 542

Yezhov’s file on, 619

Malraux, André, 181–82, 255, 256, 417, 635

Maly, Tivadar “Theodore,” 222, 409, 546–47

Malyshev, Vyacheslav, 603, 757, 832

managerial class, arrests of, 434, 444, 445, 599, 821

Manchukuo, 125, 277, 299, 527, 531, 852

Chinese Eastern Railway sold to, 233, 243

Japanese troops in, 536, 730; see also Kwantung Army, Japanese

Soviet border clashes with, 456–57, 535–40, 547, 557, 562, 597, 644–45, 650, 667–70, 677, 683, 726, 755, 902

Soviet relations with, 144

Manchuria, 29–30

Japanese occupation of, 83–84, 88

Japanese puppet state in, see Manchukuo

Soviet invasion of, 30–31

Mandelstam, Nadezhda, 169–70, 544, 635

Mandelstam, Osip, 404

arrest and internal exile of, 169–70, 186

Mannerheim, Gustaf, 708–9, 717–18, 739, 747

on Red Army capabilities, 749–50

Mannerheim Line, 727, 743, 753

Manuilsky, Dmytro, 168, 171, 189, 361, 362, 446

Man with a Gun (Pogodin), 476

Man with the Gun, The (film), 548

Mao Zedong, 360, 367, 370, 373, 458, 471, 539, 744, 805, 813

and capture of Chiang, 361, 363–64

negotiation with Nationalists offered by, 330

rise of, 277

Marco Polo Bridge, 457

Marmara, Sea of, 13

Martel, Giffard, 340

Marty, André, 338, 405, 406

Marx, Harpo, 145

Marx, Karl, 2–3, 302, 493–94, 573

Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, 154, 734

Marxism, 131

capitalism as viewed by, 6

Hegel’s influence on, 302

idealism of, 6

Stalin’s dedication to, 10, 573, 576–77, 691

Marxism-Leninism, 3, 6, 49, 304, 494, 901

Stalin’s role in synthesis of, 8

Stalin’s view of, 10, 570–71

Maryasin, Lev, 436

Mason-MacFarlane, Noel, 629

mass violence:

Communism’s justification of, 6–7

Stalin’s use of, see terror campaign

Master and Margarita, The (Bulgakov), 635, 746

Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (Lenin), 691

Matsesta sulfur baths, 4, 47, 98, 264, 311

Matsuoka, Yōsuke, 851–52, 855, 860

Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 149, 181–82, 276

Mdivani, Polikarp “Budu,” 337, 509, 515, 542

Mediterranean, German “peripheral strategy” in, 784, 791, 798, 815, 835, 837, 838, 849, 905

Medved, Filipp, 79, 201, 235

Kirov murder and, 202, 204–5, 206, 208, 220

as Leningrad NKVD head, 193–94

Stalin’s lack of confidence in, 194

Mein Kampf (Hitler), xiv, 158, 238, 245, 630, 681–82, 845, 867

Meissner, Otto, 810, 872

Mekhlis, Lev, 57, 193, 230, 390, 496, 698, 699, 719, 749

and arrests of Red Army officer corps, 426

Beria criticized by, 508, 509

as deputy defense commissar, 530

elevated to Central Committee, 162

Kirov murder and, 205

as Pravda editor, 425

in Soviet Far East, 530, 531, 533, 534, 535–36, 537

in Winter War, 731, 735, 751, 753

Meltzer, Judith “Yulia,” 272–73, 388

Member of the Government, A (film), 745–46

Mensheviks, 40, 50, 99, 116, 176, 233, 254, 467

as émigrés, 34, 48, 62, 65–66, 106, 349, 352–53, 378, 385, 437; see also émigré groups, anti-Soviet

Mercader, Ramón, 611–12, 787

Merekalov, Aleksei, 621–22, 623, 631

Meretskov, Kirill, 380, 417, 707–8, 723

as army chief of staff, 758, 779

promoted to general, 759

Red Army shortcomings reported by, 825

Winter War and, 726, 727, 729, 735, 736, 743, 753

Merkulov, Vsevolod, 260, 508, 542, 588, 606, 619, 717, 805, 807, 852, 874, 883

Meshcherino, 540, 542–43, 619

Messing, Stanisław, 23, 24, 35, 78

Metekhi fortress prison, 509

Mexico, Trotsky in, 368, 610, 787, 892

Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 284, 476, 649–50, 740, 770

Mężyński, Wiaczesław, 14, 22, 23, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 64, 77, 79, 103, 134, 345, 478

Mikhailov, Maxim, 594–95

Mikhoels, Solomon, 231, 635

Mikoyan, Anastas, 16, 41, 43, 55, 64, 96, 114, 176, 180, 209, 225, 262, 278, 308, 314, 385, 428–29, 471, 516, 843

on cult of Stalin, 7

and German trade negotiations, 598, 696, 756, 786

as inner circle member, 262, 386, 500, 526

Kirov murder and, 205

and proposed replacement of Rykov, 55

Stalin’s breaking of, 386

on Stalin’s darkening mind-set, 491

on Stalin’s eating habits, 165

Stalin’s mealtime meetings with, 225

Mikulina, Yelena, 18–19

military, Soviet:

budget of, 223, 278, 821

December 1940 conference of, 824–27

forward defense doctrine of, 824–25, 830, 844, 871, 881, 885

intelligence department of, see Soviet military intelligence

preemptive strike against Germany envisioned by, 869–71

Stalin’s refusal to order full war footing for, 869–70

Stalin’s rejection of preemptive strikes by, 870

war plans of, 779, 843–44, 869–71

see also navy, Soviet; Red Air Force; Red Army; Soviet Far Eastern Army

military academy graduations, Stalin’s speeches at, 249–50, 860–61

Miliukov, Paul, 746–47

Mironov, Sergei (Miron Korol), 415, 461, 471, 482

as NKVD head in Western Siberia, 449–50, 451

secret police career of, 448–49

Mironova, Agnessa, 449, 461

modernity, mass-based, 296–97

Mogilevsky, Solomon, 139–40

Moiseyev, Igor, 593, 648

Mola, Emilio, 315–16, 318, 351, 407, 428

Molchanov, Georgy, 228, 389

Moldavia, Moldavians, 138, 786

Molière, 231

Molière (Bulgakov), 284–85

Molotov, Vyacheslav:

on Anti-Comintern Pact, 357, 655

antipathy toward Litvinov of, 623, 624, 625

appointed head of government, 65

on arrests of staff, 581

on Axis pact, 793

background of, 65

Beria’s rivalry with, 550, 692

Berlin visit of, 794, 797, 798–99, 803, 805–9, 811, 815, 818

Bessarabia ultimatum of, 773

Britain viewed as main enemy by, 274

and British trade talks, 776, 777

on Bukharin’s relationship with Stalin, 433

as Central Committee member, 605

economic policy and, 257, 258

on famine of 1931–33, 127

at February 1937 Central Committee plenum, 386, 388, 389, 396–97

Finnish negotiations and, 708–9, 710, 711, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718–19, 720

as foreign affairs commissar, 625, 863

as Germanophile, 643, 780

and German violations of the Pact, 790–91, 799

on German-Soviet relations, 356

grain procurements and, 180

as head of government, 605, 843

Hitler’s meetings with, 806, 807–8, 823

Hitler-Stalin Pact and, 637, 650, 659, 660, 666, 672–73, 685, 695

industrial sabotage report of, 388

as inner circle member, 161–62, 205, 262, 393, 500, 526, 623

Kaganovich’s rivalry with, 66, 262

as key to survival of Stalin dictatorship, 69

Kirov murder and, 205, 209

letters to wife from, 786

mass executions authorized by, 542

Mongolian border clashes and, 644

on Nikolayev, 207

Orjonikidze’s eulogy delivered by, 385

as proposed replacement for Rykov, 53, 56, 64

and proposed Soviet inclusion in Axis powers, 813, 831

replaced as head of government, 863

Schulenburg’s meetings with, 898

self-assurance of, 625–26

and severing of Finnish relations, 722

and Soviet invasion of Poland, 681, 683–84

Spanish civil war and, 381

Stalin’s correspondence with, 24, 25–26, 31, 32, 47, 48–49, 50, 53, 58, 84, 100, 189, 262, 266–67, 268–69

Stalin’s criticisms of, 863, 865

on Stalin’s drive for self-improvement, 495

on Stalin’s friendship with Kirov, 134

Stalin’s mealtime meetings with, 211, 225

Stalin’s relationship with, 237, 624, 625–26

on Stalin’s view of Hitler, 822

on Stalin’s work ethic, 892

terror campaign and, 429, 624

on third Five-Year plan goals, 606–7

and Triple Alliance proposal, 633, 634, 639, 647–49, 653, 656

Winter War and, 746

Yezhov’s threatening of, 500

Yugoslavia and, 848

Molotov, Zhemchuzhina, 193, 274, 593, 692

Molotovsk shipyard, 703

Moltke, Count Helmuth von (the Elder), xiv

Moltke, Hans-Adolf von, 221, 596

Mongolia, Inner, 125, 233–34

Mongolia, Outer (Mongolia People’s Republic), 83, 88, 98, 125, 234, 287, 366, 456, 458–59, 485, 557, 737, 852

army of, 196

in border clashes with Manchukuo, 455–56, 535–40, 547, 557, 562, 597, 644–45, 650, 667–70, 677, 683, 726, 755, 902

Japanese attack on frontier post of, 277

lamas in, 147, 195, 277, 278, 309, 462

mass arrests and executions in, 482

military budget of, 277, 278, 280

NEPmen in, 147

Red Army troops in, 197, 280, 461, 644, 650–51, 653, 667–68

reversal of party policy in, 97

showcase trials in, 461, 462

Soviet nonaggression pact with, 196–97

as Soviet puppet state, 147–48, 195, 289

Stalin’s concerns about, 147–48, 195

Stalin’s forgiveness of debt of, 196

Stalin’s mass arrests in, 460–61

uprisings in, 97

Mongolian People’s Party, 147, 737

Moravia, 774

Morocco, Franco in, 314–15

Moscow:

antiaircraft defenses of, 889

famine in, 112

food rationing in, 16

mass terror in, 520

May 1 celebrations in, 246–48, 290

Napoleon’s occupation of, 888

Moscow, 1937 (Feuchtwanger), 416–17

Moscow Artists’ Union, 284

Moscow Art Theater, 148, 150, 151, 284, 404, 552

Moscow International Film Festival (1975), 230

Moscow metro, Stalin’s ride on, 234–35, 250–51

Moscow-Volga Canal, Gulag labor force of, 404

Mosfilm, 422

Moskvin, Ivan, 224, 593

Motherland (Wasilewska), 789

Mukden, Manchuria, 30, 83, 457

Mukhina, Vera, 411, 853

Munich, 597

Munich Beer Hall:

attempted assassination of Hitler in, 700–701, 720

failed putsch in, xiv, 559, 867

Munich Pact, 565–66, 567, 572, 574–75, 592, 609, 674, 699, 763

Stalin and, 578, 579

Murmansk, 133, 739, 740, 748

Musavat counterintelligence, 510, 511, 589

music, 283

socialist realism and, 183–84

Stalin’s interest in, 594

Mussolini, Benito, 189, 210, 285, 292, 298, 317, 318, 329, 350, 525, 565, 767, 814, 816, 838, 849, 889

and German invasion of Poland, 676–77, 678

Hitler’s relationship with, 555–56, 559, 561, 798

and Spanish civil war, 398–99, 406

My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography (Trotsky), 62, 540

Myussera, Abkhazia, Stalin’s dacha in, 505

Mzechabuki (ballet), 506

Nabokov, Vladimir, 550

Naggiar, Paul-Émile, 633, 649

Nakhichevan, 518

Nanking (Nanjing), 321, 359, 360, 367

Japanese capture and massacre of, 470

Napoleon I, emperor of France, 690, 888

Narew River, 684, 686

Nasedkin, Alexei, 453–54

Nationalists, Chinese, 17, 29, 83

in civil war with Communists, 262, 277, 321, 359–60, 367, 805

Mao’s offer of negotiations with, 330

massacre of Communists by, 30

northern China abandoned by, 743

proposed Japanese alliance with, 233

Soviet aid to, 459, 470, 471, 530, 535

Soviet relations with, 29–30, 114, 557

in united front with Communists, 277, 362, 364, 379, 458, 459, 470, 539

in war with Japan, see China, Japanese war with

nationalities:

mass terror campaign against, 453–54, 476

Stalin’s view of, 7

National People’s Party, German, 120

National Unity Camp, 688

navy, German, 473, 876

navy, Soviet, 702–3, 704

Nazis, Nazism, xiii

anti-Bolshevism of, 175, 473

Communist Party compared with, 287, 697

as dismayed by German-Soviet Pact, 673

in 1930 election, 53

rise of, 118–19, 129

Stalin’s misunderstanding of, 557

Near Dacha:

accommodations at, 165, 524–25

secrecy of, 164–65

Stalin’s fifty-sixth birthday celebration at, 277–78

as Stalin’s principal residence, 163

Near East, 752, 796, 800, 808

German “peripheral strategy” for, 784, 791, 798, 802, 815, 835, 837–38, 849, 872, 896, 905

Negrín, Juan, 347, 380

Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir, 148, 404

NEPmen (private traders), 12

in Mongolia, 147

Stalin’s suppression of, 72

Netherlands, 766

general mobilization of, 678

German invasion of, 763

see also Low Countries

Neurath, Konstantin von, 292, 402, 473, 628

Nevsky, Alexander, 751

New Economic Policy (NEP), 9–10, 14, 15, 17

New Forms of Combat (Isserson), 826

New Moscow (Pimenov), 607

New York Stock Exchange, 32

Nicholas I, tsar of Russia, 246

Nicholas II, tsar of Russia, 267, 436, 485

abdication of, xi, 301

Night of the Long Knives, 174–75, 221

Nikolayev, Leonid:

childhood of, 197

diary of, 199–200, 203

Draule’s marriage to, 197–98

Kirov murdered by, see Kirov, Sergei, murder of

party expulsion of, 198, 204, 206, 236

quarrelsome nature of, 198

Stalin’s interrogation of, 207–8

workplace problems of, 198, 204

Nikolayev shipyard, 702–3

Nikonov, Alexander, 413, 454–55

Nin, Andreu, 335, 364

assassination of, 410, 425, 534

Nizhny Novgorod, see Gorky

NKGB (state security commissariat), 840, 846, 850, 891, 908

analytical department lacked by, 841

counterintelligence of, 873–74

evacuation of German and Italian embassies reported by, 887

German disinformation campaign and, 878

NKVD (internal affairs commissariat):

arrests in, 376, 379, 393–94, 405, 415–16, 434, 450, 471, 522, 528, 588–89, 595, 603

awards and pay raises for, 451, 472

Beria as head of, 550, 588–89, 595, 605

decline in mass arrests by, 190, 286

at February 1937 Central Committee plenum, 386, 389

foreign intelligence operations of, see intelligence, Soviet

Franco assassination attempts by, 409

Georgians in, 588

German agents captured by, 857

given co-oversight of Kremlin investigation, 229

and hunt for “hidden enemies,” 325, 391

introduction of formal ranks in, 272

investigation of excessive arrests by, 578

Jews and minorities expelled from, 522, 588

Kirov murder and, see Kirov, Sergei, murder of

Kremlin personnel investigated by, see Kremlin Affair

Leningrad branch of, 202, 203–4, 207, 219, 220, 229, 236, 540

mass arrests and executions by, 294, 319, 452–53, 486, 487, 488

mass arrests of foreign agents of, 497, 498–500

Medved as head of Leningrad branch of, 193–94

NKGB separated from, 840

OGPU replaced by, 176–77

Operational Order No. 00447 of, 452

party terror and, 475

Red Army investigated by, 222, 357

in release of prisoners from Yezhov-era roundups, 618

and Sedov’s death, 476

Siberia branch of, 194

in Spanish civil war, 339, 408, 410, 425

spying charges against, 528

“spy mania” arrests by, 486, 487, 488

supposed coup plot in, 391

swollen ranks of, 497–98

torture employed by, 190, 595

Trotsky assassination attempts by, 368

Trotskyites arrested by, 279–80, 294, 319

Trotsky surveilled by, 322–23

twentieth anniversary of, 471

writers’ union surveilled by, 182, 185

Yagoda as head of, 176, 272, 436, 523, 527

Yagodaites eliminated from, 415

Yezhov as head of, 344–45, 392, 415, 437, 449, 451, 471, 498, 521–22, 540–42, 618

Yezhovites eliminated from, 578, 588, 619

Yezhov loyalists in, 499

Yezhov’s resignation as head of, 587

Yezhov’s review of, 229

Nomonhan, 644

battles at, 645, 650–51, 683

nonaggression pacts:

Stalin’s desire for, 88–89

see also specific pacts

Non-Intervention Agreement, 327, 329, 330, 337, 342, 346, 347

Non-Intervention Committee, 339, 347

North Caucasus, 107, 112–13, 122, 128

party purges in, 112, 114

Northern Fleet, Soviet, 133, 703

Norway, 763

German occupation of, 762–63, 889

Trotsky in, 327, 368, 610

Novokuznetsk, 190

Nuremberg, Nazi Party Congress in, 266–67

Nuremberg laws, 266

Odessa, 13, 146, 774

Odessa military district, 779

OGPU, 35, 50, 51, 54, 89, 94, 95, 97, 117, 908

Beria’s career in, 140

collectivization and, 38, 39, 41–42

dekulakization and, 36, 37, 74–75

famine and, 122, 130

foreign directorate of, 172

1931 shakeup in, 79, 80

peasant deportations and, 125

power struggles in, 22–24, 78–79, 80

Red Army investigated by, 76–77, 84

replaced by NKVD, 176

Trotsky smuggled out of Russia by, 12–13

wrecking investigations of, 57

Okhotsk, Sea of, 133

okhranka, 436

Olberg, Valentin, 279–80

Olsky, Jan (Kulikowski), 56, 78

Olympics of 1936 (Berlin), 326

“On Anti-Soviet Elements” resolution, 450

“On Certain Cunning Techniques of Recruitment by Foreign Intelligence” (Pravda article), 486

One-Story America (Ilf and Petrov), 285–86, 404

“On the Hills of Manchuria” (Shatrov), 209

On the History of the Bolshevik Organization in the South Caucasus (Beria), 503

On the Nature of Absolutism (Vorovsky), 493

On the Road to Thermidor (Besedovsky), 294

Open Letter to Members of the Bolshevik Party, An (Trotsky), 787

opera, Stalin’s love of, 594

oprichnina, 465–66

Orakhelashvili, Mamiya, 140, 141, 264, 358, 508, 515

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 437, 610

orgburo, 66, 162, 224, 225, 507, 907

Orjonikidze, Papuliya, 348, 504

Orjonikidze, Sergo, 12, 20, 26, 29, 36, 39, 46, 49, 55, 57, 58, 65, 73, 86, 136, 140, 141, 159, 162, 209, 212, 231, 264, 273, 278, 308, 314, 345, 362, 373, 386, 396

appointed head of Supreme Council of the Economy, 66

funeral of, 385

as heavy industry commissar, 262, 278, 314, 320, 323–24, 325, 348, 371, 383–84

“hidden enemies” campaign resisted by, 323–24, 325

illnesses and failing health of, 123, 197, 324, 348, 350

as inner circle member, 162, 197, 262, 386, 526, 548

Kaganovich’s friendship with, 386, 500

as key to survival of Stalin dictatorship, 69

Kirov murder and, 205, 206, 209

Lakoba’s friendship with, 137

military budget cuts and, 101

popularity of, 325–26, 501

posthumous vilification of, 508–9

and proposed replacement of Rykov, 56

Stalin’s correspondence with, 54, 82, 98, 337

Stalin’s friendship with, 111, 133, 237

Stalin’s meetings with, 211, 384

Stalin’s plenum attack on, 358

suicide of, 384–86, 428, 443, 526

torture and confession of, 371

Orjonikidze, Zinaida, 324, 384, 506

Orlov, Alexander (Leiba Feldbein), 339, 347, 349, 351, 382, 410, 524, 534

Orlova, Lyubov, 216, 217, 293, 593, 795, 853, 854

Orwell, George, 410–11

Ōshima, Hiroshi, 485, 640, 855

Oslo, Trotsky in, 322

Osten, Maria, 363, 460

Ott, Eugen, 221, 356, 640, 650, 791, 874–76, 890

Ozaki, Hotsumi, 667–68, 851, 874

Paasikivi, Juho Kusti, 710–11, 712, 713, 715, 717, 718, 719, 723, 747

Paasonen, Aladár, 710, 711

Pacific Fleet, Soviet, 703

Packard automobiles, Stalin’s preference for, 164

Pact of Steel, 632–34, 639

painting:

foreign sale of “bourgeois” artworks in, 184

Industry of Socialism exhibition of, 607

socialist realism in, 184

see also culture, Soviet

Paris:

German occupation of, 765

Hitler’s tour of, 769–70

1937 International Exhibition in, 411

Party Card (film), 293–94

Party Construction, 34

Pascua, Marcelino, 381

Passov, Zelman, 575–76

passports, internal system of, 115

Pasternak, Boris, 169, 181–82, 183, 184, 186, 255, 277, 326, 416, 481

Stalin’s call to, 170

Patolichev, Nikolai, 846–47

Pauker, Karl, 109, 165, 228, 344–45, 526, 618

arrest of, 393

in fabricated coup plots, 397

Kirov murder and, 205

Paulus, Friedrich von, 21, 820

Paustovsky, Konstantin, 289–90

Pavlov, Dmitry, 757, 877

Pavlov, Karp, 598–99

Pavlov, Vladimir, 628, 864

Pavlunovsky, Ivan, 140, 511

peasant revolution, 9, 10

peasants:

anticollectivization protests by, 27, 29, 38–39, 41–42, 68

dekulakization of, see dekulakization

executions of, 131

in flight from collectives, 93, 99, 101, 117

grain procurements from, see grain procurements

internal incarceration and deportation of, 131

suspension of mass deportations of, 125

working class and, 369

see also collectives; collectivization

Peculiar Penguins (cartoon), 230

Pegov, Nikolai, 541

Peking (Beijing), 125, 233, 457–58

Peredelkino dacha colony, 177, 178

Permanent Revolution (Trotsky), 540

Persian Gulf, 813

Peshkov, Maxim, 177, 296

Pétain, Philippe, 315, 767, 889

Hitler’s meeting with, 798, 815

Peter I, “the Great,” tsar of Russia, 465, 466, 751

Peter the First (Tolstoy), 185

Peter the Great (Tolstoy), 853

Peterson, Rudolf, 205, 228, 397

Peter the First (film), 466

Petropavlovsk (cruiser), 764

Petrovsky, Hryhory, 99, 605

Petsamo, Finland, 710, 711, 714, 718

Philby, Harold “Kim,” 221–22, 656, 725, 800, 836

and attempted assassination of Franco, 409

Phipps, Eric, 167–68

Hitler’s meeting with, 275–76

Picasso, Pablo, 411

Pieck, Wilhelm, 189, 259, 401–2

Pike, Operation, 762

Pikel, Richard, 313, 320, 324

Piłsudski, Józef, 89, 102, 158, 159, 173, 223, 239, 252, 257, 590, 689

Platon Krechet (Korniychuk), 274

Ploieşti oilfields, 796, 817

Pogodin, Nikolai, 476, 788

Poincaré, Raymond, 61

Poland, 17, 92, 168, 275, 485, 557, 685

Belorussians and Ukrainians in, 569, 574, 689

British and French “guarantee” of independence of, 614–15, 616, 617, 653, 654, 662, 674, 676

British mutual assistance treaty with, 677, 679–80

British relations with, 597

Czechoslovak territory annexed by, 574, 609

discrimination against Jews in, 736–37

Eastern Pact rejected by, 189

in efforts to destabilize Ukraine, 89, 93

French military alliance with, 158, 592, 597, 612, 634, 677, 680

German alliance rejected by, 634, 638

German invasion of, 678–79, 682, 684–85, 691, 736, 826

German relations with, 291–92, 562, 596–97, 613–14

German-Soviet division of, 664, 684–87

Germany’s planned invasion of, 620–21, 636–37, 646, 651, 659–60, 661–62, 664, 675, 676–77

interwar dictatorship of, 430

Japanese-Soviet war as goal of, 597

Japan’s sharing of intelligence with, 597

lack of planning for German war by, 679

Nazi nonaggression declaration with, 157–58, 159, 222–23, 630, 631

in offers of cooperation with Japan, 93, 597

possible Soviet preemptive attack on, 245

Radek’s secret negotiations with, 158, 159

Romanian alliance of, 158

Soviet accusations of espionage by, 487

Soviet intelligence network in, 220–21

Soviet invasion of, 681, 683–91, 775

Soviet mutual assistance pact rejected by, 634

Soviet nonaggression pact with, 93, 102, 168, 683

Soviet occupation of, 688–89

Soviet relations with, 211, 292, 298, 574, 597

Stalin’s desire for nonaggression pact with, 89

Stalin’s fear of invasion by, 27, 50, 54, 84, 143, 239, 568, 578

standing army of, 112

Triple Alliance proposal and, 647

Ukrainians in, 689, 693

Poland, Nazi-occupied, German troops in, 820

Poland, Soviet-occupied, 773

denunciations encouraged in, 771

deportations to labor camps in, 771

single-candidate elections in, 772

Poles, as slave labor in Germany, 688

Poles, in USSR, 476

mass arrests and executions of, 453

Polish army:

casualties of, 687

Gulag internment of, 687

slaughter of officers of, 795

Soviet internment of officers of, 687

Polish Corridor, 596, 597, 615, 616, 652, 655, 677, 679

Polish intelligence, 413, 597

Japan’s intelligence sharing with, 527

Soviet agents of, 691

Polish POWs, 687, 744–45

Soviet and German slaughter of, 745

Polish-Soviet War (1919–20), 51, 687, 690

politburo, 64, 113, 191, 403, 768, 831, 839, 863, 907

Bukharin expelled from, 29

as bypassed by Stalin dictatorship, 56–57, 58–59, 586

expulsion of Syrtsov from, 64

famine relief measures approved by, 123

Kirov murder and, 205

1936 capital budget of, 258

party history commission of, 179

Rykov’s expulsion from, 65, 68

Spanish civil war and, 338

Stalin’s dictating of decisions of, 162

Stalin’s holidays and, 136

telephone voting by, 162

voting members of, 308

workload of, 440

wrecking investigations of, 57

Polonsky, Ruven “Vladimir,” 56–57

Port Arthur, China, 30, 70

Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905), 83

Poskryobyshev, Alexander, 46, 162, 205, 274, 526, 594, 663, 734, 738, 889–90

Postyshev, Pavel, 124, 209–10, 278, 323, 370, 385, 387

Potyomkin, Grigory, 246, 357, 530, 560, 562, 565, 568, 578, 623, 634, 663, 683, 710, 716, 722

POUM (Workers Party of Marxist Unification, Spanish), 339, 400–401, 406, 408

Koltsov’s attack on, 364–65

mass arrests of, 425, 431

NKVD infiltration of, 408

outlawing of, 410–11

Soviet showcase trials condemned by, 343–44

Spanish Communist attacks on, 364

Stalin dictatorship attacked by, 368

Stalin’s condemnation of, 368

Pravda:

articles on Keke in, 271

Beria criticized in, 508, 509–10

Beria’s articles in, 504

Kirov murder and, 208, 209

Koltsov as Spanish war correspondent for, 334–35, 339, 351, 352, 364, 406, 408–9, 459–60

mass arrests at, 408

Mekhlis as editor of, 425

Nadya’s death announced in, 111–12

Stalin biography published in, 734

Stalin’s criticism of, 356

Stalin’s fiftieth birthday celebrated in, 32–33

presidium, Supreme Soviet, 475, 543, 908

press, Soviet, fanning of mass hysteria by, 439

Primakov, Vitali, 331, 411, 423–24

Prince, The (Machiavelli), vii, 493

Princip, Gavrilo, 88

Prinkipo (Prince’s Isle), Trotsky’s exile to, 13, 28, 62, 130

prisons, population of, 598

Prokofyev, Sergei, 292–93, 671, 733, 770

Proletarian Revolution, 178

proletariat, “dictatorship” of, 14, 37, 51, 114, 320, 335, 353

propaganda, propagandists, Soviet:

anti-British, 780

1938 meeting of, 570–74

Proskurov, Ivan, 636, 651, 753

Provisional Government, Russian, 301, 467

Pushkin, Alexander, 379

Putna, Vitovt, 331, 423–24

Pu-Yi, Henry, 92

Pyatakov, Georgy “Yuri,” 33, 46, 50, 320, 330, 370, 371, 384, 437

arrest of, 443

execution of, 373, 376

party expulsion of, 337

Pyatnitsky, Osip, 171, 172, 189, 446, 447

Pyryev, Ivan, 293–94

Quiet Flows the Don (Dzerzhinsky), 283

Quiet Flows the Don (Sholokhov), 283

Quisling, Vidkun, 368, 762

Rachmaninov, Sergei, 292

Raczyński, Edward, 575, 622

Radek, Karl, 121, 155, 181, 326, 370, 373

on alleged Trotskyite-Zinovievite conspiracy, 331–32

murder of, 637

in secret negotiations with Poland, 158, 159

Radiant Path, The (film), 795

radio, Soviet:

cable (wired) as dominant technology of, 216–17

Stalin’s speeches broadcast on, 352

tight government control of, 217

Radio Comintern, 217

Radio Moscow, 217

Radó, Sándor (“Dora”), 858, 872

Raeder, Erich, 473, 783, 784, 791, 815, 838, 900

Raikin, Arkady, 732–33

railroads, Soviet:

accidents on, 325

as weak point in military capability, 260–61, 290

Ramzin, Leonid, 60–61, 62

Raskolnikov, Fyodor (Ilin), 274–75, 627

mass terror condemned by, 709

Red Air Force, 824, 839, 861, 893

arrests and executions in, 472

bombers of, 99, 101, 265, 338, 346, 351, 567, 820, 856

fighters of, 78, 346, 351, 567, 668, 756, 820, 839

Red Army:

alleged conspiracies in, 77–78, 331, 350, 378, 391, 411–12, 419, 428, 454

armament buildup of, 20–21, 84–85, 727, 760, 820

Baltic states occupied by, 770–71

dearth of well-trained officers in, 291, 340, 430

decimation of officer corps in, 376–77, 378, 379, 395, 397–98, 407, 414–15, 420–21, 426–27, 428, 430, 434, 473, 495, 521, 536, 537, 551, 562, 563, 578, 592, 603, 754, 757, 781, 893

dysfunctional command structure of, 749

expansion of, 781

in Finnish border mobilization, 721

food rationing in, 98

foreign underestimation of, 591, 592, 675, 748–49, 875, 892–93

former Gulag prisoners returned to duty in, 759

former tsarist officers in, 76–77

forward deployment of, 825

German-Poland, war plan of, 239, 244–45

increased tank production for, 91–92

introduction of formal ranks in, 272

low morale of, 84

in Lvov clash with Wehrmacht, 685–86

in Manchurian invasion, 30–31

maneuvers of, 188, 265–66, 340–41

mechanized units of, 727, 755, 758, 860–61

modernization of, 20–21, 95, 99, 100–101, 131, 188, 223, 265–66, 270, 290, 297, 299, 352, 860–61, 862–63, 892

in Mongolia, 197, 644, 650–51, 653, 667–68

1938 partial mobilization of, 567, 568–69, 578

1941 war games of, 829–30

NKVD investigation of, 222, 357

NKVD troops deployed to block retreat of, 731, 749

OGPU investigation of, 76–77, 84

outdated and inadequate equipment of, 21, 101

paratroopers in, 265–66

preemptive attack on Poland considered by, 245

promotions in, 759

purge of party members in, 411

scale of, 391, 437–38, 603

reinstatement of officers in, 781

reorganization of, 820

September 1939 mobilization of, 681

Stalin’s order for buildup of, 91–92, 98

supposed Trotskyite-Zinovievite conspiracy in, 396

supposed wreckers in, 21–22, 51, 64

tanks and armored vehicles of, 188, 265–66, 290, 755, 839, 857, 861, 893

Timoshenko’s reform of, 758–59

troop strength of, 188, 223, 251, 290, 820, 843–44, 892

Trotsky as head of, 397

Tukhachevsky’s plan and, 91

Tukhachevsky trial and, 422–24

weaknesses of, 534, 563, 871, 893

Western border buildup of, 842–43, 871, 881–82, 894

Winter War casualties of, 748–49

see also military, Soviet; Soviet Far Eastern Army

Red Army, Chinese, 458

Redens, Stanisław, 79, 102, 108, 140, 272–73, 742

Red Guards, 704

Red International of Labor Unions, 335

Reichstag fire, 120, 142–43

Reichswehr, 21, 93, 119, 174

see also Wehrmacht

Reizen, Mark, 595, 853

religion, Stalin’s loathing for, 3, 87

Repin, Ilya, 246–47, 465

Respondek, Erwin, 854–55

Return from the U.S.S.R. (Gide), 416

Revolution Betrayed, The (Trotsky), 328, 335, 787

Reznikov, Boris, 57–58

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 255, 355, 569, 584, 613, 628, 629, 632–33, 636, 639, 640, 650, 673, 676, 677, 731, 752, 805, 838, 842

as Anglophobe, 643

on Axis pact, 793

and evacuation of German embassy in Moscow, 879

and German invasion of USSR, 858, 859

German-Soviet Pact favored by, 642–43, 647, 651, 654

in German-Soviet Pact negotiations, 659, 660–61, 662–65

and Hitler-Stalin Pact, 678, 679, 680, 685–86

Molotov invited to Berlin by, 794, 797, 798–99, 803

and Molotov’s Berlin visit, 806, 808–9

and revision of German-Soviet Pact, 693–94, 695

Soviet inclusion in Axis pact proposed by, 797, 799, 808–9, 817–18, 820, 835

Stalin’s meeting with, 664

Riefenstahl, Leni, 266

Riga, Treaty of (1920), 689

rightists, right deviation, 22, 24, 39, 52, 57, 64, 79, 103, 156, 387, 389, 394, 413, 420, 429, 430, 478, 515

accused of plotting coup, 253, 254

in Communist Party, 14, 28–29, 43–44, 46, 50, 54, 61

mass arrests and torture of, 391

and supposed Trotskyite conspiracies, 253, 254, 309, 331, 357, 476, 480

“Rise and Development of Bolshevik Organization in the South Caucasus, The” (Beria), 260

Rivera, Diego, 368

Rodos, Boris, 548–49

Röhm, Ernst, 175

Rokossowski, Konstanty, 759–60

Rolland, Romain, 295

Stalin’s meeting with, 256–57

Romania, 17, 62, 89, 92, 93, 168, 485, 557, 563, 687, 694, 791, 802, 889

Antonescu coup in, 788

in Axis pact, 812, 829, 847

Bessarabia in, see Bessarabia

Chamberlain’s guarantee of independence of, 616

German alliance with, 774

German occupation of, 796, 797, 798, 808

German troops in, 820

interwar dictatorship of, 430

mobilization of, 894

oil fields in, 774, 786, 796, 817

in plans for Soviet invasion, 876, 877

Polish alliance with, 158

as pro-German, 596, 613

proposed Triple Alliance as concern to, 622

Soviet relations with, 613

Stalin’s fear of invasion by, 50, 54, 84, 239

standing army of, 112

territory ceded by, 787–88

USSR recognized by, 173

war preparations in, 735

Wehrmacht in, 828, 837, 853

Rome, Soviet spies in, 241

Romm, Mikhail, 467, 617, 853

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 146, 263, 630, 778, 833, 834, 882

and Congress’s blocking of Soviet loans, 167

Lend-Lease agreement and, 843

Nazi attacks on Jews criticized by, 598

Soviet rapprochement sought by, 144–45

Rosenberg, Alfred, 158, 168, 673, 883

Rosenberg, Marcel, 334, 347, 380–81

Rosenholz, Arkady (Rozengolts), 56, 259

Rostov, 499

Rostov Agricultural Engineering Works, 41

Royal Air Force, 591, 794

losses of, 780

Royal Navy, 591, 653, 783

Rozenfeld, Nina, 228, 232, 253

Rudzutaks, Jānis, 49, 113, 116, 419

Ruslan and Lyudmila (Glinka), 404

Russia, tsarist:

famine of 1891–92 in, 127

grain exports by, 127

pogroms in, 267

Stalin’s selective embrace of culture of, 282

Stalin’s views on, 73–74, 468

weak central government of, 297

in World War I, xv

Russian All-Military Union, 322, 437

Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, 132, 151

Russian civil war, 594, 627, 703, 718, 726, 754–55

Russian language, teaching of, 467

Russians, ethnic, as first among equals in USSR, 281–82

Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, 447

Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 113, 138, 354

criminal code of, 176

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 70, 261

Rustaveli, Shota, 511, 516–17

Rustaveli Theater, 511–12

Rybachy Peninsula, 711, 714, 725

Rykov, Alexei, 12, 15–16, 20, 22, 26, 29, 45, 162, 331, 344, 389, 430, 437, 515

accusation of treason against, 386, 387, 476

arrest of, 443

dismissed as head of government, 65

expelled from politburo, 65, 68

at February 1937 Central Committee plenum, 387

interrogations of, 336, 387

press slander of, 359

proposed replacement of, 53–54, 55, 64

Stalin’s enmity toward, 53–54, 59, 68

trial of, 478

Ryskulov, Turar, 122, 387

Ryutin, Martemyan, 70, 192, 464

arrest of, 105

in call for Stalin’s removal, 212

execution of, 477

prison sentence of, 107

Stalin dictatorship attacked by, 103–5, 107, 303, 308, 477–78

SA (Sturmabteilung; Brownshirts), 119, 174

Saakadze, Giorgi, 795–96

Sakhalin, 805, 811, 813, 851

Salazar, António de Oliveira, 315–16

Samarkand, 138

Samokhin, Alexander, 831, 842

Sanjurjo, José, 315–16

San River, 684, 686, 693

Sats, Natalya, 292, 412, 445

Schacht, Hjalmar, 246, 257, 259, 271–72, 275, 279, 291, 366, 373, 402

Scheliha, Rudolf von (“Aryan”), 220, 646, 651, 659, 699, 700, 735, 810, 828–29, 836, 837, 840, 842, 848, 880, 883

Schnurre, Karl, 631, 633, 654, 660, 830, 869

Scholl, Erwin, 875–76

Schulenburg, Werner von der, 251, 272, 347, 481, 609, 637, 639, 640, 647, 664, 681, 695, 717, 720, 724, 731, 752, 763, 790, 794, 799, 848

in attempts to avoid German-Soviet war, 794, 858, 864, 865, 866, 868–69, 872, 880, 897–98

and German invasion of Poland, 684

and German-Soviet Pact, 655, 659, 660, 661, 663–64, 679, 685

Molotov’s meetings with, 898

and planned invasion of USSR, 863–64

and proposed Soviet inclusion in Axis powers, 813, 831

on Soviet distrust of Germany, 673

and Soviet invasion of Poland, 683

Schulze-Boysen, Harro (“Elder”), 221, 837, 846, 856, 859, 864, 878, 879, 883

Schweisguth, Victor-Henri, 340–41, 357

scientists, accused of wrecking, 60

Scramble for Africa, 591

SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 174, 837–38

Seagull, The (Chekhov), 148

Sea Lion, Operation, 785, 794, 837

Second Book (Hitler), 833

secretariat, 162, 442, 522, 907

of Stalin’s “secret department,” 11, 442, 499, 839

Sedov, Lev, 13, 105–6, 322–23, 328, 333, 336, 476, 496

Seeds, William, 612, 625, 632, 633, 648–49

self-criticism, 22–23, 24, 26

Stalin’s emphasis on, 261

Semyon Kotko (Prokofyev), 770

Serge, Victor, 335, 628

Sergeyev, Artyom, 110, 112, 135, 137, 165, 179, 192, 212, 230, 526

on Kirov, 134

and Nadya’s death, 111, 112

on Stalin, 1, 2

Shaanxi, 360

Shakespeare, William, 231, 422

Shakhty Affair, 60, 61, 77, 485

Shakhurin, Alexei, 737, 756, 839

Shanghai, 262, 458

Japanese capture of, 458, 470

Shaposhnikov, Boris M., 21, 51–52, 77, 96, 168, 415, 421, 424, 460, 658, 681

as army chief of staff, 567, 645, 651, 656, 664, 693, 726, 758, 779

promoted to marshal, 758

Winter War and, 726, 735, 750

Shatsky, Nikolai, 210, 211

Shcherbakov, Alexander, 282–83, 284, 893

appointed writers’ union secretary, 184–85

as Moscow party boss, 550

Shchukin, Boris, 467, 617

Sheboldayev, Boris, 103, 370

Shestakov, Andrei, 464–65

Shirer, William, 355, 676

Shkiryatov, Matvei, 444, 603

Shkvartsev, Alexei, 680, 731, 791

Shlyonsky, A. B., 571–72

Shneiderovich, Miron, 264–65

Sholokhov, Mikhail, 124–25, 283, 853

Short Course, The History of the all-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 155, 569–74, 575, 576, 577–78, 579, 605, 902

Short Course on the History of the USSR, A (Shestakov), 465–66

Shostakovich, Dmitry, 283, 293, 732, 853

Fifth Symphony premiered by, 472

Kerzhentsev’s criticism of, 284

showcase trials, 51, 77, 311, 313, 417

in August 1936, see Trotskyite-Zinovievite conspiracy, showcase trial of

Beria’s staging of, 515–16

of engineers, 60–61

in January 1937, 371–72, 373, 376

in March 1938, 478–79, 480

Stalin’s urging of, 477

Shreider, Israel (Mikhail), 481–82

Shumyatsky, Boris, 192, 193, 197, 209, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219–20, 230, 284, 293, 372

Cinema City proposal of, 285–86

Shvernik, Nikolai, 373, 696

Siberia, 180

arrests and executions in, 190

collectivization in, 16, 39, 40, 41, 48, 70

famine in, 75, 76, 97

grain procurement in, 87, 128, 180, 198

Japanese plans for takeover of, 90, 92, 156, 460

labor camps in, 220

mass arrests and executions in, 450–51, 452, 517

Stalin’s exiles to, xi, 67, 90, 133

Zinovievites exiled to, 220

Siegfried Line, 567

Silesia, 774

Simon, John, 242, 665

in meeting with Hitler, 240–41, 254

Simonov, Konstantin, 303–4, 481

Singapore, 784, 811

Sinitsyn, Yelisei, 718–19, 721, 722

Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), 83

Sivkov, Arkady, 860, 862

Škoda Works, 609, 621–22, 631, 704

Skornyakov, Nikolai, 822, 828–29

Slovakia, 609, 612, 613, 687, 889

in Axis pact, 812, 829, 847

mobilization of, 894

Slutsky, Abram, 252, 339, 342, 413, 523–24, 528, 627

Smagin, Vasily, 172–73

Smirnov, Alexander, 113–14, 116, 372, 460

Smolny (Leningrad office complex), 199, 200

Kirov’s office at, 201, 207

Smorodin, Pyotr, 543–44

Smushkevich, Yakov, 472, 878

Snow, Edgar, 363

Sobolev, Arkady, 812, 813, 814

Sochi, 253

Stalin’s holidays in, 24, 25–26, 46–47, 54–55, 80–83, 98–99, 101–2, 135–36, 141, 145, 178, 179–80, 182, 184, 185, 188, 263–65, 267, 269, 308, 311, 313–14, 330, 344–45, 358, 505, 888

Voroshilov in, 187

Social Democrats, 19–20, 302

in antifascist front with Comintern, 262

Comintern and, 171, 173, 175, 189

German, xiii, 19, 53, 118, 119, 121, 179, 307

Stalin’s opposition to cooperation with, 121, 172, 175

socialism, building of, 7

idealistic appeal of, 11, 37, 38, 304–5

as justification for terror campaign, 308

as Stalin’s crusade, 6, 11, 88, 309, 439, 579

“Socialist Competition of the Masses” (Mikulina), 18–19

Socialist Party, German, 220

socialist realism, 151

evolving definition of, 183–84

public embrace of, 186

socialists, socialism:

non-Leninist, 302

Socialist Workers’ Party, Spanish, 338, 401, 405, 408, 460

society, Soviet, Stalin’s class-based analysis of, 353

Sofia, 872

Sokolnikov, Grigory, 147, 320, 637

interrogations of, 332, 336, 363

Solodovnikov, Alexander, 748, 803

“Song of the Motherland,” 293

Sorge, Richard (“Ramsay”), 221, 356, 533, 534, 539, 564, 597, 632, 646, 650, 653, 667, 670, 730, 791, 851, 857–58

and Soviet invasion of Manchukuo, 537, 538

Stalin’s distrust of, 875, 879

in warnings of German attack on USSR, 827–28, 874–76, 883, 890

South Caucasus Federation, 138, 154

Beria’s control of, 502–4

dissolution of, 354, 508, 516

political infighting in, 140–41

South Manchurian Railway, 83

Souvarine, Boris, 261–62

Soviet Far East, 501, 522, 562, 644, 650, 779, 804–5

terror campaign in, 517, 528, 534

Japanese espionage in, 527

Soviet Far Eastern Army, 30, 31, 84, 455, 527, 535, 547, 549

in border clash with Japanese, 537–40

decimation of officer corps in, 529, 531, 534, 540, 562

Stalin’s arrests of officer corps of, 432

troop buildup of, 530

troop strength of, 536

weakness of, 533

Soviet Far Eastern Fleet, 92

Soviet intelligence, 485, 523, 537, 657

arrests in, 496, 575, 589

Beria and, 589

in Britain, 836

British network of, 221–22, 241, 656, 740, 741, 800

counterintelligence operatives of, 222

in Finland, 705–6, 712–13

and German invasion plans, 883, 890, 895

German network of, 699–700, 722, 800, 803–4, 836

German plans for Polish invasion uncovered by, 636–37

on German troop movements, 794

and Hess’s flight to Britain, 868

lack of central clearinghouse in, 909

rebuilt networks of, 636, 835–37

and rumored French-German rapprochement, 239

in slanted report to Stalin on Hitler’s meeting with Britain, 241–42

in Tokyo, see Sorge, Richard

Warsaw networks of, 220–21

see also NKVD

Soviet military intelligence, 341, 659, 735, 775, 836, 841

Artuzov appointed deputy chief of, 172

European alliance negotiations monitored by, 640

German invasion plan reports of, 786, 790, 824, 828–29, 840, 841–42, 845, 846, 858–59, 864, 865–66, 876, 880, 894–95

German network of, 810, 822, 828

and German troop movements, 820

mass arrests in, 413–14, 419, 434, 454–55, 589

Proskurov as head of, 636

tradecraft failures of, 172, 252

Trotskyites in, 377

Uritsky as head of, 252

Wehrmacht buildup in Poland reported by, 877

Winter War and, 753

Soviet Ukraine (battleship), 702–3

Soviet Union (battleship), 703

Spain, Republican:

army of, 406

gold reserves transferred to USSR by, 347, 349, 398, 476

political instability in, 312

Popular Front government of, 312, 315, 317, 321, 323, 334–35, 338, 364, 405, 476–77

possibility of Communist coup in, 401, 405, 406

Soviet arms sold to, 347, 398, 476–77

Soviet military aid requested by, 320, 342

Soviet relations with, 333–34, 337, 379–81

Spanish civil war, 312, 330, 343, 377, 561

assault on Madrid in, 350–51

atrocities in, 312–13, 316, 351

Basques in, 312, 407

Britain and, 317, 356–57, 374, 398, 582

Catalonia in, 312, 316, 321, 364, 380, 408

cautious initial Soviet response to, 320

civilian deaths in, 312–13

consequences of, 616–17

fall of Madrid in, 615

as fight between fascism and Communism, 317, 326

Franco’s failed assault on Madrid in, 350–51, 406–7

French-Soviet relations and, 318–19, 320

German military intervention in, 317–18, 323, 328–29, 339, 350, 407, 431, 556, 582

International Brigades in, 338, 350, 399, 460

Italian military intervention in, 318, 323, 328–29, 330, 339, 398–99, 406, 407, 431, 556, 582

Koltsov’s reports on, 334–35, 364, 459–60

leftist infighting in, 364, 400–401, 405, 408, 410–11, 425

newsreel coverage of, 337–38

NKVD operations in, 339, 346–47, 408, 410, 425

Non-Intervention Agreement in, 327, 329, 330, 337, 342, 346, 347

as public rationale for mass arrests, 429–30

Republican army in, 399–400

Soviet advisers in, 338–39, 346, 350, 380–82

Soviet military intervention in, 311, 313–14, 342–43, 344, 345–46, 351–52, 376, 379, 381, 409, 431, 459, 476, 486, 562, 670, 754, 755

Soviet workers’ support for Republican cause in, 326–27

as test of Stalin’s geopolitics, 314, 373–74, 401, 431

Trotsky and, 323, 335

Trotskyites in, 374, 425, 431

Spanish Spring (Koltsov), 334

specialists:

accused of wrecking, 21–22, 62, 64, 73

arrests and executions of, 50–51

Orjonikidze’s cultivation of, 66, 73

Speer, Albert, 411, 556, 585, 586, 629, 769, 900

spies, alleged, mass arrests and executions of, 485–88

Spiller, Natalya, 594, 595, 732

SRs (Socialist Revolutionaries), 99, 116, 176, 182, 434, 437, 450, 453, 467, 475

SS (Schutzstaffel), 174, 475, 688

Stakhanov, Alexei, 273, 274

Stakhanovism, Stakhanovites, 273–74, 278, 782

Stalin, Iosif, 154

alleged assassination attempts against, 470

as archetypal hero, 301

atheism of, 3

in automobile accident, 46–47

awkward gait of, 3–4

charisma of, 4, 304

class struggle as core tenet of, 190

coarse manners of, 2

contradictory character of, 5, 552, 579

cruelty of, 349, 368, 488, 492

cult of, 7, 58, 155, 226, 257, 289–90, 303–4, 369, 417, 902

darkening mind-set of, 490, 491–92

European war with USSR expected by, 484, 495

false modesty of, 7, 33, 417, 570

fatigue of, 887

fiftieth birthday celebrations for, 32–34

fifty-fifth birthday of, 212–13

foreign depictions of, 154

as gambler, 9, 17, 705

as Germanophile, xv, 903

grudges held by, 303

home life of, 108–9

illnesses and health problems of, 47, 98, 270, 303, 365, 472–73, 731, 743, 887

isolation of, 524, 526

Lenin’s Testament and, 5

as master improviser, xiv–xv, 10, 16

micromanaging by, 55, 81, 303, 586, 587, 624–25, 738, 800–801, 807, 839, 841, 887

as opportunist, 67–68, 698, 819

paranoia of, 5–6, 8, 11, 309, 396, 397, 480, 492–93, 429, 551, 884

as party general secretary, xi–xii, 10

as pedagogue, 495

perverse sense of humor of, 4

political intelligence of, 303

populism of, 18, 249–50, 464

religious upbringing of, 2

rise of, xi–xii

rumored affairs of, 525

rumored death of, 62–63

Russian imperial majesty melded with socialist state building by, 552

as Russian nationalist, 902

ruthlessness of, 552–53

self-control of, 492

self-improvement as tenet of, 495

sixtieth birthday celebration of, 732–35

small pox contracted by, 4

sociopathology of, xii, 5, 11, 130, 579

state, view of, 493–94, 573–74

statecraft as obsession of, 552, 901

two-front war as concern of, 643

victim playing by, 14–15, 59, 114, 130

as voracious reader, 1–2, 5, 586, 617, 681

willpower of, 552

Stalin, Iosif, dictatorship of, 4–5, 907

absolute power needed by, 6, 8, 11, 67–68, 308–9, 325, 430

“Caucasus group” in, 548

concentration of decision making in upper ranks of, 440–41, 704–5, 887

conspiracy charges as tool of, 306, 469

conspiratorial worldview of, 422, 429, 551, 902

dysfunctional administrative apparatus of, 430, 440–42, 587, 705

information-gathering apparatus of, 550–51, 586, 705

inner circle’s closing of ranks in, 107, 114, 116–17, 129, 308

mass-based modernity and, 296–98, 901

mass terror as outgrowth of, 493

Nazi Germany compared with, 696–97

permanent state of emergency as necessity of, 5, 64, 68, 430, 495

politburo bypassed in, 56–57, 58–59, 586

precarious footing of, 68–69

promotion of “new people” in, 442, 462–64, 494–95, 737–38, 832, 846, 902

Ryutin’s attacks on, 103–5, 107, 303, 308

“speaking Bolshevik” and, 124

Stalin’s pathology as nourished by, 5, 901

Trotsky’s attacks on, 13–14, 374, 434, 494

Stalin, Iosif, inner circle of:

in closing of ranks behind Stalin, 107, 114, 116–17, 129, 308

compromising files on, xvi

shrinking of, 500

Stalin’s psychological breaking of, 375, 386, 433, 526, 709

Yagoda’s antagonistic relationship with, 393

Stalin, Iosif, speeches of:

on class war (December 27, 1929), 35

to 18th Party Congress (March 10, 1939), 607–8, 609, 862

to 8th Congress of Soviets (November 25, 1936), 352–55, 372

at industrial managers conference (June 23, 1931), 76

to Main Military Council (June 2, 1937), 418–19

at military academies graduation (May 4, 1935), 249–50

at military academies graduation (May 5, 1941), 860–61, 870

to 17th Party Congress (January 26, 1934), 156–57, 210

at Social Industry conference (February 4, 1931), 73

Stalin, Iosif, writings of:

“Dizzy with Success,” 39, 40, 42

Foundations of Leninism, 13

On Lenin and Leninism, 134

Questions of Leninism, 154

“Year of the Great Break, The,” 28

Stalin, Vasily, 2, 3, 103, 108, 135, 165, 179, 187, 209, 230, 234, 263, 270, 281, 388, 466, 526

at military aviation school, 599–600, 720, 751

and mother’s death, 111, 112

rebellious behavior of, 166, 267, 599–600

Stalin (Bey), 154

Stalin: A Critical Study of Bolshevism (Souvarine), 261–62

Stalin: A New World Seen Through One Man (Barbusse), 1, 225–26, 263

Stalin: Czar of All the Russians (Lyons), 780–81

Stalin and Hashim, the Years 1901–1902: Episodes from the Batum Underground, 214

“Stalin and the Crisis of the Proletarian Dictatorship” (Ryutin), 104, 464

Stalin and Voroshilov in the Kremlin (Gerasimov), 733, 854

Stalingrad, 32, 180

Stalingrad Tractor Factory, 44–45

Stalinist Thermidor, The (Trotsky), 787

Stalin School of Falsification (Trotsky), 540, 787

State, Bureaucracy, and Absolutism in the History of Russia, The (Olminsky), 493

State and Revolution (Lenin), 494

“State Capitalism or Totalitarian State Economy?” (Hilferding), 760

statecraft:

Stalin’s preoccupation with, 579

terror campaign as, 309, 494–95, 552

Stepanyan, Nerses (Nersik), 503, 504

Stern, Grigory, 382, 406, 538, 650, 667, 669–70, 726, 736, 755, 878

Stetsky, Alexei, 181, 205, 225–26

Stöbe, Ilse (“Alta”), 220, 699–700, 722, 735, 828, 840, 842, 848, 865–66, 877

stock markets:

1929 crash in, 27–28, 32

1931 crash in, 85

Stolypin, Pyotr, 297, 792

Strang, William, 168, 242, 648

Stravinsky, Igor, 292

Sudetenland, 555, 561–62, 563, 565–66, 598

Sudoplatov, Pavel, 610–11, 627, 764, 801, 894

Suicide, The (Erdman), 148

Sukhanovka prison, 438, 549, 618–19

Sukhum, 136, 137, 139, 311

Sumbatov-Topuridze, Yuvelyan, 518, 541

Sunday Express, 166

Supreme Council of the Economy, 32, 66, 82, 91

Supreme Soviet, 354, 383, 471, 475–76, 528, 541, 543, 908

presidium of, 475, 543, 908

Surits, Yakov, 275, 365–66, 402, 403, 623, 633

Suslov, Mikhail, 205, 603–4

Suursaari (Hogland) Island, 711, 714, 719

Svanidze, Alexander “Alyosha,” 108, 388

Svanidze, Ketevan “Kato,” 3, 33, 108, 388

Svanidze, Maria, 108, 191, 211, 212–13, 234–35, 251, 273, 277–78, 365, 388–89

Svechin, Alexander, 2, 168, 825

Sweden, 711, 717, 800, 889

Switzerland, neutrality of, 889

Syrtsov, Sergei, 29, 53, 57–58, 59, 64, 69, 303, 443

Taganka prison, 497

Tajiks, 138, 853

tanks, Soviet, 188, 265–66, 290, 668, 755, 839, 857, 861, 893

acquisition of British and U.S. designs for, 91–92

in Spanish civil war, 344, 346, 351

Stalin’s order for increased production of, 91–92

Tanner, Väinö, 712, 713, 714, 715, 717, 718–19, 746, 747

Tarasova, Alla, 404, 424, 593, 853

Tatekawa, Yoshitsugu, 811, 878–79

Tbilisi (Tiflis), 3, 33, 63, 81–82, 503, 504, 505–6, 514, 542

technology:

Soviet importation of, 71–72

Stalin’s interest in, 74, 188

terror campaign (1936–38), xii, 553, 902

arrests of managers and specialists in, 434, 444, 445, 599, 821

belief that Stalin was unaware of, 481–82

building socialism as justification for, 308

Central Committee decimation in, 443

Comintern arrests in, 446–47

Communists’ conspiratorial worldview as central to, 439–40, 490

death toll in, 305, 313

disorder and inefficiency resulting from, 497

as driven by Stalin’s dark personality and political skill, 490

ethnic groups as targets of, 453–54, 476

extrajudicial killings in, 448

fabrication of evidence in, 570

factors contributing to, 307–8, 438, 439

fatalism and willing complicity in, 450, 543–44, 551

“fifth column” rationale for, 428–29, 613

foreign affairs commissariat arrests in, 447–48

inexplicability of, 480–82, 492, 552

kernels of truth in justification of, 483–84

Lyushkov’s denunciation of, 532–33

mass arrests in, 403–4, 434, 438–39, 443–44, 551

“mass operations” expansion of, 433, 448, 457, 460, 517, 520, 522

military intelligence arrests in, 434, 454–55

Molotov and, 624

national security as justification for, 551

navy arrests in, 702, 704

NKVD blamed for excesses of, 482, 578

NKVD arrests in, 376, 379, 393–94, 405, 415–16, 434, 449–50, 522

“On Anti-Soviet Elements” resolution in, 450

opposition to collectivization as justification for, 484, 495, 576–77

as outgrowth of Stalin dictatorship, 493

party purges in, 43,

purge of administrative apparatus in, 307

quotas in, 433, 437–38, 448, 452

randomness of, 545

Red Army mass arrests in, see Red Army, decimation of officer corps in

scholars’ attempts to understand motive for, 306–7

“spy mania” in, 485–88

Stalin as distanced from implementation of, 552

and Stalin’s need for absolute power, 308–9

as statecraft, 309, 494–95, 552

synopsis of events in, 488–91

total arrests in, 305

troikas in, 450

Trotsky on, 480

uniqueness of, 307, 488

unmasking of “hidden enemies” in, 323–24, 325

winding down of, 578–79

Yezhov as Stalin’s overseer of, 436–37, 448, 453–54, 515, 517, 522–23, 528–29, 578

Tevosyan, Ivan, 752–53, 805

Thälmann, Ernst, 119, 143

They Wanted Peace (film), 548

Thorez, Maurice, 171, 189, 328

Thoughts and Recollections (Bismarck), 791–92

Three Little Pigs (cartoon), 230

Tientsin (Tianjin), China, 125, 233, 457, 653

Til, Karolina, 108, 110–11, 165, 526, 600

Time, Stalin as 1939 “Man of the Year” in, 735

Timoshenko, Semyon, 726, 736, 739, 749, 838–39

as defense commissar, 757–58, 825

full war footing sought by, 881, 895, 897, 898–99, 900, 901

mechanized warfare stressed by, 827

at 1941 military academy graduation, 860, 862

Red Army reforms of, 758–59, 820

and reports of German invasion plans, 879

Soviet war plans and, 844, 870, 871

in Winter War, 743

Tirpitz (battleship), 255, 703

Togliatti, Palmiro, 347, 365, 405, 406

Tolmachev, Vladimir, 113, 114

Tolstoy, Aleksei, 181, 185, 186, 295, 466, 546, 853

Tolstoy, Lev, 2, 231

Tomsky, Mikhail, 12, 15, 45, 68, 113, 331, 430, 437

suicide of, 332, 336, 358, 443

Toroshelidze, Malakia, 181, 187, 260

Tovstukha, Ivan, 154–55, 261

trade unions, 908

transport commissariat, 405

Trilisser, Meyer (Mikhail Moskvin), 22–23, 342, 712, 742

Tripartite Pact, see Axis pact

Triple Alliance, Soviet proposal for, 621–23, 625, 630, 637–38, 646, 651, 653, 655, 656–58, 661, 777, 810

Baltic states as issue in, 633, 634, 638, 639, 647–48

Britain and, 621, 622–23, 625, 630, 632, 646, 647–49, 652, 653, 674, 777

Hitler’s rejection of, 662

Trotsky, Lev, 4, 64, 116, 129, 137, 307, 311, 324, 329, 333, 336, 419, 467

assassination attempts against, 368, 610, 764–65

assassination of, 787, 892

attacks on Stalin dictatorship published by, 13–14

Barbusse’s depiction of, 225–26

on British and French fears of war, 614

and calls for removal of Stalin, 106, 372

culture as viewed by, 132

on German-Soviet Pact, 670

on Krupskaya, 602

on mass arrests, 480

in Mexico, 368, 610, 764, 787, 892

on 1936 constitution, 353

NKVD surveillance of, 322–23, 349, 476

in Norway, 322, 327, 368, 610

Paris operations of, 322–23, 610

in power struggle with Stalin, 11, 12, 155

as Red Army head, 397

Revolution Betrayed published by, 327–28

Ryutin’s praise for, 104

on Soviet invasion of Poland, 690

Spanish civil war and, 323, 335

Stalin dictatorship attacked by, 13–14, 374, 434, 494

Stalin’s coup accusation predicted by, 153–54

Stalin’s demonization of, xii, 13, 62, 237, 299, 314, 320, 322, 335, 352, 375, 386–87, 468–69, 764, 787, 892

Stalin seen as opportunist by, 67–68

Trotskyite-Zinovievite trial and, 331–32

Turkish exile of, 12–13, 28, 130, 506, 610

on Voroshilov, 427, 702

Winter War and, 747

Trotskyites, 232, 278, 350, 370, 377, 391, 394, 419, 429, 516, 571, 577

accused of collusion with Nazis, 369, 387

accused of coup plots, 253, 279–80

in China, 371, 469

mass arrests of, 294, 299, 311, 313, 319, 324, 502

1937 showcase trial of, 371–72, 373, 376

rightist conspiracy with, 357, 476, 480

in Spanish civil war, 374, 425, 431

Trotskyite-Zinovievite conspiracy, 294, 295, 319, 336, 344, 345, 486

Red Army and, 396

showcase trial of, 311, 313, 314, 319, 328, 330–33, 335, 336, 337, 338, 343–44, 363, 369–70, 376, 504

Tsuji Masanobu, 650–51

Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 21, 78, 244, 266, 269–70, 272, 341, 395, 404, 412, 418, 758, 825

accusations against, 52, 54, 58, 377, 378, 397, 407, 411–12, 419, 423, 428, 429–30, 454

arrest and confessions of, 414, 419

attacks on Poland and Romania urged by, 92, 168

in call for modernization of Red Army, 51–52, 91, 96

in Congress of Soviets report on Red Army buildup, 2223

German threat as concern of, 245, 280

military talent of, 428, 431

Stalin and, 96, 290–91

trial and execution of, 422–24, 456, 521, 527, 529, 546, 670, 755, 893

Voroshilov’s enmity toward, 51–52, 397–98, 412, 418

Tuominen, Arvo “Poika,” 723–24

Tupikov, Vasily, 829, 845, 848, 858, 880, 883

Tupolev, Andrei N., 425, 696

Turkey, 17, 735, 740, 802, 813, 814, 840, 872

Trotsky’s exile in, 12–13, 28, 506, 610

Turkish Straits, 813, 819, 831

Turkmenistan, 138, 444

Twardowski, Fritz von, 269–70, 275

Twelve Chairs, The (Ilf and Petrov), 285

“25,000ers,” 36–38, 42, 43, 123

“Tyrants Destroyed” (Nabokov), 550

Uborevičius, Jeronimas, 21, 51, 78, 266, 341, 378, 395, 412, 414, 421, 422–23

Uglanov, Nikolai, 104, 107

Ukraine, 38, 77, 81, 125, 127, 138, 147, 180, 275, 773

annexation of Polish territory by, 716

anti-Soviet fifth column in, 774–75, 892

ethnic Poles in, 211

famine in, 98, 100, 102, 113, 122, 123, 129

German aerial reconnaissance of, 855

grain procurements in, 102, 106, 117, 128

mass arrests in, 520, 522

Poland’s destabilization efforts in, 89, 102

purges in, 124

terror campaign in, 517, 520, 522

Ulan Bator, 280, 289, 461, 462, 482

Ulrich, Vasily, 212, 331, 373, 423–24, 479

Ulyanova, Maria, 387, 425, 602

Umansky, Konstantin, 854–55

Under the Big Top (Ilf and Petrov), 293

Unforgettable Meeting, An (Yefanov), 733

Union of Soviet Writers, 151, 177–87

United States:

bank failures in, 85–86

British aid from, 833–35, 843, 904

Chinese aid from, 843

and Germany’s plans for Soviet invasion, 854–55

Hitler’s envy of, 833–34

industrial capacity of, 816, 834

Japanese codes broken by, 855

Nazi attacks on Jews criticized by, 598

1929 stock market crash in, 27–28, 32

1931 stock market crash in, 85

Soviet relations with, 63, 145, 263

support for Britain in, 791, 793

unemployment in, 72

in World War I, 833

Unpublished Shchedrin, 186

Urals, 122, 128

Uritsky, Semyon, 252–53, 341, 342, 378, 413, 423

Ürümqi, Xinjiang, 167, 459

Uspensky, Alexander, 449, 499, 521–23, 541, 578, 620

USSR and the Capitalist Encirclement, The, 598

Utyosov, Leonid, 215–16, 451–52, 888

Uzbekistan, 138, 354, 451, 453, 773

Valedinsky, Ivan, 47, 365

Vannikov, Boris, 738–39, 878

Varga, Jenő, 172, 401–2, 545, 791

Vasilevsky, Alexander, 739, 750–51, 806, 843, 869, 871

Vernadsky, Vladimir, 482, 618, 689–90

Versailles, Treaty of (1919), xv, 21, 63, 80, 143, 158, 168, 218, 243–44, 288, 557, 559, 566, 591

Hitler’s denunciation of, 240, 254, 612, 630, 675

Vishnevsky, Vsevolod, 417, 581, 672, 690, 719, 788, 849

Vistula River, 679, 684, 686, 695

Viva, Villa! (film), 230

Vladivostok, 133, 528, 535

Vlasik, Nikolai, 141–42, 166, 178, 267, 526, 618, 663

Volga military district, 77, 411, 530, 759, 811

Volga region, 27, 30, 39, 70, 75, 87, 98, 101, 122, 128, 180, 182

Volynskoe, Stalin’s dacha at, see Near Dacha

Voroshilov, Klim E.:

army buildup and, 99, 100–101

army loyalty defended by, 396–97

army maneuvers and, 265, 266, 341

and decimation of officer corps, 426–27, 754

as defense commissar, 20, 21, 30, 33, 51, 66, 77, 248–49, 251, 262, 290, 340, 395–96, 473, 529, 567, 605

at February 1937 plenum, 394, 396–97

as inner circle member, 393, 500, 526

as key to survival of Stalin dictatorship, 69

and Manchukuo border clashes, 539–40, 644–45, 650, 651

military intelligence and, 172, 252

in military talks with Britain and France, 656, 657–58, 661

military training lacked by, 395, 758

replaced by Timoshenko as defense commissar, 757

sixtieth birthday celebration of, 832

at Sochi, 135–36

Soviet Far East and, 536

and Soviet invasion of Poland, 681

Spanish civil war and, 381, 382, 405–6

Stalin’s correspondence with, 88, 100–101, 123, 265, 406

Stalin’s psychological breaking of, 500

Stalin’s relationship with, 110, 394–95

Tukhachevsky despised by, 51–52, 397–98, 412, 418

Tukhachevsky trial and, 423, 424

Winter War and, 724, 726, 735, 736, 740–41, 743, 751

Voznesensky, Nikolai, 840, 843, 863

Vrang, Birger, 711, 713

Vyborg (Viipuri), Finland, 712, 743, 746, 748

Vyshinsky, Andrei, 62, 212, 213, 232, 319, 328, 354, 405, 478, 772, 796, 802–3, 811, 851

Waffen-SS, 475

Walküre, Die (Wagner), 812

Wang Ming, 362, 469, 470–71

Warlimont, Walter, 685, 686, 824

water transport commissariat, 498, 499, 543, 587

Wehrmacht, 341, 420, 431, 566, 609, 654, 766

buildup of, 240, 246, 266, 269–70

in Bulgaria, 872

in Finland, 792, 808, 813, 829

Hitler’s military leadership criticized in, 473

in Lvov clash with Red Army, 685–86

mechanized units in, 767–68, 877

in Polish invasion, 620–21, 678–79, 682, 684, 687

Soviet invasion plans and, see Germany, Nazi, Soviet invasion preparations of

unpreparedness of, 559, 566–67

in Yugoslavia invasion, 848–49

Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 621–22, 623, 639, 640, 646, 650, 651, 657, 793, 806, 866, 896

Welkisch, Kurt (“ABC”), 221, 651, 699, 840–41

Welkisch, Margarita (“LCL”), 221, 699

Welles, Sumner, 854–55

Wells, H. G., 48, 178, 296

Western military district, 779, 838, 899

Western Siberia, 16, 40, 41, 48

mass arrests and executions in, 451, 452, 517, 549

White Sea–Baltic Canal, 133, 134, 153, 194

Wilson, Horace, 652, 656

Winter War, 735, 739, 751, 774, 776, 827, 828, 893

Finnish “People’s Government” and, 723–25, 729

Finnish surrender in, 746–47

Finnish tactical superiority in, 727–28

opening Red Army attacks in, 723

Soviet February offensive in, 742–43, 746

Soviet strategic and tactical mistakes in, 726–27, 731, 748, 820

Stalin’s assessment of, 753–54, 760

Stalin’s personal management of, 726, 730, 731–32

Witte, Sergei, xv, 297, 792

working class:

absenteeism and job changing in, 782

consumer goods and, 268

growth of, 72, 73, 85

peasants and, 368

World War I, xi, xiii, xv, 275, 301, 485, 833, 890, 903

World War II:

air support for mechanized units in, 826–27

onset of, 91, 679

see also specific countries

wreckers, wrecking, 21–22, 27, 57, 60, 62, 64, 73, 551

arrests and executions of, 50–51, 821

Wuolijoki, Hella, 712–13

Xi’an, China, 321, 367

Chiang’s kidnapping in, 360–64, 366–67

Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan), 470

Soviet invasion of, 167, 458, 459

Yagoda, Genrikh:

accusations against, 389, 391, 392, 393, 397

arrest and interrogation of, 391–93, 529

as communications commissar, 344–45, 498

elevated to Central Committee, 162

embezzlement by, 392–93

execution of, 479

foreign intelligence operations and, 172–73

Gulag reform and, 286

inner circle’s relationship with, 393

Kirov murder and, 204–5, 235, 236

Kremlin Affair and, 253, 254

as NKVD head, 176, 272, 436, 523, 527

replaced by Yezhov as NKVD head, 344–45, 372, 415

Yakir, Iona, 58, 340, 341, 378, 395, 411, 412, 414, 419, 421, 422–23, 519

Yakovlev, Alexander, 737–38, 756, 805, 816–17, 853

Yakovlev, Yakov (Epstein), 35, 94, 103, 136

Yan’an, China, 321, 371, 459, 470

Yaroslavsky, Yemelyan, 113, 179, 261, 387–88, 570

Yartsev, Boris (Rybkin), 705–6, 713

Yashvili, Paolo, 512, 513

Yefimov, Boris, 376, 408, 435, 670, 689

Yegorov, Alexander, 110, 272, 411, 545

Yemelyanov, Vasily, 738–39

Yenukidze, Avel, 75, 103, 133, 135, 144, 150, 169, 205, 228, 264, 295, 393, 419

in Kremlin Affair, 231–32, 233, 253, 254

Stalin’s correspondence with, 80, 130, 187

and Stalin’s underground years, 214–15

Yeremin, Grigory (“Yeshenko”), 840–41, 842, 853

Yerevan, Armenia, 502, 504, 516

Yevdokimov, Yefim, 23–24, 35, 69, 78, 79, 112, 162, 219, 344, 389, 415, 499, 527, 543

arrest and torture of, 619–20

arrests and executions of cadres of, 499–500

execution of, 742

Yevgeny Onegin (Pushkin), 379

Yezhov, Nikolai:

arrest and interrogation of, 618–20, 635

Beria and, 509, 542

as Central Committee secretary, 224, 225, 437, 498, 500, 587

as Central Control Commission chairman, 225, 437, 587

and decimation of Red Army officer corps, 426

denunciations of, 542, 587

drinking bouts of, 435–36, 498, 521, 522, 540, 619

execution of, 740, 742

at February 1937 Central Committee plenum, 386, 389

growing paranoia of, 436–37

homosexuality of, 620

illnesses and disabilities of, 435, 436, 498

Kirov murder and, 224, 236–37

Kremlin Affair and, 253, 254, 264

as NKVD head, 344–45, 392, 415, 437, 449–50, 451, 471, 498, 521–22, 540–42, 618

NKVD arrests and, 415–16, 498–99

NKVD resignation of, 587

plots fabricated by, 357, 412, 433–34

rise of, 224–25

showcase trials and, 319, 330

Stalin’s correspondence with, 276, 472

Stalin’s relationship with, 224, 225, 416, 436–37

terror campaigns overseen by, 436, 448, 453–54, 497, 498, 500, 515, 517, 522–23, 528–29, 578

as water transport commissar, 498, 587

Yagoda and, 389, 391

Yofan, Boris, 171, 411

Yugoslavia, 62, 189

in Axis pact, 847, 850

German invasion of, 848–49, 850, 852, 859

Soviet pact with, 848, 864

Zaitsev, Nikolai (“Bine”), 700, 722, 828, 848

Zakovsky, Leonid (Henriks Štubis), 194, 229, 236, 272, 498–99

Zaporozhets, Ivan, 194, 202, 220, 235

Zborowski, Mordka “Mark,” 322–23, 349

Zdravitsa (Prokofyev), 733

Zelinsky, Koreli, 152–53

Zenzinov, Vladimir, 728–29

Zetkin, Clara, 20

Kremlin apartment of, 58, 59, 67

Zhang Xueliang, 30, 83, 321, 359–61, 362, 363–64, 366–67

Zhang Zhizhong, 458

Zhdanov, Andrei:

and arrests of ethnic groups, 476

as Central Committee secretary, 162, 500

enmity toward Litvinov of, 624

and Estonian Sovietization, 772

as inner circle member, 162, 205, 215–16, 262, 500, 605

as Leningrad party boss, 229, 500, 504

Stalin’s correspondence with, 181, 182, 184, 185

Stalin’s relationship with, 211, 605

Winter War and, 723, 724, 726, 736, 747

writers’ union and, 183, 184

Zhelyabov, Andrei, 199–200

Zhou Enlai, 360, 366, 744, 887

Zhukov, Georgy, 626, 645, 650, 651, 759, 811, 820

full war footing urged by, 895, 897, 898–99

Mongolian border clashes and, 645, 667, 668–70, 726, 755

offensive strategy as focus of, 825–26

as Red Army chief of staff, 830, 838, 843

Soviet war plans and, 843–44, 870, 871

in warning of imminent German attacks, 895, 900

Zinoviev, Grigory, 12, 104, 105, 134, 161, 254, 371, 386–87, 437, 467

alleged involvement in Kirov murder of, 210–11, 212, 213, 229, 232–33, 236–37

execution of, 333, 376, 602

imprisonment of, 325

internal exile of, 107

Kaganovich’s denunciation of, 324

in Kirov murder trial, 219, 532

Stalin’s enmity toward, 228

Trotskyite-Zinovievite center testimony and, 319

in Trotskyite-Zinovievite trial, 331

Zinovievites, 106, 278, 391, 394, 429

accused of complicity in Kirov murder, 210–12, 213, 218–19, 220, 236–37

accused of plotting coup, 253, 254

mass arrests of, 220, 299

see also Trotskyite-Zinovievite conspiracy

Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 153, 165

Zubalovo dacha complex, 108–9, 163, 165, 193, 600