The Crimean War: A History

Index

The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages of your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

Aaland Islands: British attack on Bomarsund Palmerston’s plans for

Abdi Pasha, General, Commander of the Anatolian army

Abdülmecid I, Sultan: attends British and French balls (1856) calls for help from Britain (1839) Islamic ultimatum Omer Pasha and reinauguration of Hagia Sophia mosque (1849) religious toleration Westernizing liberal reforms

Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon: 4th Earl agrees to send combined fleet to Black Sea calm response to Sinope counsels against war with Russia limited campaigns aimed for and the ‘newspapers’ objects to Palmerstons plans problems with defence of Muslims resigns (1855)

Abkhazia, Russians eject Muslims

Adampol (Polonezkoi), Polish settlement in Turkey

Adams, Brigadier, at Inkerman

Adrianople (Edirne) Treaty of (1829) captured by Russia (1878)

Afghanistan: occupied by Great Britain (1838 – 42) Persian occupation of Herat (1837 – 57)

Agamemnon, HMS

Airey, Lt-Gen Sir Richard (Quartermaster General)

Aksakov, Konstantin, shock at Russian retreat

Alaska (Russian-America), purchased by USA

Albert, Prince Consort to Queen Victoria accused of treason council of war with allied leaders (1855) develops Palmerston’s plans opinion of General Saint-Arnaud support for Austrian Four Point Plan

Alexander I, Tsar protector of Poland (1815) ultimatum on behalf of Greeks

Alexander II, Tsar amenable to negotiations attempt to prize Britain and France apart Chernaia river defeat Central Asia ambitions continues his father’s policies coronation delayed until Borodino anniversary demands major offensive from Gorchakov (July/August 1855) determined to fight on after Sevastopol and the exodus of Tatars fearful of war with Austria and the Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum direct discussions with Napoleon III Italian unification and fearful of spread of Italian nationalism keeps up pressure on Kars moves closer to Prussia serf emancipation army reforms fears British presence in the Caspian Sea Sevastopol Manifesto warns Serbia not to interfere in Balkan revolts seeks Russian settlement on Balkans and Tsargrad see also Alexander Nikolaevich, Tsarevich; Russia

Alexander Nikolaevich, Tsarevich (later Alexander II) dismissal of Khrulev and Menshikov see also Alexander II, Tsar

Alexander, Col James (14th Regt)

Alexander Fort (Sevastopol)

Algeria: conquest of by France fighting experience of French troops Yusuf’s Spahis

Algiers, HMS

Ali Pasha (Grand Vizier), and the Paris Peace Congress (1856)

Alma, battle of (1854) storming of the Great Redoubt as reported in Russian press war graves

anaesthetics: British opinions divided Pirogov and surgery for wounded

Andrianov, Captain (10th Division)

Anglicans: church leaders and declaration of war dilemma of defending Muslim Turks in Jerusalem missionary work in Ottoman Empire see also Protestants

Anglo-French alliance: Czartoryski and Napoleon III and ultimatum to Tsar Nicholas (1854) lack of agreement over objectives colonial prejudice affects use of Turkish troops and Austrian intervention in Wallachia ‘robbed of victory’ allied siege strategy rethought (1855) troops committed to north-west Crimea council of war with allied leaders evacuation and clear up of Sevastopol installations expedition to China (1857) uncertainty after fall of Sevastopol (1855) allied armies in possession of Sevastopol (1855) see also British Army; France; French army; Great Britain

Anglo-Persian War (1856 – 7)

Anglo-Russian accord (1827)

Anglophobia, in Russia

Annesley, Ensign (later Colonel) Hugh, 5th Earl (Scots Fusilier Guards), wounded at Alma

Anstey, Thomas, Urquhart ally in parliament

Apuhktin, Aleksei, ‘A Soldier’s Song about Sevastopol’

archaeological discoveries, Crimea

Ardahan, cession of demanded by Stalin

Argyll, George John Campbell, 8th Duke

Armenians: emigrate to Transcaucasia new settlers in the Crimea

armies, comparison of costs of belligerents

army chaplains: André Damas (French army) British Army

Arthur the Great (troop transport), transport of British sick and wounded

artillery: allied bombardment of Sevastopol ineffective against Minié rifles at Inkerman Russian counter bombardment

Assembly of Nobles (Sevastopol): used as hospital see also medical treatment

Association for the Protection of Turkey and Other Countries…

Astrakhan (Mongol khanate)

atrocities: alleged after Balaklava alleged after Inkerman allied troops in Kerch Bashi Bazouks in Bulgaria in Constantinople (1821) Giurgevo religious justification for Tatar bands

Attwood, Thomas

Austria-Hungary: neutrality assured by future territorial gains Three Emperors’ League (1873) see also Austrian Empire

Austrian army, in Wallachia (1854)

Austrian Empire: armed neutrality in favour of allies benevolent neutrality with respect to Russia demands Napoleon III’s peaceful intentions demands Russian withdrawal from principalities direct talks with Russians fearful of Slav uprisings Four Points for Peace with Russia (1854) Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum hopes for alliance with Russia hoping to negotiate a peace Italian independence and military alliance with France and Britain mobilizes troops (1853 & 1854) motives for invading principalities negotiations with Britain and France Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace initiative, the Vienna Note (1853) ready to march into Serbia 1848 revolutions Russian foreign policy and Russian partition plans (1852) and Russian plans for Greece (1820s) steps back from war with Ottomans support from Gorchakov over revolution in Italy threatens to join anti-Russian alliance Triple Alliance (1856) and Tsar Nicholas’ Ottoman partition plans Vienna Conference (1855) war with French and Piedmontese (1859) war with Prussia (1866) wary of Russia in Slav lands see also Austria-Hungary

Bakhchiserai Museum of the Alma reserve hospital

Bakunin, Mikhail

Bakunina, Ekaterina (nurse)

Balaklava, British supply base

Balaklava, battle of (1854)

Balaklava helmets

Balaklava Railway

Balkan League

Balkan War (1853 – 4)

Balkans: continuing conflict between Christians and Muslims Czartoryski’s plan hoped for Slav/Christian uprisings Nationalism pan-Slavism retreat of Austria Russia and Russian partition plans (1852) seeds of future wars status quo guaranteed by Three Emperors’ League (1873) theatre of war see also European Turkey

Balta Liman, Act of (1849)

Baltic campaign (1854)

Baltic campaign (1855)

Baltic provinces, of Russia, Palmerston’s plans for

Bariatinsky, Prince Alexander I (viceroy of the Caucasus) fears British presence on the Caspian Sea

Bariatinsky, Prince Vladimir I (Flag Lt to Adm Kornilov)

Barrett, Jerry, Queen Victoria’s First Visit to Her Wounded Soldiers

Bashi Bazouks atrocities cholera and retreat to Varna in French service at Giurgevo

Bazancourt, César de

Beaumont, Thomas Wentworth

Beeton, Samuel, Our Soldiers and the Victoria Cross

Belarus, Ruthenian (Uniate) Catholics

Belgium, Russia and

Belgrade, Turkish bombardment

Bell, Col George (1st (Royal) Regt): complaint about uniforms letter to The Times

Bell, George and James Bell (shipping company)

Bell, John (sculptor), Guards’ Memorial (London)

Bellew, Walter (assistant surgeon)

Bem, General Jozef

Berlin, Congress (1878)

Bessarabia boundary debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) boundary dispute with Moldavia and Franco-Austrian peace terms (1855) mobilization of Russian troops (1852) Palmerston’s plans for refugee problem (1820 – 21) riots and attacks on Christians

Bezborodko, Count Alexander

Bibescu, Prince Gheorghe of Romania

Bineau, Jean (French Finance Minister), argues against war

Bismarck, Otto von

Black Sea: declared neutral by Paris Peace Congress (1856) no firm pledge from France on penal clauses related Paris Congress clauses annulled (1871) Russian fleet recommissioned

Black Sea region: buffer zone Christian-Muslim relations crucial for Russian security and trade demilitarization of London Convention (1841) and religious and ethnic transmigration

Blackwood’s Magazine, British commerce and

Blakesley, Revd Joseph, letters to The Times

Bloomfield, Pvt (Derbys Regt): recollections of Alma recollections of Inkerman

Bludova, Antonina, Countess

Blunt, John (Turkish language interpreter)

Bond, Sgt (11th Hussars)

Bondurand, Baron, military intendant to Marshal Castellane

Borgo, Pozzo di

Borodino, battle of (1812)

Bosnia: pan-Slav movement and promised to Austria-Hungary revolts by Christians

Bosquet, General Pierre François: at Balaklava at Inkerman orders attack on the Mamelon removed from command before Malakhov second Malakhov battle

Botanov, Mikhail, in Sevastopol

Bourqueney, Adolphe de (French ambassador in Vienna)

Bright, John

British Army: Anglo-Austrian force in Palestine (1840) Cardwell reforms catering (1855) chaplains commissariat bureaucracy Crimean veterans receive the Victoria Cross dependent on recruiting mercenaries drunkenness entertainments the Guards’ Memorial (London) officer corps opinion of the French opinion of Turkish soldiers other ranks letters home recruits soldiers wives in invasion fleet ‘Tommy Atkins’ uniforms

British Army, Crimean timeline: unpreparedness for war at Varna cholera poor intelligence about Russian numbers sails for the Crimea officers avoid winter in Crimea officers better sheltered than men (winter 1854 – 55) officers and men question the war complaints of bad conditions scurvy march to Alma Light Brigade skirmish near Alma at Alma siege of Sevastopol at Balaklava Charge of Heavy Brigade Charge of Light Brigade at Inkerman lack of winter clothing or shelter cost of victory at Inkerman atrocities alleged in Kerch decline in morale, factors desertion rates winter (1854 – 55) desertions before the Redan assault Paxton’s huts Russian night raids and fraternization with Russian troops bombardment of Sevastopol assault on Vorontsov Ravine rifle pits capture of the Quarry Pits first attack on the Redan second attack on the Redan looting in Sevastopol Balaklava hand over (July 1856) return to Britain war graves war memorials see also Great Britain

British Army, units and regiments: 1st Division 2nd Division 3rd Division 4th Division Heavy Brigade 4th Dragoons 4th Light Dragoons (Queen’s Own) 5th Dragoons 6th Inniskilling Dragoons 8th Hussars 11th Hussars 13th Light Dragoons 15th Kings Hussars 17th Lancers Scots Greys Guards Brigade Grenadier Guards Coldstream Guards Scots Fusilier Guards 93rd Highland Brigade Light Division 1st Royal Regiment 9th Foot 14th Foot 23rd (Royal Welsh) Fuslrs 30th Foot 77th Foot Derbyshire Regiment

British and Foreign Review (journal)

‘British Hotel’ (Kadikoi)

British Indian Army, Tsar Alexander’s fears

Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius

Brown, General Sir George (Light Division) assault on the Redan Kerch raids

Bruat, Admiral Armand Joseph, abortive raid on Kerch

Brunov, Baron (Russian ambassador in London)

Bucharest: chaos and desertions in retreat (1854) provisional government declared (1848) Russian military headquarters (1853) Treaty of (1812)

Bukhara khanate

Bukhmeier, General, Sevastopol evacuation pontoon bridge

Bulganak, river

Bulgaria: Bashi Bazouk atrocities Circassians closer ties with Serbs and other Balkan Slavs Congress of Berlin resolutions Crimean Tatars lack of volunteers for Russian army massacre of Christians in Rumelia massacres of Muslims national church (Orthodox) possible support for Russians revolts by Christians Russian partition plans (1852) support from Russians against Turkey war dead

Bulgarians, new settlers in the Crimea

Bulwer, Henry

Buol, Karl von, Count (Austrian Foreign Minister) offers peace terms to Russians too soft on Russia (Clarendon) meets with de Morny and Gorchakov (1855)

Burgoyne, General Sir John RE council of war with allied leaders (1855) faulty judgements on Sevastopol siege at Inkerman plan to cut off supply routes to Sevastopol

Butler, Elizabeth (née Thompson), Calling the Roll after an Engagement, Crimea

Butler, Capt James (Ceylon Rifles), at Silistria

Buzzard, Thomas (doctor with Turkish army)

Cabrol, Jean (French army doctor)

Calthorpe, Somerset, ADC to Raglan fraternization incident witnesses Turkish rout

Cambridge, Prince George, Duke of, Lt-Gen at Alma at Inkerman recuperating from Inkerman resignation

Cameron, Capt William (Grenadier Gds), letters home

Campbell, Lady Charlotte, on a young Tsar Nicholas

Campbell, Lt-Gen Sir Colin (93rd Highland Bde)

Campbell, George John, Duke of Argyll

Campineanu, Ion

Canada, territorial claims by the United States

Canning, George

Canning, Stratford, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe agrees support for the Sultan appointment to St Petersburg refused by Tsar British fleet in the Dardanelles calls for break up of Russian Empire calls for decisive military action Circassian independence and comment on Poland at Paris (1856) on Constantinople riots (1853) conversation with Napoleon III Czartoryski and Hatt-i Hümayun decree invites hostility of Turks little influence on Turkish modifications to Vienna Note returns to Constantinople (1853) with the Sultan at a costume ball supports Palmerston (1853) sympathetic to expanding the war urges liberal reform in Moldavia and Wallachia urges Turks to protect Christians urges Turks to resist Russian demands urges Turks to toughen their stance Urquhart and and the Vienna Note warns of revolt against Westernizing policies

Canrobert, General François (1st Division, later commander-in-chief) follows Napoleon III’s instructions at Inkerman leadership questioned plans of assault in Sevastopol shelved until the sping protests to Menshikov about Inkerman atrocities disagreement with Raglan over the field plan (1855) the Kerch raid and resignation

Caradoc, HMS

Cardigan, Maj-Gen Thomas Brudenell, 7th earl (Light Bde commander)

Cardwell, Edward, Lord, army reforms

Carmichael, George (Derbys Regt)

Castellane, Pierre de, Comte (ADC to Bosquet)

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount

casualties: at Alma British overall Chernaia river battle (allied) Chernaia river battle (Russian) injuries from artillery and rifle fire at Inkerman at Kars Malakhov and the Redan the Mamelon overall cost in lives Russians overall Sevastopol (Russians) treachery by and mistreatment of Turkish overall

Cathcart, General Sir George (4th Division)

Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia

Catholic Church: anti-Eastern Orthodox polemic in France Church of the Nativity Grotto France’s historic interest in Palestine pretext for war rivalry with Orthodox Churches in the Holy Land Russian Orthodox persecution Ruthenian (Uniate) Catholics solidarity with Poland

Catholic nuns: in French military hospitals the ‘Nuns of Minsk’

Caucasus Christianization of conquest of by Russia debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) Mehmet Ali of Egypt inspires rebels Muslims ejected Palmerston’s plans for proposed attack by Indian Army support for Muslim tribes by Britain test for Russian army reforms Turkish army attacks (1853) Turkish forts captured (1829) see also Chechnya; Circassia; Georgia

Cavour, Camillo (Prime Minister of Piedmont): agreement with the Odessa Shipping Company Italian unification and Paris Peace Congress (1856) and support for a wider war with Russia ar with Austria

Central Asia, Russian conquests

Cetty, Antoine (quartermaster of French Army)

Champoiseau, Charles, French agent in the Caucasus

Charlemagne (French steam warship)

Charles X, King of France

Chartists, solidarity with Poland

Chavchavadze, Prince, wife and her sister carried off by Shamil’s forces

Chechnya see also Caucasus

Chekhova, Ergenia (mother of Anton Chekhov)

Chenery, Thomas (Times correspondent)

Chernaia river, battle (August 1855)

Cherniaev, Gen Mikhail G.: conquest of Turkestan pan-Slavism with Serbian army

Chernyshevsky, Nikolai (editor: Voennyi sbornik) What Is to Be Done

Chesney, General Francis

Chikhachev, Pyotr, report on the Turkish army

Chimkent

China: Anglo-French expedition (1857) Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing (1860) see also Opium Wars

Chios, massacre of Greeks

Chodasiewicz, Lt (later Capt) Robert Adolph (Tarutinsky Regt), at Inkerman

cholera: after Alma victory after Evpatoria landings cholera nursing cholera victims in the ship Kangaroo in Danube delta inside Sevastopol at Varna winter (1854 – 55) see also medical treatment

Chopin, Frederic

Christian Science Monitor (newspaper)

Christie, Captain Peter RN (principal agent for transports)

Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem): conflict over roof repair Easter 1854 Orthodox and Catholic rivalry Paris Peace Congress (1856) and pilgrims presents from Catholic governments

Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem): Catholics given right to hold a key 104; Paris Peace Congress (1856) and squabbles between Catholic and Orthodox

Churchill, Winston S. (later Sir Winston), war correspondent

Circassia British gun-running debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) French mission to Sukhumi Palmerston’s plans for rebels ask for British military help Russians eject Muslims Urquhart and see also Caucasus

Clarendon, Lord George council of war with allied leaders (1855) in favour of war with Russia and the Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum instructions from the Queen Napoleon III and Palmerston and Paris Peace Congress (1856)

Cler, Col Jean (2nd Zouave Regt): examples of combat stress at Inkerman

Clifford, Henry (Staff off. Light Div) drinking culture in allied camps letter home opinion of William Russell second attack on the Redan

Cobden, Richard

Cocks, Col Charles (Coldstream Gds), letters home

Codrington, Admiral Edward

Codrington, Maj-Gen Sir William John (Light Division, later C-in-C) suspends action at the Redan departure and hand over to Russians Tatars ask for help in leaving Crimea

Cold War (1945 – 91)

Colquhoun, Robert (British consul in Bucharest)

combat stress

Community of the Holy Cross (Orthodox nursing order)

Concert of Europe Russia humiliated Tsar Nicholas and

Congress of Berlin (1878)

Congress of Paris (1856) Article V and Crimean Tatars European commission to settle Russian-Ottoman border

Congress Poland: Czartoryski and persecution of Catholics under protection of Tsar Alexander I see also Poland

Congress System, in Europe see Concert of Europe

Connolly, Lt Arthur, the Russian threat to India

Constantine Pavlovich, Grand Duke (briefly Tsar Constantine I) visit to France (1857)

Constantinople: almost reached by Russian army (1878) atrocities against Greeks (1821) attempts at Westernization of dress and domestic culture capital of an Orthodox empire? costume balls attended by the Sultan fall of to Turks (1453) pro-war demonstrations religious riots over Vienna peace terms Russian dream of ‘Tsargrad’ Russians build an Orthodox church to be a free city

Constantinople University, built by Fossati brothers

Contemporary (Russian journal)

Convention of Kütahya (1833)

Convention of London: (1832) (1840 & 1841) see also London, Treaty of (1827)

Corn Laws, Repeal of (1846)

Coronini[-Cronberg], General Johann (Austrian army)

Le Correspondant (newspaper)

Cossack Mountain see Mount Inkerman

Cowley, Henry R. C. Wellesley, Lord Cowley (British ambassador in Paris)

Crete, to go to France

Crimea: allied invasion planned (1854) a badly planned campaign becomes part of Ukraine (1954) Christianization of civilian panic after Alma conflicting views about invasion conquest and annexation by Russia forced emigration of Tatars Palmerston’s plans for post-war Russian policies religious significance resettlement with Christians urban planning war graves see also Sevastopol; Tatars

Crimean khanate: Ottomans lose control of Tatar tribes

Croatia, ties with Serbia

Crusades

Cuba, American plans to invade

Cullet, [Marie] Octave (officer of Zouaves)

Cundall, Joseph, photographs of wounded soldiers

Curzon, Nathaniel, 3rd Baron

Custine, Marquis de, La Russie en 1839 anti-Russian travelogue

Cyprus, to go to Britain

Cyprus Convention (1878)

Czartoryski, Prince Adam: earlier career plan for a new map of Europe Polish uprisings in Britain the French and and the ‘Sultan’s Cossacks’

Daghestanis

Damas, André (French army chaplain): demoralized soldiers at Inkerman Malakhov battle

Dannenberg, General P. A., at Inkerman

Danube delta cholera outbreak Palmerston’s plans for Polish refugees Serpent Island

Danube, river: Austrian interest British trade Russian army withdraws to (1878) Turkish defensive line (1853)

Danubian front, Silistria offensive and siege (1854)

Danubian principalities cereal exports to Britain constitution introduced by Russia (1829 – 34) debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) Greek uprisings hospodars ordered to reject Turkish rule Napoleon III’s plan occupation of by Russia (1853) Palmerston’s plans for Russian partition plans (1852) see also European Turkey; Moldavia; Romania; Wallachia

de Lacy Evans, Colonel (later General) George at Alma at Inkerman resignation

de Morny see Morny

De Ros, General William Lennox, Lord De Ros, diary of Crimean travels

Decembrists

Delacroix, Eugène, The Massacre of Chios

Delane, John (Times editor) resists attempted censorship

Denmark, war with Prussia (1864)

Derzhavin, Gavril

Dessaint, Lt-Col (French army)

Dickens, Charles: Household Words ‘The True Story of the Nuns of Minsk’

Disraeli, Benjamin: Congress of Berlin secret alliance with Ottomans

Dniepropetrovsk see Ekaterinoslav

Dobrudja, French expeditionary force

Dolgorukov, Prince Vasily Andreievich (Minister of War)

Don Pacifico affair (1850)

Doré, Gustav, Histoire pittoresque… de la Sainte Russie

Dostoevsky, Fedor Russia to turn Eastwards Russo-Turkish War (1877–8) support for Bulgarians

Doyle, Pvt John (8th Kings Royal Irish Hussars)

Drouyn de Lhuys, Edouard (French Foreign Minister)

Drummond, Maj Hugh (Scots Fslr Gds), letters home

drunkenness: among troops at Sevastopol among troops at Varna

du Picq, Ardant (French Army Captain), military theorist

Duberly, Fanny: outside Sevastopol spectator at Balaklava battle description of Balaklava town with General Bosquet in the hurricane readership on superiority of French organization

Duberly, Henry (8th Hussars)

Duhamel, General Alexander

Dunbar (troop transport)

Dundas, Vice-Admiral Sir James

Dundas, Rear-Admiral Sir Richard, fresh Baltic campaign (1855)

Eardly, Sir Culling, Balaklava railway

Eastern Question British policy Dostoevsky’s solution Ignat’ev and Russian ‘weak neighbour’ policy Russia’s gains forfeited Tsar Nicholas’s solution unsolved

Edinburgh Review (quarterly journal): British commerce and on the Russian ‘threat’

Edirne see Adrianople (Edirne)

Egerton, Col Thomas (77th Foot)

Egypt: challenge to Ottoman Sultan lost to Napoleon to go to Britain

Egyptian troops

Ekaterinoslav

Elena Pavlovna, Grand Duchess: encourages Cavour organizes nurses for the Crimea

Ellenborough, Lord, president of the Board of Control for India (1828 – 30)

Erivan (Yerevan): proposed attack by Indian Army resettled with Armenians debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856)

Ermak Timofeevich, conquest of Siberia

Ermolov, General Alexander

Ernest Leopold, Prince of Leiningen, letter to Queen Victoria

Ershov, Evgeny (Russian artillery), in Sevastopol

Estcourt, Maj-Gen James Bucknall (Adjutant General)

Esterhazy, Count (Austrian envoy to Russia)

Estonians, new settlers in the Crimea

Euphrates Valley Railway

European Turkey, to become a Russian protectorate

Evpatoria: population make up flight of Russians and Greeks allied occupation of allies find Tatar humanitarian crisis (1855) battle of (1855) key to an allied field campaign

Eyre, Maj Gen Sir William (3rd Division)

Failly, Gen Pierre Louis de

Fatima Khanum (Kurdish leader)

Fedorov, Colonel, first Inkerman attacks

Fenton, Roger (war photographer) Men of the 68th Regiment in Winter Dress (1855) Valley of the Shadow of Death

Fergusson, Robert Cutlar

Fet, Afanasy

Finland, Palmerston’s plans for

Finn, James (British consul in Jerusalem)

First World War

Flagstaff Bastion (Sevastopol)

Fliedner, Pastor Theodor, nursing principles

food supply: British and French compared cantinières Soyer and British army catering

Foreign Quarterly Review (journal)

Forrest, Maj William (4th Dragoons)

Fort Nicholas (Sevastopol), destroyed by French

Fossati, Gaspare & Giuseppe (architects): attempt to interest Tsar Nicholas in mosaics Byzantine mozaics Hagia Sophia renovation

Fould, Achille

Four Points for Peace: agreed by Western powers as defined in Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum Napoleon’s alternatives Paris Peace Congress (1856) and secret fifth point

France: advisers to the Ottomans agrees to invasion of the Crimea anti-Russian propaganda anti-war feelings among people backs down and signs London Convention (1841) Bessarabia/ Moldavia border dispute the ‘clerical (Ultramontane) party’ concerns about the war (1855) conquest of Algeria contact with St Petersburg (Nov. 1855) counter-revolution preparedness crushes Roman Republic (1849) Czartoryski and Polish émigrés decision to send fleet to Turkey (1853) declaration of War on Russia (1854) direct talks with Russians dispute with Russia over the Holy Land fall of Sevastopol Falloux Law (1850) fleet moved to Besika Bay (Dardanelles) fleet on war footing (1853) the Four Points and Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum to Russia help to modernize Russian fleet humiliation by Russia (1812) remembered influence of the ‘Testament of Peter the Great’ investment in Egypt Jerusalem consulate July Monarchy (Louis Philippe) ‘Malakoff’ remembered national consciousness and the Crimea negotiations with Austria network of informers no help to Ottomans against Egypt (1833) Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace initiative (1853) a possible threat to peace (1851) pre-eminent power in Europe proposes Continental war to liberate Poland protests regarding the Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi rapprochement with Russia reactions to the war (winter 1854 – 55) response to Sinope (1853) returns the Pope to Rome revolution (1848) Russian grievances search for peace with Russia Second Empire (1852) Second Republic established secret treaty with Austria seeks alliance with Britain seeks alliance with Britain and Russia seen as enemy by Tsar Nicholas Serpent Island incident suffering as result of the war support for Mehmet Ali’s insurrection against the Sultan (1839) support for Poland territorial ambitions (Nice and Savoy) Third Republic trains Mehmet Ali’s army and navy Triple Alliance (1856) Tsar Nicholas’ plans for containment ultimatum to Tsar Nicholas unable to help Ottomans (1783) unhappy with Palmerston’s plans war with Austria (1859) war memorials war with Prussia (1870) see also Anglo-French alliance

Franco- British ultimatum to Russia (1854)

Franks, Sgt-Maj Henry (5th Dragoons)

Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary

Fratja (Romanian secret society)

Frederick William IV, King of Prussia

French army: at Varna mutiny at Varna camp opinion of the British opinion of Turkish soldiers atrocities alleged in Kerch cholera, scurvy and typhus drinking entertainments expeditionary force to Dubrudja food and equipment for sea travel Generals not ready to press on to Sevastopol medical auxiliaries (soldats panseurs) medical facilities and treatment officers and men question the war officers (winter 1854 – 55) other ranks letters home senior partner in Crimea training and experience uniforms Varna to Evpatoria march to Alma at Alma looting siege of Sevastopol at Balaklava at Inkerman desecration of church of St Vladimir de Lourmel’s Brigade in Sevastopol cost of victory at Inkerman desertions better provided for than British in winter (1854 – 55) fraternization with Russian troops rumours of strikes and revolution attacks on Mamelon and Malakhov bastion examples of low morale and combat stress Chernaia river battle Malakhov victory

French army, regiments: 1st (General Canrobert’s) Division 2nd (General Bosquet’s) Division 3rd (Prince Napoleon’s) Division Chasseurs d’Afrique Spahis d’Orient 20th Regiment 22nd Regiment 95th Regiment 97th Regiment surprise attacks on Russian outworkings Zouave regiments

French navy: advanced to the Aegean (1853) compared to Russian and Turkish navies fleet moved to Besika Bay (1849) Kerch raid (1855) on war footing (1853)

Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia

Friends of Poland, Associations, in Britain

Froment, François-Marie de, Observations sur la Russie

Fuad Efendi (Ottoman commissioner in Bucharest)

Fuad Pasha (Tanzimat reformer), and the Paris Peace Congress (1856)

Gage, Capt (later Lt-Col) Edward RA (Raglan’s Staff): at Alma at Sevastopol

Gallipoli, first landing of Allied force

Ganja khanate (Elizavetopol)

Garibaldi, Giuseppe: conquest of Naples Polish uprising (1861) and Redshirts

Gaskell, Elizabeth, North and South

Gaza, riots and attacks on Christians

Gazi Muhammed (son of Imam Shamil)

Georgia British gun-running campaign against Muslims debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) Imam Shamil’s attacks Palmerston’s plans for proposed attack by Indian Army see also Caucasus

Germans, new settlers in the Crimea

Germany: Czartoryski’s plan for 1848 revolutions source of mercenary soldiers Three Emperors’ League (1873) united by Bismarck Verney’s plan

Ghazi Muhammad, Imam

Ghica, Alexander, Prince of Wallachia

Giffard, Captain Henry Wells RN

Gilbert, John Her Majesty the Queen Inspecting the Wounded Coldstream Guards…

Gilbert, Michel (French officer)

Ginka, Gen V. A., supply system reforms

Giray dynasty (Crimean Khanate)

Giubbenet, Khristian (professor of surgery)

Giurgevo, Turkish atrocity

Gladstone, William Ewart campaigns for intervention in the Balkans problems with defence of Muslims resignation (1855)

Gleichen, Admiral Victor, Count Gleichen

Golden Horde

Golev, General (Russian infantry), in the Redan

Gorchakov, Prince Alexander becomes Foreign Minister Black Sea clauses of Paris Treaty annulled objects to Piedmont based revolution realpolitik Serpent Island incident and other claims support for Serbs uncertain about Central Asia expansion warns Serbia not to interfere in Balkan revolts

Gorchakov, General Mikhail: Danubian front raises siege of Silistria response to refugee problem withdrawal from Bucharest soldiers song siege of Sevastopol at Inkerman fearful of Austrian invasion secret memorandum on National Resistance major offensive ordered by Tsar attacks French and Sardinians at Chernaia river evacuation of Sevastopol orders destruction of Sevastopol state commemoration of

Gordon, Lt (later Gen) Charles

Gosse, Sir Edmund, recalls impact of war news

Gowing, Sgt Timothy (7th Royal Fuslrs)

Gözleve

Grach, Colonel, Silistria forts

Graham, Sir James (First Lord of the Admiralty): naval strategy resignation

Grantham, Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham (British Foreign Secretary)

Great Britain: attitudes towards soldiers (other ranks) pre and post War backs independent Greece bravery medals instituted for other ranks (1857) cabinet decisions over war aims Caucasus attack considered class divisions, possible end to conflicting views about invasion of the Crimea Congress of Berlin consulates in Belgrade, Braila and Iaşi creation of buffer states Cyprus Convention day of fasting and prayer (1854) decides to attack Crimea and Sevastopol Don Pacifico affair (1850) effect of Bulgarian atrocities English national identity in aftermath of war extension of franchise fears of Napoleonic revival in France fears regarding the ‘Russian threat’ Foreign Enlistment Bill (1855) Foreign Office experts warn against use of Muslim forces against Christians free press and public opinion government brought down by press and public criticism (1855) middle class ideals and professionalism negotiations with Austria not ready for peace after Sevastopol and Kars Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace initiative (1853) in Persia protest at Russian invasion of Turkestan public support for Hungarians reaction to fall of Sevastopol reaction to Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum reaction to Sinope news reactions to the death of the Tsar reasons for war relations with Ottoman Empire relations with the United States repudiates San Stefano Treaty response to Russo-Turkish war (1878) Romanian exiles Romanian revolution and (1848) Russian foreign policy and and Russian plans for Greece (1820s) Russian rivalry in Asia secret gun-running to the Caucasus seeks recognition for Victor Emmanuel sympathy for the Polish cause Triple Alliance (1856) Tsar Nicholas I visit to London (1844) ultimatum to Tsar Nicholas (1854) unhappy with Crimean Peace war memorials the ‘war party’ see also Anglo-French alliance; British Army; Crimean War; Palmerston; Royal Navy; Russophobia

The Great Exhibition (London 1851)

The Great Game

Greece: autonomy recognized by Ottomans Catherine the Great and military alliance with Serbia Russian partition plans (1852) war dead Western powers unwilling to help

Greek independence: Russia’s part in see also Nationalism

‘Greek-Slavonic Legion’: in the Russian army

Greeks: nationalism new settlers in the Crimea in Odessa in Thessaly and Epirus

Gregory XVI, Pope

Griffith, Lt (23rd (Royal Welsh) Fuslrs), storming the Redan

Grimm, Baron Friedrich, Catherine the Great and

Guizot, François

gunboat diplomacy: British French

Gurowski, Adam, Count, Russland und die Zivilisation

Hagia Sophia mosque (Constantinople) Byzantine mozaics discovered significance for Russia

Hall, Dr John (Principal medical officer), cautions against chloroform use

Harrowby, Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl

Hatt-i Hümayun decree (1856) drafted by Stratford Canning and Thouvenal violent opposition to

Hatt-i Sharif (1839)

Hauterive, Alexandre’

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, English Notebooks

Henri Quatre (French battleship), lost in hurricane (1854)

Herald (newspaper)

Herat (Afghanistan)

Herbé, Capt Jean-Jules: abandoned horses and mules assault on the Malakhov Bastion letter from hospital letters home wounded at Chernaia river

Herbert, Elizabeth, Baroness (wife of Sidney Herbert)

Herbert, General George, Earl of Pembroke

Herbert, Pvt Harry (5th Dragoons)

Herbert, Sidney (Secretary of State for War) bronze statue added to Guards’ Memorial

Herzegovina pan-Slav movement and promised to Austria-Hungary revolts by Christians

Herzen, Alexander, publishes ‘Tolstoy’s’ song

Heytesbury, William à Court, 1st Baron Heytesbury

Higginson, Capt (later Gen) George (Grenadier Gds), at Inkerman

Holy Alliance (Russia, Austria & Prussia)

Holy Land: an extension of Holy Russia French dispute with Russia pilgrims rivalry between Catholic and Orthodox Christians Tsar Nicholas I and

Holy Places: commencement of war and Paris Peace Congress (1856) and religious rights for Catholics religious rights for Orthodox Christians

Hornby, Lady Emily

Howlett, Robert, photographs of wounded soldiers

Hübner, Joseph Alexander, Baron

Hudson, Sir James

Hughes, Thomas: Tom Brown at Oxford Tom Brown’s Schooldays

Hungarian army, Polish officers

Hungarians, in Kars

Hungary, 1848 – 49 revolution

Hyde, Pvt Edward, at Inkerman

Hyder Pasha Hospital

Iaşi: Fratja meetings (1848) Treaty of (1792)

Ibrahim Pasha (son of Mehmet Ali), in Syria

Ignat’ev, Nikolai: Eastern Question solution encourages Serbs to expect Russian help pan-Slavism of San Stefano Treaty strategic memorandum on Central Asia and India Tsar’s envoy in Constantinople

Illustrated London News (journal)

l’Impartial (newspaper)

India, perceived Russian threat

India, Great Britain and Russia (pamphlet)

Indian Army see British Indian Army

Indian Mutiny (1857)

Induno, Gerolamo, Crimean War paintings

Ingush

Inkerman, reserve hospital

Inkerman, battle of (1854) arguments over whom to blame for defeat Sandbag Battery a ‘soldiers battle’ see also Mount Inkerman (Little Inkerman)

Inkerman Heights

Innokentii, Orthodox Archbishop: allied invasion a holy war Christianizing the Crimea

Ireland, lives lost

Islam: executions of Muslims who become Christians Islamic fundamentalists in Shamil’s movement Mehmet Ali’s Islamist aspirations opposition to Tanzimat reforms Western romantic ideas of see also Muslims

Istomin, Admiral Vladimir, commemoration

Italians, in Kars

Italy Czartoryski’s plan for little to commemorate Crimea Napoleon III’s plans Palmerston’s plans for Risorgimento unification union of Lombardy and Sardinia

janizaries

Japy, Frederic (3rd Zouave Regt), letter home

Jemaleddin (son of Imam Shamil), exchanged for Georgian princesses

Jerusalem: Easter 1846 riot fights between Greeks and Armenians Franciscan printing press (Austrian) religious rivalries Russian Ecclesiastical Mission

jihad: called for against Russians (1853) declared by Ottomans after Navarino (1827) General Yusuf’s incentive

jingoism, in Britain

Jomini, Antoine-Henri, Baron

Joseph II, Emperor of Austria

Journal des débats

Kacha, river, Russian dressing stations

Kadikoi (British base) traders and sutlers

Kalafat, Omer Pasha crosses the Danube

Kalamita Bay

Kamchatka Lunette (Sevastopol) see Mamelon

Kamiesh, French supply base

Kangaroo (troop transort): carries supplies to Shamil used for cholera victims

Kapodistrias, Ioannis

Kars: cession of demanded by Stalin relieving force under Omer Pasha relieving force under Selim Pasha Russian bargaining card at Paris (1856) Russian siege

Kaufman, Konstantin P., Governor-General of Turkestan

Kazan (Mongol khanate)

Kaznacheev, Nikolai Ivanovich, governor of Evpatoria

Kerch: allied raid aborted (April 1855) allied raid (May 1855)

Khanum, Fatima Khanum

Kharkov, Sevastopol wounded

Kherson (new city)

Khersoneses (ancient Greek city) Church of St Vladimir desecrated by French

Khiva khanate

Khlopotina, Elizaveta (nurse)

Khomyakov, Alexei (Slavophile poet)

Khrulev, Lt-Gen Stepan: Evpatoria attack fails (1855) suicidal attack suggestion

Khrushchev, Nikita, transfers Crimea to Ukraine

Kiev, defence of

Kievan Rus’

Kinglake, Alexander on declaring war embarcation for Crimea

Kingscote, Capt. (later Maj & Col Sir) Nigel (Scots Fuslr Gds & ADC): letters from Varna outraged by other officers letters

Kingsley, Charles: Two Years Ago Westward Ho!

Kingsley, Henry, Ravenshoe

Kiriakov, Lt-Gen V. I. (17th Division): at Alma at Inkerman

Kiselev, Gen Pavel (Minister of State Domains)

Klemm, Teofil (Russian soldier)

Kokand khanate

Kondratov, Ivan (Russian infantryman), dines on French and British food

Korda, Sir Alexander, Lady Hamilton (film)

Kornilov, Admiral Vladimir defence of Sevastopol death of commemoration

Koshka, Pyotr (seaman) raids allied trenches

Kossuth, Lajos

Kostaki Musurus (Turkish ambassador in London)

Kozhukov, Stepan (Russian artillery), At Balaklava

Krasinski, Valerian, Count

Krasovsky, Lt (ADC to Gorchakov), ‘time to start’ message

Kronstadt (Russian naval base)

Krüdener, Baroness Barbara Juliane von

Kuban, Slavic settlers

Kuchuk Kainarji, Treaty of (1774)

Kulali, military hospital (British)

La Valette, Charles, Marquis de, provocative behaviour towards Ottomans

Lacour, Edmond de (French ambassador the the Porte)

Lamartine, Alphonse de

Lambert, Gen Karl, Polish uprising (1863)

Lamennais, Félicité de

Latas, Mihailo see Omer Pasha

Lawson, George (army surgeon): at Alma letters home

Layard, Sir Henry

Lebanon, riots and attacks on Christians

Lemprière, Capt Audley (77th Foot)

Lenin, Vladimir Iliich

Leopold I, King of Belgium

Lieven, Princess Dorothea von

Lipkin, Capt Nikolai (Russian navy), letters from Sevastopol

Liprandi, Lt-Gen Pavel (12th Inf Div): at Balaklava at Inkerman Chernaia river battle

lithographs: images from the war Her Majesty the Queen Inspecting the Wounded Coldstream Guards… (Gilbert) see also photography

Loizillon, Henri (army engineer): inside the Mamelon worried about continuing war writes of dead friends writes of rumours

Lombardy, transferred to France and to Piedmont

Lombardy-Venetia, Italo-Austrian contention

London, Treaty of (1827) see also Convention of London

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, translation of verse by Jorge Manrique

Longworth, John: British government agent in the Caucasus rejects support for Shamil movement warns Britain to oppose Ottomans in Caucasus

Louis Napoleon, President of France (later Napoleon III): asserts French interests in Europe coup d’état (1851) courts Catholic opinion see also Napoleon III, Emperor of France

Louis-Napoleon, French Prince Imperial, birth of

Lucan, Lt-Gen George Bingham, 3rd earl failure to take opportunities at Balaklava Charge of the Light Brigade letters to Raglan tents unfit for habitation recalled

Lyde, Revd. Samuel, focus of Muslim riot

Lyons, Rear Admiral Sir Edward, Sevastopol invasion fleet

Macintosh, Maj-Gen Alexander, Journal of the Crimea

Mackenzie Heights, reserve hospital

Mackenzie’s Farm

MacMahon, Gen Patrice de, taking of the Malakhov Bastion

Magna Carta, influence on Ottoman parliament

Mahmud II, Sultan: appeals for help against Mehmet Ali of Egypt continues Selim’s [Westernizing] reforms declares jihad after Navarino

Mahmud Pasha, grand admiral Turkish navy

Mahmud Bek (governor of Nablus)

Malakhov Bastion (Sevastopol) assault (June 6, 1855) battle (June 18, 1855) taken by the French (Sept. 1855) remembered in France

Malmesbury, James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl, complains of La Valette

Mamelon (Sevastopol)

Manchester Times (newspaper)

Mandt Dr Martin Wilhelm von, physician to Tsar Nicholas I

Manrique, Jorge

Maria Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess

Maria Fedorovna, Empress [Dowager], Ypsilantis and

Mariupol see Kerch, allied raid (1855)

La Marmora, General Alfonso (Piedmont-Sardinia)

Maronite Christians, massacred by Druzes and Muslims (1860)

Marsh, Catherine, Memorials of Captain Hedley Vicars, Ninety-Seventh Regiment

Martineau, Harriet

Marx, Karl: the Anglo-French ‘anticlimax’ on Anglo-Turkish trade campaigns against Russia comment on the Russian army

Mayran, General, leads Malakhov assault

Mazzini, Giuseppe

McClellan, George B., US General

medals: Nakhimov Medal Victoria Cross

medical supplies, left at Varna by British

medical treatment: American help for Russians British hospitals conditions for British troops in the field French hospitals French standards drop nurses and nursing Russian hospitals shell shock/combat stress at Sinope triage see also anaesthetics; cholera, Scutari military hospital

Mehmet Pasha (governor of Jerusalem)

Mehmet Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier becomes head of the ‘war party’ Commander-in-Chief Turkish army

Mehmet Ali, ruler of Egypt: challenge to both Ottomans and Russia Convention of Kütahya (1833) Islamist aspirations quells Greek uprising recognized as hereditary ruler of Egypt second insurrection against the Sultan (1839 – 40)

Mehmet Hüsrev, Grand Vizier (1839 – 41)

Melbourne, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount

Menshikov, Prince Alexander Sergeyevich, commander-in-chief Crimea mission to Constantinople (1853) counsels caution to the Tsar at Alma inadequate defences in Sevastopol leaves Sevastopol for Bakhchiserai at the Belbek river reinforcements from Danubian front opposed to new offensive after Balaklava receives reinforcements from Bessarabia at Inkerman explains Inkerman atrocities refuses truce to clear dead and wounded recommends abandonment of Sevastopol dismissed after Evpatoria battle (1855)

Mérimée, Prosper

Metternich, Klemens Wenzel, Prince von

Mexico, French invasion

Meyendorff, Baron (Russian ambassador in Vienna)

Mickiewicz, Adam Livre des pèlerins polonais

Mieczyslawska, Mother Makrena (Abbess)

Mihailo Obrenović Prince, of Serbia

Mikhail Nikolaevich, Grand Duke rebuke for Tolstoy

Mikhailova, Daria (Dasha Sevastopolskaia)

Mikhno, Nikolai

‘The Military Gazette’, Tolstoy’s magazine

Miliutin, Dmitry: army reforms mission to Serbia

millet system Balkan nationalist movements and Hatt-i Hümayun reforms

Milosevich, Nikolai, comment on aftermath of Chernaia

Minié rifles: at Alma artillery ineffective against at Balaklava with Circassian tribes at Inkerman loss of 10 million rounds in hurricane Polish ‘Zouaves’

Minsk, persecution of Catholic nuns

Mismer, Charles (French dragoon): on French rations living with shelling

missions: Anglican in Ottoman Empire Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem

Modena, monarch restored

Moldavia autonomy granted (1829) cereal exports to Britain debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) Greek uprising (1821) hospodar ordered to reject Turkish rule preliminaries to Crimean War (1853) Russian occupation of (1829 – 34) Russian response to 1848 revolution see also Romania

Molènes, Paul de (Spahi officer): at Evpatoria observations at Varna

Monsell, Revd J.S.B., ‘What will they say in England…’

Montalembert, Charles

Montefiore, Moses, Balaklava railway

Montenegrins

Montenegro: pan-Slav movement and revolts by Christians

Montreux Convention (1936), revision demanded by Soviets

morale: allied camps after Malakhov and Redan failure crucial element in battle decline of in British Army Russians at Inkerman in Sevastopol after Balaklava in Sevastopol from June 1855

Morley, Cpl Thomas (17th Lancers)

Morning Advertiser (newspaper)

Morning Chronicle (newspaper)

Morning Courier (newspaper)

Morning Herald (newspaper)

Morny, Charles-Auguste, Duc de: contact with Russians diplomacy over Black Sea and Danubian principalities

Moscow Slavic Benevolent Committee

Moskvitianin (Moscow journal)

Mosley, Godfrey (paymaster 20th Regt of Foot)

mosques, converted to churches by Russians

Mount Athos

Mount Inkerman (Little Inkerman): Russian attack see also Inkerman, battle of

Muhammed Emin (Shamil’s emissary)

Mundy, Lt-Col George V. (33rd Foot), letter home

Munro, Sgt (93rd Highland Bde)

Muraviev, General, siege of Kars

Muridism, in the Caucasus

Musa Pasha, commandent of Silistria

Muslims: exodus of from Russian territory post-War expelled from conquered teritory Mehmet Ali revival opposition to Hatt-i Hümayun opposition to Tanzimat reforms reaction to Danubian principalities occupations resentment against Christians rumours about European allies and about Russia Russo-Turkish War revenge attacks see also Islam

Mussad Giray

Mustafa Pasha, virtual governor-general of Circassia

Mustafa Reshid Pasha agrees to war option endeavour to prevent escalation of war (1853) n opposition to Hatt-i Hümayun rivalry with Mehmet Ali Pasha stalls Menshikov threatened by religious students

Nablus, riots and attacks on Christians

Nakhichevan khanate

Nakhimov, Vice-Admiral Pavel: at Sinope (1853) defence of Sevastopol death of commemoration

Nakhimov Medal

Nanking, Treaty of (1842)

Napier, Admiral Sir Charles RN: Baltic campaign (1854) attack on Bomarsund

Napier, Francis, Lord (British ambassador in St Petersburg)

Napoleon I, Emperor of France: conquest of Egypt (1798) India expedition considered influence of the ‘Testament of Peter the Great’ Polish hopes thwarted

Napoleon III, Emperor of France aims of for the Crimea Alushta ‘Emperor’s plan’ ambivalent about a pan-European war arouses fears in Europe’s capitals censorship and control of the press control of Canrobert council of war with allied leaders (1855) Danubian principalities for Austria de Morny’s Russian diplomacy decides to visit the Crimea and take charge direct discussions with Tsar Alexander II enthusiasm for war not shared by the public in exile Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum and Grand Duke Constantine and importance of alliance with Britain Italian independence/unification Kerch raid and letter to Queen Victoria looks for ways to bring troops home no firm pledge on Black Sea clauses on-off support for Poles opinion of Turks Palmerston and Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace celebrations peaceful intentions public opinion and purpose of capturing Sevastopol rapprochement with Russia rumours of a plot against search for peace with Russia secret armistice with Austria seeks diplomatic resolution with Russia (1854) ships sent to Aegean suggests broad revolutionary war in Europe supports second Malakhov attack terms for peace with Russia terrified of revolutionary violence (1855) threatens to act alone over Sinope Vienna Conference decisions (1855) see also Louis Napoleon, President of France (later Napoleon III)

Napoleon, Prince Napoleon, General (3rd Division), accused of ‘cowardice’

Napoleon (French steam warship)

Naqshbandiya (Sufi) sect

Nasmyth, Lt Charles (Bombay Artillery), at Silistria

nationalism: in the Balkans Greek Italian Russian Turkish see also Greek independence

NATO, and Warsaw Pact tensions

Naval and Military Bible Society

naval warfare, use of explosive shells

Navarino, battle of (1827)

Nelidov, Barbette, pan-Slav ideas at court

Nepokoichitsky, General

Nesselrode, Karl (Russian Foreign Minister) Alexander II amenable to negotiations blamed for retreat decision (1854) European diplomacy and Franco-Austrian peace terms replaced by Gorchakov sceptical of Tsar Nicholas’s strategy

New Jerusalem Monastery, Tsar Nicholas I and

New Ottomans (Yeni Osmanlilar)

New York Times (newspaper), article by Marx

New York Tribune (newspaper), article by Marx

Newcastle, Henry Pelham Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke (Secretary of State for War) Raglan requests sanctions against The Times and Russell urges Raglan to dismiss Generals

Newcastle Guardian (newspaper)

Nice: Napoleon III and union with France

Nicholas I, Tsar: afraid of Austrian invasion Austria rebuffs approaches (1854) Austrian Empire Slavs encouraged Austrian Four Points accepted Balkan strategy believes Austria will join war with Ottomans blamed for the War commends the defenders of Sevastopol compared to Attila deep depression after Inkerman early military interests Evpatoria defeat and (1855) excessive faith in link with Franz Joseph fear of assassination by Poles fears collapse of Russian Empire feelings of betrayal by Austrians final ultimatum to Turks (1853) grievances against Western powers hereditary mental illness Holy Land religious rights and intransigent response to Western negotiations learns of Balaklava success legitimist principles letter to Gen Gorchakov in London (1844) loss of confidence after Inkerman and Evpatoria meets Pope Gregory XVI (1845) misconceptions about British government and monarchy mobilizes army without consulting ministers (1852) objects to British warships in Dardanelles opposition to French July revolution (1830) orders last assault on Silistria orders offensive against Evpatoria (1855) Orthodox uprisings hoped for overlooked strategic danger in Sevastopol pan-Slavism and Paskevich’s plans persecution of Catholics plans for containment of France with Britain plans partition of Ottoman Empire Polish alienation prepared to stir up Italy and Spain relations with Napoleon III reputation restored in Putin’s Russia Russia’s religious destiny and the crusade for Orthodoxy trust in ‘Generals January and February’ wants major offensive against Ottomans (1853) warning to Wallachian deserters death of

Niel, Gen Adolphe (French military engineer)

Nightingale, Florence: early life asked to provide nursing help for soldiers chooses her nurses Alexis Soyer and at Scutari rejects help from Seacole bronze statue added to Guards’ Memorial the ‘Lady with the Lamp’ legend post war celebrity ‘The True Story of the Nuns of Minsk

Nikitenko, Alexander, despair over state of Russia

Nikolaev

Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke army withdrawal to Danube comment on Menshikov Russo-Turkish War (1877 – 8)

Nikon, Orthodox Patriarch

Nogai nomads (Crimea)

Noir, Louis, Zouave officer: examples of combat stress impressions of British troops with Yusuf’s Bashi Bazouks at Alma at Inkerman trench digging at Sevastopol winter (1854 – 55)

Nolan, Capt Louis (15th Hussars)

Northern Liberator (Chartist newspaper)

Norway, Palmerston’s plans and

Novorossiia (New Russia): new cities Russian military build up Tatars and Count Stroganov

nurses and nursing Alexandra Stakhova sees Sevastopol burning in Britain after Crimea Dasha Sevastopolskaia high-born Russians nuns in French military hospitals at Scutari see also Nightingale, Florence; women

Obrenović dynasty (Serbia)

Obrenović, Prince Alexander

Obrenović, Prince Mihailo

Obrenović, Prince Milos

Ochakov

Odessa

Odessa Bulletin (Russian newspaper), reports of the battle of Alma

Odessa Shipping Company, in Villafranca Bay

Oliphant, Laurence, The Russian Shores of the Black Sea…

Omer Pasha, Ottoman General assessment of military needs in Bucharest (1854) in Bulgaria commencement of hostilities against Russia defence of Serbia (1853) in Evpatoria at Giurgevo pleads for force to relieve Kars supports Circassia campaign

Opium Wars: 1st (1839 – 42) 2nd (1857) see also China

O’Reilly, Lt. RN, view of the Bay of Sinope

Organic Statutes (Règlements organique), Serbia and Romania

Orlov, Count, chief of the Third Section attempt to contain rumours failed mission to Austria Paris Peace Congress (1856)

Orthodox Christianity (Eastern): Bessarabia ceremony of Holy Fire (Jerusalem) Christians settled in conquered territories Church of the Nativity Grotto in fear of Tatar bands Greek clergy wary of Russian religious ambitions Greek patriarch in Jerusalem opposition to Tanzimat reforms persecution of Catholics rivalry with Catholics in the Holy Land and Russian national identity

Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople

Osten-Sacken, General Dmitri: counsels against further offensives (August 1855) governor of Odessa in Sevastopol Tolstoy’s Plan for the Reform of the Army

Otto, prince of Bavaria and King of Greece

Ottoman army: make up of atrocities alleged in Kerch drinking European officers ill-treatment by British language a major problem pursuit of retreating Russians religious nature of reprisals Silistria and Danubian front terror tactics at Varna at Alma at Balaklava in Kars

Ottoman Empire: border line with Orthodox Russia British commercial interests (1830s) British foreign policy and Congress of Berlin resolutions corrupt bureaucracy Crimea obliterated from national memory Crimean War casualties cultural and religious make up customs and permissions in the Holy Land declaration of war on Russia (1853) declares jihad after Navarino effect on of Crimean War exposure to Western culture foreign capital investment France and fudges issue of Holy Sepulchre roof repairs Grand Council agrees to accept Vienna peace terms (1853) Grand Council refuses Menshikov’s demands and Greek independence Hatt-i Hümayun decree Holy Land religious rights and hostility to interference from Britain lack of communications infrastructure liberal political reform in loss of the Crimea military backwardness Muslim institutions a brake on progress organizes support in Britain (1853) Orthodox subjects Palmerston’s plans Paris Peace Congress (1856) parliament established (1876) peace negotiations (1853) plan to meet further incursions by Russia planned to be a vassal state at point of collapse (1829) political asylum offered to Hungarian Poles reaction to Greek uprising in Moldavia and Wallachia resentment against Christians response to Tsar Alexander I’s ultimatum Romanian revolution 1848 and Russia invades and takes Kars Russian annexation of Crimea recognized (1792) Russian plans to partition San Stefano Treaty secular Ottomanism seeks help from Britain and France against Russians the ‘sick man of Europe’ signs Act of Balta Liman (1849) Slav subjects and Tsar Nicholas Tanzimat reforms see Tanzimat reforms; treatment/ persecution of Christians unaffected by Sinope war with Russia (1787 – 92; 1806 – 12; 1828 – 29) war with Russia (1853 – 6) war with Russia (1877 – 8) war with Serbia (1876) weakness of Westernizing liberal reforms see also Eastern Question; millet system; Ottoman army; Ottoman navy

Ottoman navy, at Sinope (1853)

Oudinot, General Charles Nicolas

pacifists, vilified by Russophobes

paintings, Crimean War subjects

Palestine, riots and attacks on Christians

Palgrave, William Gifford (British consul in Abkhazia)

Palmerston, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Aberdeen’s foreign policies and aggressive campaign wanted anti-Russian league of states becomes Prime Minister (1855) belligerent reactions to Russian occupations Bessarabia/Moldavia border dispute council of war with allied leaders (1855) defends failure to support Poles the Four Points and and the Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum hated in Russia and much of Europe influence of Czartoryski keeps France on track for war Napoleon III and no action to support Hungarians plan for dismemberment of Russian Empire populist foreign policy the Press and punitive conditions at the Paris Peace Congress (1856) recruits mercenaries rejects French plan for Poland rejects peace initiatives returns to Cabinet (1853) sends Fleet to Besika Bay and Dardanelles Serpent Island incident (1856) Triple Alliance and Urquhart and Vienna Conference (1855) and ‘war of nationalities’ warns Serbs against supporting Russia

pan-Slavism Alexander II and and the Balkans Congress of Berlin (1878) and Grand Duke Constantine and Kiev Committee Moscow Slavic Benevolent Committee ruin of Russia St Petersburg Committee support for the war Tsar Nicholas and Tsar Nicholas legitimist policies attacked see also Slavs

Panmure, Fox Maule-Ramsay, Lord Panmure (Secretary of State for War): allows new assault on the Redan council of war with allied leaders (1855) field campaign memorandum rejected by Raglan intermediary for Raglan with the French Victoria Cross investiture warns Codrington of effects of drinking in the soldiery

Pardoe, Julia, The City of the Sultan; and Domestic Manners of the Turks (1836)

Paris, Henry (‘Anglicus’)

Paris: Exposition Universelle (1855) new buildings and tarmacadamed streets official peace declaration (1856)

Paris Peace Congress (1856)

Paris Treaty (1857)

Parma, monarch restored

Parus (pan-Slav journal)

Paskevich, General Ivan Bulgarian strategy retires hurt sceptical of Tsar’s strategy advice sought after Inkerman warns of Austrian threat

Paul I, Tsar

Pavlov, Lt-Gen P. Ya. (11th Division), at Inkerman

Paxton, Joseph, huts for soldiers

peace initiatives: opportunity rejected by France and Britain (1854) Vienna Note (1853)

Peel, Sir Robert (1788 – 1850)

Peel, Sir Robert (1822 – 95), Times Crimean Fund… patron

Peelites, British peace party

Pélissier, General Aimable (French commander-in-chief) commits to combined attack on Mamelon and Quarry Pits first Malakhov assault and second Malakhov assault and

Pénaud, Admiral, Baltic campaign (1855)

Pennefather, General Sir John Lysaght (2nd Division)

Persia: Anglo-Persian War (1856 – 7) British diplomacy loss of Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates (1828) occupation of Herat (1837 – 57) Russian advisers

Persigny, Jean Gilbert Fialin, duc de

Pestel’, Vladimir (governor of Simferopol)

Peter I the Great, Tsar: demands Greek rights at Holy Sepulchre ‘Testament of….’

Peto, Samuel, Balaklava railway

Petrashevsky circle

Pflug, Ferdinand (doctor in Tsarist army)

Phanariots

Philiki Etaireia (Society of Friends)

photography: from the war zone wounded in military hospitals see also lithographs

Piedmont-Sardinia: annexation of Naples central Italian states annexed leads movement for Italian unification offers troops for Crimea war with Austria (1859) see also Sardinian army

Pine, Pvt John (Rifle Bde), death from scurvy and other conditions

Pirogov, Nikolai (military surgeon) work with nurses

Pius IX, Pope

Pluton (French steam corvette), lost in hurricane (1854)

Podpalov, Prokofii (orderly to Gen Golev)

Pogodin, Mikhail, pan-Slavism of

Poland Napoleon III’s plan Polish Legion to the allies (Sultan’s Cossacks) Palmerston’s plans for Paris Peace Conference (1856) and Polish officers in Hungarian army provisional Polish government revolutionary ‘Zouaves of Death’ seeks help from Napoleon Bonaparte struggle for freedom from Russia support in Britain support in France Warsaw uprising put down by Russia (1831) see also Congress Poland

Polar Star magazine

Polish army: disperses to Prussia and Western Europe (1831) joins the uprising (1830)

Polish exiles in Kars

Polotsk, Synod of (1839)

Poltava, battle of (1709)

Polusky, Russian General, truce after Mamelon fight

Ponsonby, John, 1st Viscount Hatt-i Sharif reforms and Vixen incident and

Popandul, Capt. (Russian artillery)

Portal, Robert (British cavalry officer), letters home

the Porte see Ottoman Empire

Porter, Maj (later Maj Gen) Whitworth RE race meeting Russian night raids spade work not appreciated

The Portfolio (Urquhart periodical)

Potemkin, Prince Grigorii

Pradt, Dominique-Georges-Frédéric de, Parallèle de la puissance anglaise et russe relativement à l’Europe

Press, the: and British public opinion campaign against Prince Albert censorship in France censorship free in Britain censorship in Russia effect of abolishing stamp duty in Britain false news reports influence of on British Politics influence on French foreign policy middle classes and in Britain and public opinion in Turkey reports of sufferings of troops war correspondents see also journalism; war correspondents by name (Chenery, Russell, Woods)

Priestley, Sgt (13th Lt Dragoons), first casualty of Crimea campaign

Prince, SS (supply ship), sunk in hurricane

Pristovoitov, Colonel, shortlived command of Soimonov’s Division

Protestants: the British character and church leaders and declaration of war Evangelicals with romantic views of Islam granted millet status by the Sultan missionary work in Ottoman Empire reaction to Orthodox rituals in Jerusalem see also Anglicans

Prussia: more reliable ally for Russia and Palmerston’s plans peace initiative (1853) war with Austrian Empire (1866) war with Denmark (1864) war with France (1870)

Pudovkin, Vsevolod, Admiral Nakhimov (film)

Pushkin, Alexander

Putiatin, Admiral Yevfimy Vasilyevich

Putin, Vladimir

Quarantine Battery (Sevastopol)

Quarry pits (Sevastopol)

Quarterly Review (journal)

Radcliffe, Capt William (20th Regt of Foot), letters home

Raglan, FitzRoy Somerset, Lord Raglan, C-in-C Crimea plans defence of London (1852) insistence on impractical uniform instructed to invade the Crimea (1854) refuses to carry out order to take Sevastopol and Perekop pre-landing conference with Saint-Arnaud at Alma unable to press on to Sevastopol wants immediate assault on Sevastopol advises against speaking to William Russell at Balaklava council of war with Canrobert and Omer Pasha initiates Light Brigade blunder warnings of weakness of British defences letter to Panmure about a Mamelon attack protests to Menshikov about Inkerman atrocities rejects encirclement of Sevastopol rejects Napoleon III’s field campaign Redan aftermath and death

railways: Balaklava Railway Euphrates Valley Railway in Russia

Rawlinson, Sir Henry, in Baghdad

Read, General, Chernaia river battle (1855)

Redan (Sevastopol) first British attack second British attack

Reeve, Henry

Reform Act (Great Britain 1832)

refugees: Orthodox Bulgarians Orthodox Christians from Bessarabia Polish Russians and Greeks in the Crimea Tatars

religion: British Protestantism clerical views of war in Britain importance of in Russia muscular Christianity Muslim troops at Silistria role of in fuelling wars Russian ‘weak neighbour’ policy and

religious toleration, in Turkey

religious wars: Nicholas I and Russia and Muslim neighbours see also Russo-Turkish wars

Resolute (supply ship), sunk in hurricane

Retribution, HMS (steam-frigate)

Rhodes, to go to Britain

Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, Duc de, Odessa

Ridiger, Gen Fedor, Count, on need for military reforms

Rifaat Pasha (Ottoman Foreign Minister)

Robertson, James (war photographer)

Rochebrune, François, ‘Zouaves of Death’

Roebuck, John MP, calls for a select committee to investigate the army

Romaine, William (Deputy Judge Advocate)

Romania Crimean War beginnings debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) Organic Statute (Règlement organique) Russian response to 1848 revolution see also Danubian principalities; Moldavia; Wallachia

Romanian exiles, in Britain

Rose, Colonel Sir Hugh calls for naval support endorses Pélissier

Rosetti, Constantine (Romanian exile)

Roubaud, Franz, The Defence of Sevastopol (panorama)

Rowe, John, Storekeeper (army commisariat), brings in wounded

Rowlands, Capt Hugh (Derbys Regt)

Royal Marines, at Balaklava

Royal Navy: ability to threaten Russia attack on Odessa (1854) Baltic campaign (1854) Baltic campaign (1855) at Beykoz Bomarsund bombardment bombardment, of Sevastopol defence of invasion convoy fleet moved to Besika Bay (1833; 1849 & 1853) forces Russo-Turkish armistice (1878) helps quieten Constantinople demonstrations Kerch raid (1855) Naval Brigade, on shore artillery put on war footing (1853) sails to Alexandria (1840) see also Great Britain

Royal Patriotic Fund for the relief of soldiers wives

Rumelia (Bulgaria), massacre of Christians

Rumelian army (Ottoman): commencement of hostilities against Russia Stara Zagora (1853) strengthen’s Turkish forts on the Danube border terror tactics

Rumiantsev Library and Museum

Russell, Lord John alternative plan for Turkey represents Britain at Vienna Conference (1855)

Russell, William (Times war correspondent) report on the Kerch raid reports draw attention to bravery in the field upsets military establishment visits military cemeteries wounded found in Sevastopol

Russia: aims to be a southern power Anglophobia armed forces discredited by Crimean defeat Austrian Four Points accepted autocracy failure Bessarabia loss a national tragedy Black Sea fleet recommissioned boundary dispute in Bessarabia brink of war with Britain over the Vixen (1836) British plans to break up the Russian Empire calls for war against Turks (1820s) campaigns for return of Crimea from Ukraine ‘conflicting memories of 1812 Congress of Berlin resolutions conquest of khanates in Central Asia corruption and incompetence Cossack traditions Danubian principalities and declares war on Turkey (1828) defences thinly spread demands extradition of Polish refugees from Ottomans demands new Orthodox Church protection treaty dependence on a serf economy diplomatic relations with Britain and France broken (1854) dispute with France over the Holy Land drops France as an ally ecclesiastical mission in Jerusalem economics of serf emancipation expansionist aims see ‘Testament of Peter the Great’; feelings of betrayal by Western Christians forced to give up Kars Foreign Ministry free passage through Dardanelles for shipping and French territorial ambitions (Nice and Savoy) gains from Adrianople Treaty (1829) gains territory in the Far East (1860) gives up privileges vis-à-vis Ottomans (1841) Greeks lobby for help at Tsarist Court and Holy Sepulchre roof dispute humiliation and pride from Sevastopol imperial rivalry with Great Britain importance of cereal exports influence on other Orthodox communities insists on Hatt-i Hümayun clause in Paris Congress invasion and siege of Kars liberal circles critical of war Ministry of Education Ministry of Finance Ministry of the Interior Ministry of War national myth of Sevastopol need for modern infrastucture need to modernize defences an Orthodox Crusade Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace feelers to Austrians and French (1855) perceived threat to India plans for a partisan war and Poland possibility of revolutionary disturbances preparedness for war (1853) pressures Ottomans over French demands railways rapprochement with France reaction to Bulgarian atrocities reactions to the War reformist spirit relations with America religious destiny of resentment against Europe response to defeat at Inkerman response to Franco-Austrian proposals for peace (1855) response to loss of Sevastopol response to 1848 revolutions in Europe rumours about death of Tsar Nicholas rumours about freedom for serfs who enlist rumours of international events and actions San Stefano Treaty seen as enemy of liberty by France serf emancipation serf illiteracy serf uprisings Serpent Island occupied state commemorations of Sevastopol struggle to control buffer zones support for France over Austrian War (1859) support for Ottomans against Egypt (1833) support for Prussia support for Serbia tests the Paris Peace Treaty (1856) thought of as semi-Asiatic uncivilized Three Emperors’ League (1873) tight press censorship trade competition with Britain Treaty with Great Britain and France (1827) Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi and wars with Muslim neighbours ‘weak neighbour’ policy see also Alexander II, Tsar; Nicholas I, Tsar; pan-Slavism; Soviet Union

Russian army: forced to withdraw from Warsaw (1830) defeats the Poles (1831) army reforms dead and wounded defeats Hungarians (1849) defences thinly spread desertions in Bucharest desertions at Chernaia river desertions from Sevastopol diet in Danube delta drinking entertainments harsh treatment of serf soldiers (Tolstoy) indecisive skirmishes with Ottomans (1853) losses due to disease in campaigns medical help from the USA medical treatment before Pirogov military justice system mobilized to attack Turks (1852) preparedness for war (1853) punishments reinforcements from Danubian front revenge attacks on Bulgarian Muslims rumours about freedom for serfs who enlist Russo-Turkish War (1877 – 8) satirical song a soldiers comment on the death of the Tsar soldiers letters home technologically backward uniforms universal conscription victory in the Caucasus withdrawal from San Stefano to Danube

Russian army, Crimean timeline: transferred from Caucasus to Danubian front Silistria offensive and siege retreat from Silistria and Danube at Alma looting after Alma rearguard escapes Nolan’s Hussars defence of Sevastopol at Balaklava reinforcements from Bessarabia at Inkerman atrocities after Inkerman fails to press home advantage in winter of 1854 – 55 supply problems because of siege night raids on allied trenches fraternization with allied troops allied bombardment of Sevastopol defence of Mamelon and Quarry Pits defence of Malakhov and the Redan rumours of mutiny council of war discusses possible attacks (August 1855) attack on French and Sardinians at Chernaia river Balaklava hand over (July 1856)

Russian army, units and regiments: 4th Corps 5th Division 10th Division 11th Division 12th Infantry Division 15th Reserve Infantry Division Borodinsky Regiment Cossack cavalry Ekaterinburg Regiment Kamchatka Regiment Kazan Regiment Kiev Hussars Kolyvansky Regiment Minsk Regiment Moscow Regiment Okhotsky Regiment Polish Lancers Selenginsky Regiment Tarutinsky Regiment Tomsky Regiment Ukrainsky Regiment Vladimirsky Regiment Yakutsky Regiment American volunteers ‘Greek-Slavonic Legion’

Russian Invalid (army magazine)

Russian navy: mobilized to seize Constantinople seizure of the Vixen at Sinope (1853) ships blown up to block harbour service in the bastions defence of Sevastopol pontoon bridge built sailors refuse to leave Sevastopol last of Black Sea Fleet sunk French help to modernize fleet Black sea fleet recommissioned (1872)

Russians, new settlers in the Crimea

Russkii mir (pan-Slav journal)

Russo-Turkish wars (1787 – 92) (1806 – 12) (1828 – 9) (1877 – 8) see also religious wars

Russophobia: in Britain Europe wide in France

Rustem Pasha (i/c Turkish troops Balaklava)

Ruthenian (Uniate) Catholics

Ryzhov, General (Russian cavalry)

Şagin Giray, Khan of Crimea

Saint-Arnaud, Jacques Leroy de, French C-in-C Army of the East reservations about Sevastopol plan pre-landing conference with Raglan ill with stomach cancer comment on British at Evpatoria compares Sevastopol to 1812 Moscow looting and dies of heart-attack

Saint-Cyr, École spéciale militaire

Salzenberg, Wilhelm, drawings of Hagia Sophia mosaics

Samarkand

Samuel Colt (U.S. arms manufacturer)

San Stefano Treaty (1878)

sanitation, cholera and

Sardinian army: Chernaia river battle Malakhov assault see also Piedmont-Sardinia

Savoy: Napoleon III and union with France

Scott, Capt (9th Foot)

scurvy: British army French troops at Kars

Scutari military hospital poor medical conditions Florence Nightingale takes charge escalating death rate inspected by government sanitary commission see also medical treatment

Seacole, Mary

Seebach, Baron von (Saxon Minister in Paris) intermediary with Russia

Selim III, Sultan, military reforms

Semashko, Joseph, Bishop, and the nuns of Minsk

Serbia: Austrians ready to invade (1854) Britain and closer ties with Bulgaria and Balkan Slavs national church (Orthodox) Omer Pasha’s defence of Organic Statute pact with Romanian leadership possible support for Russians (1853) Russia and Russian partition plans (1852) the ‘Russian Party’ Turkish garrisons removed war dead war with Turkey (1876) warned not to interfere in Balkan revolts warning from Britain

Serpent Island, occupied by Russia

Serzhputovsky, General, siege of Silistria

Sevastopol: British naval strategy prime target of allies siege of (1854 – 1855) fortifications inadequate (1854) ships blown up to block harbour liquor store breached water supply cut civilians defence of celebrates the victory at Balaklava conditions in the town naval bombardment Lourmel’s Brigade soldiers walk in allied assault plans postponed til spring 1855 allied siege strategy rethought (1855) allied bombardment (Easter 1855) allied blockade takes hold (1855) allied bombardment (August-September 1855) armistices to collect dead and wounded encirclement rejected by Raglan Fifth Bastion fortified bastions and lunettes Fourth Bastion fraternization in ceasefires intelligence from allied deserters evacuation considered evacuation blown up and destroyed (Sept. 1855) Bukhmeier’s pontoon bridge allied armies in possession peace declaration port and fort installations destroyed by allies evacuation from and disposal of war matériel national humiliation and pride national shrine state commemorations The Defence of Sevastopol (panorama) (Roubaud) see also Crimea; Malakhov; Mamelon; Quarry pits; Redan; trench warfare

Seymour, Sir George Hamilton (British ambassador in St Petersburg) on Menshikov and Tsar Nicholas

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl

Shah Shuja, reinstatement of (1839)

Shamil, Imam: revolt in Chechnya infiltrated by Islamic fundamentalists Turkish military help western planned assault and Russian campaign against final defeat by Russian army

Shchegolov, Ensign Alexander, capture of HMS Tiger

Sheffield and Rotherham Independent (newspaper)

Sheik ül-Islam, re-consecration of Hagia Sophia mosque

shell shock

Shil’der, Gen Karl A., at Silistria (1854)

Shil’der, Nikolai, biography of Tsar Nicholas

Shuja Shah Durrani

Siberia: conquest of by Russia Pacific coast theatre of war

Silistria: allied reinforcements Arab Tabia redoubt Russian advance (1853) siege of (1854)

Simferopol the Napoleon III’s field plan Sevastopol wounded

Simpson, Gen Sir James: on French supply organization takes over as C-in-C Crimea

Sinope, battle of (1853): destruction of Turkish fleet response in France view of in Britain

Slade, Adolphus, RN (naval advisor to the Porte) comment on French soldiery

slave trade, after Tanzimat reforms

Slavophile movement support for Bulgarian rebels support for War

Slavs: national identities settlers in conquered areas see also pan-Slavism

Snow, John, prevention of cholera

Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK)

Soimonov, Lt-Gen F. I. (10th Division), at Inkerman

Solferino, battle of (1859)

Solovetsky Monastery, bombarded by Royal Navy

Soviet Union: Cold War and Afghanistan commemoration of Sevastopol heroes tensions with NATO dissolution (1991) see also Russia

Soyer, Alexis

Spectateur de Dijon (newspaper)

spectators: at Alma at Balaklava see also war tourism

St George, Lt Col RA, storming of the Malakhov

St Nicholas fortress (Georgia), taken by Bashi Bazouks

St Petersburg, blockade called for

St Vincent de Paul, nuns in French military hospitals

Stakhova, Alexandra (nurse)

Stalin, Joseph: demands changes to Pudovkin’s film demands joint Soviet – Turkish control of Dardanelles

The Standard (newspaper)

Stanley, Edward, Lord Stanley (14th Earl of Derby)

Star Fort (Sevastopol)

Star of the South (ship), lodgings for British officers and wives

steamships, enable fast movement of news

Steevens, Capt Nathaniel (88th Foot): ceasefire fraternization death of Col Egerton

Sterling, Lt-Col Anthony (93rd Highland Bde)

Stockmar, Christian Friedrich, Baron

Straits Convention (1841) see Convention of London

Stroganov, Count, governor-general of New Russia

Sturdza, Alexandru

Sturdza, Michael, Prince of Moldavia

Sukhozanet, Gen Nikolai reports on British threat in Central Asia

Sukhumi

Suleiman Pasha (Ottoman commissioner in Bucharest)

Sulivan, Captain Bartholomew, reports on Baltic fortresses

Sunni Muslims, the Caucasus

supply ships, destroyed by the hurricane (1854)

Sveaborg (Baltic fortress)

Sweden: Baltic sea war and military treaty with Western powers Palmerston’s plans and

Switzerland, source of mercenary soldiers

Sylvester, Henry (Asst. Surgeon)

Syria, riots and attacks on Christians

Taganrog, destruction of part of allied Kerch raid

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de

Tanzimat reforms cost of Hatt-i Sharif and opposition to support for questioned in Britain

Tarle, Evgeny (Stalin era historian)

Tashkent

Tatars submit to Catherine the Great in Bulgaria exodus from the Crimea misinform allies about Sevastopol defences plan to involve in open field war refugees in Evpatoria reprisals by Russians resettled in Bessarabia revenge attacks in Kerch rise up against Russians upon arrival of allies Russian policy towards

Tatischev, Vasily

Taylor, Sir Herbert, Urquhart and

telegraph: speeds reception of news from the front underwater cable (Balaklava to Varna)

Tennyson, Alfred, Lord: Maud ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’

‘Testament of Peter the Great’

Theodosia (Kefe)

Thiers, Adolphe

Third Section (Russian secret police) attempt to contain rumours reports on more educated classes

Thompson, Elizabeth see Butler, Elizabeth (née Thompson)

Thoumas, Capt Charles (French army), letters home

Thouvenal, Édouard-Antoine de (French ambassador to the Porte) Hatt-i Hümayun decree

Three Emperors’ League (1873)

Thunderer (Russian steam frigate)

Tiger, HMS, aground and captured at Odessa

The Times (newspaper) ‘Anglicus’ articles attacked by Raglan comment on the death of the Tsar draws attention to poor medical conditions in Crimea influence on politics Islamic petition in Constantinople letters from officers and soldiers reaction to Sinope readers’ letters readers’ response to escalating Scutari deaths report on Light Brigade charge

Times Crimean Fund for the Relief of the Sick and Wounded

Timm, Vasily, The Death of Admiral Nakhimov

Titov, Vladimir (Russian ambassador in Constantinople)

Tiutchev, Anna: pan-Slav ideas at court on Tsar Nicholas

Tiutchev, Fedor, pan-Slavism of

Tolstoy, Leo at Silistria attachment of to serfs Plan for the Reform of the Army reformist ideas response to Inkerman defeat in Sevastopol suggests a duel to decide outcome of war transferred to Esky-Ord watches destruction of Sevastopol ‘The Military Gazette’ Anna Karenina A Landowner’s Morning ‘Sevastopol in August’ (short story) ‘Sevastopol in December’ (short story) Sevastopol Sketches War and Peace Youth a memoir

Tolycheva, Tatyana, escape from Sevastopol

Tomkinson, Capt (Light Bde), winter (1854 – 55)

Topal Umer Pasha (allied governor of Evpatoria)

Torrens, Gen Sir Arthur Wellesley (4th Division)

Totleben, Eduard (military engineer) comment on the French army defence of Sevastopol retires wounded

travelogues, impressions of Russia and the East

Trebizond, import of British manufactured goods

trench warfare allied armies after Malakhov and Redan failure daily shelling in allied trenches fraternization with Russians night raids on allied trenches shooting games trench digging trench fatigue/madness see also Sevastopol

Triple Alliance (1856)

Tunisian troops

Turco-Russian War see Crimean War

Turgenev, Ivan: support for Bulgarians Tolstoy and

Turkestan

Turkey see Ottoman Empire

Turks, a minority in the Ottoman Empire

Tuscany, monarch restored

typhus: French army inside Sevastopol

Ukraine: in possession of Crimea (1954) Russia gains possession of Ruthenian (Uniate) Catholics

Ultramontane (Clerical) party (France)

uniforms, belligerant armies

Union franc-comtoise (newspaper)

United States of America: relations with Great Britain relations with Russia sends warships to Eastern Mediterranean (1946)

Unkiar-Skelessi, Treaty of (1833), secret clause

Urquhart, David: anti-Russian agitation in Constantinople free trade speeches member of parliament Palmerston and Polish sympathies sympathy for Turkey and Islam trade mission to Turkey England, France, Russia and Turkey Turkey and Its Resources

Urusov, Prince S. S. (adjutant to Gen Osten-Sacken)

Uspensky, Porfiry, Archimandrite

Uvarov, Sergei

Uvazhnov-Aleksandrov, Colonel, shortlived command of Soimonov’s Division

Vaillant, Marshal (French Minister of War) council of war with allied leaders (1855)

Vanson, Lt, ‘souvenirs’ of Sevastopol

Vantini, Giuseppe see Yusuf, General

Varna: British and French troops cholera outbreak drunkenness among troops fire caused by arsonists Turkish army

Verney, Sir Harry, Our Quarrel with Russia

Viazmitinov, Anatoly, in the Zherve battery

Vicars, Capt Hedley (Ninety-Seventh Regiment)

Victor Emmanuel: King of Piedmont-Sardinia war with Austria (1859) King of Italy Crimean War paintings

Victoria, Queen of Great Britain: Tsar Nicholas and description of Napoleon III political judgement of attitude to Russian invasion of Turkey comment on Clarendon abdication threat religious sympathies with Greeks sees necessity of war declaration of War on Russia (1854) knitting for soldiers calls Palmerston to form a government (1855) comments on the death of Tsar Nicholas does not trust Russian diplomatic moves not ready to end war and the Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum Napoleon III writes on alternative plans for war Serpent Island incident (1856) unhappy with the Crimean peace first Victoria Cross investiture collector of photographic memorabilia buys The Roll Call

Victoria Cross, institution of

Viel-Castel, Horace de, on France as a great power

Vienna Conference (1853), peace terms offered to Russia

Vienna Conference (1855)

Vienna, Congress of (1815)

Villafranca, secret deal (France/Austria)

Ville de France (French ship)

Vitzthum von Eckstädt, Karl Friedrich, Count (Saxon Minister to London)

Vixen (British schooner), gun-running to Circassia

Vladimir, Saint, Grand Prince of Kiev desecration of church of

Vladimirescu, Tudor

Vladivostok

Voennyi sbornik (military journal)

Volkonsky, Sergei

Voltaire, Catherine the Great and

Vorntsov, Count Semyon

Vorontsov, Prince Mikhail and Franco-Austrian peace proposals as governor-general in the Crimea palace hit by naval shells

Vyazemsky, Prince Pyotr, criticisms of the war

Walewski, Alexandre Joseph, Count (French Foreign Minister); council of war with allied leaders (1855) and Napoleon’s threat of revolutionary war Paris Peace Congress (1856) Polish independence possible peace talks with Russia Serpent Island incident (1856)

Wallachia autonomy granted (1829) cereal exports to Britain debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) hospodar ordered to reject Turkish rule preliminaries to Crimean War (1853) repressive occupation by Russians Russian occupation of (1829 – 34) Russian response to 1848 revolution see also Romania

Wallachian volunteers, desert from Russian army

war graves, Sevastopol

war memorials: in Britain in France in Sevastopol

war tourism see also Duberly, Fanny; spectators

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of

White, Charles, Turcophile pamphlets

White Sea, theatre of war

White Works redoubts (Sevastopol)

Wightman, Trooper (17th Lancers)

Williams, General William, in command in Kars

Wilson, Capt (Coldstream Gds), at Inkerman

Wilson, Sir Robert, Sketch of the Military and Political Power of Russia in the Year 1817

winter (1854 – 5); in prospect in actuality the hurricane

Wodehouse, John (British ambassador in St Petersburg)

women: attempts to Westernize Turkish womens dress by the Sultan British army wives cantinières Dasha Sevastopolskaia (the heroine of Sevastopol) leaving Sevastopol in Sevastopol spectators at Alma spectators at Balaklava see also nurses and nursing

Wood, Midshipman Evelyn, letters home

Woods, Nicholas (war correspondent), report on Inkerman dead

Wrangel, Lt-Gen Baron (cavalry commander), at Evpatoria

Yalta Conference (1945)

Yenikale see Kerch, allied raid (1855)

Ye ilköy see San Stefano

York, Prince Frederick, Duke of, memorial column

Young, William (British consul)

Young Turks

Ypsilantis, Alexander

Yusuf, General, of Spahis d’Orient

Zamoyski, Wladislav: Czartoryski’s agent in London the ‘Sultan’s Cossacks’

Zherve Battery, fight for possession

Zhukovsky, Vasily, tutor to Alexander II