The Russian Revolution

Chapter 10

1. M. Bronskii in PR, No. 4/27 (1924), 30–39.

2. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, No. 458 (March 15, 1917), 2; Lenin, PSS, XLIX, 398–99.

3. Ibid., 399.

4. Ibid., XXXI, 491.

5. W. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr nach Russland, 1917 (Leiden, 1957), 15–16; Lenin, PSS, XLIX, 406; G. E. Zinoviev, God revoliutsii, II (Leningrad, 1926), 503.

6. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 7.

7. A. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, 2nd ed., I (Moscow, n.d.), 99; E. N. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 39n.

8. A. Shliapnikov, Kanun semnadtsatogo goda, 3rd ed. Pt. 2 (Moscow, [1923?]), 35–42.

9. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 40; N. F. Kudelli, Pervyi legaVnyi Petersburgskii Komitet Bol’shevikov v 1917 g. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927).

10. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 41–42; Izvestiia, No. 7 (March 6, 1917), 6.

11. Kamenev, Pravda, No. 9 (March 15, 1917), 1; Stalin, Pravda, No. 10 (March 16, 1917), 2 (reprinted in I. V. Stalin, Sochineniia, III, Moscow, 1946, 4–8).

12. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, II (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925), 185–86.

13. Kudelli, Pervyi, 50.

14. Revoliutsiia, I, 147.

15. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 11–33.

16. Pravda, No. 14 (March 21, 1917), 2–3, and continued in No. 15 (March 22, 1917), 2; Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 49.

17. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr, 10.

18. General M. Hoffmann, Der Krieg der versäumten Gelegenheiten (Munich, 1923), 174.

19. B. Nikitin, Rokovye gody (Paris, 1937), 108.

20. Z. A. B. Zeman and W. B. Scharlau, The Merchant of Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus) (London, 1965), 207–8.

21. P. Scheidemann, Memoiren eines Sozialdemokraten (Dresden, 1930), 427–28.

22. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr, 47. Memorandum dated April 2 [March 20], 1917.

23. Ibid., 49–50. Cable of April 3 [March 21], probably referring to Lenin’s first “Letter from Afar” published in Pravda on that day. See further ibid., 51–54.

24. Ibid., 10.

25. LS, II (1924), 389–90. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 498.

26. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr, 28.

27. Z. A. B. Zeman, ed., Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918 (London, 1958), 24; LS, II (1924), 390.

28. Richard M. Watt, Dare Call It Treason (New York, 1963), 138.

29. Fritz Platten, Die Reise Lenins durch Deutschland (Berlin, 1924), 56; Izvestiia, No. 32 (April 5, 1917), 2; Zinoviev, God revoliutsii, II, 503.

30. K. Radek, Living Age, No. 4,051 (February 25, 1922), 451.

31. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr, 99–100; J. Görgen in Weltspiel (Berlin), No. 12,632 (April 12, 1987); Lenin, Khronika, IV, 45–46.

32. Zeman and Scharlau, Merchant, 217–19.

33. V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government, 1917 (New Haven, Conn.-London, 1976), 119.

34. Izvestiia, No. 32 (April 5, 1917), 1.

35. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, III (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1922), 26–27.

36. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 72–78; Lenin, Sochineniia, XX, 640.

37. Pravda, No. 25 (April 6, 1917), 1.

38. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 51.

39. Kudelli, Pervyi, 88.

40. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 52.

41. Zeman, Germany, 51.

42. C. Malaparte, Coup d’Etat: The Technique of Revolution (New York, 1932), 220.

43. I. G. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia o Fevral’skoi Revoliutsii, II (Paris-The Hague, 1963), 302.

44. Letter to Dr. Kugelmann of 1871 cited in Lenin, PSS, XXXIII, 37.

45. April 8, 1917 (NS), in Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 91–92.

46. Cf. H. Delbrück, Geschichte der Kriegskunst, IV (Berlin, 1920), 492–94; G. Lefebvre, Napoléon, I (New York, 1969), 230–31.

47. Lenin, PSS, XLV, 381.

48. G. Le Bon, The Crowd (London, 1952), 73.

49. E. Canetti, Crowds and Power (Middlesex, Eng.-New York, 1973), 24–25.

50. P. Lepeshinskii, Zhiznennyi put’ Lenina, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1925), 44.

51. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 78–79; George Katkov, The Kornilov Affair (London-New York, 1980), 54.

52. V. S. Vasiukov, Vneshniaia politika Vremennogo pravitel’stva (Moscow, 1966), 124.

53. Alexander Kerensky, The Catastrophe (New York-London, 1927), 135.

54. Text in Revoliutsiia, II, 247–48.

55. Vasiukov, Vneshniaia politika, 128.

56. See his statement in NZh, No. 5 (April 23, 1917), 6.

57. Account of his death by P. N. Krasnov in ARR, I (1921), 105–12.

58. Revoliutsiia, II, 50.

59. Kerensky, Catastrophe, 136.

60. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 51.

61. Lenin, Sochineniia, XX, 648. Text in ibid., 608–9, from Pravda, No. 37 (April 21, 1917), 1; Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 291–92.

62. Kudelli, Pervyi, 92–94.

63. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 309–11.

64. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 107.

65. The figure is from G. N. Golikov and Iu. S. Tokarev in IZ, No. 57 (1956), 51.

66. KL, No. 7 (1923), 91; F. F. Raskolnikov, Na boevykh postakh revoliutsionnykh boev (Moscow, 1964), 69.

67. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 106–10.

68. P. Miliukov, Istoriia Vtoroi Russkoi Revoliutsii, I, Pt. 1 (Sofia, 1921), 98–99.

69. Revoliutsiia, II, 57.

70. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 361.

71. Ibid., XXXIV, 216.

72. Sukhanov, Zapiski, III, 299.

73. Revoliutsiia, II, 74.

74. Ibid., 82.

75. PN, No. 5,668 (September 30, 1936), 2.

76. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, I, 135–36.

77. Revoliutsiia, II, 95.

78. Ibid., 98–99; Ibid., III, 13–14.

79. Crane Brinton, Anatomy of Revolution (New York, 1938), 163–71.

80. Marc Ferro in R. C. Elwood, Considerations of the Russian Revolution (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1976), 100–32.

81. John L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution (London, 1976), 79.

82. Resolution in Oktiabr’skaia revoliutsiia i Fabzavkomy, I (Moscow, 1927), 22–24.

83. Ibid., 6.

84. Paul Avrich in Jahrbücher, XI, No. 2 (1963), 166–68; Revoliutsiia, II, 231–33.

85. V. Malakhovskii in PR, No. 10/93 (1929), 29–31.

86. Revoliutsiia, II, 82–84.

87. Malakhovskii in PR, No. 10/93 (1929), 31.

88. D. A. Chugaev, ed., Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v mae-iune 1917 goda: Iunskaia demon-stratsiia, (Moscow, 1959), 488.

89. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 289–90.

90. Shestoi s”ezd RSDRP (bol’shevikov): Protokoly (Moscow, 1958), 147–50; PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 287–88; V. P. Budnikov, Bol’shevistskaia partiinaia pechat’ v 1917 g. (Kharkov, 1959), passim.

91. Soldatskaia Pravda, No. 1 (April 15, 1917), 1.

92. Zeman, Germany, 94.

93. Vorwärts, January 14, 1921, 1.

94. Alexander Kerensky, The Crucifixion of Liberty (New York, 1934), 325–26; Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 116–17.

95. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 117.

96. Kerensky, Crucifixion, 326.

97. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 112–14, where also other examples. Cf. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXI, 570.

98. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 107.

99. Lenin, PSS, XLIX, 437, 438.

100. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 109–10.

101. Kerensky, Catastrophe, 209.

102. Vasiukov, Vneshnaia politika, 191.

103. E. H. Wilcox, Russia’s Ruin (New York, 1919), 196.

104. Ibid., 197, citing V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko.

105. Alexander Kerensky, Russia and History’s Turning Point (New York, 1965), 277.

106. W. H. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, I (New York, 1935), 152.

107. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v mae-iiunie 1917 g., 486.

108. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 317–18.

109. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie, 485–87.

110. Soldatskaia Pravda, June 10, 1917, cited in A. Rabinowitch, Prelude to Revolution (Blooming-ton, Ind., 1968), 69.

111. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 307–10; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, II, 228.

112. Pravda, No. 80 (June 13, 1917), 1; emphasis supplied.

113. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, II, 52–54.

114. C. R. M. F. Cruttwell, A History of the Great War, 1914–1918 (Oxford, 1936), 630–32; Tsen-tral’noe Statisticheskoe Upravlenie, Otdel Voennoi Statistiki, Rossiia v Mirovoi Voine 1914–1918 goda (v tsifrakh) (Moscow, 1925), 4n.

115. Rossiia v Mirovoi Voine, 4; Iu. A. Poliakov, Sovetskaia strana posle okonchaniia grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow, 1986), 99.

116. L. G. Beskrovnyi, Armiia i flot Rossii v nachale XX v. (Moscow, 1986), 17.

117. Calculated on the basis of figures in the sources cited in notes 114, 115, and 116 above.

118. Shliapnikov in PR, No. 4/51 (1926), 59.

119. P. Stulov in KL, No. 3/36 (1930), 65–66; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, II, 270.

120. Stulov, loc. cit., 70.

121. PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 6.

122. PR, No. 4/51 (1926), 56.

123. PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 7.

124. Revoliutsiia, III, no.

125. F. F. Raskolnikov in Pravda, No. 159 (July 16, 1927), 3, and No. 168 (July 27, 1927), 3; see also his Kronshtadt i Piter v 1917 godu (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925).

126. Revoliutsiia, III, 84, 105, 108.

127. Stulov in KL, No. 3/36 (1930), 93.

128. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 266; V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Na boevykh postakh (Moscow, 1930), 58.

129. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 111.

130. Ibid., 115–16.

131. Ibid., 120, 122–23.

132. Bonch-Bruevich, Na boevykh postakh, 87–90; Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 123–25.

133. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 115–16.

134. Pravda, No. 98 (July 4, 1917), cited in O. N. Znamenskii, lul’skii krizis 1917 goda (Moscow-Leningrad, 1964), 47.

135. Pravda, July 2, 1917, cited in Rabinowitch, Prelude, 139; Revoliutsiia, III, 305–6; Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 9.

136. Revoliutsiia, III, 305; Znamenskii, lul’skii krizis, 47.

137. Stulov in KL, No. 3/36 (1930), 96.

138. G. Veinberg in Petrogradskaia Pravda, No. 149 (July 17, 1921), 3.

139. Leon Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution, II (New York, 1937), 13.

140. Stulov in KL, No. 3/36 (1930), 97–98.

141. D. A. Chugaev, ed., Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v iiule 1917 g. (Moscow, 1959); B. I. Kochakovin Uchënye Zapiski Leningradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, No. 205 (1956), 65–66.

142. Stulov in KL, No. 3/36 (1930), 101; Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 1, 243.

143. Shestoi Kongress RKP (b): Protokoly (Moscow, 1958), 17; also Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 11.

144. Trotsky, History, II, 20.

145. Revoliutsiia, III, 132.

146. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v iiule, 90–91. Cf. Raskolnikov in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 53–58.

147. Chugaev, Revoliutsionne dvizhenie v iiule, 91; Raskolnikov, loc. cit., 55.

148. Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 20–21.

149. V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government, 146.

150. A Sobolev in Rech’, No. 155/3,897 (July 5, 1917), 1.

151. Flerovskii in PR, No. 7/54 (1926), 73–75; N. Arskii in Sbornik Perezhitoe, I (Moscow, 1918), 36.

152. Raskolnikov in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 59; B. Elov in KL, No. 7 (1923), 101.

153. Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 13.

154. Testimony of V. I. Nevskii in Revoliutsiia, III, 135; also Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 17.

155. Rabinowitch, Prelude, 281.

156. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v iiule, 19.

157. Rabinowitch, Prelude, 174–75.

158. Lenin, PSS, XXXII, 408–9.

159. Rabinowitch, Prelude, 180.

160. Revoliutsiia, III, 140.

161. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v iiule, 39–40.

162. Raskolnikov in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 61–62. The figure is from Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 131.

163. Chugaev, Revoliutionnoe dvizhenie v iiule, 96. Cf. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 23–24; Flerovskii in PR, No. 7/54 (1926), 77.

164. Pravda, July 5, 1917, in Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 36.

165. Raskolnikov in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 71; PR, No. 8–9/67–68 (1927), 62.

166. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v iiule, 49.

167. NV, No. 118/142 (July 16, 1918), 1.

168. Rabinowitch, Prelude, 195–96.

169. Revoliutsiia, III, 151.

170. Zinoviev in PR, 8–9/67–68 (1927), 62.

171. F. F. Raskolnikov in Pravda, No. 160/3,692 (July 17, 1927), 3.

172. NoV, No. 14,822 (July 9, 1917), 4.

173. NZh, No. 68 (July 7, 1917), 3.

174. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v iiule, 290.

175. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 153–54.

176. Bonch-Bruevich, Na boevykh postakh, 87–90.

177. Zhivoe slovo, No. 51/404 (July 5, 1917), 2. Text also in Lenin, Sochineniia, XXI, 509–10.

178. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, I, 91.

179. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 440–43.

180. Raskolnikov, PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 72. Cf. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 149.

181. L. Trotskii, O Lenine (Moscow, 1924), 58.

182. NoV, No. 14,821 (July 8, 1917), 2.

183. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 281–82; Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 151.

184. P. A. Polovstoff, Glory and Downfall (London, 1935), 256–58; Revoliutsiia, III, 167; Zhivoe slovo, No. 52/406 (July 6, 1917), 1.

185. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXI, 470.

186. NV, No. 118/142 (July 16, 1918), 1.

187. NZh, No. 70 (July 9, 1917), 1.

188. Stroev in NZh, No. 68 (July 7, 1917), 1.

189. Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 44.

190. Raskolnikov in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 78.

191. Shliapnikov in PR, No. 5/52 (1926), 24.

192. NZh, No. 71 (July 11, 1917), 3; Lenin, PSS, XXXII, 414–18, 424–26; XXXIV, 22–23.

193. Lenin, PSS, XXXII, 433–34; XXXIV, 8–9, 459–60.

194. Zinoviev in PR, No. 8–9/67–68 (1927), 68.

195. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 277.

196. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 480–81.

197. Kerensky, Catastrophe, 240.

198. Richard Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution (New York, 1987), 244.

199. Revoliutsiia, III, 178.

200. S. P. Melgunov, Sud’ba Imperatora Nikolaia II posle otrecheniia (Paris, 1951), 180.

201. Ibid., 192–201.

202. Ibid., 179.

203. Trotskii, O Lenine, 59.

Chapter 11

1. Alexander Kerensky, The Catastrophe (New York-London, 1927), 318.

2. Alexander Kerensky, The Prelude to Bolshevism (New York, 1919), xiii; D. A. Chugaev, ed., Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v avguste 1917 g.: Razgrom Kornilovskogo miatezha (Moscow, 1959), 429.

3. Zinaida Gippius, Siniaia kniga (Belgrade, 1929), 152.

4. E. I. Martynov, Kornilov (Leningrad, 1927), 33–34.

5. A. Kerenskii, Delo Kornilova (Ekaterinoslav, 1918), 20–21.

6. Martynov, Kornilov, 36.

7. Ibid, 34.

8. Boris Savinkov, K delu Kornilova (Paris, 1919), 13–14.

9. Ibid., 15; P. N. Miliukov, Istoriia Vtoroi Russkoi Revoliutsii, I, Pt. 2 (Sofia, 1921), 105.

10. Kerenskii, Delo, 23; Savinkov, K delu, 15–16; Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 99.

11. Revoliutsiia, IV, 69–70.

12. Ibid., 54.

13. Savinkov, K delu, 15.

14. Kerenskii, Delo, 56–57; Kerensky, Catastrophe, 318.

15. Savinkov, K delu, 12–13; George Katkov, The Kornilov Affair (London-New York, 1980), 54.

16. A. S. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I (Berlin, 1922), 227.

17. Katkov, Kornilov, 170.

18. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 228, 232.

19. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 429.

20. Ibid., 429–30.

21. Revoliutsiia, IV, 37–38; Lukomskii, Vospominaniia I, 224–25.

22. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 107–8; Trubetskoi in Obshchee delo, No. 8 (October 4, 1917), cited in Martynov, Kornilov, 53.

23. Kerenskii, Delo, 81; Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 164–65.

24. Kerenskii, Delo, 56–57.

25. Cited in DN, No. 135 (August 24, 1917), 1.

26. NZh, No. 110 (August 25, 1917), 1.

27. N. N. Golovin, Rossiiskaia kontr-revoliutsiia v 1917–1918 gg., I, Pt. 2 (Tallinn, 1937), 15.

28. Kerenskii, Delo, 62.

29. From the deposition of Savinkov in Revoliutsiia, IV, 85.

30. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 158.

31. The protocols of the meeting, taken down by Savinkov, are reproduced in Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 421–23. Another protocol, signed by Kornilov and two generals, is in Katkov, Kornilov, 176–78. Savinkov’s recollections: K delu Kornilova, 20–23.

32. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 175; Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 422.

33. Savinkov in RS, No. 207 (September 10, 1917), 3.

34. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 178.

35. Cited from the testimony of Kornilov by Miliukov in his Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 202; cf. Revoliutsiia, IV, 91.

36. Martynov, Kornilov, 94; cf. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 202.

37. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 238.

38. Ibid., 237–38.

39. Ibid., 232.

40. I. G. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia o Fevral’skoi Revoliutsii, I (Paris, 1963), 108–9; V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government, 1917 (New Haven, Conn.-London, 1976), 90; Katkov, Kornilov, 85.

41. Kerenskii, Delo, 85.

42. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 427.

43. Katkov, Kornilov, 179; Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 238–39.

44. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 238–39.

45. Savinkov in RS, No. 207 (September 10, 1917), 3.

46. Katkov, Kornilov, 179–80.

47. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 239.

48. Ibid., 241; Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 432.

49. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 442.

50. Kerenskii, Delo, 88.

51. Katkov, Kornilov, 90–91; emphasis supplied. The original Russian text is in Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avgusie, 443.

52. Kerenskii, Delo, 91.

53. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 200; Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 241.

54. Accounts of this meeting: N. V. Nekrasov in RS, No. 199 (August 31, 1917), 2, and Martynov, Kornilov, 101.

55. NZh, No. 120/126 (September 13, 1917), 3.

56. Revoliutsiia, IV, 98.

57. Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 180–81.

58. Revoliutsiia, IV, 99; Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 242; Kerenskii, Delo, 113–14; Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, I, Pt. 2, 33–34.

59. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, 242; Revoliutsiia, IV, 100.

60. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, 242–43.

61. Full text in Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 448–52.

62. NZh, No. 114 (August 29, 1917), 3.

63. Revoliutsiia, IV, 111.

64. Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 187.

65. Kerenskii, Delo, 104–5.

66. Savinkov, K delu, 26; Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, I, Pt. 2, 35.

67. Boris Savinkov in Mercure de France, No. 503/133 (June 1, 1919), 438.

68. Richard Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution (New York, 1987), 277.

69. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 445–46; Revoliutsiia, IV, 101–2.

70. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 446.

71. Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, I, Pt. 2, 37.

72. Revoliutsiia, IV, 109.

73. Ibid., 115.

74. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 162n.; Kerenskii, Delo, 80.

75. Revoliutsiia, IV, 109.

76. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 245.

77. Revoliutsiia, IV, 125.

78. Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, I, Pt. 2, 71, 101.

79. Khan Khadzhiev, Velikii boiar (Belgrade, 1929), 123–30.

80. Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, I, Pt. 2, 71. The tapes of the conversations between Alekseev and Kornilov and Kornilov and Kerensky on August 30-September 1, 1917, are in the Denikin Archive, Box 24, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University.

81. NZh, No. 107/322 (June 4, 1918), 3; NV, No. 96/120 (June 19, 1918), 3.

82. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 431.

83. E. H. Wilcox, Russia’s Ruin (New York, 1919), 276.

84. Kerenskii, Delo, 65.

85. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 15n., citing Echo de Paris, 1920, Oiechestvo, No. 1, and Poslednie Izvestiia (Revel), April 1921.

86. Revoliutsiia, IV, 299–300, 70.

87. NZh, No. 108 (August 23, 1917), 1–2, and No. 109 (August 24, 1917), 4; W. G. Rosenberg in SS. No. 2 (1969), 160–61.

88. Revoliutsiia, III, 122; Rosenberg, loc. cit.

89. Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, I, Pt. 2, 53–54.

90. Sokolnikov in Revoliutsiia, IV, 104.

91. Ibid., V, 269.

92. S. P. Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki zakhvatili vlast’ (Paris, 1953), 13.

93. NZh, No. 116 (August 31, 1917), 2.

94. NZh, No. 149/143 (October 10, 1917), 3.

95. NZh, No. 125/119 (September 12, 1917), 3.

96. NZh, No. 123/117 (September 9, 1917), 4.

97. PR, No. 8–9/67–68 (1927), 67–72.

98. Cited by Lenin, PSS, XXXIII, 37.

99. Ibid., 116.

100. Ibid., 90.

101. Lenin, “The Looming Catastrophe and How to Fight It,” ibid., XXXIV, 151–99, and “Will the Bolsheviks Hold On to State Power?,” ibid. 287–339.

102. Ibid, 2–5; emphasis supplied.

103. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXI, 512, note 18.

104. Revoliutsiia, III, 383–84.

105. Leningradskii Istpart, Vtoraia i tret’ia Petrogradskie Obshchegorodskie Konferentsii Bol’shevikov (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 77.

106. Izvestiia, No. 164 (September 5, 1917).

107. Izvestiia, No. 195 (October 12, 1917), 1.

108. Ibid., No. 200 (October 18, 1917), 1.

109. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 239–41

110. Ibid., 245.

111. L. Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution, III (New York, 1937), 355.

112. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP (b) (Moscow, 1958), 74.

113. SD, No. 169 (September 28, 1917), 1.

114. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 403, 405.

115. Izvestiia, No. 186 (October 1, 1917), 8.

116. Revoliutsiia, V, 53; Izvestiia, No. 197 (October 14, 1917), 5.

117. NZh, No. 138, September 27, 1917, 3.

118. Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1960), 164.

119. Revoliutsiia, IV, 197, 214.

120. Ibid, 256.

121. Protokoly TsK, 73, 76.

122. Revoliutsiia, V, 65.

123. Protokoly TsK, 264; Revoliutsiia, V, 63.

124. Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power (New York, 1976), 209–11.

125. Revoliutsiia, V, 71–72.

126. Ibid., 65.

127. NZh, No. 138/132 (September 27, 1917), 3.

128. Revoliutsiia, V, 78.

129. Ibid., 246, 254.

130. See the government’s declaration of September 25–27 in Revoliutsiia, IV, 403–6.

131. Izvestiia, No. 201 (October 19, 1917), 7.

132. Ibid, No. 200 (October 18, 1917), 1.

133. Ibid., No. 203 (October 21, 1917), 5.

134. Revoliutsiia, V, 109; NZh, No. 156/150 (October 18, 1917), 3.

135. The operation is described in M. Schwarte et al, Der Grosse Krieg, 1914–1918: Der deutsche Landkrieg (Leipzig, 1925), Pt. 3, 323–27.

136. Revoliutsiia, V, 30–31.

137. Izvestiia, No. 191 (October 7, 1917), 4; Revoliutsiia, V, 37.

138. Revoliutsiia, V, 38, 67.

139. Ibid., 52.

140. Ibid., 52, 237–38.

141. PR, No. 10 (1922), 53–54.

142. Ibid., 86.

143. I. I. Mints, ed., Dokumenty velikoi proletarskoi revoliutsii, I (Moscow, 1938), 22.

144. Rabochii put’, No. 33 (1917), cited in Revoliutsiia, V, 238.

145. Trotsky, History, III, 353.

146. Rabochii put’, No. 35 (1917), cited in Revoliutsiia, V, 70–71; Izvestiia, No. 197 (October 14, 1917). 5.

147. Utro Rossii, cited in Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 34n.

148. Izvestiia, No. 199 (October 17, 1917), 8; Revoliutsiia, V, 101.

149. Izvestiia, No. 201 (October 19, 1917), 5.

150. Revoliutsiia, V, 132.

151. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, VII (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1923), 90–92.

152. Protokoly TsK, 83–86.

153. L. Trotskii, O Lenine (Moscow, 1924), 70–73.

154. Ibid., 70–71.

155. Protokoly TsK, 87–92.

156. Ibid., 86; Trotskii, O Lenine, 72.

157. Iu. Kamenev in NZh, No. 156/150 (October 18, 1917), 3.

158. Truncated minutes in Protokoly TsK, 106–21.

159. Ibid., 113.

160. DN, No. 154 (September 11, 1917), 3, and No. 169 (October 1, 1917), 1.

161. Trotskii, O Lenine, 69.

162. Mints, Dokumenty, I, 3.

163. C. Malaparte, Coup d’Etat: The Technique of Revolution (New York, 1932), 180.

164. V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, V semnadtsatom godu (Moscow, 1933), 276.

165. Robert V. Daniels, Red October (New York, 1967), 118.

166. See Kritika, IV, No. 3 (Spring 1968), 21–32; N. I. Podvoiskii, God 1917 (Moscow, 1958), 104.

167. Trotsky, History, III, 290–91.

168. G. L. Sobolev in IZ, No. 88 (1971), 77.

169. Sukhanov, Zapiski, VII, 161.

170. O. Dzenis in Living Age, No. 4,049 (February 11, 1922), 328.

171. Izvestiia, No. 204 (October 22, 1917), 3; Revoliutsiia, V, 144–45.

172. Podvoiskii, God 1917, 106–8.

173. Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 68–69; Antonov-Ovseenko, Vsemnadtsatom godu, 283; NZh, No. 161/155 (October 24, 1917), 3.

174. D. A. Chugaev, ed., Petrogradskii Voenno-Revoliutsionnyi Komitet: Dokumenty i materialy, I (Moscow, 1966), 63. This declaration first appeared on October 24 in the Bolshevik daily Rabochii put’.

175. NZh, No. 161/155 (October 24, 1917), 3.

176. Protokoly TsK, 119, 269; Revoliutsiia, V, 160.

177. A. Sadovskii in PR, No. 10 (1922), 76–77; Revoliutsiia, V, 151; Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 69.

178. Revoliutsiia, V, 163–64; Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 69.

179. Revoliutsiia, V, 111–12.

180. Nabokov and the Provisional Government, 78.

181. G. Buchanan, My Mission to Russia (Boston, 1923), II, 201; Cf. J. Noulens, Mon Ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919, I (Paris, 1933), 116.

182. Buchanan, Mission, II, 214.

183. KA, 1/56 (1933), 137.

184. Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 93–94.

185. Ibid., 88–89.

186. P. N. Maliantovich in Byloe, No. 12 (1918), 113.

187. Revoliutsiia, V, 164, 263–64.

188. SD, No. 193 (October 26, 1917), 1.

189. Trotskii, O Lenine, 74.

190. Maliantovich in Byloe, No. 12 (1918), 114.

191. Ibid., 115.

192. Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 84–85; Alexander Kerensky, Russia and History’s Turning Point (New York, 1965), 435–36.

193. S. Uralov in PR, No. 10/33 (1924), 277.

194. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 15–16.

195. Trotsky, History, III, 305–6.

196. K. G. Kotelnikov, ed., Vtoroi Vserossiiskii S”ezd Sovetov R. i S.D. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), 164, 166.

197. Ibid., 165–66.

198. Trotskii, O Lenine, 77.

199. Rech’, No. 252 (October 26, 1917), in Revoliutsiia, V, 182.

200. Revoliutsiia, V, 189.

201. Dzenis in Living Age, No. 4,049 (February 11, 1922), 331.

202. Maliantovich in Byloe, No. 12 (1918), 129–30.

203. Decision of the Ispolkom of the All-Russian Soviet of Peasants’ Deputies on October 24, in A. V. Shestakov, ed., Sovety krest’ianskikh deputatov i drugie krest’ianskie organizatsii, I, Pt. 1 (Moscow, 1929), 288.

204. Revoliutsiia, V, 182.

205. L. Trotskii, Istoriia russkoi revoliutsii, II, Pt. 2 (Berlin, 1933), 327.

206. Revoliutsiia, V, 284.

207. Oskar Anweiler, The Soviets (New York, 1974), 260–61.

208. G. Rauzans in Cina (Riga), November 7, 1987. I owe this reference to Professor Andrew Ezergailis.

209. Kotelnikov, S”ezd Sovetov, 37–38, 41–42.

210. Sukhanov, Zapiski, VII, 203.

211. Dekrety, I, 12–16.

212. Ibid., 17–20.

213. Ibid., 17–18.

214. Ibid., 20–21.

215. Sukhanov, Zapiski, VII, 266. Lenin’s offer to Trotsky: Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1870–1921 (New York-London, 1954), 325.

216. Revoliutsiia, VI, 1.

217. E. Ignatov in PR, No. 4/75 (1928), 31.

218. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 20.

219. Dekrety, I, 18.

220. Ibid., 20.

221. Ibid., 25–26.

222. Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 209–10.

223. Protokoly TsK, 106–7.

224. Revoliutsiia, V, 193–94; Revoliutsiia, VI, 4–5; D. A. Chugaev, ed., Triumfal’noe shestvie sovetskoi vlasti (Moscow, 1963), 500.

225. V. A. Kondratev, ed., Moskovskii Voenno-Revoliutsionnyi Komitet: Oktiabr’–Noiabr’ 1917 goda (Moscow, 1968), 22.

226. Ibid., 78.

227. Ibid., 103–4.

228. Ibid., 161.

229. Among those who have are V. Leikina in PR, No. 2/49 (1926), 185–233, No. 11/58 (1926), 234–55, and No. 12/59 (1926), 238–54, and John L. H. Keep in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 180–216.

230. L. Trotskii, Sochineniia, III, Pt. 1 (Moscow, n.d.), L.

231. Dekrety, I, 2.

232. W. Pietsch, Revolution und Staat (Köln, 1969), 68; Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 46.

233. NZh, No. 173/167 (November 5, 1917), 1.

234. NZh, No. 171/165 (November 3, 1917), 3. The French Consul, F. Grenard, reports a similar reaction in Petrograd: La Révolution Russe (Paris, 1933), 285. For the provinces, see Keep in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, 211.

Chapter 12

1. W. Pietsch, Revolution und Staat (Köln, 1969), 140.

2. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, VII (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1923), 266.

3. R. M. Maclver, The Web of Government (New York, 1947), 123.

4. E. Frankel, The Dual State (London-New York, 1941).

5. C. C. Brinton, The Jacobins (New York, 1961).

6. K. G. Kotelnikov, ed., Vtoroi Vserossiiskii S”ezd Sovetov R. iS.D. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), 107.

7. Desiatyi S”ezd RKP (b), Mart 1921 goda: Stenograficheskii otchët (Moscow, 1963), 407.

8. I. Stalin, Voprosy Leninizma, nth ed. (Moscow, 1952), 126.

9. Deviatyi S”ezd RKP (b): Protokoly (Moscow, 1960), 307.

10. Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1960), 231; BSE, XI, 531.

11. Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), 177.

12. Sukhanov, Zapiski, II, 244.

13. B. Avilov in NZh, No. 18/232 (January 25/February 7, 1918), 1.

14. Krasnaia gazeta, No. 7 (February 2, 1918), 4.

15. See Dokumenty stavki E. I. Pugacheva, povstancheskikh vlastei i uchrezhdenii, 1773–1774 (Moscow, 1975), 48, and R. V. Ovchinnikov, Manifesty i ukazy E. I. Pugacheva (Moscow, 1980), 122–32.

16. V. Tikhomirnov in VS, No. 27 (1918), 12.

17. Pietsch, Revolution, 77.

18. J. Bunyan and H. H. Fisher, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–18: Documents and Materials (Stanford, Calif., 1934), 277.

19. L. M[artov] in Novyi luch, No. 10/34 (January 18, 1918), 1.

20. Pietsch, Revolution, 80.

21. S. Studenikin, ed., Istoriia sovetskoi konstitutsii v dekretakh i postanovleniiakh sovetskogo pravitel’stva 1917–1936 (Moscow, 1936), 66.

22. Dekrety, I, 20.

23. A. Taniaev, Ocherki po istorii dvizheniia zheleznodorozhnikov v revoliutsii 1917 goda (Fevral’-Oktiabr’) (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925), 137–39.

24. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP (b): Avgust 1917-Fevral’ 1918 (Moscow, 1958), 271; and Revoliutsiia, VI, 21.

25. Revoliutsiia, VI, 22–23. P. Vompe’s Dni oktiabrskoi revoliutsii izheleznodorozhniki (Moscow, 1924), which is said to contain minutes of the meetings of the Union of Railroad Employees and Workers, was not available to me.

26. Protokoly TsK, 271–72. According to L. Schapiro, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1977), 74, the minutes of this meeting have been removed from the published protocols of the Central Committee. They can be found in L. Trotskii’s Stalinskaia shkola fal’sifikatsii (Berlin, 1932), 116–31. See also Oktiabr’skoe vooruzhënnoe vosstanie, II (Leningrad, 1967), 405–10.

27. Protokoly TsK, 126–27.

28. Trotskii, Stalinskaia shkola fal’sifikatsii, 124.

29. Izvestiia, November 4/17, 1917, cited in Protokoly TsK, 135.

30. Revoliutsiia, VI, 423–24.

31. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Vospominaniia o Lenine (Moscow, 1969), 143.

32. A. L. Fraiman, Forpost sotsialisticheskoi revoliutsii (Leningrad, 1969), 166–67.

33. Revoliutsiia, VI, 91.

34. Fraiman, Forpost, 169.

35. Korolenko, “Protest,” in Gazeta-Protest Soiuza Russkikh Pisatelei, November 26, 1917. A copy of this paper is available at the Hoover Institution.

36. Iu. Larin in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 16–17.

37. M. P. Iroshnikov, Sozdanie sovetskogo tsentral’nogo gosudarstvennogo apparata, 2nd. ed. (Leningrad, 1967), 115; John L. H. Keep, ed., The Debate on Soviet Power (Oxford, 1979), 78–79.

38. Protokoly zasedanii Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta Rabochikh, Soldatskikh, Krest’ianskikh i KazachHkh Deputatov II Sozyva (Moscow, 1918), 28.

39. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 304–5.

40. Ibid., XXXV, 58.

41. Protokoly zasedanii, 31.

42. Ibid., 32.

43. Revoliutsiia, VI, 73.

44. Protokoly zasedanii, 31–32.

45. I. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommissar war (Munich, 1929), 148.

46. S. Piontkovskii in BK, No. 1 (1934), 112.

47. S. A. Fediukin, Velikii Oktiabr’ i intelligentsiia (Moscow, 1972); E. Ignatov in PR, No. 4/75 (Moscow, 1928), 34.

48. The story of these events is very inadequately covered. See D. Antoshkin, Professional’noe dvizhenie sluzhashchikh, 1917–1924 gg. (Moscow, 1927), and Z. A. Miretskii in A. Anskii, ed., Professional’noe dvizhenie v Petrograde v 1917 g.: Ocherki i materialy (Leningrad, 1928), 231–42.

49. DN, Nos. 191 and 192 (Oct. 28, 1917); NZh, No. 164/158 (October 27, 1917), 3.

50. Revoliutsiia, VI, 14.

51. Volia naroda, No. 156 (October 29, 1917), cited in Bunyan and Fisher, Bolshevik Revolution, 225.

52. VS, No. 11 (1919), 5.

53. DN, No. 191 (November 10, 1917), 3, cited in Bunyan and Fisher, Bolshevik Revolution, 226.

54. Protokoly II’go Vserossiskogo S”ezda Kommissarov Truda (1918), 9 and 17, cited in M. Dewar, Labour Policy in the USSR (London, 1956), 17–18.

55. Revoliutsiia, VI, 50.

56. NZh, No. 178/172 (November 11/24, 1917), 3; B. M. Morozov, Sozdanie i ukreplenie sovetskogo gosudarstvennogo apparata (Moscow, 1957), 52.

57. Dekrety, I, 27–28.

58. NZh, No. 182/176 (November 16/29, 1917).

59. N. Osinskii in EZh, No. 1 (November 6, 1918), 2–3. See also A. M. Gindin, Kak bol’sheviki ovladeli Gosudarstvennym Bankom (Moscow, 1961).

60. NV, No. 6 (December 6/18, 1917), 3.

61. Ibid., No. 25 (December 30, 1917), 3.

62. LS, XXXV, 7.

63. N. Gorbunov in Pravda, No. 255/3,787 (November 6/7, 1927), 9.

64. Ibid.; Larin in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 16–17.

65. S. Liberman, Building Lenin’s Russia (Chicago, 1945), 13.

66. D. A. Chugaev, ed., Triumfal’noe shestvie sovetskoi vlasti, Pt. 1 (Moscow, 1963), 140.

67. L. Trotskii, Moia zhizn’, II (Berlin, 1930), 65; Lenin, PSS, XXXVIII, 198; Liberman, Building, 8.

68. SUiR, I, No. 309, 296–97

69. Izvestiia, No. 244 (December 6, 1917), 6–7.

70. Ibid., No. 249 (December 12, 1917), 6.

71. Pravda, No. 91 (April 20, 1924), 3.

72. NZh, No. 206/200 (December 20, 1917/January 2, 1918), cited in Revoliutsiia, VI, 377.

73. Kh. A. Eritsian, Sovety krest’ianskikh deputatov v oktiabr’skoi revoliutsii (Moscow, 1960), 143.

74. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommissar war, 42.

75. See, for example, Trotsky’s speech in the Petrograd Soviet as reported in NZh, No. 138/132 (September 27, 1917), 3.

76. Pravda, No. 170/101 (October 27, 1917), 1.

77. N. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine (Moscow, 1957), 74; Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 185.

78. Dekrety, I, 25–26.

79. Izvestiia, No. 213 (November 1, 1917), 2.

80. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 135.

81. Ibid., XXXIV, 266.

82. Peter Scheibert, Lenin an der Macht (Weinheim, 1984), 418.

83. Based on L. M. Spirin, Klassy i partii v grazhdanskoi voine v Rossii (1917–20 gg.) (Moscow, 1968), 416–25, and L. M. Spirin, Krushenie pomeshchich ’ikh i burzhuaznykh partii v Rossii (Moscow, 1977), 300–41.

84. DN, No. 2/247 (January 4, 1918), 1.

85. Oliver Radkey, The Election to the Russian Constituent Assembly of 1917 (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), 15.

86. O. N. Znamenskii, Vserossiiskoe Uchreditel’noe Sobranie (Leningrad, 1976), Tables 1 and 2.

87. Lenin, PSS, XL, 7.

88. Radkey, Election, 38.

89. Lenin, PSS, XL, 16–18.

90. Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 275, 358.

91. Lenin, PSS, XL, 10.

92. Fraiman, Forpost, 163.

93. Dekrety, I, 159.

94. Revoliutsiia, VI, 187.

95. Fraiman, Forpost, 163.

96. Revoliutsiia, VI, 192.

97. Ibid., 199.

98. NV, No. 1 (November 30, 1917), 1–2, and No. 2 (December 1, 1917), 2; Pravda, No. 91 (April 20, 1924), 3; and Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 309–10.

99. NV, No. 1 (November 30, 1917), 2; Revoliutsiia, VI, 225.

100. Dekrety, I, 162.

101. Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 231.

102. Protokoly TsK, 149–150.

103. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 106.

104. Ibid. 164–65, 166.

105. Protokoly TsK, 175.

106. Znamia truda, No. 111 (January 5/18, 1918), 3.

107. N. Rubinshtein, Bol’sheviki i Uchreditel’noe Sobranie (Moscow, 1938), 76.

108. B. F. Sokolov in ARR, XIII (Berlin, 1924), 48; Fraiman, Forpost, 201.

109. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Tri pokusheniia na V. I. Lenina (Moscow, 1930), 3–77.

110. Sokolov in ARR, XIII, 50, 60–61.

111. Ibid., 61.

112. Pravda, No. 3/230 (January 5/18, 1918), 4.

113. Trotsky in ibid., No. 91 (April 20, 1924), 3.

114. Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 334–35; Fraiman, Forpost, 204.

115. Pravda, No. 2/229 (January 4/17, 1918), 1, 3.

116. M. V. Vishniak, Vserossiiskoe Uchreditel’noe Sobranie (Paris, 1932), 99–100.

117. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Na boevykh postakh fevral’skoi i oktiabr’skoi revoliutsii (Moscow, 1930), 256.

118. DN, No. 2/247 (January 4, 1918), 2.

119. Sokolov in ARR, XIII, 66.

120. A. S. Izgoev in ARR, X, 24–25; Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 340.

121. Descriptions in DN, No. 4 (January 7, 1918), 2; Griaduiushchyi den’, No. 30 (January 6, 1918), 4; Pravda, No. 5 (January 6/19, 1918), 2.

122. NZh, No. 7/23 (January 11/24, 1918), 2, and Scheibert, Lenin, 19.

123. NZh, No. 7/23 (January 11/24, 1918), 2.

124. I. S. Malchevskii, ed., Vserossiiskoe Uchreditel’noe Sobranie (Moscow-Leningrad, 1930), 3.

125. Dekrety, I, 321–23.

126. Lenin, Khronika, V, 180–81; Malchevskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 217.

127. Bunyan and Fisher, Bolshevik Revolution, 384–86.

128. Pravda, No. 4/231 (January 6/19, 1918), 1.

129. NV, No. 7 (January 12/25, 1918), 3, in Bunyan and Fisher, Bolshevik Revolution, 389.

130. Sokolov in ARR, XIII, 54.

131. Trotsky in Pravda, No. 91 (April 20, 1924), 3.

132. E. Ignatov in PR, No. 5/76 (1928), 28–29.

133. Trotsky in Pravda, No. 91 (April 20, 1924), 3.

134. Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 323.

135. V. I. Ignatev, Nekotorye fakty i itogi chetyrëkh let grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow, 1922), 8.

136. D. S. Mirsky, Modern Russian Literature (London, 1925), 89.

137. Sokolov in ARR, XIII, 6.

138. Dewar, Labour Policy, 37.

139. A. S. Izgoev in NV, No. 94/118 (June 16, 1918), 1.

140. G. Aronson, “Na perelome,” Manuscript, Hoover Institution, Nikolaevskii Archive, DK 265.89/L2A76, is the best account of these events.

141. Kontinent, No. 2 (1975), 385–419.

142. NV, No. 91/115 (May 9, 1918), 3.

143. NV, No. 92/116 (May 10, 1918), 3.

144. NS, No. 23 (May 15, 1918), 3.

145. NV, No. 92/116 (May 10, 1918), 3.

146. Ibid.

147. Vladimir Brovkin in RR, January 1983, 47. Aronson, “Na perelome,” 23–24, confirms this assessment.

148. B. Avilov in NZh, No. 96/311 (May 22, 1918), 1.

149. Ibid., No. 99/314 (May 25, 1918), 4.

150. Otro, June 3, 1918, cited in Aronson, “Na perelome,” 15–16.

151. Aronson, “Na perelome,” 7–8.

152. NZh, No. 164/158 (October 27, 1917), 1.

153. NZh, No. 20/234 (January 27, 1918), 1.

154. NZh, No. 111/326 (June 8, 1918), 3.

155. Aronson, “Na perelome,” 21.

156. Dekrety, II, 30–31; Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 599.

157. W. G. Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution (Princeton, N.J., 1974), 263–300.

158. NZh, No. 115/330 (June 16, 1918), 3.

159. W. G. Rosenberg in SR, XLIV, No. 3 (July 1985), 235.

160. NZh, No. 122/337 (June 26, 1918), 3.

161. See, e.g., Stroev in NZh, No. 127/342 (July 2, 1918), 1.

162. NV, No. 106/130 (July 2, 1918), 3.

163. NV, No. 107/131 (July 3, 1918), 3, and No. 108/132 (July 4, 1918), 4; NZh, No. 128/343 (July 3, 1918), I.

Chapter 13

1. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 310.

2. Ibid., XXXV, 250.

3. Ibid., 247; emphasis supplied.

4. Sed’moi Ekstrennyi S”ezd RKP (b) (Moscow, 1962), 171.

5. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia ot peregovorov v Brest-Litovske do podpisaniia Rapall’skogo dogovora, I (Moscow, 1968), 647–49.

6. C. K. Cumming and W. W. Pettit, eds., Russian-American Relations March 1917-March 1920 (New York, 1920), 53–54.

7. Dekrety, I, 16.

8. E.g. Revoliutsiia, V, 285–86.

9. Fritz Fischer, Germany’s Aims in the First World War (New York, 1967), 477.

10. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 278.

11. Ibid., 108.

12. Ibid., 184.

13. One example in ibid., 68–75. See also Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 483–84.

14. See, e.g., Paul Rohrbach’s Russland und wir (Stuttgart, 1915).

15. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 194–96.

16. Rohrbach, Russland und wir, 3.

17. Fritz Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht (Düsseldorf, 1967), passim.

18. Winfried Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918 (Vienna-Munich, 1966), 245–46.

19. Deutsche Politik, No. 26 (June 28, 1918), 805–6.

20. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1870–1921 (New York-London, 1954), 387.

21. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 153–54.

22. Ibid., I, 66–67.

23. Ibid. 59–60; Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 488, has a six-point program.

24. J. Buchan, A History of the Great War, IV (Boston, 1922), 137.

25. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 148–50; Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 487–90.

26. Gerald Freund, Unholy Alliance (New York, 1957), 4.

27. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 194–97, 208.

28. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 30.

29. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 183, 190; Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 487.

30. See my Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–23 (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 114–26.

31. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 229; J. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace (London-New York, 1956), 173–74.

32. W. Hahlweg, Der Diktatfrieden von Brest-Litowsk (Münster, 1960), 375.

33. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 229–30.

34. On the January 1918 strikes: G. Rosenfeld, Sowjet-Russland und Deutschland 1917–1922 (Köln, 1984), 46–55; Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 196.

35. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 599.

36. Stephen Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution (London, 1974), 65.

37. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 599; John Erickson in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 232–33; E. N. Gorodetskii, Rozhdenie Sovetskogo Gosudarstva (Moscow, 1965), 406–7.

38. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 243–52.

39. Ibid., 324; cf. Hahlweg, Diktatfrieden, 48.

40. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 255–58.

41. Russian text in Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 298–308; English translation in Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 392–402.

42. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 311–12.

43. Soviet declaration in Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 555–58.

44. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 314–15.

45. They are reproduced in VZ, XV, No. 1 (January 1967), 87–104.

46. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 278.

47. Ibid., 289–90, 318–19.

48. Protocols in Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 322–29; see also Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 23–26.

49. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 326–27; in German: Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 25.

50. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 677.

51. K. F. Nowak, ed., Die Aufzeichnungen des General Majors Max Hoffmann, I (Berlin, 1929), 187.

52. Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 383, 390.

53. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 677, and PSS, XXXV, 486–87.

54. Dekrety, I, 487–88; Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 339.

55. I. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommissar war (Munich, 1929), 206–7.

56. Dekrety, I, 490–91.

57. See below, Chap. 18.

58. R. Ullman, Intervention and the War (Princeton, N.J., 1961), 74.

59. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 65.

60. Ullman, Intervention, 137–38.

61. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 607; Gen. [Henri A.] Niessel, Le Triomphe des Bolcheviks et la Paix de Brest-Litovsk: Souvenirs, 1917–1918 (Paris, 1940), 277–78.

62. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la Révolution Bolchevique (Paris, 1920), 244–45.

63. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 489.

64. Niessel, Triomphe, 279–80.

65. Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 284–85; Sadoul, Notes, 262–63; Ullman, Intervention, 81.

66. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 341–43.

67. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP (b) (Moscow, 1958), 211–18.

68. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 376–80.

69. Protokoly TsK, 219–28.

70. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 558.

71. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 385–86.

72. Ibid., 399.

73. Ibid., XXXVI, 24.

74. Niessel, Triomphe, 299.

75. Ia. Piletskii in NZh, No. 38/253 (March 9, 1918), 2; see also V. Stroev, NZh, No. 40/255 (March 12, 1918), 1.

76. See V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Pereezd V. I. Lenina v Moskvu (Moscow, 1926).

77. Hahlweg, Diktatfrieden, 51.

78. Piletskii in NZh, No. 41/256 (March 14, 1918), 1.

79. These are documented in Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 370–430, and analyzed in Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 269–75.

80. Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 275.

81. W. Baumgart in VZ, XVI, No. 2 (January 1968), 84.

82. J. Degras, Documents of Russian Foreign Policy, I (London, 1951), 56–57. Document dated March 5, 1918.

83. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 82–84.

84. Ibid., 85–86.

85. J. Noulens, Mon Ambassade en Russie Soviétique, II (Paris, 1933), 116; cf. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 161–62.

86. NZh, No. 54/269 (March 16/29, 1918), 4; D. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy (New York, 1922), 264–65. Brian Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin (London, 1988), 15–16.

87. NS, No. 23 (May 15, 1918), 2.

88. NZh, No. 54/269 (March 16/29, 1918), 4.

89. Letter dated April 12, 1918, in Sadoul, Notes, 305. On German pressure: Lenin in NS, No. 23 (May 15, 1918), 2.

90. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 3–26.

91. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 559–61, 613.

92. KPSS v rezoliutsiiakh i resheniiakh s”ezdov, konferentsii iplenumov TsK, 1898–1953, 7th ed., I (Moscow, 1953), 405; cf. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 37–38, 40.

93. George Kennan, Russia Leaves the War (Princeton, N.J., 1956), 255.

94. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 70.

95. Dekrety, I, 386–87; on this, see below, Chap. 15.

96. NKh, No. 11 (1918), 19–20.

97. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 87–88.

98. Ibid., 91–92.

99. Ibid., 89; Russian original in Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 91.

100. Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 34–35.

101. Izvestiia, No. 190/454 (September 4, 1918), 3.

102. See below, Chap. 14.

103. Izvestiia, No. 242/506 (November 5, 1918), 4.

104. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 331.

105. Ibid., 340.

106. Ibid., XLI, 55.

Chapter 14

1. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 245.

2. Dekrety, I, 16.

3. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 79.

4 E. N. Gorodetskii, Rozhdenie sovetskogo gosudarstva (Moscow, 1965), 402–3; John Erickson in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 230–31.

5. M. Mayzel, An Army in Transition: The Russian High Command, October 1917–May 1918 (Tel Aviv University, 1976), in Slavic and Soviet Series, I, No. 5 (September 1976).

6. A. G. Kavtaradze, Voennye spetsialisty na sluzhbe Respubliki Sovetov, 1917–1920 gg. (Moscow, 1988), passim.

7. Gorodetskii, Rozhdenie, 399–401; Erickson in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, 232.

8. Gorodetskii, Rozhdenie, 416.

9. Dekrety, I, 342, 356–57.

10. Dekrety, I, 588; Izvestiia, No. 17/281 (January 23, 1918), 3.

11. NZh, No. 23/237 (February 13, 1918), 1; cf. Leon Trotsky, Revolution Betrayed (New York, 1972), 210–11.

12. Lenin, PSS, XXXVIII, 139.

13. Dekrety, I, 356.

14. Ia. Kaimin, Latyshskie strelki v bor’be za pobedu Oktiabr’skoi revoliutsii (Riga, 1961), 27–37.

15. NZh, No. 112/327 (June 9, 1918), 3; Dekrety, II, 440.

16. NZh, No. 101/316 (May 28, 1918), 4.

17. I. I. Vatsetis in Pamia’, No. 2 (Paris, 1979), 44.

18. Dekrety, I, 577.

19. Ibid., 522–23; II, 63–70, 569–70; Lenin, Khronika, V, 291; Kavtaradze, Voennye spetsialisty, 72–88.

20. Dekrety, II, 63–70.

21. Gen. [Henri A.] Niessel, Le Triomphe des Bolcheviks et la Paix de Brest-Litovsk: Souvenirs, 1917–1918 (Paris, 1940), 329–30.

22. J. Noulens, Mon Ambassade en Russie Soviétique, II (Paris, 1933), 27; cf. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la Révolution Bolchevique (Paris, 1920), 274, 277; Niessel, Triomphe, 331.

23. Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 70–71.

24. Sadoul, Notes, 290–91. Letter dated April 6, 1918.

25. C. K. Cumming and W. W. Pettit, eds., Russian-American Relations March 1917–March 1920 (New York, 1920), 98.

26. Ibid., 100.

27. Lenin, Khronika, V, 356; Russian-American Relations, 130–31.

28. Lenin, Khronika, V, 452–53; G. Kennan, The Decision to Intervene (Princeton, N.J., 1958), 217–18; Winfried Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918 (Vienna-Munich, 1966), 265–66; Lenin, PSS, L, 74–75.

29. NS, No. 23 (May 15, 1918), 2.

30. Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 53.

31. K. D. Erdmann, ed., Kurt Riezler: Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente (Göttingen, 1972), 462.

32. See his Mit Graf Mirbach in Moskau (Tübingen, 1922). Bothmer kept a diary, which has not been published: W. Baumgart in VZ, XVI, No. 1 (1968), 73n.

33. Report of April 30, 1918, in VZ, XVI, No. 1 (1968), 77–78. English translation in Z. A. B. Zeman, ed., Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918 (London, 1958), 120–21.

34. Erdmann, Riezler, 463.

35. Baumgart in VZ, XVI, No. 1 (1968), 80. Report dated May 16. Cf. Zeman, Germany, 126–27.

36. Archives of German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Deutschland, No. 131, Geheime Akten, Russland No. 134.

37. Baumgart in VZ, XVI, No. 1 (1968), 81–83.

38. Ibid., 83.

39. Erdmann, Riezler, 466n.

40. Zeman, Germany, 130, 133.

41. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 213.

42. Baumgart in VZ, XVI, No. 1 (1968), 88.

43. Ibid., 89–90, 92–93; Erdmann, Riezler, 466–67.

44. Zeman, Germany, 138, 131.

45. Louis Fischer, The Soviets in World Affairs, I (London, 1930), 75.

46. Lenin, Khronika, VI, 146; J. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace (London-New York, 1956), 355.

47. VZh, No. 5 (1919), 35.

48. Ibid., 36–37.

49. H. Tiedemann, Sowjetrussland und die Revolutionierung Deutschlands, 1917–1919 (Berlin, 1936), 74; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 349n.

50. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 338–41.

51. VZh, No. 5 (1919), 35.

52. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 262–64.

53. I. K. Kobliakov in ISSSR, No. 4 (1958), 12.

54. Text: H. W. Gatzke in VZ, III, No. 1 (1955), 79; cf. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 283–84.

55. Gatzke in VZ, III, No. 1 (1955), 94. Letter dated August 8, 1918.

56. See below, p. 633.

57. Lenin, Khronika, V, 318–19; R. Ullman, Intervention and the War (Princeton, N.J., 1961), 152.

58. T. G. Masaryk, Die Weltrevolution (Berlin, 1925), 197–99, 209.

59. M. Klante, Von der Wolga zum Amur (Berlin, 1931), 137.

60. S. P. Melgunov, Tragediia Admirala Kolchaka, I (Belgrade, 1930), 133.

61. N. N. Golovin, Rossiiskaia kontr-revoliutsiia v 1917–1918 gg., Pt. 3, Book 7 (Tallinn-Paris, 1937), 67; Klante, Von der Wolga, 134–36.

62. Klante, Von der Wolga, 100.

63. Ullman, Intervention, 154–55; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 53.

64. Sadoul, Notes, 368; Kennan, Decision, 150.

65. Sadoul, Notes, 366; Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, Pt. 3, Book 7, 71n.

66. V. Maksakov and A. Turunov, Khronika grazhdanskoi voiny v Sibiri, 1917–1918 (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 168.

67. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 56–57.

68. J. Bunyan, Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia (Baltimore, 1936), 89.

69. Ibid., 90.

70. Melgunov, Tragediia Admirala Kolchaka, I, 43.

71. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 345; Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach, 63.

72. Dekrety, II, 151–53.

73. Ibid., 334–35.

74. NZh, No. 110/325 (June 7, 1918), 3.

75. Dekrety, III, 108–9.

76. Erickson in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, 248.

77. Dekrety, III, 111–13.

78. Erickson in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, 257–58.

79. Protokoly zasedanii Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta 5-go Sozyva: Stenograficheskii Otchët (Moscow, 1919), 80.

80. NZh, No. 93/308 (May 18, 1918), 3.

81. G. Lelevich [L. Mogilevskii], V dni samarskoi uchreditilki (Moscow, 1921), 9–10 and passim; also Lenin, Sochineniia, XXIII, 644; G. Stewart, The White Armies of Russia (New York, 1933), 145.

82. Klante, Von der Wolga, passim.

83. Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, Pt. 3, Book 7, 72.

84. A. Hogenhuis-Seliverstoff, Les Relations Franco-Soviétiques, 1917–1924 (Paris, 1981), 65.

85. Sadoul, Notes, 369–71.

86. Klante, Von der Wolga, 178.

87. Erdmann, Riezler, 711.

88. Ibid., 474.

89. Ibid., 81, 269–70, 279–80.

90. Ibid., 385–87.

91. Ibid., 74–75.

92. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 84.

93. Ibid., 110, note 78.

94. French Foreign Ministry Archives, April 26, 1918, Lavergne, Z 391.9.

95. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 84; Erdmann, Riezler, 467.

96. Izvestiia, No. 138 (July 5, 1918), 5.

97. V. Vladimirova in PR, No. 4/63 (1927), 110–11.

98. On the meeting: Krasnaia Kniga VChK, II (Moscow, 1920), 129–30; K. Gusev, Krakh partii levykh eserov (Moscow, 1963), 193–94.

99. Krasnaia Kniga VChK, II, 129–30.

100. Erdmann, Riezler, 467; A. Paquet, Im Kommunistischen Russland: Briefe aus Moskau (Jena, 1919), 26.

101. Znamia truda, No. 238 (June 29, 1918), 1; repeated on June 30 and July 2.

102. Bunyan, Intervention, 197–98.

103. Ibid. 198–204.

104. Deposition dated May 8, 1919, in Krasnaia Kniga VChK, II, 224–33.

105. Text in Boris Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei Verkhovnogo Suda SSSR (Moscow, 1924), 225–26; Erdmann, Riezler, 713–15.

106. This description follows the deposition made by Riezler in 1952: Erdmann, Riezler, 713–14.

107. Lenin, Khronika, V, 606.

108. Erdmann, Riezler, 715; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 228, note 71.

109. L. M. Spirin, Krakh odnoi avantiury (Moscow, 1971), 35

110. Ibid. 38.

111. Krasnaia Kniga VChK, II, 194.

112. Vladimirova in PR, No. 4/63 (1927), 121.

113. Vatsetis in Pamiat’, No. 2, 19.

114. Piatyi Vserossiiskii S”ezd Sovetov: Stenograficheskii Otchët (Moscow, 1918), July 9, 1918, 3rd session, 109.

115. F. Z. Dzerzhinskii in Pravda, No. 139 (July 8, 1918); reproduced in his Izbrannye Proizvedeniia, I (Moscow, 1967), 265.

116. Vatsetis in Pamiat’, No. 2, 19.

117. NV, No. 113/137 (July 10, 1918), 3.

118. J. [Isaac] Steinberg, “The Events of July 1918,” Manuscript, Hoover Institution Archive, DK 265. S818, p. 20.

119. Spirin, Krakh, 42.

120. Steinberg, “The Events,” 122.

121. Lenin, Khronika, V, 610.

122. Vatsetis in Pamiat’, No. 2, 26–27.

123. Ibid., 27.

124. Ibid., 28.

125. Ibid., 40–41.

126. Erdmann, Riezler, 715.

127. K. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg, III (Berlin, 1919), 654.

128. Pravda, No. 156 (July 27, 1918), 1.

129. Petrogradskaia Pravda, No. 233/459 (October 24, 1918), 1.

130. George Katkov in David Footman, ed., St Antony’s Papers, No. 12: Soviet Affairs, No. 3 (London, 1962), 53–93.

131. Winfried Baumgart, ed., Von Brest-Litovsk zur deutschen Novemberrevolution (Göttingen [1971]), 65.

132. Spirin, Krakh, 80.

133. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg, III, 654

134. I. Steinberg, Spiridonova (New York, 1935), 247; Pamiat’, No. 2, 80.

135. Spirin, Krakh, 85.1. Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921 (New York-London, 1954), 403; Lev Trotskii, Portrety revoliutsionerov (Benson, Vt., 1988), 268–78.

136. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXIII, 561, 581–84.

137. Pravda, No. 139 (July 8, 1918), 1.

138. A biographical sketch of him by S. P. Melgunov can be found in Na puti k “tretei” Rossii (Warsaw, 1920).

139. A. I. Denikin, Ocherki russkoi smuty, HI (Berlin, 1924), 79.

140. PN, No. 1342 (September 10, 1924), 2.

141. Masaryk, Die Wehrevolution, 209.

142. Boris Savinkov, Bor’ba’s Bol’shevikami (Warsaw, 1923), 26; Boris Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei Verkhovnogo Suda SSSR (Moscow, 1924), 64; Denikin, Ocherki, III, 79.

143. Ullman, Intervention, 190.

144. Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 108–9.

145. French Foreign Ministry Archives, No. 223, May 5, 1918; Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei, 58.

146. Perkhurov in S. and M. Broide, Iaroslavskii miatezh: po zapiskam Generala Perkhurova (Moscow, 1930), 16.

147. F. Grenard, La Révolution Russe (Paris, 1933), 322; cf. Kennan, Decision, 436, McLaren to Poole.

148. Savinkov, Bor’ba, 24.

149. Organization described in Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei, 48–49, 51.

150. Broide, Iaroslavskii miatezh, 17–18; Savinkov, Bor’ba, 29–30.

151. Broide, Iaroslavskii miatezh, 14–15.

152. Golos minuvshego na chuzoi storone, No. 6/19 (1928), 117.

153. Savinkov, Bor’ba, 28.

154. Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei, 56–57; Perkhurov in Broide, Iaroslavskii miatezh, 25.

155. Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei, 60.

156. Savinkov, Bor’ba, 28.

157. Perkhurov in Broide, Iaroslavskii miatezh, 19.

158. Perkhurov in ibid, 25.

159. Krasnaia Kniga VChK, II (Moscow, 1920), 101.

160. Spirin, Krakh, 11.

161. Testimony of the head of the German Repatriation Commission, Lt. Balk, in Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach, 150–54.

162. Krasnaia Kniga VChK, II, 106; Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach, 150–54.

163. Pravda, No. 155 (July 26, 1918), 3; Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach, 110.

164. The record of his trial: Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei and Delo Borisa Savinkova (Moscow, 1924).

165. In Broide, Iaroslavskii miatezh.

166. N. G. Palgunov and O. I. Rozanova, eds., Shesnadtsat’dnei: materialypo istorii iaroslavskogo belogvardeiskogo miatezha (Iaroslavl, 1924), 135–41.

167. A. Pacquet in Baumgart, Von Brest-Litovsk, 66–67.

168. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 230.

169. Erdmann, Riezler, 474.

170. Ibid., 719.

171. Ibid., 474–75.

172. Riezler in Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 230–31.

173. Pamiat’, No. 2, 43–44.

174. Erdmann, Riezler, 112–13; Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg, III, 652.

175. Denikin archive in Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University, “Iz dnevnika kniaziia Grigoriia Trubetskogo,” 8.

176. Erdmann, Riezler, 722.

177. Riezler’s cable of July 28, in Erdmann, Riezler, 732.

178. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 231; Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 523.

179. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 523–26.

180. Erdmann, Riezler, 467.

181. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 244.

182. Draft of policy paper dated July 11, as summarized in Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 225–26.

183. Kennan, Decision, 391–404; Ullman, Intervention, 192, 195–96.

184. Ullman, Intervention, 240–42.

185. Ibid.

186. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 102–4.

187. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, IV (London, 1975), 224.

188. Ullman, Intervention, 240.

189. Ibid.

190. Ibid.

191. Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 176.

192. Klante, Von der Wolga, 180–81.

193. J. Skačel, Československa Armada v Rusku a Kolčak (Prague, 1926), 36.

194. Klante, Von der Wolga, 195.

195. Melgunov, Tragediia, I, 100–1.

196. Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, Pt. 3, Book 7, 119.

197. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg, III, 653. Further: Lenin, PSS, L, 134–35; G. Rosenfeld, Sowjet-Russland und Deutschland, 1917–1922 (Köln, 1984), 119; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 108–10.

198. Erdmann, Riezler, 472n.

199. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 239–40. Cf. Rosenfeld, Sowjet-Russland, 119, where first publication of a similar analysis made by Helfferich on August 19.

200. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 245–46.

201. Rosenfeld, Sowjet-Russland, 106.

202. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 275.

203. ISSSR, No. 4 (1958), 13–14.

204. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 186, 280.

205. Lenin, Khronika, VI, 83.

206. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 114.

207. Intercepted message from Ioffe to Moscow in H. W. Gatzke, VZ, III, No. 1 (1955), 96–97, dated August 13.

208. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 115.

209. Europäische Gespräche, IV, No. 3 (1926), 148.

210. Gatzke in VZ, III, No. 1 (1955), 96–97.

211. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 302–3.

212. Protokoly VTsIK, 5-go Sozyva, 95.

213. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 317–18.

214. Kobliakov in ISSSR, No. 4 (1958), 15; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 319–21.

215. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 321–22; General Ludendorff, My War Memories, II (London, n.d.), 659.

216. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 97–100.

217. Bunyan, Intervention, 151; Protokoly VTsIK, 5-go Sozyva, 251–53.

218. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 357.

219. Ioffe in VZh, No. 5 (1919), 38.

220. Tiedemann, Sowjetrussland, 74; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 365n.

221. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 358. Soviet account of this episode in Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR, I (Moscow, 1957), 560–64.

222. SUiR, 1917–18, No. 947, 2, 207–8.

223. Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 370–71, 451–53.

224. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg, III, 656.

225. Richard K. Debo, Revolution and Survival (Liverpool, 1979), xiii.

226. Bryan Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin (London, 1987), 7.

Chapter 15

1. Sovetskaia Istoricheskaia Entsiklopediia, III (Moscow, 1963), 600.

2. Lenin, PSS, XLIII, 220.

3. Concerning this controversy, see Paul Craig Roberts in Alienation and the Soviet Economy (University of New Mexico Press, 1971), 20–47, and S. Malle, The Economic Organization of War Communism, 1918–1921 (Cambridge, 1985), 1–23.

4. L. Trotskii, Chto takoe SSSR i kuda on idët? (Paris, n.d.), 16.

5. SUiR, No. 154, 152; No. 674, 743–46.

6. Ibid., No. 425, 397–98 and No. 420, 394–96.

7. Ibid., No. 456, 428–30.

8. On this, see my Russia under the Old Regime (New York, 1974), especially Chap. 4.

9. Cited in R. Lorenz, Anfänge der Bolschewistischen Industriepolitik (Köln, 1965), 85. See further Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, II (Oxford, 1978), 297–304.

10. F. Pollock, Die Planwirtschaftlichen Versuche in der Sowjetunion, 1917–192J (Leipzig, 1929), 33.

11. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 307.

12. L. Trotskii, O Lenine (Moscow, 1924), 112.

13. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 307–8.

14. Ibid., XXXV, 123.

15. Iu. Larin in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 16.

16. Izvestiia, No. 229 (November 18, 1917), 3.

17. On him: Simon Liberman, Building Lenin’s Russia (Chicago, 1945), 55; NKh, No. 6 (1919), 27–32; Lorenz, Anfinge, 137–40; G. Tsyperovich, Sindikaty i tresty v dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii i v SSSR (Leningrad, 1927), 387–92.

18. See Meshcherskii’s account in NS, No. 33 (May 26, 1918), 3; Lorenz, Anfänge, 138.

19. Lorenz, Anfänge, 140; Tsyperovich, Sindikaty i tresty, 386–87.

20. NZh, No. 79/294 (April 28, 1918), 3.

21. Published in Germany as Arbeit, Disziplin und Ordnung werden die Sozialistische Sowjet-Republik Retten (Berlin, 1919).

22. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 300.

23. Ibid., 255; emphasis supplied.

24. Izvestiia, No. 76/340 (April 17, 1918), 2.

25. N. Osinskii, Stroitel’stvo sotsializma (Moscow, 1918).

26. Ibid., 46.

27. N. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, II (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1922), 239.

28. H. Taine, The French Revolution, II (New York, 1892), 13–14.

29. Cited in Malle, War Communism, 165.

30. Vosmoi S”ezd RKP (b): mart 1919 g, Protokoly (Moscow, 1959), 407–8.

31. S. Chutskaev in EZh, No. 225 (November 13, 1920), 2.

32. NKh, No. 1–2 (1920), 9.

33. EZh, No. 167 (July 31, 1920), 1.

34. E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–23, II (New York, 1952), 246.

35. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 351.

36. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXIII, 18; Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 351, omits first sentence in this citation.

37. Vosmoi S”ezd RKP (b), 407–8.

38. L. N. Iurovskii, Denezhnaia politika sovetskoi vlasti (1917–27) (Moscow, 1928), 43.

39. Dekrety, III, 454.

40. S. S. Katzenellenbaum, Russian Currency and Banking, 1914–24 (London, 1925), 74–75.

41. Dekrety, V, 189–90.

42. Iurovskii, Denezhnaia politika, 75.

43. Z. V. Atlas, Ocherki po istorii denezhnogo obrashcheniia v SSSR (1917–25) (Moscow, 1940), 58–59.

44. NKh, No. 1–2 (1920), 10.

45. Iurovskii, Denezhnaia politika, 71.

46. Ibid., 75.

47. Malle, War Communism, 164.

48. Peter Scheibert, Lenin an der Macht (Weinheim, 1984), 250.

49. Iurovskii, Denezhnaia politika, 73.

50. Katzenellenbaum, Russian Currency, 74–75.

51. Ibid., 77.

52. Deviatyi S”ezd RKP (b): Protokoly (Moscow, 1960), 426.

53. Ibid., 425.

54. Odinadtsatyi S”ezd RKP (b): Stenograficheskii Otchët (Moscow, 1961), 296.

55. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Right, 1905–1944 (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 140–41.

56. J. Bunyan, Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia 1918 (Baltimore, 1936), 406–7.

57. Dekrety, IV, 314–16, 457–61; V, 217–31.

58. NKh, No. 1–2 (1920), 8–9.

59. Lenin, Khronika, VIII, 291; cf. LS, XXIV, 95.

60. L. N. Yurovsky, Currency Problems and Policy of the Soviet Union (London, 1925), 22.

61. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 7.

62. EZh, No. 261 (November 9, 1920), 1.

63. Dekrety, 1,172–74. Its history can be found in V. Z. Drobizhev, Glavnyi shtab sotsialisticheskoi promyshlennosti (Moscow, 1966), and Tsyperovich, Sindikaty i tresty, 373–511.

64. EZh, No. 261 (November 9, 1920), 1.

65. Pollock, Planwirtschaftlichen Versuche, 80.

66. Liberman, Building, 67; A. Gurovich in ARR, VI (1922), 319.

67. Gurovich, loc. cit.

68. On him, see his autobiographical sketch in Granat, XLI, Pt. 1, 272–82, and recollections in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 16–23. Also Liberman, Building, 20–23.

69. Iu. Larin [M. Lure], Pis’ma 0 Germanii (Petrograd, n.d.).

70. See his letter in Revoliutsiia, IV, 383–84.

71. Rykov in NKh, No. io (1918), 31–32.

72. V. Miliutin, La Nationalisation de l’Industrie (Moscow, 1919), 8–9.

73. Dekrety, II, 498–503.

74. Larin in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 20; Liberman, Building, 24–26.

75. Larin, loc. cit.

76. L. N. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 64, 131–32.

77. Ibid., 62.

78. G. G. Shvittau, Revoliutsiia i narodnoe khoziaistvo v Rossii (1917–21) (Leipzig, 1922), 74.

79. A full list is in Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 103–4.

80. Larin in NKh, No. 9–10 (1922), 40.

81. On these, see A. Vainshtein in NKh, No. 5–6 (1920), 54–56.

82. V. P. Miliutin, Narodnoe Khoziaistvo Sovetskoi Rossii (Moscow, 1920), Appendix.

83. Deviatyi S”ezd RKP (b), 104.

84. Litvinov in Pravda, No. 262 (November 21, 1920), 1.

85. R. Arskii in EZh, No. 14 (November 23, 1918), 1.

86. A. Kaktyn in NKh, No. 4 (1919), 16–19.

87. Vainshtein in NKh, No. 5–6 (1920), 54–55.

88. Gurovich in ARR, VI (1922), 315–16.

89. Trotsky, Arbeit, 11–13; Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 380–81.

90. G. K. Guins, Sibir’, Soiuzniki i Kolchak, II (Peking, 1921), 429.

91. Examples in Carr, Bolshevik Revolution, II, 186.

92. Drobizhev, Glavnyi shtab, 121.

93. E.g., G. Krumin in EZh, No. 230 (October 15, 1919), 1.

94. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 163–64.

95. Ibid., 190.

96. Lenin, PSS, XLIV, 326.

97. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 153–54.

98. Ibid., 154–55.

99. Ibid., 155.

100. EZh, No. 215 (September 28, 1920), 1, and No. 219 (October 2, 1920), 1.

101. S. Strumilin, in EZh, No. 225 (October 9, 1920), 2.

102. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 184–85.

103. Vosmoi S”ezd RKP (b), 407.

104. On them, Scheibert, Lenin, 254–62.

105. Dekrety, IV, 491–508.

106. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 113.

107. Ibid., 220.

108. Ibid., 141.

109. Dekrety, XII, 10–12; Dekrety. XI, 43–45; SUiR, 1921, No. 6, art. 47, cited in Carr, Bolshevik Revolution, II, 260; Malle, War Communism, 181–82.

110. Pollock, Planwirtschaftlichen Versuche, 70–71.

111. E. Gan in Izvestiia, No. 243 (October 30, 1920), 1. Cf. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 133.

112. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 140.

113. A. Lositskii in EZh, No. in (May 25, 1920), 1.

114. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 139.

115. A. Goldschmidt, Moskau 1920 (Berlin, 1920), 30, 87–88.

116. V. Beliaev, Ispoved’ komissara (New York, 1921), 8–10.

117. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 140.

118. EZh, No. 36 (February 18, 1920), 1.

119. Carr, Bolshevik Revolution, II, 244.

120. L. Trotskii, Sochineniia, XII (Moscow, n.d.), 128–29.

121. Deviatyi S”ezd RKP (b), 91.

122. Tretii Vserossiiskii S”ezd ProfessionaVnykh Soiuzov: Stenograficheskiie Otchët, Pt. 1 (Moscow, 1921), 87–88.

123. Ibid., 89.

124. Odinadtsatyi S”ezd RKP (b), 37–38.

125. Ibid. 103–4.

126. Kommunisticheskaia Partiia Sovetskogo Soiuza v Rezoliutsiakh i Resheniiakh S”ezdov, Konferentsii, Plenumov TsK, 7th ed., I (Moscow, 1953), 351.

127. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 193.

128. Vtoroi Vserossiiskii S”ezd Sovetov Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), 165.

129. Dekrety, I, 226.

130. Ibid. 322; based on Lenin’s draft, ibid. 316.

131. Ibid., Ill, 461–63.

132. Izvestiia, No. 279/126 (December 11, 1920), 2.

133. M. Dewar, Labour Policy in the USSR, 1917–1928 (New York, 1956), 174–99.

134. Trotskii, Sochineniia, XV (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 126.

135. Liberman, Building, 19.

136. L. Trotskii, Kak vooruzhalas’ revoliutsiia, II, Pt. 2 (Moscow, 1924), 33–36.

137. Cited in Carr, Bolshevik Revolution, II, 210.

138. Dewar, Labour Policy, 213.

139. Liberman, Building, 73.

140. Trotskii, Sochineniia, XII, 160.

141. Dekrety, I, 77–85; Malle, War Communism, 93.

142. M. Brinton, The Bolsheviks and Worker’s Control: 1917 to 1921 (London, 1970), 16.

143. Ibid., 18.

144. Pervyi Vserossiiskii S”ezd ProfessionaVnykh Soiuzov 7–17 Ianvariia 1918 g. (Moscow, 1918).

145. Vtoroi Vserossiiskii S”ezd ProfessionaVnykh Soiuzov Pt. I (Moscow, 1921), 97.

146. Ibid.

147. Trotskii, Kak vooruzhalas’, II, Pt. 2, 78.

148. P. A. Garvi, ProfessionaVnye soiuzy v Rossii v pervye gody revoliutsii (New York, 1958), 46.

149. Iu. Milonov, PutevoditeV po rezoliutsiiam Vserossiiskikh S”ezdov i Konferentsii ProfessionaVnykh Soiuzov (Moscow, 1924), 61.

150. Pervyi Vserossiiskii S”ezd ProfessionaVnykh Soiuzov, 367.

151. J. Sorenson, The Life and Death of Soviet Trade Unionism: 1917–28 (New York, 1969), 37–38.

152. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 165, 186.

153. Pravda, No. 30 (February 11, 1921), 1. Also Larin in EZh, No. 173 (August 7, 1920), 1.

154. G. Krumin in EZh, No. 118 (June 3, 1920), 1.

Chapter 16

1. Das Kapital, I, Chap. 15, Sec. 10. On this subject, see D. Mitrany, Marx Against the Peasant (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1951).

2. H. Willets in L. Schapiro and P. Reddaway, eds., Lenin: The Man, the Theorist, the Leader (London, 1967), 212.

3. “Agrarnyi vopros i sotsial’naia demokratiia v Rossii,” in Doklad delegatsii Russkikh Sotsial-Demokratov na mezhdunarodnom sotsialisticheskom kongresse v Londone v 1896 godu (Geneva, 1896). Written by P. B. Struve.

4. Lenin, PSS, VI, 310.

5. Ibid. 347–48.

6. E.g., ibid. XXXVII, 352–64.

7. N. Orlov cited by V. V. Kabanov in IZ, No. 82 (1968), 28.

8. Pravda, No. 240 (November 5,1918), 2. Further on this subject: V. V. Kabanov, KrestHanskoe khoziaistvo v usloviiakh “Voennogo Kommunizma,” (Moscow, 1988), 22–32.

9. A.T. in Svoboda Rossii, No. 26 (May 16, 1918), 6.

10. Iu. A. Poliakov in Istoriia sovetskogo krestHanstva i kolkhoznogo stroitel’stva v SSSR (Moscow, 1963), 16.

11. Ibid., 16; Dorothy Atkinson, The End of the Russian Land Commune, 1905–1930 (Stanford, Calif., 1983), 178–80.

12. V. P. Danilov, Pereraspredelenie zemel’nogo fonda Rossii (Moscow, 1979), 283–87, cited in Kabanov, KrestHanskoe khoziaistvo, 49.

13. la. Bliakher in Vestnik statistiki, XIII, No. 1–3 (1923), 138.

14. Ibid. 146–47.

15. V. R. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 1 (1965), 100.

16. O zemle: sbornik statei, I (1921), 9.

17. la. Piletskii in NZh, No. 18/232 (January 25/February 7, 1918), 1.

18. A. M. Anfimov, in VI, No. 1 (1955), 111–12.

19. Kabanov, KrestHanskoe khoziaistvo, 50–51.

20. Ibid., 52–53.

21. BSE, L, 359.

22. I. V. Nazarov in NZh, No. 50/265 (March 24, 1918), 1.

23. A. M. Anfimov and I. F. Makarov in ISSSR, No. 1 (1974), 85.

24. D. Thorniley, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Rural Communist Party, 1927–1939 (Birmingham, 1988), 10.

25. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 1 (1965), 100.

26. Ibid. 102.

27. Dekrety, I, 410.

28. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 1 (1965), 100.

29. Atkinson, Russian Commune, 185.

30. V. R. Gerasimiuk, Nachalo sotsialisticheskoi revoliutsii v derevne (Moscow, 1958), 73; emphasis supplied.

31. Kabanov, KrestHanskoe khoziaistvo, 182.

32. See above, pp. 697–98.

33. NZh, No. 12/226 (January 18/31, 1918), 1.

34. Ibid.

35. NZh, No. 25/239 (February 15, 1918), 4.

36. NZh, No. 100/315 (May 26, 1918), 1.

37. B. Brutzkus in Quellen und Studien, N.F., No. 2 (Berlin, 1925), 160, cited in Friedrich Pollock, Die Planwirtschaftlichen Versuche in der Sowjetunion, 1917–1927 (Leipzig, 1929), 71.

38. Poliakov in Istoriia sovetskogo krest’ianstva, 38.

39. Dekrety, I, 406; NZh, No. 82/297 (May 3, 1918), 4.

40. ND, No. 1 (February 1/14, 1918), 1.

41. E.g., NZh, No. 41/256 (March 14, 1918), 4.

42. Reprinted in NZh, No. 39/254 (March 10, 1918), 4.

43. NZh, No. 79/294 (April 28, 1918), 4.

44. N. Orlov, Deviai’ mesiatsev prodovol’stvennoi raboty sovetskoi vlasti (Moscow, 1918), 44–45. I owe this reference to Mr. Leonid Heretz.

45. NZh, No. 98/313 (May 24, 1918), 3.

46. LS, XVIII, 81. 10.

47. Orlov, Deviai’ mesiatsev, 82.

48. SV, No. 4 (March 18, 1921), 4.

49. Tsiurupa in Piatyi VserossiiskiiS”ezdSovetov: Stenograficheskii Otchët (Moscow, 1918), 140–41.

50. Dekrety, I, 459–60; cf. LS, XVIII, 78–79.

51. E.g., Dekrety, I, 502.

52. NZh, No. 29/243 (February 20, 1918), 1.

53. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXIII, 542.

54. Dekrety, II, 48–50.

55. LS, XVIII, 92.

56. NZh, No. 99/314 (May 25, 1918), 1.

57. Protokoly zasedanii Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta 4-go Sozyva (Moscow, 1920), 294.

58. Cited in NZh, No. 71/286 (April 19, 1918), 1.

59. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 1870–1905 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 129–30.

60. A. L. Okninskii, Dva goda sredi kresfian (Riga, [1936]), 93.

61. On this subject, see C. Frierson, From Narod to Kulak: Peasant Images in Russia, 1870 to 1885, Ph.D. Dissertation, 1985, Harvard University.

62. Lenin, PSS, XXXVIII, 197.

63. V. P. Antonov-Saratovskii, ed., Sovety v epokhu voennogo kommunizma, 1918–21, I (Moscow, 1928), 131.

64. NZh, No. 117/332 (June 19, 1918), 3.

65. E.g., Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 354–55.

66. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 40.

67. Ibid. III, 62, and XVI, 205.

68. Ibid. XXXVIII, 255.

69. F. Engels, “Prefatory Note to The Peasant War in Germany,” in K. Marx and F. Engels Selected Works, I (Moscow, 1962), 647.

70. Lenin, PSS, XXVII, 226.

71. V. P. Miliutin, Agrarnaia politika SSSR (Moscow-Leningrad, 1929), 106.

72. Ibid.

73. Dekrety, II, 264–66; LS, XVIII, 82–88.

74. LS, XVIII, 82.

75. E.g., NZh, No. 71/286 (April 19, 1918), 4.

76. John L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution (London, 1976), 424.

77. Dekrety, II, 298–301.

78. NZh, No. 99 (May 25, 1918), 4, and No. 102/317 (May 29, 1918), 3.

79. Ibid., No. 104/319 (May 31, 1918), 1.

80. NZh, No. 105/320 (June 1, 1918), 1.

81. Lenin, Khronika, VI, 313, 369, 507, 542. See EZh, No. 17 (November 27, 1918), 1–2, for a description of the type of person who enrolled in these detachments.

82. Dekrety, II, 387.

83. See, e.g., speech by Tsiurupa in Piatyi S”ezd Sovetov, 144.

84. Dekrety, III, 178–80.

85. LS, XVIII, 93–94.

86. NZh, No. 112/327 (June 9, 1918), 3.

87. Atkinson, Russian Commune, 191–93.

88. Teodor Shanin, The Awkward Class (Oxford, 1972), 147.

89. NV, No. 97/121 (June 20, 1918), 4.

90. V. Kerzhentsev in Izvestiia, No. 15/567 (January 22, 1919), 1.

91. M. la. Latsis, Dva goda bor’by na vnutrennem fronte (Moscow, 1920), 75.

92. L. M. Spirin, Klassy i partii v grazhdanskoi voine v Rossii, 1917–1920 gg. (Moscow, 1968), 185.

93. Ocherki istorii Cheliabinskoi Oblastnoi partiinoi organizatsii (Cheliabinsk, 1967), 94.

94. Additional information: Okninskii, Dva goda, 128–51; NZh, No. 71/286 (April 19, 1918), 4; Gerasimiuk, Nachalo, 84–85; L. G. Sytov, ed., Penzenskaia organizatsiia KPSS v gody grazhdanskoi voiny (Penza, 1960), 87–99; LS, XVIII, 202–5; Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 151.

95. M. Frenkin, Tragediia kres’ianskikh vosstanii ([Jerusalem, 1987]), 79, 85–88. 48.

96. Lenin, PSS, L, 126–27.

97. LS, XVIII, 145.

98. Ibid., 146.

99. Ibid., 203.

100. Dekrety, III, 178–80.

101. LS, XVIII, 146.

102. Keep, Russian Revolution, 462.

103. Lenin, PSS, XXXIX, 407.

104. Dekrety, III, 224–26.

105. Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 54–56.

106. Kamkov in Piatyi S”ezd Sovetov, 75.

107. Dekrety, II, 295, 416–20.

108. Protokoly … VTsIK 4-ogo Sozyva, 398–419.

109. V. R. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 4 (1960), 122, 125.

110. V. N. Averev, ed., Komitety bednoty: sbornik materialov, I (Moscow-Leningrad, 1933), 120.

111. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 4 (1960), 122.

112. Averev, Komitety bednoty, I, 183.

113. E. G. Gimpel’son, Sovety v gody intervenisii i grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow, 1968), 68.

114. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 181.

115. Dekrety, III, 540–41.

116. Ibid., IV, 112–19.

117. Cf. Gimpel’son, Sovety, passim.

118. Ibid., 49.

119. Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 264, 405.

120. Gimpel’son, Sovety, 54.

121. Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 129.

122. Ibid., 439; also 264, 435.

123. L. N. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 155.

124. Bertrand Russell, Bolshevism: Practice and Theory (New York, 1920), 37.

125. J. M. Meijer in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 268.

126. LS, XVIII, 143–44.

127. E.g., speech of December 11, 1918, in Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 361.

128. RM, No. 9/12 (1923–24), 200.

129. Kabanov, Krest’ianskoe khoziaistvo, 202.

130. Shanin, Awkward Class, 164–69.

131. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 354; emphasis supplied.