The Russian Revolution

NOTES

Chapter 1

1. Somerset Maugham, Ashenden (New York, 1941), vii–viii.

2. Otto Hoetzsch, Russland (Göttingen, 1915), 309–11.

3. NV, No. 8, 240 (February 4, 1899), 3.

4. On these events, see Samuel Kassow, The Russian University in Crisis: 1899–1911, Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1976, 130–47; Byloe, No. 16 (1921), 125–28, and M. Mogilianskii, Byloe, No. 24 (1924), 117–25.

5. Byloe, No. 16, 127; N. Cherevanin in OD, I, 267.

6. Kassow, The Russian University, 135.

7. Ibid., 141–43.

8. Byloe, No. 16, 127–28.

9. Ibid., 128.

10. Kassow, The Russian University, 155–56.

11. S. Iu. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II (Moscow, 1960), 199.

12. Ludwig Bazylow, Polityka wewnetrzna caratu (Warsaw, 1966), 197; E. N. Trubetskoi in Josef Melnik, Russen über Russland (Frankfurt, 1906), 17–18.

13. Cited in Edward H. Judge, Plehve (Syracuse, N.Y., 1983), 19.

14. Melnik, Russen, 18, 48.

15. See below, Chap. 3.

16. Judge, Plehve, 12–37.

17. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 34.

18. Judge, Plehve, 59.

19. On this, see below, Chap. 9.

20. Rabochee delo, No. 1 (1899), 24–34.

21. On him: Jeremiah Schneiderman, Sergei Zubatov and Revolutionary Marxism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1976).

22. V. I. Gurko, Features and Figures of the Past (Stanford, Calif., 1939), 116.

23. Dietrich Geyer, Der russische Imperialismus (Göttingen, 1977), 151; Abraham Ascher, The Revolution of 1905 (Stanford, Calif., 1988), 44.

24. Andrew Malozemoff, Russian Far Eastern Policy, 1881–1904 (Berkeley, Calif., 1958), 201–2.

25. Ibid., 221.

26. Osvobozhdenie, III, No. 52 (July 19/August 1, 1904), 33.

27. [A. V. Bogdanovich], Tri poslednikh samoderzhtsa (Moscow-Leningrad, 1924), 335.

28. IZ, No. 77 (1965), 241.

29. Ibid., 241–42; also Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 324.

30. Dmitrii N. Shipov, Vospominaniia i dumy o perezhitom (Moscow, 1918), 240.

31. Shipov, Vospominaniia, 241; see also Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 361–62.

32. S. E. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia (Berlin, [1938]), 17–18.

33. E.g., [Bogdanovich], Tri, 299.

34. The protocols have been published under the title Chastnoe soveshchanie zemskikh deiatelei prosikhodivshee 6, 7, 8 i 9 noiabria 1904 g. v S.-Petersburge (Moscow, 1905). See further Shipov, Vospominaniia, 258–78; Shmuel Galai, The Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900–1905 (Cambridge, 1973), 214–21; and Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 368–70.

35. Shipov, Vospominaniia, 269.

36. Ascher, Revolution, 66–68.

37. On the banquet campaign, see I. P. Belokonskii, Zemskoe dvizhenie (Moscow, 1914), 238–57, and Terence Emmons in California Slavic Studies, No. 10 (1977), 45–86.

38. Emmons, loc. cit., 57.

39. New York Public Library: Russia, MVD, Department Politsii, Sbornik sekretnykh tsir-kuliarov, December 10, 1904, shelf mark *QGF/+.

40. Shipov, Vospominaniia, 278–81; E. D. Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia i tsarizm v pervoi russkoi revoliutsii (Moscow, 1970), 37.

41. This document, which remains unpublished, is summarized in Andrew M. Verner, Nicholas II and the Role of the Autocrat during the First Russian Revolution, 1904–1907, Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1986, 192–98.

42. Ibid., 193–94.

43. Cited in Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia, 41.

44. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 331–32; Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia, 42–43.

45. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 335.

46. Text in G. G. Savich, ed., Novyi gosudarstvennyi stroi Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1907), 6–8.

47. Bazylow, Polityka wewnetrzna, 333.

48. Osvobozhdenie, No. 63 (January 7/20, 1905), 221.

49. On him, see his memoirs: George Gapon, The Story of My Life (New York, 1906); also D. Venediktov, Georgii Gapon, 2nd ed. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1931), and Walter Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday (Princeton, N.J., 1976).

50. Bazylow, Polityka wewnetrzna, 347.

51. Sablinsky, The Road, 117.

52. Ibid., 130–31.

53. L. Ia. Gurevich in Byloe, No. 1 (1906), 197–98.

54. Ascher, Revolution, 82–83; Verner, Nicholas II, 226–27.

55. The fullest text of the petition: N. S. Trusova, ed., Nachalo pervoi russkoi revoliutsii: ianvar–mart 1905 goda (Moscow, 1955), 28–30. An English translation is in Sablinsky, The Road, 344–49.

56. Diary of Sviatopolk-Mirskaia, IZ, No. 77 (1965), 273; A. N. Pankratova et al, eds., Revoliutsiia 1905–1907 gg. v Rossii: Dokumenty i materialy, IV, Pt. 1 (Moscow, 1961), 35.

57. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 340.

58. Trusova, Nachalo, 52.

59. Verner, Nicholas II, 259; Sviatopolk-Mirskaia in IZ, No. 77 (1965), 247.

60. Ascher, Revolution, 94, 138, 151.

61. Ibid., 157–60.

62. Ibid., 172.

63. Kazimierz Niedzielski, Z burzliwych dni, 1904–1905 (Warsaw, 1916), 240–41.

64. Ascher, Revolution, 120.

65. Solomon M. Schwarz, The Russian Revolution of 1905 (Chicago, 1967), 123.

66. Sviatopolk-Mirskaia in IZ, No. 77 (1965), 247.

67. S. Iu. Vitte, Vospominaniia, (Moscow, 1960), III, 143–44.

68. KA, No. 1/8 (1925), 51–69.

69. Ibid., 65.

70. Savich, Novyi gosudarstvennyi stroi, 11–14.

71. Ascher, Revolution, 114.

72. Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia, 57.

73. V. A. Maklakov, Iz vospominanii (New York, 1954), 324–25. The fullest account of this organization is Jonathan E. Sanders’s The Union of Unions, Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1985.

74. Galai, Liberation Movement, 245–48.

75. Shmuel Galai in Jahrbücher, No. 24 (1976), 522–23.

76. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 388.

77. Ibid., II, 305.

78. Ibid., 397.

79. Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia, 68.

80. Ibid., 69.

81. Text of Trubetskoi’s address is in Pravitel’stvennyi vestnik, June 8, 1905, p. 1. English translation: Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak, Sergei N. Trubetskoi (Belmont, Mass., 1976), 150–54.

82. Osvobozhdenie, No. 75 (1905), 432.

83. SZ, No. 65 (1937), 226.

84. Petergofskoe soveshchanie o proekte Gosudarstvennoi Dumy (Berlin, n.d.).

85. Text in Savich, Novyi gosudarstvennyi stroi, 21–23. Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia, 105–8; Ascher, Revolution, 177–81. Its antecedents are dealt with in Gilbert S. Doktorow, The Introduction of Parliamentary Institutions in Russia during the Revolution of 1905–1907, Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1975.

86. Ascher, Revolution, 179.

87. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 482.

88. Verner, Nicholas II, 353.

89. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 488.

90. Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia, 91–92.

91. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 551.

92. Galai, Liberation Movement, 259; Sanders, Union of Unions, 1030–46.

93. RV, No. 232 (August 27, 1905), 1.

94. J. D. Morison in F.-X. Coquin and C. Gervais-Francelle, eds., 1905: La Première Révolution Russe (Paris, 1986), 68–69; Ascher, Revolution, 201.

95. Ascher, Revolution, 198.

96. Iskra, No. 107 (July 29, 1905), 1; emphasis supplied.

97. Trubetskoi in Melnik, Russen, 16–17.

98. Kassow, The Russian University, 381–83; Morison in Coquin and Gervais-Francelle, 1905, 68–69; V. Voitinskii, Gody pobed i porazhenii, I (Berlin, 1923), 57–63.

99. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 544, 626–27.

100. Ascher, Revolution, 211; Oskar Anweiler, The Soviets (New York, 1974), 43; IZ, No. 11 (1941), 3–5.

101. Kassow, The Russian University, 386.

102. KA, No. 11–12 (1925), 55–56.

103. N. D. Obolenskii in Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 26.

104. A. L. Sidorov, ed., Vysshyi pod”ëm revoliutsii 1905–1907 gg.: vooruzhonnoe vosstanie, noiabr’–dekabr’ 1905 goda, I (Moscow, 1955), 47.

105. N. I. Sidorov, ed., 1905 god v Peterburge, II (Leningrad, 1925), 101–2.

106. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 173.

107. P. N. Miliukov, Vospominaniia, 1859–1917, II (New York, 1955), 342–43.

108. Schwarz, Russian Revolution, 333; L. Geller and N. Rovenskaia, eds., Peterburgskii i Moskovskii Sovety Rabochikh Deputatov 1905 g. (v dokumentakh) (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 9.

109. Anweiler, Soviets, 45.

110. Ibid., 45.

111. Sidorov, 1905 god, II, 102.

112. Voitinskii, Gody pobed, I, 93–94; IZ, No. 11 (1941), 7.

113. Geller and Rovenskaia, Peterburgskii i Moskovskii Sovety, 11.

114. Ascher, Revolution, 223.

115. See below, Chap. 8.

116. Sidorov, 1905 god, II, 5.

117. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 14–15.

118. Ibid.

119. A. S. Alekseev in Iuridicheskii vestnik, XI/III (1915), 39.

120. Byloe, No. 14 (1919), 109.

121. Ibid., 110–11.

122. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 17, 41–42.

123. Savich, Novyi gosudarstvennyi stroi, 25–27.

124. Geller and Rovenskaia, Peterburgskii i Moskovskii Sovety, 29–31.

125. M. Szeftel, The Russian Constitution of April 23, 1906 (Brussels, 1976), 33–35.

126. KA, No.3/22 (1927), 168.

127. Ascher, Revolution, 229.

128. Verner, Nicholas II, 434.

129. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 68–69.

130. Verner, Nicholas II, 438.

131. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 68, no.

132. Verner, Nicholas II, 438–40.

133. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 187.

134. Ascher, Revolution, 253–62. On this, see further A. Linden, ed., Die Judenpogrome in Russland (Köln-Leipzig, 1910).

135. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 85–88.

136. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 169.

137. See Agrarnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v 1905–1906 gg., 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1908), passim.

138. Roberta T. Manning, The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government (Princeton, N.J., 1982), 155–57.

139. Agrarnoe dvizhenie, II, 30.

140. Manning, Crisis, 142.

141. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 173–74.

142. Anweiler, Soviets, 59–60.

143. On him, see below, Chap. 9.

144. Anweiler, Soviets, 60; Ascher, Revolution, 301.

145. Ascher, Revolution, 108.

146. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 218–51.

Chapter 2

1. Jules Legras, Au Pays Russe (Paris, 1895), 356.

2. A. D. Gradovskii, Sobranie sochinenii, 2nd ed., VII (St. Petersburg, 1907), 1–2.

3. See V. O. Kliuchevskii, Skazaniia inostrantsev o Moskovskom gosudarstve (Moscow, 1918), and Karl H. Ruffman, Das Russlandbild im England Shakespeares (Göttingen, 1952).

4. A. Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians, II (New York-London, 1898), 10.

5. Dnevnik Gosudarstvennogo Sekretariia A. A. Polovtsova, II (Moscow, 1966), 70.

6. S. Iu. Vitte, Samoderzhavie i zemstvo, 2nd ed. (Stuttgart, 1903), 206, citing Mackenzie Wallace.

7. S. S. Oldenburg, Tsarstvovanie Imperatora Nikolaia II, I (Belgrade, 1939), 41.

8. See above, p. 27.

9. Dnevnik V. N. Lamzdorfa (1886–1890) (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 140.

10. Ibid., 249–51.

11. S. Iu. Vitte, Vospominaniia, I (Moscow, 1960), 434–35; Andrew M. Verner, Nicholas II and the Role of the Autocrat during the First Russian Revolution, 1904–1907, Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1986, 103.

12. KA, No.3/46 (1931), 10.

13. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 585–86.

14. V. Burtsev, Za sto let, I (London, 1897), 264.

15. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 266–67.

16. Cited by V. Kantorovich in Byloe, No. 22 (1923), 208–9.

17. Ibid., 206.

18. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 328.

19. Ibid., 474.

20. Kantorovich in Byloe, No. 22 (1923), 228.

21. Hans-Joachim Torke in Forschungen, XIII (1967), 227, 257.

22. N. M. Korkunov, Russkoe gosudarstvennoe pravo, 2nd ed., II (St. Petersburg, 1897), 552; Brogkauz & Efron, XXX, 441–42.

23. T. Taranovsky in Canadian Slavonic Papers, XXVI, No. 2–3 (1984), 213–14.

24. Ibid., 212–13.

25. Theodore Taranovsky, The Politics of Counter-Reform: Autocracy and Bureaucracy in the Reign of Alexander III, 1881–1894, Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1976.

26. Leroy-Beaulieu, Empire of the Tsars, II, 93–94.

27. V. A. Evreinov, Grazhdanskoe sudoproizvodstvo v Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1887), 39–41, 54; Torke in Forschungen, 14, 56.

28. P. A. Zaionchkovskii, Pravitel’stvennyi apparat samoderzhavnoi Rossii v XIX v. (Moscow, 1978), 90.

29. Ibid., 95–96.

30. N. A. Maklakov in Padenie, V, 207.

31. Leroy-Beaulieu, Empire of the Tsars, II, 82–83.

32. Ibid., 79.

33. MG, No. 10 (1908), 29–30.

34. M. N. Nikonov cited in Dnevnik Lamzdorfa, 135.

35. Pierre Dolgoroukov [Dolgorukov], La Vérité sur la Russie (Paris, 1860), 16.

36. Bernard Pares, Russia and Reform (London, 1907), 154.

37. See S. Frederick Starr, Decentralization and Self-Government in Russia, 1830–1870 (Princeton, N.J., 1972).

38. Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (London-New York, 1974), 281.

39. Robert E. Jones, The Emancipation of the Russian Nobility, 1762–1785 (Princeton, N.J., 1973), 182.

40. N. A. Rubakin cited in Neil B. Weissman, Reform in Tsarist Russia (New Brunswick, N.J., 1981), 11.

41. S. E. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, (Berlin, [1938]), 98–99.

42. Walter M. Pintner in SR, XXIX, No. 3 (1970), 432.

43. F. I. Dan, Proiskhozhdenie Bol’shevizma (New York, 1946), 443–44.

44. Taranovsky, Politics of Counter-Reform, 227.

45. Zapiski Aleksandra Ivanovicha Kosheleva (1812–1883 gody) (Berlin, 1884), 31–32.

46. Ministerstvo Vnutrennykh Del, Istoricheskii ocherk (St. Petersburg, 1901), 48–49.

47. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 169.

48. Hans Rogger in SR, No. 4 (1966), 626.

49. Dnevnik P. A. Valueva, I (Moscow, 1961), 100, entry dated April 14, 1861.

50. Taranovsky, Politics of Counter-Reform, 234.

51. Cited in Zaionchkovskii, Rossiiskoe samoderzhavie, 237.

52. They are described in Pipes, Russia, 305–7.

53. Memorandum of October 30, 1885, cited in Zaionchkovskii, Rossiiskoe samoderzhavie, 236–39.

54. It is the subject of Daniel T. Orlovsky’s The Limits of Reform: The Ministry of Internal Affairs in Imperial Russia, 1802–1881 (Cambridge, Mass., 1981).

55. P. A. Zaionchkovskii, Krizis samoderzhaviia na rubezhe 1870–1880kh godov (Moscow, 1964), 395–96.

56. Weissman, Reform, 48.

57. Ibid., 62.

58. P. P. Zavarzin, Rabota tainoi politsii (Paris, 1924), 11–13.

59. Brogkauz & Efron, XXXVII, 357.

60. Geoffrey Drage, Russian Affairs (London, 1904), 243.

61. Theodore H. Von Laue, Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia (London-New York, 1963), 34–35.

62. Ibid., 180.

63. Leo Pasvolsky and Harold G. Moulton, Russian Debts and Russian Reconstruction (New York, 1924), 16.

64. Ibid., 1; John P. McKay, Pioneers for Profit (Chicago, 1970), 380.

65. McKay, Pioneers, 37.

66. P. B. Ol, Inostrannye kapitaly v Rossii (Petrograd, 1922), 8–9.

67. Von Laue, Sergei Witte, 274–75.

68. Edward C. Kirkland, A History of American Economic Life, 3rd ed. (New York, 1951), 541.

69. Rolf Wagenfuhr in Viertelsjahreshefte zur Konjunkturforschung, Sonderheft 31 (Berlin, 1933), 18.

70. P. A. Khromov, Ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossii v XIX-XX vekakh (Moscow, 1950), 452–54, 459, 462.

71. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 380.

72. P. A. Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie i russkaia armiia na rubezhe XIX-XX stoletii (Moscow, 1973). 31.

73. Hans-Peter Stein in Forschungen, XIII (1967), 468. The text of the military oath is in Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov, 3rd ed., XIV (St. Petersburg, 1894), No. 11, 014.

74. Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie i russkaia armiia, 119, 197–99.

75. A. I. Denikin, Staraia armiia (Paris, 1929), 7.

76. Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie i russkaia armiia, 212.

77. Ibid., 221–23.

78. Matitiahu Mayzel in Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, XVI, No. 3/4 (1975), 297–321.

79. Denikin, Staraia armiia, 13.

80. A. I. Denikin, Put’ russkogo ofitsera (New York, 1953), 121–22.

81. Stein in Forschungen, 474–79.

82. On this group see Pipes, Russia, Chap. 7.

83. Ibid., 178–79.

84. Rostislav Fadeev, Russkoe obshchestvo v nastoiaschem i budushchem (chem nam byt’?) (St. Petersburg, 1874); A. D. Pazukhin in R V, No. 175 (January, 1885), 5–58; A. I. Elishev (A. I. Bukeevskii), Dvorianskoe delo (Moscow, 1898).

85. Roberta T. Manning, The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government (Princeton, N.J., 1982), passim.

86. Vitte, Samoderzhavie i zemstvo, 168.

87. Petergofskoe soveshchanie o proekte Gosudartvennoi Dumy (Berlin, n.d.), 149–50.

88. Manning, Crisis, 32–33.

89. Seymour Becker, Nobility and Privilege in Late Imperial Russia (De Kalb, 111., 1985), 28.

90. Ivan Ozerov in Josef Melnik, Russen über Russland (Frankfurt, 1906), 214.

91. A. M. Anfimov and I. F. Makarov in ISSSR, No. 1 (1974), 85.

92. Leroy-Beaulieu, Empire of the Tsars, III, 512–13.

93. Ibid., 182–83.

94. On this subject, see John S. Curtiss, Church and State in Russia (New York, 1972), Chap. 3.

95. Ibid., 130.

96. Ibid., 182–83.

97. Ibid., 339–40.

98. Leroy-Beaulieu, Empire of the Tsars, II, 91.

Chapter 3

1. Theodore Shanin, The Awkward Class (Oxford, 1972), 64–68, 90–91. Cf. Stepniak [S. M. Kravchinskii], The Russian Peasantry (New York, 1888), 169.

2. N. A. Troinitskii, ed., Pervaia Vseobshchaia Perepis’ Naseleniia Rossiiskoi Imperii 1897 g.: Obshchii Svod, I (St. Petersburg, 1905), 16.

3. Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 79, 81.

4. Jack Goody et al., eds., Family and Inheritance (Cambridge, 1976), 1.

5. Tadashi Fukutake, Asian Rural Society: China, India, Japan (Seattle-London, 1967), 4, 24.

6. P. N. Pershin, Zemel’noe ustroistvo dorevoliutsionnoi derevni, I (Moscow-Voronezh, 1928), 148–49.

7. Brogkauz & Efron, XXIX, 384.

8. S. M. Dubrovskii, Stolypinskaia zemel’naia reforma (Moscow, 1963), 189, 191.

9. V. A. Aleksandrov, Sel’skaia obshchina v Rossii (Moscow, 1976), 178–86, 314–15.

10. N. P. Oganovskii and A. V. Chaianov, eds., Statisticheskii spravochnikpo agrarnomu voprosu, Vyp. I (Moscow, 1917), Table III, 10–11.

11. Brogkauz & Efron, XXIX, 382–83.

12. N. Rosnitskii, Litso derevni (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 16–18.

13. A. S. Ermolov, Nash zemel’nyi vopros (St. Petersburg, 1906), 66.

14. Ibid., 72–75.

15. S. I. Bruk and V. M. Kabuzan in ISSSR, No. 3 (1980), 83–84.

16. Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 147–48.

17. P. A. Khromov, Ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossii v XIX-XX vekakh (Moscow, 1950), 439; P. I. Liashchenko, Istoriia narodnogo khoziaistva SSSR, II (Moscow, 1952), 163.

18. A. M. Anfimov, Zemel’naia arenda v Rossii v nachale XX veka (Moscow, 1961), 15.

19. A. G. Rashin, Naselenie Rossii za 100 let (1811–1913 gg.) (Moscow, 1956), 125, 129.

20. Joseph Bradley in Russian History, VI, Pt. 1 (1979), 22.

21. Rashin, Naselenie Rossii, 135–36.

22. Harold Frederic, The New Exodus (New York-London, 1892), 50.

23. James Y. Simms, Jr., in SR, XXXVI, No. 3 (1977), 377–98.

24. Ibid., 385.

25. See above, note 13.

26. Rashin, Naselenie Rossii, 208.

27. G. von Schulze-Gävernitz, Volkswirtschaftliche Studien aus Russland (Leipzig, 1899), 146–65.

28. Ibid., 131.

29. See my Social-Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement (Cambridge, Mass., 1963).

30. A notable exception is an article by C. Zajtzeff [K. Zaitsev] in Jahrbücher für Kultur und Geschichte der Slaven, Neue Folge, X, No. 3/4 (1934), 421–53.

31. The most important literary depictions of the Russian peasant are: A. N. Engelgardt, Iz derevni; Chekhov’s short stories; Ivan Bunin, The Village (Derevnia); and Maxim Gorky’s O russkom krest’ianstve.

32. Notably S. V. Pakhman’s, Obychnoe grazhdanskoe pravo v Rossii, 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1877–79), and Alexandra Efimenko’s Issledovaniia narodnoi zhizni, I: Obychnoe pravo (Moscow, 1884).

33. M. Ia. Fenomenov, Sovremennaia derevnia, II (Leningrad-Moscow, 1925), 95.

34. “Christianity and Patriotism” in Complete Works, Leo Wiener, tr., XX (Boston, 1905), 419–20.

35. A. I. Denikin, Staraia armiia (Paris, 1929), 50.

36. Ibid., 50–51.

37. KA, No. 1/8 (1925), 53.

38. Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 229–30.

39. Cited by Jeffrey Brooks in Wm. M. Todd III, ed., Literature and Society in Imperial Russia (Stanford, Calif., 1978), 124.

40. I wan Oserov [Ozerov] in Josef Melnik, Russen über Russland (Frankfurt, 1906), 215; John S. Curtiss, Church and State in Russia (New York, 1972), 182–83.

41. Jeffrey Brooks in T. Emmons and W. S. Vucinich, eds., Zemstvo in Russia (Cambridge, 1982), 243–44; Ben Eklof in Journal of Social History, XIV, No. 3 (1981), 366.

42. Dietrich Geyer, Der Russische Imperialismus (Göttingen, 1977), 53–54.ss

43. Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 144.

44. A. Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians, II (New York-London, 1898), 7.

45. K. Zaitsev, I. A. Bunin (Berlin, [1933]), 101–2.

46. “Vlasl’ zemli,” in Gleb Uspenskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, VIII (Moscow, 1949), 25.

47. E.g., Efimenko, Issledovaniia, I, 136–38.

48. Bohdan Kistiakovskii in Vekhi (Moscow, 1909), 143.

49. Efimenko, Issledovaniia, I, 174–75.

50. Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 86.

51. A. N. Engelgardt, Iz derevni (Moscow, 1987), 430–31.

52. G. B. Sliozberg, Dela minuvshikh dnei, II (Paris, 1933), 248–49.

53. Zajtseff in Jahrbücher für Kultur, 444–45.

54. Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 6. The identical point is made by A. Vasilchikov in Zemlevladenie i zemledelie v Rossii idrugikh evropeiskikh gosudarstvakh, I (St. Petersburg, 1876), 297–98.

55. Efimenko, Issledovaniia, I, 143–45.

56. Zajtseff in Jahrbücher für Kultur, 440–41; Fenomenov, Sovremennaia derevniia, 93.

57. K. V. Chistov, Russkie narodnye sotsial’no-utopicheskie legendy (Moscow, 1967).

58. Engelgardt, Iz derevni, 540–41.

59. Ibid, 534; cf. Efimenko, Issledovaniia, I, 141.

60. Efimenko, Issledovaniia, 141–42.

61. Lev Tolstoi, “Zapisnaia knizhka” (1865), in his Polnoe Sobrame Sochinenii, XLVIII (Moscow, 1952), 85.

62. Zajtseff in Jahrbücher für Kultur, 422.

63. Engelgardt, Iz derevni, 540, 542.

64. Cited in Leroy-Beaulieu, Empire of the Tsars, II, 115.

65. Zajtseff in Jahrbücher für Kultur, 436–37.

66. Jeffrey Brooks in Todd, Literature and Society, 97–150.

67. Ibid., 149–50.

68. J. C. Carothers in Psychiatry, XXI (1959), 317–18.

69. Eklof in Journal of Social History, 376.

70. Rus’, No. 191 (August 17/30, 1905), 2.

Chapter 4

1. Jacques Ellul, Autopsie de la Révolution (Paris, 1969), 56. Albert Camus draws a similar distinction in The Rebel.

2. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 3rd ed. (New York, 1950), 145.

3. Ferdinand Tönnies, Community and Society (East Lansing, Mich., 1957), 42–43.

4. Vilfredo Pareto, The Mind and Society (New York, 1935), No. 2,034 and No. 2,044n.

5. Etienne Gilson and Thomas Langan, Modern Philosophy (New York, 1963), 43.

6. On this see Ernst Cassirer, Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Berlin, 1911).

7. Albert Keim, Helvétius, Sa Vie et Son Oeuvre (Paris, 1907), 316n., 336; also Ian Cumming, Helvétius (London, 1955), 17.

8. Cited in Keim, Helvétius. 246.

9. Ibid., 268.

10. C. A. Helvétius, De l’Esprit, or Essays on the Mind (London, 1810), 184, Essay II, Chap. 25.

11. Ibid., 187.

12. Ibid., 489, Essay IV, Chap. 17; cf. Mordecai Grossman, The Philosophy of Helvétius (New York, 1926), 74.

13. Elie Halévy, La Jeunesse de Bentham (Paris, 1901), cited in Grossman, Helvétius, 168.

14. Alfred Cobban and Robert A. Smith, eds., The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, VI (Cambridge, 1967), 47.

15. Elie Halévy, The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism (Boston, 1960), 20.

16. The Old Regime and the French Revolution, Pt. 3, Chap. 1.

17. A. Cochin, Les Sociétés de Pensée et la Démocratie (Paris, 1921), 5–6.

18. Ibid., 9–10, 15.

19. Maia Kaganskaia in 22 (Jerusalem), No. 59 (1988), 118; Christian Saves, La Signification de la Surenchère Linguistique dans la Phraséologie Bolchevique, Thèse pour le Doctorat, Université des Sciences Sociales, Toulouse I, 1986.

20. Karl Griewank, Der neuzeitliche Revolutsionsbegriff (Weimar, 1955), 14, 22, 24, 30.

21. Augustin Cochin, La Crise de VHistoire Révolutionnaire (Paris, 1909), 3.

22. A. Aulard, The French Revolution, III (New York, 1910), 86.

23. Cited in F. Furet, Penser la Révolution Française (Paris, 1983), 211m.

24. See the complaints of Bertrand de Jouvenel, Raymond Aron, and Karl Mannheim in George B. de Huszar, The Intellectuals (Glencoe, Ill., 1960), 3.

25. Schumpeter, Capitalism, 148–49.

26. Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals (Garden City, N.Y., 1957), 203–4.

27. Cited in Huszar, Intellectuals, 367.

28. M. Bakunin “Gosudarstvennost’ i anarkhiia,” in Artur Lehning, ed., Archives Bakounine, III (Leiden, 1967), 150.

29. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Holy Family (Moscow, 1956), 174–76.

30. Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, I (Oxford, 1978), 143–44.

31. Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, Les Doctrines de Haine (Paris, [1902]), 8–9, 34–35.

32. L. Trotskii, Literatura i revoliutsiia, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1924), 192–94.

33. Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians, II (New York-London, 1898), 67.

34. On this group, see N. M. Pirumova, Zemskaia intelligentsiia i eë rol’ v obshchestvennoi bor’be (Moscow, 1986).

35. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Right (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 79.

36. Jules Legras, Au Pays Russe (Paris, 1895), 356–57.

37. O. V. Aptekman, Obshchestvo “Zemlia i Volia” 70-kh godov (Petrograd, 1924), 145.

38. Lev Tikhomirov, Pochemu ia perestal byt’ revoliutsionerom (Moscow, 1895), 34–35.

39. Program of the People’s Will (1879), in S. S. Volk, ed., Revoliutsionnoe narodnichestvo 70-kh godov XIX veka, II (Moscow-Leningrad, 1965), 173.

40. K. Marks, F. Engel’s i revoliutsionnaia Rossiia (Moscow, 1967), 78–79.

41. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 50–51.

42. For its history, see Manfred Hildermeier, Die Sozialrevolutionäre Partei Russlands (Cologne-Vienna, 1978).

43. Ibid., 61–62.

44. Ibid., 65.

45. Protokoly pervogo s”ezda Partii Sotsialistov-Revoliutsionerov (Moscow, 1906), 360.

46. A. N. Spiridovich, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii, II (Petrograd, 1916), 311–12; Hildermeier, Sozialrevolutionäre Partei, 136.

47. Cited in Hildermeier, Sozialrevolutionäre Partei, 112.

48. Ibid., 117.

49. On the SRs: Maureen Perrie in SS, XXIV, No. 2 (1972), 223–50; on the SDs: David Lane, The Roots of Russian Communism (Assen, 1969).

50. Hildermeier, Sozialrevolutionäre Partei, 252.

51. Perrie in SS, 249–50; Lane, Roots, 50.

52. In OD, III, Book 5 (St. Petersburg, 1914), 99–100.

53. RZ, XIII (1939), 124.

54. Charles E. Timberlake, ed., Essays on Russian Liberalism (Columbia, Mo., 1972), 11.

55. Terence Emmons in SR, No. 3 (1973), 461–90.

56. Shmuel Galai, The Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900–1905 (Cambridge, 1973).

57. V. V. Shelokhaev, Kadety (Moscow, 1983), 67–68, 84.

Chapter 5

1. S. Iu. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III (Moscow, 1960), 296; cf. M. Szeftel, The Russian Constitution of April 25, 1906 (Brussels, 1976), 33–35.

2. Cited in G. A. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment (Cambridge, 1973), 92.

3. Padenie, V, 418.

4. P. A. Tverskoi in VE, XLVII, No. 4 (April 1912), 188; V. I. Startsev, Russkaia burzhuaziia i samoderzhavie v 1905–17 gg. (Leningrad, 1977), 121.

5. V. N. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, I (Paris, 1933), 306.

6. M. Baring, A Year in Russia (London, 1907), 213; S. S. Oldenburg, Tsarstvovanie Imperatora Nikolaia II, II (Munich, 1949), 5.

7. On these groups, see V. Levitskii in OD, III, Book 5 (St. Petersburg, 1914), 347–469; and Hans Rogger in California Slavic Studies, III (1964) 66–94, and in Journal of Modern History, XXXVI, No. 4 (1964), 398–415.

8. Testimony in Padenie, V, 378.

9. Briefe Wilhelms II an den Zaren, 1894–1914 (Berlin, [1920?]), 376.

10. Introduction to La Chute du Régime Tsariste: Interrogatoires (Paris, 1927), 36.

11. S. E. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia (Berlin, [1938]), 123.

12. RM, No. 1 (January 1907), Pt. 2, 131.

13. The best study of the Fundamental Laws of 1906 is Szeftel’s Russian Constitution.

14. Guchkov in PN, No. 5,616 (August 9, 1936), 2.

15. N. P. Eroshkin, ed., Ocherki istorii gosudarstvennykh uchrezhdenii dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii (Moscow, 1960), 334.

16. The fullest collection of these laws is G. G. Savich, ed., Novyi gosudarstvennyi stroi Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1907).

17. On this subject, see V. M. Gessen, Iskliuchetel’noe polozhenie (St. Petersburg, 1908), and N. N. Polianskii, Tsarskie voennye sudy v bor’be s revoliutsei 1905–1907 gg. (Moscow, 1958), 8–42.

18. The Fundamental Laws of 1906 are translated, with commentaries, in Szeftel’s Russian Constitution.

19. Maklakov, Interrogatoires, 35.

20. Startsev, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 11–13; Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 16–17.

21. Guchkov in PN, No. 5,616 (August 9, 1936), 2.

22. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 81–82, 84–86.

23. V. A. Maklakov, Pervaia Gosudarstvennaia Duma (Paris, 1939), 59–117.

24. P. G. Kurlov, GibeF Imperatorskoi Rossii (Berlin, 1923), 66.

25. Manfred Hildermeier, Die Sozialrevolutionäre Partei Russlands (Köln-Wien, 1978), passim.

26. Sbornik rechei Petra Arkadevicha Stolypina (St. Petersburg, 1911), 9.

27. Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie Otchëty: 1907, Sessiia II, Zasedanie 40-oe, II (St. Petersburg, 1907), 696.

28. Anna Geifman in Jahrbücher, XXXVI, No. 2 (1988), 250.

29. Ibid., 250–51.

30. Maklakov, Interrogatoires, 40.

31. H. Nicolson, Sir Arthur Nicolson, Bart. (London, 1930), 225.

32. “Witte und Stolypin” in P. R. Rohden and G. Ostrogorsky, eds., Menschen die Geschichte machten, III (Vienna, 1931), 268.

33. Tverskoi in VE, XLVII, No. 4 (April 1912), 186.

34. KA, No. 4/17 (1926), 81–90.

35. A. Izgoev, P. A. Stolypin: Ocherk zhizni i deiatel’nosti (Moscow, 1912), 14.

36. Report of 1904 in KA, No. 4/17 (1926), 84.

37. Struve in RM, No. 10 (October 1911), Pt. 2, 139–40; cf. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, I, 205, and Izgoev, Stolypin, 67.

38. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 127–39.

39. A. V. Zenkovskii, Pravda o Stolypine (New York, 1956), 73–113.

40. Byloe, No. 5/6 (1917), 212–27.

41. N. Savickij in Le Monde Slave, IV, No. 12 (1934), 381; Sbornik rechei Petra Arkadevicha Stolypina, 28.

42. Izgoev, Stolypin, 42, and Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (London, 1974), 305–6.

43. Text in A. K. Drezen, ed., Tsarizm v bor’be s revoliutsiei, 1905–07 (Moscow, 1936), 80–86.

44. Ludwig Bazylow, Ostatnie lata Rosji Carskiej: Rzady Stolypina (Warsaw, 1972), 172.

45. A. Ventin in Sovremennyi mir, No. 4 ([1910]), Pt. 2, 69.

46. NoV, No. 10,939 (August 27, 1906), 2.

47. Text in Savich, Novyi gosudarstvennyi stroi, 170–74.

48. Ibid., 193–200.

49. Stolypin’s Duma speech of March 6, 1907, in Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie Otchëty, 1907 god, I, Sessiia Vtoraia, Zasedanie 5-oe (St. Petersburg, 1907), 115.

50. S. M. Dubrovskii, Stolypinskaia zemel’naia reforma (Moscow, 1963), 391.

51. Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie Otchëty, 1907 god, II, Sessiia Vtoraia, Zasedanie 36-oe (St. Petersburg, 1907), 436–37.

52. See above, p. 120.

53. On this, David A. J. Macey, Government and Peasant in Russia, 1881–1906 (De Kalb, Ill., 1987).

54. Roberta T. Manning, The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government (Princeton, N.J., 1982), 55.

55. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 215–16.

56. Dubrovskii, Stolypinskaia zemel’naia reforma, 189.

57. Savich, Novyi gosudarstvennyi stroi, 232–38.

58. A. A. Kofod, Russkoe zemleustroistvo, 2nd ed. (St. Petersburg, 1914), 30.

59. See, e.g., A. V. Shestakov, Kapitalizatsiia sel’skogo khoziaistva Rossii (1861–1914) (Moscow, 1924).

60. Based on Dubrovskii, Stolypinskaia zemel’naia reforma, passim.

61. Ibid., 199.

62. Ibid., 206.

63. Ibid., 305.

64. E. G. Vasilevskii, Ideinaia bor’ba vokrug Stolypinskoi agrarnoi reformy (Moscow, 1960), 67–84.

65. Based on Dubrovskii, Stolypinskaia zemel’naia reforma, 419.

66. L. Pasvolsky and H. G. Moulton, Russian Debts and Russian Reconstruction (New York, 1924), 91.

67. Bazylow, Ostatnie lata, 205; Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 93–94; Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 150.

68. This exchange, which took place in July–August 1906, is reproduced in KA, No. 4 (1923), 132–35.

69. KA, No. 5 (1924), 105–7; Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, I, 236–38, and Szeftel, Russian Constitution, 296n–297n.

70. Kurlov, Gibel’, 73–74; Kryzhanovskii in Padenie, V, 403, 415.

71. Startsev, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 111–16.

72. Ibid., 82.

73. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Right (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 55–56.

74. P. P. Maslov in OD, III, Book 5, 117.

75. Chetvërtyi (Ob”edinitel’nyi) S”ezd RSDRP; Protokoly, (Moscow, 1959), 525–26.

76. Golovin in Padenie, V, 367, 373.

77. KA, No. 4 (1923), 132.

78. Kokovtsov in Padenie, VII, 88, 97.

79. Tverskoi in VE, XLVII, No. 4 (April 1912), 193.

80. Kryzhanovskii in Vospominaniia, 90, and Padenie, V, 401; and Kryzhanovskii’s letter to V. N. Kokovtsov, dated June 20, 1929, in Kryzhanovskii Archive, Box 1, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University.

81. Kurlov, Gibel’, 94; Kryzhanovskii in Padenie, V, 421.

82. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 114.

83. Kryzhanovskii in Padenie, V, 418; Szeftel, Russian Constitution, 259.

84. Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 50.

85. Alexander Kerensky in SZ, LX (1936), 460.

86. Guchkov in PN, No. 5,619 (August 12, 1936), 2.

87. Kryzhanovskii in Padenie, V, 406, 411, 415.

88. [Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaia Partila], Trefia Gosudarstvennaia Duma: Materialy dlia otsenki eë deiatel’nosti (St. Petersburg, 1912), vii.

89. Guchkov in Padenie, VI, 252–53.

90. Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 136.

91. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, II, 8.

92. Struve in RM, No. 10 (October 1911), Pt. 2, 140.

93. Tret’ia Gosudarstvennaia Duma, 286–90.

94. On this subject, see Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 116–46.

95. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 128–30.

96. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 218; Guchkov in PN, No. 5,637 (August 30, 1936), 2.

97. The text of the bill as enacted on March 14, 1911, is in Zenkovskii, Pravda o Stolypine, 285–302.

98. A. Ia. Avrekh, Stolypin i Tret’ia Duma (Moscow, 1968), 334–35.

99. Ibid., 331.

100. Ibid., 337.

101. Ibid., 337–38.

102. Guchkov in PN, No. 5,637 (August 30, 1936), 2.

103. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, I, 457.

104. V. I. Gurko, Features and Figures of the Past (Stanford, Calif., 1939), 515.

105. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, I, 463.

106. Ibid., I, 460–61.

107. Kurlov, Gibel’, 128; Zenkovskii, Pravda, 234.

108. A. F. Girs cited in A. Serebrennikov Ubiistvo Stolypina: svidetel’stva i dokumenty (New York, 1986), 191.

109. Police documents on Bogrov, with his depositions, have been published by B. Strumillo in KL, No. 9 (1923), 177–89, and No. 1/10 (1924), 226–40. There exists a short apologetic biography of the assassin by his brother Vladimir: Dmitrii Bogrov i ubiistvo Stolypina (Berlin, 1931).

110. G. E. Rein, citing General Spiridovich in Serebrennikov, Ubiistvo, 197.

111. The theory that Stolypin had fallen victim of the Okhrana has been recently revived by Avrekh in his Stolypin, 367–406.

112. Kurlov, Gibel’, 75–76.

113. Padenie, VI, 252.

114. KA, No. 4/35 (1929), 210.

115. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, II, 8.

116. P. A. Khromov, Ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossii v XIX-XX vekakh (Moscow, 1950), 454–55.

117. Edmond Théry, La Transformation Economique de la Russie (Paris, 1914), xvii.

118. Pasvolsky and Moulton, Russian Debts, 177.

119. Ibid., 50.

120. Leopold Haimson in SR, XXIII, No. 4 (December 1964), 634–36.

121. The proposition is argued by Haimson, loc. cit., 619–42, and XXIV, No. 1 (March 1965), 1–22.

122. Calculated on the basis of figures in J. I. Griffin, Strikes (New York, 1939), 43.

123. K. G. J. C. Knowles, Strikes: A Study in Industrial Conflict (Oxford, 1952), 310.

124. Haimson in SR, XXIV, No. 1 (1965), 4–8.

125. On this, see Bernice Rosenthal, ed., Nietzsche in Russia (Princeton, N.J., 1986).

126. “Stikhiia i kultura” (1908) in his Sobranie Sochinenii v vos’mi tomakh, V (Moscow-Leningrad, 1962), 351, 359.

Chapter 6

1. Fritz Fischer, War of Illusions (London, 1975) and Germany’s Aims in the First World War (New York, 1961).

2. V. N. Lamzdorf, Dnevnik, 1891–92 (Moscow-Leningrad, 1934), 299.

3. V. A. Emets, Ocherki vneshnei politiki Rossii: 1914–17 (Moscow, 1977), 52–53.

4. A. M. Zaionchkovskii, Mirovaia voina 1914–18 gg., I (Moscow, 1938), 39–40.

5. N. N. Golovin, Voennye usiliia Rossii v mirovoi voine, II (Paris, 1939), 127; Emets, Ocherki, 46.

6. See J. K. Tanenbaum, in E. R. May, ed., Knowing One’s Enemies (Princeton, N.J., 1984), 150–71.

7. Golovin, Voennye usiliia, II, 129–30; G. Frantz, ed., Russland auf dem Wege zur Katastrofe (Berlin, 1926), 68–69.

8. Norman Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (New York, 1975), 42.

9. Fischer, War of Illusions, 388.

10. A. Knox, With the Russian Army, 1914–1917, I (London, 1921), xix.

11. On Russia’s entry into the war: D. C. B. Lieven, Russia and the Origins of the First World War (London, 1984).

12. W. A. Suchomlinow [Sukhomlinov], Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1924), 363–64.

13. Calculated from data in N. A. Troinitskii, ed., Obshchii svod … pervoi vseobshchei perepisi naseleniia, I (St. Petersburg, 1905), 56.

14. L. G. Beskrovnyi, Armiia i flot Rossii v nachale XX veka (Moscow, 1986), 15–16.

15. Emets, Ocherki, 33; Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 544.

16. Golovin, Voennye usiliia, I, 97–105.

17. A. Kersnovskii, Istoriia Russkoi Armii, Pt. 3 (Belgrade, 1935), 507; Knox, With the Russian Army, I, xxv-xxvi.

18. Kersnovskii, Istoriia, III, 613.

19. Golovin, Voennye usiliia, II, 121.

20. Knox, With the Russian Army, I, 31–32.

21. Ibid., 222n.

22. Ibid., 27.

23. Emets, Ocherki, 95.

24. Golovin, Voennye usiliia, II, 8.

25. Ibid., 7.

26. A. L. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (Moscow, 1973), 109–10.

27. Beskrovnyi, Armiia i flot, 105.

28. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 525.

29. Zaionchkovskii, Mirovaia voina, I, 365.

30. Golovin, Voennye usiliia, I, 62.

31. Kersnovskii, Istoriia, IV, 877.

32. Bernard Pares, The Fall of the Russian Monarchy (London, 1929), 254–55.

33. Padenie, VII, 119.

34. P. B. Struve, “Ekonomicheskaia problema ‘Velikoi Rossii,’ ” in Velikaia Rossiia, Sbornik Statei, Book 2 (Moscow, 1911), 151–52.

35. Guchkov in PN, No. 5,630 (August 23, 1936), 2.

36. Gen. B. Borisov in Voennyi sbornik, II (Belgrade, 1922), 21.

37. A. N. Iakhontov, August 4, 1915, in ARR, XVIII (1926), 36.

38. Cited in Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 56.

39. B. V. Mikhailovskii, Russkaia literatura XX v. (Moscow, 1939), 411–18.

40. Ludwig Bazylow, Obalenie caratu (Warsaw, 1976), 297–98; George Katkov in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 64–66.

41. S. Sazonov, Fateful Years (London, 1928), 32.

42. KN, No. 6/10 (1922), 182–99. English translation in F. A. Golder, Documents of Russian History (New York, 1927), 3–23.

43. S. Dobrovolskii in Voennyi sbornik, II (Belgrade, 1922), 63–64; Emets, Ocherki, 46.

44. N. Maklakov in Padenie, III, 103; Suchomlinow, Erinnerungen, 368–69.

45. Emets, Ocherki, 68, citing Gen. Iu. N. Danilov.

46. Ibid., 50.

47. Knox, With the Russian Army, I, 60–61.

48. Ibid., 90, 86.

49. H. von Moltke, Erinnerungen, Briefe, Dokumente, 1877–1916 (Stuttgart, 1922), 434–35; Mémoirs du Maréchal Joffre, 1910–17, I (Paris, 1932), 353, 369.

50. Emets, Ocherki, 95.

51. J. Buchan, A History of the Great War, I (Boston, 1922), 526–27.

52. Knox, With the Russian Army, I, 268–69; Beskrovnyi, Armiia i flot, 15.

53. Moltke, Erinnerungen, 385.

54. Ibid., 406, 414.

55. Kersnovskii, Istoriia russkoi armii, III, 729.

56. E. von Falkenhayn, Die Oberste Heeresleitung, 1914–1916 (Berlin, 1920), 26.

57. Knox, With the Russian Army, I, 349.

58. A. G. Shliapnikov et al., eds., Kto dolzhnik? (Moscow, 1926), 125.

59. Ibid.

60. Gen. Sérigny cited in Golovin, Voennye usiliia, II, 143.

61. Emets, Ocherki, 175; Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 95.

62. V. S. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia i tsarizm v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914–17) (Leningrad, 1967), 78, citing K. F. Shatsillo.

63. Stone, Eastern Front, 131–32, 147.

64. Reproduced in Suchomlinow, Erinnerungen, 414.

65. His memoirs: Suchomlinow, Erinnerungen; Russian translation: Vospominaniia Sukhom-linova (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926).

66. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 79. On him, see further Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 77–79.

67. Bernard Pares, The Fall of the Russian Monarchy (London, 1939), 327.

68. B. Pares, ed., Letters of the Tsaritsa to the Tsar, 1914–1916 (London, 1923), 108.

69. S. P. Beletskii, Grigorii Rasputin (Petrograd, 1923), 33–35.

70. Pares, Letters, 110.

71. Rodzianko in Padenie, VII, 153; Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 89.

72. B. B. Grave, ed., Burzhuaziia nakanune fevral’skoi revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 39.

73. Emets, Ocherki, 175.

74. Iakhontov in ARR, XVIII (1926), 15.

75. Pares, The Fall, 256.

76. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 89–90.

77. On him, see Richard Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution (New York, 1987).

78. Tsentral’nyi Komitet Trudovoi Gruppy, Aleksandr Fëdorovich Kerenskii (Po Materialam Departamenta Politsii) (Petrograd, 1917).

79. E. H. Wilcox, Russia’s Ruin (London, 1919), 193.

80. Abraham, Kerensky, 96.

81. Beletskii, Rasputin, 13.

82. Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 65; Maurice Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars pendant la Grande Guerre, II (Paris, 1922), 54–55.

83. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 113.

84. Iakhontov in ARR, XVIII, 53–56.

85. Padenie, VII, 68–69, 131; V. P. Semennikov, Politika Romanovykh nakanune revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 82–83.

86. Text: Iakhontov in ARR, XVIII, 98.

87. Pares, The Fall, 269.

88. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 103.

89. The full English text in Pares, The Fall, 271–73.

90. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 27–29; KA, No. 1–2/50–51, (1932) 133–36; ARR, XVIII, 109–10.

91. See examples in Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 114.

92. Pares, The Fall, 275–76.

93. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 39.

94. NoV, No. 7,258 (May 14/26, 1896), 2.

95. Iakhontov in ARR, XVIII, 62.

96. Ibid, 128.

97. Ibid.

98. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 126–27.

99. R V, No. 221 (September 27, 1915), 2.

100. Pares, The Fall, 285.

101. Ibid., 242–243.

102. Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie otchëty, IV Sozyv, Sessiia IV, Zasedanie 4 (Petrograd, 1915), 303–5.

103. Beskrovnyi, Armiia i flot, 71.

104. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 102–3.

105. Padenie, VII, 140.

106. A. P. Pogrebinskii in IZ, XI (1941), 164.

107. A. Shliapnikov, Kanun semnadtsatogo goda, 3rd ed., I (Moscow, n.d.), 95–121; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 100.

108. On it: Pogrebinskii in IZ, XI (1941), 189–99.

109. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 200. no.

110. As does Stone, Eastern Front, 201. III.

110.Knox, With the Russian Army, I, 355–56.

112. Cited in Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 93.

113. On the Zemstvo Union, see S. Kotliarevskii in RM, No. 3 (March 1916), Pt. 2, 137–41, and T. I. Polner, Russian Local Government during the War and the Union of Zemstvos (New Haven, Conn., 1930).

114. On them: Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 103–5.

115. E.g., Goremykin and Rukhlov in Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 97.

116. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 66.

Chapter 7

1. V. V. Shulgin, Dni (Belgrade, 1925), 156.

2. A. P. Pogrebinskii, Gosudarstvennye finansy tsarskoi Rossii v epokhu imperializma (Moscow, 1968), 64.

3. L. N. Yurovsky, Currency Problems of the Soviet Union (London, 1925), 12; Rudolf Claus, Die Kriegswirtschaft Russlands (Bonn-Leipzig, 1922), 21.

4. Estimates by S. N. Prokopovich in A. L. Sidorov, Finansovoe polozhenie Rossii v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny, 1914–1917 gg. (Moscow, 1960), 131–32.

5. Calculated on the basis of figures in Sidorov, Finansovoe polozhenie, 117.

6. Claus, Kriegswirtschaft, 25.

7. Sidorov, Finansovoe polozhenie, 146.

8. Claus, Kriegswirtschaft, 4.

9. Ibid., 4–5.

10. N. P. Oganovskii and A. V. Chaianov, eds., Statisticheskii spravochnik po agrarnomu voprosu, I (Moscow, 1917), 10–11; Predvaritel’nye itogi vserossiskoi sel’sko-khoziaistvennoi perepisi 1910 g. (Petrograd, 1916), xv.

11. V. P. Bystrenin in RM, November 1916, 1; see also A. S. Izgoev, RM, October 1916, 2.

12. B. B. Grave, ed., Burzhuaziia nakanune fevral’skoi revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 137.

13. L. Bazylow, Obalenie caratu (Warsaw, 1976), 160.

14. M. Florinsky, The End of the Russian Empire (New Haven, Conn., 1931), 121.

15. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 131.

16. A. Knox, With the Russian Army, 1914–1917, II (London, 1921), 388; cf. A. M. Anfimov, Rossiiskaia derevnia v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny, 1914–1917 gg. (Moscow, 1962), 306–9.

17. V. S. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia i tsarizm v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914–1917) (Leningrad, 1967), 132–33.

18. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 422.

19. A. A. Manikovskii, Boevoe snabzhenie russkoi armii v mirovoiu voinu, 2nd ed., I (Moscow-Leningrad, 1930), 398, 165.

20. Norman Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (London, 1976), 238.

21. Maurice Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars pendant la Grande Guerre, III (Paris, 1922), 92–93.

22. Bernard Pares, ed., Letters of the Tsaritsa to the Tsar, 1914–1916 (London, 1923), xxix, and The Fall of the Russian Monarchy (London, 1939), 401, citing Iusupov.

23. Testimony of Stürmer in Padenie, I, 222.

24. Ibid., VII, 205.

25. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 413.

26. Gen. B. Gurko, Memories and Impressions of War and Revolution in Russia, 1914–1917 (London, 1918), 188.

27. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 416.

28. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 274–75. Cf. Alexander Blok, “Poslednie dni imperatorskoi vlasti,” in Sobranie sochinenii v vos’mi tomakh, VI (Moscow-Leningrad, 1962), 193; also RZ, November 1916, 243.

29. Rech’, January 3, 1917, cited in Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 275.

30. A. I. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina i fevral’skaia revoliutsiia, 1014–1017 gg., III (New York, 1962), 13.

31. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 424–25.

32. KA, No. 4/17 (1926), 24.

33. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 127.

34. Ibid., 136.

35. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 552; Pares, Letters, xxxviii.

36. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 542.

37. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 134.

38. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 515; Grave, Burzhuaziia, 133–34.

39. Izgoev in RM, October 1916, Pt. 3, 1–5.

40. A. Petrishchev in RZ, October 1916, 233–39.

41. A. L. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (Moscow, 1973), 492, 496; P. I. Liashchenko, Istoriia narodnogo khoziaistva SSSR, 3rd ed., II (Moscow, 1952), 641.

42. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 496.

43. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Right (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 230.

44. Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 303–4.

45. On this, see S. P. Melgunov, Legenda o separatnom mire (Paris, 1957).

46. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 138.

47. Ibid., 140–41, 147–48.

48. Pares, The Fall, 378–79.

49. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 141.

50. Pares, Letters, 395.

51. Pares, The Fall, 380.

52. E. D. Chermenskii, IV Gosusdarstvennaia Duma i sverzhenie tsarizma v Rossii (Moscow, 1976), 201.

53. Pares, The Fall, 380.

54. Gurko, Memories and Impressions, 184.

55. Guchkov, as reported in Pares, The Fall, 381.

56. Chermenskii, IV Duma, 196, note 4.

57. Padenie, I/2, 1–64.

58. Chermenskii, IV Duma, 198.

59. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 268–69.

60. Padenie, IV, 29; George Katkov, Russia 1917: The February Revolution (New York, 1967), 213.

61. Pares, The Fall, 383.

62. Chermenskii, IV Duma, 204.

63. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 145–48; Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 236–37.

64. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 146–47.

65. Ibid., 147.

66. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 241.

67. V. P. Semennikov, Monarkhiia pered krusheniem, 1914–1917 (Moscow, 1927), 130–31.

68. T. Hasegawa, The February Revolution: Petrograd 1917 (Seattle-London, 1981), 55.

69. KA, No. 4 (1923), 196.

70. Chermenskii, IV Duma, 206.

71. Ibid.

72. Ibid., 207.

73. Ibid.

74. Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskii otchët, IV Sozyv, Sessiia V, Zasedanie I (n.p., n.d.), 11–13.

75. Ibid., 29–33.

76. A. S. Rezanov, Shturmovoi signal P. N. Miliukova (Paris, 1924), 43–61.

77. P. N. Miliukov, Vospominaniia, 1859–1917, II (New York, 1955), 276–77.

78. Miliukov to Petrunkevich in 1919, in Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 243.

79. Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 204.

80. S. S. Oldenburg, Tsarstvovanie Imperatora Nikolaia II, II (Munich, 1949), 218–20.

81. Among contemporaries, this opinion was held by the Tsar’s aide V. N. Voeikov (S tsarem i bez tsariia, Helsingfors, 1936, 166) and the liberal publicist Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams: From Liberty to Brest Litovsk (London, 1919), 3; among historians, by Chermenskii (IV Duma, 212–13), Diakin (Russkaia burzhuaziia, 275–76), and George Katkov, Russia, 1917 (New York, 1967), 194–97.

82. Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskii otchët, IV Sozyv, Sessiia V, 68.

83. Voeikov, S tsarem, 185.

84. Bobrinskoi in VE, No. 12 (1916), 379.

85. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 244.

86. Lettres des Grands-Ducs à Nicolas II (Paris, 1926), 258–59.

87. Perepiska Nikolaia i Aleksandry Romanovykh, 1916–1917, V (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 128-29, 131.

88. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 244–45.

89. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 189, and VE, No. 2 (1917), 324.

90. Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars, III, 90.

91. Ibid., 91.

92. Ibid., 105.

93. Rech’, November 11–14, 1916, cited in RZ, November 1916, 238–39.

94. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 248; Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 175–76; VE, November 1916, 342–43.

95. Grand Duke Dmitrii in F. Iusupov, Konets Rasputina (Paris, 1927), 134.

96. Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie otchëty, IV Sozyv, V Sessiia, Zasedanie 6 (November 19, 1916), 253–54.

97. Ibid., Zasedanie 18 (December 16, 1916), 1225–26; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 248–49.

98. KA, No. 4 (1923), 187.

99. A. I. Spiridovich, Raspoutine (Paris, 1935), 335–38.

100. Pares, Letters, 221.

101. See his last will and testament in Aron Simanovitch, Raspoutine (Paris, 1930), 256; V. P. Semennikov, Politika Romanovykh nakanune Revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 92.

102. Padenie, IV, 14.

103. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, II, 41.

104. Spiridovich, Raspoutine, 94.

105. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 261.

106. Perepiska Romanovykh, V, 153; retranslated from the Russian.

107. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 177. Cf. Pares, The Fall, 382.

108. Protopopov in Padenie, IV, 15–16.

109. Ibid., 31.

110. Padenie, IV, 5; Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 176–77; A. A. Mossolov, At the Court of the Last Tsar (London, 1935), 170–73.

111. Katkov, Russia, 1917, 197.

112. Maklakov in SZ, XXXIV, 265.

113. Pares, The Fall, 396.

114. Ibid., 396–97, 402.

115. Pares, The Fall, 403.

116. Spiridovich, Raspoutine, 369–70; Shulgin, Dni, 119.

117. Spiridovich, Raspoutine, 374.

118. Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars, III, 141.

119. Pares, The Fall, 406.

120. V. M. Purishkevich, Ubiistvo Rasputina (Paris, [1923]), 81.

121. Pares, The Fall, 462; KA, No. 4 (1923), 425.

122. Spiridovich, Raspoutine, 396.

123. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 207.

124. Ibid., 216–17; Pares, The Fall, 410.

125. Voeikov, S tsarem, 178.

126. Iusupov, Konets Rasputina, 204.

127. KA, No. 1/20 (1927), 124.

128. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 203, 211.

129. Ibid., II, 217.

130. Text in Voeikov, S tsarem, 182–83.

131. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 214–15.

132. Ibid., III, 29.

133. Ibid., II, 184; Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 287.

134. Pares, The Fall, 414.

135. Voeikov, S tsarem, 191.

136. Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 338–39.

137. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 17.

138. KA, No. 1/20 (1927), 126.

139. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 19.

140. M. V. Rodzianko, The Reign of Rasputin (London, 1928), 253–54.

141. SZ. XXIV (1928), 279.

142. M. V. Rodzianko, The Reign of Rasputin (London, 1927), 253–54.

143. Maklakov in SZ, No. 34 (1928), 279.

144. Guchkov in PN, No. 5,647 (September 9, 1936), 2, and No. 5, 651 (September 13, 1936), 2; see further Pares, The Fall, 427–48; Padenie, VI, 278; Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 301–2; Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 166, and III, 46; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 187.

145. On this, see Pares, The Fall, 428–29; Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 300; Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 14–17; Guchkov in PN, No. 5,651 (September 13, 1936), 2.

146. Police report of January 5, 1917, in Blok, “Poslednie dni,” 203.

147. Blok, “Poslednie dni,” 205; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 287.

148. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 42.

149. Ibid., II, 188, and III, 41.

150. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 273–74.

151. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 47; Katkov, Russia, 1917, 240.

152. PR, No. 13 (1923), 269–70.

153. Blok, “Poslednie dni,” 207; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 344–45.

154. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 47, and Protopopov in GM XV, No. 2 (1926), 189–91.

155. Blok, “Poslednie dni,” 220–21; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 344–45.

156. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 274–75.

157. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 40.

158. P. E. Shchegolev, Okhranniki i avantiuristy (Moscow, 1930), 140–41.

Chapter 8

1. Tsentral’noe Statisticheskoe Upravlenie, Trudy, VII, Vyp. 1 (Moscow, 1921), 252.

2. Padenie, IV, 21.

3. E. I. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia v fevral’skom perevorote (Leningrad, 1927), 118; A. P. Balk, “Poslednie piat’ dnei tsarskogo Petrograda,” Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University.

4. PR, No. 13 (1923), 290; J. L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution (London, 1976), 58.

5. A. I. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina ifevral’skaia revoliutsiia, 1914–1917gg., III (New York, 1962), 56–57; V. N. Voeikov, S tsarem i bez tsariia (Helsingfors, 1936), 193.

6. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 60–61, 207.

7. Balk, “Poslednie piat’ dnei.”

8. T. Hasegawa, The February Revolution: Petrograd 1917 (Seattle-London, 1981), 215–17, 222.

9. Byloe, No. 1/29 (1918), 161.

10. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 133–34.

11. Eyewitness account in M. Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars pendant la Grand Guerre, III (Paris, 1922), 215.

12. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 86–87; Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars, III, 215.

13. Description in Hasegawa, February Revolution, 232–46.

14. KA, No. 4 (1923), 208–10; retranslated from the Russian.

15. Izvestiia, No. 155 (August 27, 1917), 6.

16. E. R. Levitas, ed., Vogne revoliutsionnykh boev (Raiony Petrograda v dvukh revoliutsiiakh 1917 g.) (Moscow, 1967), 84.

17. Vasilev in P. E. Shchegolev, Okhranniki i avantiuristy (Moscow, 1930), 141–42.

18. K A, No. 2/21 (1927), 4–5.

19. D. N. Dubenskii in RL, No. 3 (Paris, 1922), 28–30.

20. Padenie, I, 190.

21. Ibid.

22. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 82; Revoliutsiia, I, 35.

23. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, I (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1922), 53.

24. KA, No. 4 (1923), 209–10, letter of February 25.

25. Sukhanov, Zapiski, I, 53, 59.

26. Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars, III, 214, 218, citing the memoirs of Gabriel Senac de Meilhan.

27. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 206.

28. On their condition and mood, see ibid., 58–59.

29. Rodzianko to Ruzskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 147.

30. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 207.

31. Sukhanov, Zapiski, I, 54.

32. Byloe, No. 1/29 (1918), 173–74.

33. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 208.

34. Incident described in ibid., 85–88, and I. Lukash, Pavlovtsy (Petrograd, 1917).

35. Vospominaniia Generala A. S. Lukomskogo, I (Berlin, 1922), 124.

36. S. P. Melgunov, Martovskie dni (Paris, 1961), 84.

37. Alekseev in RL, No. 3 (1922), 118; Khabalov in Padenie, I, 203.

38. Khabalov in Padenie, I, 196; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 88–89.

39. L. Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution, I (New York, 1937), 121–22.

40. Revoliutsiia, I, 37.

41. Ibid., 38.

42. Ibid.; Fredericks in Padenie, V, 38.

43. KA, No. 2/21 (1927), 8; Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 157.

44. A. Blok, “Poslednie dni imperatorskoi vlasti,” in Sobranie sochinenii v vos’mi tomakh, VI (Moscow-Leningrad, 1962), 243.

45. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 104.

46. Voeikov in Padenie, III, 71. Text: RL, No. 3 (1922), 114.

47. P. K. Benckendorff, Last Days at Tsarskoe Selo (London, 1927), 2–3.

48. Revoliutsiia, I, 40.

49. Dubenskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 38.

50. His orders in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 114–15; RL, No. 3 (1922), 117.

51. RL, No. 3 (1922), 115.

52. KA, No. 2/21 (1927), 10–11.

53. N. de Basily, Diplomat of Imperial Russia, 1903–1917: Memoirs (Stanford, Calif., 1973), 109.

54. A. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, 2nd ed., I (Moscow, n.d.), 155.

55. Benckendorff, Last Days, 10; Basily, Diplomat, 113–14; Dubenskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 38.

56. Padenie, III, 74.

57. Dubenskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 46–47.

58. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 492.

59. V. V. Shulgin, Dni (Belgrade, 1925), 214; Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 53–55; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 140.

60. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 348.

61. Shulgin, Dni, 157–58. The protocols of this meeting, taken by an unidentified participant and first published in Volia Rossii (Prague), No. 153 (March 15, 1921), 4, are translated in Alexander Kerensky and Robert Browder, The Russian Provisional Government, 1917, I (Stanford, Calif., 1961), 45–47: see also I. Vardin, KN, No. 2/12 (1923), 267–93.

62. Zinaida Gippius, Siniaia kniga (Belgrade, 1929), 89: diary entry of February 28, 1917; Shulgin (Dni, 241) corroborates her intuition.

63. Leonard Schapiro in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 128–30; Alexander Kerensky, The Catastrophe (New York-London, 1927), 12.

64. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 27–28.

65. Ibid., 28.

66. Ibid., 80.

67. Ibid.; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 134.

68. Shulgin, Dni, 233–34, 239.

69. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 112.

70. Ibid., no; Revoliutsiia, I, 41–42.

71. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 330–31. Text in M. Smilg-Benario, Der Zusammenbruch der Zarenmonarchie (Vienna, 1928), Table 13; cf. Marc Ferro, Des Soviets au Communisme Bureaucratique (Paris, 1980), 30–31.

72. lu. S. Tokarev, Petrogradskii Sovet Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov v marte–aprele 1917 g. (Leningrad, 1976), 33–34.

73. Revoliutsiia, I, 40–41.

74. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 380.

75. A. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, III (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 167–70.

76. Sukhanov, Zapiski, I, 190.

77. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, III, 173.

78. Ferro, Des Soviets, 37. Cf. Oskar Anweiler, The Soviets (New York, 1974), 104–6.

79. V. B. Stankevich, Vospominaniia, 1914–1919 g. (Berlin, 1920), 80–82.

80. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 12–13.

81. P. N. Miliukov, Istoriia Vtoroi Russkoi Revoliutsii, I, Pt. 1 (Sofia, 1921), 51.

82. Revoliutsiia, I, 49–50; Sukhanov, Zapiski, I, 256–60.

83. Revoliutsiia, I, 49; Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 1, 46, P. N. Miliukov, Vospominaniia, 1859–1917, II (New York, 1955), 307.

84. Full text in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 177–78.

85. Revoliutsiia, I, 53.

86. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 1, 47.

87. S. E. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia (Berlin, [1938]), 124.

88. Tokarev, Petrogradskii Sovet, 94.

89. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 1, 45; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 525.

90. A. I. Denikin, Ocherki russkoi smuty, I, Pt. 1 (Paris, 1921), 75.

91. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 1, 67.

92. Kerensky, Catastrophe, 120.

93. V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government (New Haven, Conn.-London, 1976), 84.

94. T. I. Polner, Zhiznennyi put’ G. E. L’vova (Paris, 1932), 151.

95. See above, p. 224.

96. D. F. Sverchkov, Kerenskii, 2nd ed. (Leningrad, 1927), 21. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 112–13.

97. Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 95.

98. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, 2nd ed., I, 173–74; cf. Tokarev, Petrogradskii Sovet, 61–62.

99. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 212.

100. Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 97.

101. Text in Revoliutsiia, I, 176–77.

102. B. Ia. Nalivaiskii, ed., Petrogradskii Sovet Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov: Protokoly Zasedanii Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta i Biuro Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925). 17.

103. Text in Revoliutsiia, I, 180–81.

104. A. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, II (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925), 236.

105. E. N. Burdzhalov, Vtoraia russkaia revoliutsiia: Vosstanie v Petrograde (Moscow, 1967), 352; Shulgin, Dni, 150.

106. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 135; Guchkov cited in Burdzhalov, Vtoraia russkaia revoliutsiia, 352.

107. KA, No. 4 (1923), 215; retranslated from the Russian.

108. RL, No. 3 (1922), 119.

109. KA, No. 2/21 (1927), 19.

110. Text in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 144–45.

111. Basily, Diplomat, 116–17.

112. S. N. Vilchkovskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 169–70.

113. RL, No. 3 (1922), 133, 176; P. E. Shchegolev, ed., Otrechenie Nikolaia II (Leningrad, 1927), 153.

114. Text of tape in Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 197–201.

115. RL, No. 3 (1922), 133–34.

116. Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 149; RL, No. 3 (1922), 133–34, 172.

117. Text: Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 202–3.

118. RL, No. 3 (1922), 177–78.

119. Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 154.

120. Ibid, 154–55.

121. The texts of these cables in ibid., 203–5; cf. 155; KA. No. 2/21 (1927), 72–73. Gen. Savvich published his recollections of these events in Otechestvo (Archangel), Nos. 5–7/102–104 (January 10–12, 1919), the manuscript of which is in the Kryzhanovskii Archive, Box No. 3, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University.

122. Handwritten facsimile in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 159.

123. Text in RL, No. 3 (1922), 140.

124. Story of the drafting and the text, with corrections, in Basily, Diplomat, 122–25. Also Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 159; KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 7.

125. See above, p. 227.

126. RL, No. 3 (1922), 179.

127. Fedorov’s note to Martynov in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 160; Benckendorff, Last Days, 46–47.

128. A. D. Gradovskii, Sobrante sochinenii, VII (St. Petersburg, 1901), 158–62.

129. Nabokov, Provisional Government, 49.

130. Accounts by Guchkov in Padenie, VI, 263–66, and Basily, Diplomat, 127–31; Shulgin, Dni, 265–83. See also Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 163–71.

131. Ruzskii in Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 138.

132. Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 169–71; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 167–70.

133. Basily, Diplomat, 128; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 169.

134. Guchkov to Basily, in Basily, Diplomat, 128.

135. Smilg-Benario, Zusammenbruch, Table 36. Text also in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 173–74.

136. Basily, Diplomat, 129–30.

137. Both documents in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 174.

138. Benckendorff, Last Days, 17.

139. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 174–75; Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 158–60.

140. Miliukov’s recollections of the meeting with Michael can be found in his Istorila Vtoroi Russkoi Revoliutsii I, Pt. 1 (Sofia, 1921), 54–55, and Guchkov’s in Basily, Diplomat, 143–45 Shulgin’s recollections are in Dni, 295–306.

141. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 226.

142. Ibid, 227.

143. Basily, Diplomat, 144.

144. ARR, VI (1922), 62.

145. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 181; Shulgin, Dni, 302–3.

146. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 233–34; facsimile of original: Smilg-Benario, Zusammenbruch, Table 37.

147. A copy can be found at Houghton Library, Harvard, under the shelf mark +56–909.

148. Kerensky in SZ, No. 50 (1932), 409.

149. Ibid.,

150. Above, p. 298.

151. Revoliutsiia, I, 73.

152. Nabokov, Provisional Government, 61–62.

153. J. Godechot, Les Institutions de la France sous la Révolution et l’Empire (Paris, 1951), 89–91; G. Lefebvre, La Révolution (Paris, 1957), 165–67.

154. Nabokov, Provisional Government, 83.

155. Revoliutsiia, I, 82.

156. Nabokov, Provisional Government, 135.

157. M. N. Tsapenko, ed., Vserossiiskoe Soveshchanie Sovetov Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov: Stenograficheskii Otchët (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 38.

158. I. G. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia o Fevral’skoi Revoliutsii, I (Paris-The Hague, 1963), 97.

159. Ibid., 107–08.

160. Revoliutsiia, I, 114.

161. Nalivaiskii, Petrogradskii Sovet, 9.

162. Ibid., 10.

163. Revoliutsiia, I, 64.

164. Ibid., 72.

165. Ibid., 80.

166. Ibid., 71–72.

167. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 1, 74.

168. Nalivaiskii, Petrogradskii Sovet, 118.

169. Ibid., 61–62.

170. Tokarev, Petrogradskii Sovet, 145–46.

171. Protocols of the Consultation in Tsapenko, Vserossiiskoe Soveshchanie; cf. Revoliutsiia, I, 162–63.

172. Tokarev, Petrogradskii Sovet, 148–52.

173. Its legislative output is assembled in the three-volume collection edited by Alexander Kerensky and Robert Browder, The Russian Provisional Government (Stanford, Cal., 1961).

174. R. Wojna, Walka o ziemie w Rosji w 1917 roku (Wroclaw, 1977), 79.

175. Revoliutsiia, I, 96.

176. K. G. Kotelnikov and V. L. Meller, eds., Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie v 1917 godu (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927).

177. John L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution (London, 1976), 162–63.

178. Revoliutsiia, I, 84–85.

179. Tsentral’noe Statisticheskoe Upravlenie, Otdel Voennoi Statistiki, Rossiia v Mirovoi Voine 1914–1918 goda (v tsifrakh) (Moscow, 1925), 26.

180. Nabokov, Provisional Government, 135.

181. M. V. Vishniak, Vserossiiskoe Uchreditel’noe Sobranie (Paris, 1932), 73.

182. Sukhanov, Zapiski, II, 140.

183. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, I, 40.

184. Marc Ferro in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, 143–57, esp. 151.

185. Tokarev, Petrogradskii Sovet, 145.

186. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 57.

187. L. Bazylow, Obalenie caratu (Warsaw, 1976), 376n.

188. Izvestiia, No. 15 (March 15/28, 1917), 1.

189. V. S. Vasiukov, Vneshniaia politika Vremennogo Pravitel’stva (Moscow, 1966), 87–88.

190. Text in Revoliutsiia, I, 195–96.

191. Miliukov, Vospominaniia, II, 345–46.

192. Revoliutsiia, I, 30–52, passim.

193. W. H. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921, I (New York, 1935), 85.

194. This development, the subject of my Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–23, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), will be treated at length in my forthcoming Russia under the New Regime.

195 V. V. Rozanov, Apokalipsis nashego vremeni (Berlin-Paris, 1917), 5. Written in 1917–18.

196. Denikin, Ocherki, I, Pt. 1, 54. This document remains unpublished.

197. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 54; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 187–89.

198. G. Buchanan, My Mission to Russia, II (Boston, 1923), 104.

199. Public Record Office, London, FO 371–3008, p. 1, Reel 22, Doc. 196482.

200. Revoliutsiia, I, 73–74, 76; Nalivaiskii, Petrogradskii Sovet, 29–30.

201. RL, No. 3 (1922), 96–97.

202. Ibid., 97–98.

203. KA, No. 20 (1927), 138. Description in Dembovskii, RL, No. 3 (1922), 87–88: here the event is mistakenly dated March 6.

204. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 194.

205. Benckendorff, Last Days, 30–31.

206. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 67.

207. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 196–97.

208. Ibid., 197.

209. Reproduced in ibid., 200–1.

210. Kerensky, Catastrophe, 264–69; KA, No. 20 (1927), 140.

211. See, e.g., articles by Miliukov and “Dioneo” in PN, No. 4099 (June 12, 1932), 2.

212. Kenneth Rose, King George V (London, 1983), 211–14.

213. Public Record Office, London, FO 800–383, p. 32, April 7, 1917 (March 25 OS).

214. S. P. Melgunov, Sud’ba Imperatora Nikolaia II posle otrecheniia (Paris, 1951), 175.

215. Kerensky, Catastrophe, in.

216. Rozanov, Apokalipsis, 6.

217. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, I, 124; Revoliutsiia, II, 74.

Chapter 9

1. Institut Marksizma-Leninizma, Khronologicheskii ukazatel’ proizvedenii V. I. Lenina, I (Moscow, 1959), 1–8.

2. Institut MELS, Vospominaniia rodnykh o V. I. Lenine (Moscow, 1955), 85.

3. On this, see Nikolai Valentinov, The Early Years of Lenin (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1969), 111–12.

4. A. I. Ulianova-Elizarova in Institut Marksizma-Leninizma, Vospominaniia o Vladimire Il’iche Lenine I (Moscow, 1956) 13.

5. Molodaia gvardiia, No. 1 (1924), 89.

6. A. I. Ulianova-Elizarova in Aleksandr Il’ich Ulianov i delo 1 marta 1887 g. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 97, and V. Alekseev and A. Shver in Sem’ia Ulianovykh v Simbirske, 1896–1897 (Leningrad, 1925), 48–51.

7. V. Vodovozov in NChS, XII (1925), 175.

8. Valentinov, Early Years, 111–38 and 189–215, based on conversations with Lenin.

9. SR, XII, No. 36 (1934), 592–93.

10. K. Marx and F. Engels, Werke, XXXIV (Berlin, 1966), 477.

11. This subject is treated at length in my Struve: Liberal on the Left, 1870–1905 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 28–51.

12. Richard Pipes in Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 32.

13. Ulianova-Elizarova in Vospominaniia rodnykh, 29.

14. Marx and Engels, Werke, XXII, 509–27.

15. On this usage, see my article in SR, XXIII, No. 3 (1964), 441–58.

16. Lenin, PSS, I, 105; LS, XXXIII, 16.

17. Lenin, PSS, I, 312.

18. Karl Radek in Rabochaia Moskva, No. 92/656 (April 22, 1924).

19. A. N. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik proizvedenii (Paris, 1937), 294; R. H. B. Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent (London, 1935), 237; Angelica Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1964), 123.

20. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik, 301.

21. Robert Michels, Political Parties (Glencoe, 111., 1949), 227n.

22. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik, 300.

23. L. Trotskii, O Lenine (Moscow, 1924), 6–7.

24. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 23.

25. N. [L.] Trotskii, Nashi politicheskie zadachi (Geneva, 1904), 96.

26. Nina Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), 77.

27. M. Gorkii, Vladimir Il’ich Lenin (Leningrad, 1924), 9; NZh, No. 177 (November 10, 1917), cited in H. Ermolaev, ed., Maxim Gorky, Untimely Thoughts (New York, 1968), 89.

28. V. Vodovozov in NChS, XII, 176–77.

29. Gorkii, Lenin, 10; M. Gorki, Lenine et le Paysan Russe (Paris, 1924), 96.

30. La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 8 (August 1923), 206.

31. B. D. Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution (New York, 1948), 219–20.

32. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik, 296–97.

33. SR, XII, No. 36 (1934), 593.

34. Gorki, Lenine et le Paysan Russe, 64.

35. Ibid, 83–84.

36. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 346.

37. La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 9 (September 1923), 459.

38. Gorki, Lenine et le Paysan Russe, 16–17.

39. K. Marx, Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, J. O’Malley, ed. (Cambridge, 1970), 133.

40. Lenin, PSS, XV, 296–97.

41. N. K. Takhtarev in Byloe, No. 24 (1924), 22.

42. Lenin’s first St. Petersburg period (1893–97) is recounted in my Social-Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement (Cambridge, Mass., 1963).

43. Perepiska G. V. Plekhanova i P. B. Aksel’roda, I (Moscow, 1925), 271.

44. Lenin, PSS, I, 279–80, and II, 433–70.

45. Ibid, II, 84.

46. Karl Radek in Rabochaia Moskva, No. 92/656 (April 22, 1924).

47. Lenin, PSS, II, 104; emphasis supplied.

48. Ibid., 84, 101–2; emphasis supplied.

49. Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 223–26.

50. Ibid., 227–32.

51. Lenin, PSS, IV, 193–94.

52. Ibid., 373.

53. The background of these negotiations is described in my Struve: Liberal on the Left, 260–70.

54. Ibid., 276.

55. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 40.

56. On this, see V. A. Tvardovskaia in IZ, No. 67 (1960), 103–44; S. S. Volk, Narodnaia volia (Moscow-Leningrad, 1966), 250–77; and F. Venturi, Roots of Revolution (New York, 1960), 650–53.

57. Volk, Narodnaia volia, 254–55.

58. Lenin, PSS, VIII, 384–85.

59. Volk, Narodnaia volia, 203–12.

60. Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New York, 1960), 49.

61. Ibid., 58–59.

62. Ibid., 61.

63. Trotskii, Nashi politicheskie zadachi, 93.

64. Lenin, PSS, VIII, 370.

65. Letter to Karl Kautsky, June 1904, cited in A. Ascher, Pavel Axelrod and the Development of Menshevism (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 211.

66. L. Martov, Spasiteli ili uprazdniteli? (Paris, 1911), 3.

67. Z. A. B. Zeman and W. B. Scharlau, The Merchant of Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus) (London, 1965), 76.

68. LS, V (1926), 456–59.

69. On this, see Oskar Anweiler, The Soviets (New York, 1974), 76–86.

70. N. Mendeleev in NZh, No. 6 (November 2, 1905), 5.

71. Anweiler, Soviets, 84–85.

72. N. K. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine, I (Moscow-Leningrad, 1930), 120.

73. Schapiro, Communist Party, 86, 105.

74. The information which follows is drawn largely from D. Lane’s The Roots of Russian Communism (Assen, Holland, 1969).

75. Schapiro, Communist Party, 101.

76. Lane, Roots, 21.

77. Ibid, 44–45.

78. Ibid., 210.

79. On the early manifestations of this attitude, see my Social-Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement, passim.

80. L. M[art]ov in OD, III, Book 5, 572.

81. Anweiler, Soviets, 278n.

82. M[art]ov, OD, III, Book 5, 570.

83. Ibid., 571.

84. Schapiro, Communist Party, 76.

85. See below, p. 719.

86. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine, I, 107–9.

87. John L. H. Keep, The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia (Oxford, 1963), 194–95.

88. Lenin, PSS, XVII, 31–32.

89. Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–23 (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 31–33.

90. Lenin, PSS, II, 452.

91. Pipes, Formation, 35–49.

92. Wolfe, Three, 261; Schapiro, Communist Party, 88.

93. Keep, Social Democracy, 181–82, 205.

94. M. N. Liadov [M. N. Mandelshtam] and S. M. Pozner, eds., Leonid Borisovich Krasin (“Nikitich”): Gody podpol’ia (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), 142.

95. Martov, Spasiteli ili uprazdniteli?, 22–23; B Bibineishvili, Kamo (Moscow, 1934). 142n.–143n.

96. David Shub, Lenin (Garden City, N.Y., 1948), 101–2; Pis’ma Akselroda i Martova (Berlin, 1924), 184.

97. Martov, Spasiteli, passim.

98. Ibid., 18.

99. On him, see Liadov and Pozner, Krasin, and M. Glenny in SS, No. 22 (1970), 192–221.

100. Liadov and Pozner, Krasin, 236–39 and passim.

101. Shub, Lenin, 104–5,

102. Wolfe, Three, 379; T. Aleksinskii in La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 9 (September 1923), 456–57.

103. On this, see S. Shesternin in SB, No. 5/8 (1933), 155–56; N. K. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine (Moscow, 1932), 141–42, and Dietrich Geyer, Kautskys Russisches Dossier (Frankfurt-New York, 1981), 18–25.

104. Geyer, Kautskys Russisches Dossier, 24.

105. La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 9 (September 1923), 448.

106. Padenie, I, 315. On him, see R. C. Elwood, Roman Malinovsky (Newtonville, Mass., 1977).

107. Lenin, PSS, XLVIII, 140 and 133.

108. Shub, Lenin, 117.

109. M. A. Tsiavlovskii, Bol’sheviki: Dokumenty po istorii bol’shevizma’s 1903 po 1916 god byvsh. Moskovskogo Okhrannogo Otdeleniia (Moscow, 1918), xiii.

110. V. Burtsev in Struggling Russia, I, No. 9–10 (1919), 139.

111. A. I. Spiridovich, Istorila Bol’shevizma v Rossii (Paris, 1922), 260.

112. Burtsev, Struggling Russia, 139.

113. Tsiavlovskii, Bol’sheviki, xiv. See, for example, his speech of December 7, 1912, in Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie Otch’ty, Sozyv IV, Sessiia I, Zasedanie 8 (St. Petersburg, 1913). 313–27.

114. Padenie, III, 281, 286; Spiridovich, Istorila Bol’shevizma, 258; Burtsev in Padenie, I, 316. A police instruction to this effect from the winter of 1916–17: B. Ia. Nalivaiskii, ed., Petrogradskii Sovet Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov: Protokoly Zasedanii Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta i Biuro Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925), 312–13.

115. Spiridovich, Istoriia Bol’shevizma, 231.

116. On this organization and its activities, see Zeman and Scharlau, Merchant, 132–36.

117. T. Hornykiewicz, ed., Ereignisse in der Ukraine, 1914–1922, I (Philadelphia, 1966), 183.

118. Unpublished document in the Central Party Archive, summarized in Lenin, Khronika, III, 269.

119. LS, II (1924), 180.

120. Unpublished document in the Central Party Archive, summarized in Lenin, Khronika, III, 273. On these events, see Ganetskii in LS, II (1924), 173–87, and Krupskaia, Vospominaniia, 212–16.

121. O. G. Gankin, The Bolsheviks and the World War (Stanford, Calif., 1940), 54–55.

122. Ibid., 59.

123. Lenin, PSS, XLVIII, 155.

124. Ibid., XXVI, 1–7.

125. Ibid., XLIX, 15.

126. Dispatch of January 1915, in Z. A. B. Zeman, ed., Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918 (London, 1958), 1–2.

127. On Parvus’s encounter with Lenin, see Zeman and Scharlau, Merchant, 157–59.

128. Ibid, 158–59.

129. Zeman, Germany, 11–13; A. Shliapnikov, Kanun semnadtsatogo goda, 3rd ed., Pt. 1 (Moscow, n.d.), 154.

130. As asserted by J. Braunthal, History of the International, II (New York-Washington, 1967), 47.

131. Gankin, The Bolsheviks, 329–33.

132. Ibid., 333–37. 347–49.

133. Ibid., 422; emphasis in the original.

134. Ibid., 426–27; emphasis in the original.

135. Ibid., 461.

136. On his Swiss period, see Shub, Lenin, 143–53.

137. G. A. Solomon, Lenin i ego sem ’ia (Paris, 1931), 78.

138. Bertram D. Wolfe, Strange Communists Whom I Have Known (New York, 1965), 138–64; Angelica Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1964), 14.

139. A. Shliapnikov, Kanun semnadtsatogo goda, 3rd ed., Pt. 2, (Moscow, [1923?], 37–44.

140. Lenin, PSS, XXX, 328.