The Social Animal

NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1 The most generous estimate Timothy D. White, Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002), 24.

2 “Some researchers” White, 5.

3 “removed the earth” John A. Bargh, “The Automaticity of Everyday Life,” in The Automaticity of Everyday Life, ed. Robert S. Wyer (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1997), 52.

4 “I looked at her face” Douglas R. Hofstadter, I Am a Strange Loop (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 228.

CHAPTER 1: DECISION MAKING

1 Playboy bunnies tend David M. Buss, The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 47–58.

2 Even the famously thin Daniel Akst, “Looks Do Matter,” The Wilson Quarterly, Summer 2005, http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?AID=648&AT=0.

3 The orbicularis oculi muscle Steven Johnson, Mind Wide Open: Your Brain and the Neuroscience of Everyday Life (New York: Scribner, 2004), 25–26.

4 Men consistently rate Ayala Malakh Pines, Falling In Love: Why We Choose the Lovers We Choose (New York: Routledge, 2005), 33.

5 Women are sexually attracted Peter G. Caryl et al., “Women’s Preference for Male Pupil-Size: Effects of Conception Risk, Sociosexuality and Relationship Status,” Personality and Individual Differences 46, no. 4 (March 2009): 503–508, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi= B6V9F-4VC73V2-2&_user= 10&_coverDate=03/31/2009&_rdoc= 1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin= search&_sort=d&_docanchor= & view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version= 1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5= 3f12f3106 6917cee6e3fbfdc27ba9386&searchtype=a.

6 Zero percent say yes David M. Buss, “Strategies of Human Mating,” Psychological Topics 15 (2006): 250.

7 Marion Eals and Irwin Silverman Matt Ridley, The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature (New York: Penguin Books, 1995), 251.

8 People rarely revise Janine Willis and Alexander Todorov, “First Impressions,” Psychological Science 17, no. 7 (2006): 592.

9 His research subjects could predict Charles C. Ballew II and Alexander Todorov, “Predicting Political Elections from Rapid and Unreflective Face Judgments,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, no. 46 (November 13, 2007): 17948–53.

10 He was tall Ridley, 298.

11 A woman may be partner John Tierney, “The Big City: Picky, Picky, Picky,” New York Times, February 12, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/ 1995/02/12/magazine/the-big-city -picky-picky-picky.html.

12 They imagine there is Martie G. Haselton and David M. Buss, “Error Management Theory: A New Perspective on Biases in Cross-Sex Mind Reading,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78, no. 1 (2000): 81–91.

13 As Helen Fisher wrote Helen Fisher, “The Drive to Love: The Neural Mechanism for Mate Selection,” in The New Psychology of Love, eds. Robert J. Sternberg and Karin Weis (Binghampton, NY: Yale University Press, 2006), 102.

14 There’s even some evidence Judith Rich Harris, The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do (New York: Touchstone, 1999), 140.

15 In college, people are Malakh Pines, 5.

16 As Geoffrey Miller notes Geoffrey Miller, The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped Human Nature (New York: Anchor Books, 2000), 373–74.

17 Ninety percent of emotional Iain McGilchrist, The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 257.

18 He calculates that Miller, 369–75.

19 there’s plenty of evidence Helen Fisher, Why We Love: The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love (New York: Owl Books, 2004), 110–12.

20 Though men normally spend Michael S. Gazzaniga, Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Human (New York: Harper Perennial, 2008), 95.

21 David Buss’s surveys suggest Buss, 44–45.

22 A woman’s attractiveness Buss, 63–64.

23 Women resist dating outside Guenter J. Hitsch, Ali Hortacsu, and Dan Ariely, “What Makes You Click?—Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating,” MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 4603-06, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id =895442.

24 “The greatest happiness love” Stendhal, Love, trans. Gilbert Sale and Suzanne Sale (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 104.

25 People who lose their sense Rachel Herz, The Scent of Desire: Discovering Our Enigmatic Sense of Smell (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 4–5.

26 They could somehow tell Esther M. Sternberg, Healing Spaces: The Science of Place and Well-Being (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009), 83–84.

27 According to famous research by Claus Wedekind Claus Wedekind et al., “MHC-Dependent Mate Preferences in Humans,” Proceedings: Biological Sciences 260, no. 1359 (June 22, 1995): 245–49, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0962-8452%2819950622%29260 %3A1359%3C245%3AMMPIH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y.

28 As Damasio put it Antonio R. Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 51.

29 Another of Damasio’s research subjects Damasio, 193–94.

30 “This behavior is a good example” Damasio, 194.

31 “Somatic markers do not deliberate” Damasio, 174.

32 As LeDoux writes Joseph E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 302.

33 Nobel Laureate Gerald Edelman Gerald Edelman, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 69.

34 “All information processing” Kenneth A. Dodge, “Emotion and Social Information Processing,” in The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation, eds. Judy Garber and Kenneth A. Dodge (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1991), 159.

CHAPTER 2: THE MAP MELD

1 Marital satisfaction generally follows Daniel Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 221.

2 People used to argue Roy F. Baumeister, The Cultural Animal: Human Nature, Meaning, and Social Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 116.

3 Studies in strip clubs Joseph T. Hallinan, Why We Make Mistakes: How We Look Without Seeing, Forget Things in Seconds, and Are All Pretty Sure We Are Way Above Average (New York: Broadway Books, 2009), 47.

4 she got lubricated even Natalie Angier, “Birds Do It. Bees Do It. People Seek the Keys to It,” New York Times, April 10, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2007/04/10/science/10desi.html? pagewanted=1&_r= 1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx= 1277571934-Wb1eIWRnCZrs HvyL0HJExg.

5 Julia’s sexual tastes Baumeister, 115–16.

6 An orgasm is not Barry R. Komisaruk, Carlos Beyer-Flores, and Beverly Whipple, The Science of the Orgasm (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 72.

7 Touches and sensations release Regina Nuzzo, “Science of the Orgasm,” Los Angeles Times, February 11, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/ features/health/la-he-orgasm11feb11,0,7227478.story.

8 A woman in Taiwan Mary Roach, Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2008), 237.

9 A man studied by V. S. Ramachandran Regina Nuzzo, “Science of the Orgasm.”

10 Julia had the mental traits Melvin Konner, The Tangled Wing: Biological Constraints on the Human Spirit (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2002), 291.

CHAPTER 3: MINDSIGHT

1 Harold grew 250,000 Joseph LeDoux, The Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are (New York: Viking, 2002), 67.

2 he had well over 20 billion Jeffrey M. Schwartz and Sharon Begley, The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 111.

3 Fetuses swallow more Kim Y. Masibay, “Secrets of the Womb: Life’s Most Mind-Blowing Journey: From Single Cell to Baby in Just 266 Days,” Science World, September 13, 2002.

4 He began touching his umbilical Betsy Bates, “Grimaces, Grins, Yawns, Cries: 3D/4D Ultrasound Captures Fetal Behavior,” Ob.Gyn. News, April 15, 2004, http://www.obgynnews.com/article/S0029-7437(04)70032-4/fulltext.

5 By the third trimester Janet L. Hopson, “Fetal Psychology,” Psychology Today, September 1, 1998, http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199809/fetal-psychology.

6 After birth, babies will suck Bruce E. Wexler, Brain and Culture: Neurobiology, Ideology, and Social Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006), 97.

7 French babies cry differently Bruce Bower, “Newborn Babies May Cry in Their Mother Tongues,” Science News, December 5, 2009, http://www.sciencenews.org /view/generic/id/49195/title/ Newborn_babies_may_cry_in_their_mother_tongues.

8 Anthony J. DeCasper Janet L. Hopson, “Fetal Psychology.”

9 In 1981 Andrew Meltzoff Otto Friedrich, Melissa Ludtke, and Ruth Mehrtens Calvin, “What Do Babies Know?” Time, August 15, 1983, http://www.time.com/ time/magazine/article/ 0,9171,949745-1,00.html.

10 At an amazingly early age Frederick Wirth, Prenatal Parenting: The Complete Psychological and Spiritual Guide to Loving Your Unborn Child (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 14.

11 He could tell the difference Alison Gopnik, The Philosophical Baby: What Children’s Minds Tell Us About Truth, Love, and the Meaning of Life (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 2009), 205.

12 six-month-old babies can spot Hillary Mayell, “Babies Recognize Faces Better Than Adults, Study Says,” National Geographic, May 22, 2005, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/ news/2005/03/0321_050321_babies.html.

13 It’s a form of body-to-body communication Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 2006), 103.

14 Soon, he could copy hand gestures Edward O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), 145.

15 The average baby demands John Medina, Brain Rules: 12 Principles for Surviving and Thriving at Work, Home, and School (Seattle, WA: Pear Press, 2008), 197.

16 New mothers lose Katherine Ellison, The Mommy Brain: How Motherhood Makes You Smarter (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 21.

17 Marital satisfaction plummets Medina, 197.

18 as Jill Lepore once noted Jill Lepore, “Baby Talk,” The New Yorker, June 29, 2009, http://www.newyorker.com/ arts/critics/books/2009/06/29/090629crbo_books_lepore.

19 testosterone can compromise David Biello, “The Trouble with Men,” Scientific American, September 16, 2007, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id-the-trouble -with-men.

20 Kenneth Kaye has suggested Wexler, 111.

21 “still-face” research Alva Noë, Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain and Other Lessons from the Biology of Consciousness (New York: Hill & Wang, 2009), 30–31.

22 Rat pups who are licked Wexler, 90.

23 Rats raised in interesting environments Robin Karr-Morse and Meredith S. Wiley, Ghosts from the Nursery: Tracing the Roots of Violence (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1997), 27.

24 Back in the 1930s H. M. Skeels and H. B. Dye, “A Study of the Effects of Different Stimulation on Mentally Retarded Children,” Proceedings and Addresses of the American Association of Mental Deficiency, 44 (1939), 114–36.

25 As Marco Iacoboni has observed Gordy Slack, “I Feel Your Pain,” Salon, November 5, 2007, http://www.salon.com/ news/feature/2007/11/05/mirror_neurons.

26 The monkey’s brains would not fire Marco Iacoboni, Mirroring People: The New Science of How We Connect with Others (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008), 26.

27 Their neurons fired Iacoboni, 35–36.

28 They share the same Richard Restak, The Naked Brain: How the Emerging Neurosociety Is Changing How We Live, Work, and Love (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006), 58.

29 Human mirror neurons Michael S. Gazzaniga, Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Human (New York: Harper Perennial, 2008), 178.

30 Carol Eckerman Iacoboni, 50.

31 Tanya Chartrand and John Bargh Iacoboni, 112–14.

32 Robert Provine of the University of Maryland Steven Johnson, Mind Wide Open: Your Brain and the Neuroscience of Everyday Life (New York: Scribner, 2004), 120.

33 Only 15 percent Johnson, 119.

34 As Steven Johnson has written Johnson, 120–21.

35 Coleridge described how Raymond Martin and John Barresi, The Rise and Fall of Soul and Self: An Intellectual History of Personal Identity (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 184.

CHAPTER 4: MAPMAKING

1 “explanatory drive” Alison Gopnik, Andrew N. Meltzoff, and Patricia K. Kuhl, The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind (New York: Harper Perennial, 1999), 85.

2 Young children don’t seem Alison Gopnik, The Philosophical Baby: What Children’s Minds Tell Us About Truth, Love, and the Meaning of Life (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 2009), 17.

3 He couldn’t remember earlier thoughts Gopnik, Meltzoff, and Kuhl, 46.

4 If you put a sticker Gopnik, 145.

5 When you ask preschoolers Gopnik, 124.

6 As Alison Gopnik writes Gopnik, 152.

7 “lantern consciousness” Gopnik, 129.

8 As John Bowlby wrote John Bowlby, Loss: Sadness and Depression (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 229.

9 Elizabeth Spelke believes Margaret Talbot, “The Baby Lab,” The New Yorker, September 5, 2006, http://www.newyorker.com/ archive/2006/09/04/060904fa_fact_talbot.

10 Meltzoff and Kuhl showed Gopnik, Meltzoff, and Kuhl, 69.

11 But young children are able Gopnik, 82–83.

12 Some scientists calculate Jeffrey M. Schwartz and Sharon Begley, The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 117.

13 Harold could end up Schwartz and Begley, 111.

14 A mere 60 neurons Thomas Carlyle Dalton and Victor W. Bergenn, Early Experience, the Brain, and Consciousness: An Historical and Interdisciplinary Synthesis (New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007), 91.

15 Imagine a football stadium Jeff Hawkins and Sandra Blakeslee, On Intelligence (New York: Times Books, 2004), 34.

16 “It’s as if” Gopnik, Meltzoff, and Kuhl, 185.

17 a cat was taught Bruce E. Wexler, Brain and Culture: Neurobiology, Ideology, and Social Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006), 23.

18 In another experiment James Le Fanu, Why Us?: How Science Rediscovered the Mystery of Ourselves (New York: Pantheon Books, 2009), 54.

19 Violinists have dense connections Schwartz and Begley, 214–15.

20 We store in our heads Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner, The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 12.

21 “Building an integration network” Fauconnier and Turner, 44.

22 But the game Harold Jerome Bruner, Actual Minds, Possible Worlds (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986).

23 Dan P. McAdams argues Dan P. McAdams, The Stories We Live By: Personal Myths and the Making of the Self (New York: Guilford Press, 1993), 48.

CHAPTER 5: ATTACHMENT

1 Julia dimly suspected Claudia Wells, “The Myth About Homework,” Time, August 29, 2006, http://www.time.com/ time/magazine/article/ 0,9171,1376208,00.html.

2 “She left because I’m no good” Ann B. Barnet and Richard J. Barnet, The Youngest Minds: Parenting and Genetic Inheritance in the Development of Intellect and Emotion (New York: Touchstone, 1998), 197.

3 “All of us, from cradle” Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 2006), 139.

4 Over the subsequent decades L. Alan Sroufe, Byron Egeland, Elizabeth A. Carlson, and W. Andrew Collins, The Development of the Person: The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation from Birth to Adulthood (New York: Guilford Press, 2005), 59–60.

5 Insecurely attached children Barnet and Barnet, 130.

6 Neither do they hold Sroufe et al., 133–34.

7 They also tend to be Sroufe et al., 154.

8 In the Strange Situation Tests Sroufe et al., 60.

9 “He walked in a series” Sroufe et al., 138.

10 Adults who are avoidantly Daniel J. Siegel, The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are (New York: Guilford Press, 1999), 94.

11 Pascal Vrticka of the University of Geneva Kayt Sukel, “Brain Responds Quickly to Faces,” BrainWork, Dana Foundation Newsletter, November 1, 2008, http://www.dana.org/news/brainwork/detail.aspx?id=13664.

12 They are three times George Vaillant, Aging Well: Surprising Guideposts to a Happier Life from the Landmark Harvard Study of Adult Development (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 2002), 99.

13 Children with ambivalent Ayala Malakh Pines, Falling in Love: Why We Choose the Lovers We Choose (New York: Routledge, 2005), 110.

14 They feel a simultaneous urge Cozolino, 230.

15 They look away from Alison Gopnik, The Philosophical Baby: What Children’s Minds Tell Us About Truth, Love, and the Meaning of Life (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 2009), 184.

16 more fearful than other children Susan D. Calkins, “Early Attachment Processes and the Development of Emotional Self-Regulation,” in Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications, eds. Roy F. Baumeister and Kathleen D. Vohs (New York: Guilford Press, 2004), 332.

17 more promiscuous in adolescence David M. Buss, The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 93.

18 higher rates of psychopathology Mary Main, Erik Hesse, and Nancy Kaplan, “Predictability of Attachment Behavior and Representational Processes at 1, 6, and 19 Years of Age: The Berkeley Longitudinal Study” in Attachment from Infancy to Adulthood: The Major Longitudinal Studies, eds. Klaus E. Grossmann, Karin Grossmann, and Everett Waters (New York: Guilford Press, 2005), 280.

19 retarded synaptic development Thomas Lewis, Fari Amini, and Richard Lannon, A General Theory of Love (New York: Vintage, 2001), 199.

20 That’s in part because Kathleen Kendall-Tackett, Linda Meyer Williams, and David Finkelhor, “Impact of Sexual Abuse on Children: A Review and Synthesis of Recent Empirical Studies,” Psychological Bulletin 113, no. 1 (1993): 173, http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/VS69.pdf.

21 They’ve found, for example Gopnik, 182.

22 “predictive power of childhood experience” Sroufe et al., 268.

23 Attachment-security and caregiver-sensitivity Sroufe et al., 164.

24 Kids who had dominating, intrusive Sroufe et al., 167.

25 By observing quality of care Sroufe et al., 210.

26 Most reported having no Sroufe et al., 211.

27 Forty percent of the parents Sroufe et al., 95.

28 “When Ellis seeks help” Sroufe et al., 287.

CHAPTER 6: LEARNING

1 In 1954 Muzafer Sherif conducted Muzafer Sherif et al., The Robbers Cave Experiment: Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1988).

2 Gossip is the way Roy F. Baumeister, The Cultural Animal: Human Nature, Meaning, and Social Life (Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 2005), 286–87.

3 big eyes and puffy cheeks Gordon B. Moskowitz, Social Cognition: Understanding Self and Others (New York: Guilford Press, 2005), 78.

4 Most people automatically assume Ayala Malach Pines, Falling in Love: Why We Choose the Lovers We Choose (New York: Routledge, 2005), 93.

5 As the novelist Frank Portman Frank Portman, King Dork (New York: Delacorte Press, 2006), 123.

6 And in fact Steven W. Anderson et al., “Impairment of Social and Moral Behavior Related to Early Damage in Human Prefrontal Cortex,” in Social Neuroscience: Key Readings in Social Psychology, eds. John T. Cacioppo and Gary G. Berntson (New York: Psychology Press, 2005), 29.

7 Work by David Van Rooy Anderson et al., 34.

8 In some studies, fourteen-year-olds John D. Bransford, Ann L. Brown, and Rodney R. Cocking, eds., How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School (Washington, DC: National Academies Press), 119.

9 The pituitary glands Louann Brizendine, The Female Brain (New York: Broadway Books, 2006), 33.

10 In the first two weeks Brizendine, 45.

11 As a result of hormonal surges Brizendine, 34.

12 As John Medina writes John Medina, Brain Rules: 12 Principles for Surviving and Thriving at Work, Home, and School (Seattle, WA: Pear Press, 2008), 110.

13 Fish Is Fish Bransford, Brown, and Cocking, eds., 11.

14 She didn’t so much teach Peter Carruthers, “An Architecture for Dual Reasoning,” in In Two Minds: Dual Processes and Beyond, eds. Jonathan Evans and Keith Frankish (Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 2009), 121.

15 Edith Hamilton’s book Edith Hamilton, The Greek Way (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1993), 156.

16 Benjamin Bloom has found Daniel Coyle, The Talent Code: Greatness Isn’t Born. It’s Grown. Here’s How. (New York: Bantam Books, 2009), 175.

17 Again, the younger Bransford, Brown, and Cocking, eds., 97.

18 Researcher Carol Dweck has found Carol S. Dweck “The Secret to Raising Smart Kids,” Scientific American Mind, December 2007, http://www.scientificamerican.com/ article.cfm?id-the-secret-to-raising-smart-kids.

19 Alfred North Whitehead saw David G. Myers, Intuition: Its Powers and Perils (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 17.

20 reach and reciprocity Richard Ogle, Smart World: Breakthrough Creativity and the New Science of Ideas (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2007).

21 The grandmasters could remember Geoff Colvin, Talent Is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else (New York: Portfolio, 2008), 46–47.

22 IQ is, surprisingly Colvin, 44.

23 When the same exercise Colvin, 46–47.

24 A telephone transmits only Robert E. Ornstein, Multimind: A New Way of Looking at Human Behavior (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), 105.

25 “You know more than you know” Jonah Lehrer, How We Decide (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2009), 248.

26 “Life for him was an adventure” Hamilton, 147.

27 “All arrogance will reap” Hamilton, 108.

28 “The mind wheels” Ornstein, 23.

29 A person who is interrupted Medina, 92.

30 researchers showed Shereshevskii Medina, 147.

31 “We cultivate refinement” Thucydides, The History of the Peloponnesian War (Middlesex: Echo Library, 2006), 77–80.

32 German scientist Jan Born Nell Boyce and Susan Brink, “The Secrets of Sleep,” U.S. News & World Report, May 17, 2004, http://health.usnews.com/ usnews/health/articles/040517/17sleep.htm.

33 Research by Robert Stickgold Emma Young, “Sleep Tight: You spend around a third of your life doing it, so surely there must be a vital reason for sleep, or is there?” New Scientist, March 15, 2008, 30–34.

34 In these sorts of early-morning Jonah Lehrer, “The Eureka Hunt,” The New Yorker, July 28, 2008, http://www.newyorker.com/ reporting/2008/07/28/080728fa_fact_lehrer.

35 A second before an insight Lehrer, “The Eureka Hunt.”

36 It was a sensation Robert Burton, On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You’re Not (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008), 23.

37 As Robert Burton wrote Burton, 218.

38 “an unsuspected kinship” Diane Ackerman, An Alchemy of Mind: The Marvel and Mystery of the Brain (New York: Scribner, 2004), 168.

CHAPTER 7: NORMS

1 According to the Fragile Families “The Retreat From Marriage by Low-Income Families,” Fragile Families Research Brief No. 17, June 2003, http://www.fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/ briefs/ResearchBrief17.pdf.

2 “Whining, which was pervasive” Annette Lareau, Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003), 107.

3 Language, as Alva Noë Alva Noë, Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain, and Other Lessons from the Biology of Consciousness (New York: Hill & Wang, 2009), 52.

4 “The amount of talking” Lareau, 146.

5 Betty Hart and Todd Risley David L. Kirp, “After the Bell Curve,” New York Times Magazine, July 23, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/23/magazine/23wwln _idealab.html.

6 On an hourly basis Paul Tough, “What It Takes to Make a Student,” New York Times Magazine, November 26, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2006/11/26/magazine/26tough.html? pagewanted=all.

7 This affects a variety Martha Farah et al., “Childhood Poverty: Specific Associations with Neurocognitive Development,” Brain Research 1110, no. 1 (September 19, 2006): 166–174, http://cogpsy.skku.ac.kr/ cwb-bin/CrazyWWWBoard.exe? db-newarticle&mode= down load&num=3139&file= farah_2006.pdf.

8 Research with small mammals Shirley S. Wang, “This Is Your Brain Without Dad,” Wall Street Journal, October 27, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/ article/SB100014240527 48704754804574491811861197926.html.

9 Students from the poorest David Brooks, “The Education Gap,” New York Times, September 25, 2005, http://select.nytimes.com/ 2005/09/25/opinion/ 25brooks.html?ref= davidbrooks.

10 economist James J. Heckman Flavio Cunha and James J. Heckman, “The Economics and Psychology of Inequality and Human Development,” Journal of the European Economic Association, 7, nos. 2–3 (April 2009): 320–64, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/ doi/abs/10.1162/JEEA.2009.7.2-3.320? journalCode=jeea.

11 As Albert-László Barabási wrote Albert-László Barabási, Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means (New York: Plume, 2003), 6.

12 “Local information can lead” Steven Johnson, Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software (New York: Touchstone, 2001), 79.

13 As Deborah Gordon of Stanford Johnson, 32–33.

14 “The honest answer to” Turkheimer, “Mobiles: A Gloomy View of Research into Complex Human Traits,” in Wrestling with Behavioral Genetics: Science, Ethics, and Public Conversation, eds. Erik Parens, Audrey R. Chapman, Nancy Press (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 100–101.

15 “No complex behaviors” Turkheimer, 104.

CHAPTER 8: SELF-CONTROL

1 Another big shock Daniel Coyle, The Talent Code: Greatness Isn’t Born. It’s Grown. Here’s How. (New York: Bantam Books, 2009), 148.

2 Walter Lippmann once wrote Walter Lippman, “Men and Citizens,” in The Essential Lippmann: A Political Philosophy for Liberal Democracy, eds. Clinton Rossiter and James Lare (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 168.

3 Some newborns startle more Daniel J. Siegel, The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are (New York: Guilford Press, 1999), 20.

4 psychologist Jerome Kagan John T. Cacioppo and William Patrick, Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 2008), 133.

5 dandelion children and orchid children David Dobbs, “The Science of Success,” The Atlantic, December 2009, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/12/the-science-of-success/7761/.

6 A study of engineers Blair Justice, “The Will to Stay Well,” New York Times, April 17, 1988, http://www.nytimes.com/ 1988/04/17/magazine/the-will-to-stay-well.html.

7 Angela Duckworth and Martin Seligman Angela L. Duckworth and Martin E. P. Seligman, “Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents,” Psychological Science 16, no. 12 (2005): 939–44, http://www.citeulike.org/ user/kericson/article/408060.

8 The marshmallow test turned Jonah Lehrer, How We Decide (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2009), 112.

9 The kids who possessed Jonah Lehrer, “Don’t! The Secret of Self-Control,” The New Yorker, May 18, 2009, http://www.newyorker.com/ reporting/2009/05/18/090518fa_fact_lehrer? currentPage=all.

10 These children could wait Walter Mischel and Ozlem Ayduk, “Willpower in a Cognitive-Affective Processing System: The Dynamics of Delay of Gratification,” in Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications, eds. Roy F. Baumeister and Kathleen D. Vohs (New York: Guilford Press, 2004), 113.

11 a 2001 survey Douglas Kirby, “Understanding What Works and What Doesn’t in Reducing Adolescent Sexual Risk-Taking,” Family Planning Perspectives 33, no. 6 (November/December 2001): http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3327601.html.

12 It’s very hard to build Clive Thompson, “Are Your Friends Making You Fat?” New York Times, September 13, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2009/09/13/magazine/13contagion-t.html?pagewanted=all.

13 “One of the most enduring” Timothy D. Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002), 212.

14 expert players experience sports Carl Zimmer, “Why Athletes Are Geniuses,” Discover Magazine, April 16, 2010, http://discovermagazine.com/ 2010/apr/16-the-brain-athletes-are-geniuses.

15 Daniel J. Siegel calls “mindsight” Daniel J. Siegel, Mindsight: The New Science of Personal Transformation (New York: Bantam Books, 2010).

16 “[T]he whole drama of voluntary life” Jeffrey M. Schwartz and Sharon Begley, The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force (New York: Harper-Collins, 2002), 262–64.

CHAPTER 9: CULTURE

1 Geoff Cohen and Greg Walton Daniel Coyle, The Talent Code: Greatness Isn’t Born. It’s Grown. Here’s How. (New York: Bantam Books, 2009), 110–11.

2 The sense of identity Coyle, 102–104.

3 top performers devote five David Dobbs, “How to Be a Genius,” New Scientist, September 15, 2008, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125691.300-how-to-be-agenius.html.

4 John Hayes of Carnegie Mellon Geoff Colvin, Talent Is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else (New York: Portfolio, 2008), 152.

5 If somebody nearby can hear Coyle, 85.

6 At the Spartak Tennis Club Coyle, 82.

7 Benjamin Franklin taught himself Colvin, 106.

8 “Which CEO Characteristics” Steven N. Kaplan, Mark M. Klebanov, and Morten Sorensen, “Which CEO Characteristics and Abilities Matter?” Swedish Institute for Financial Research Conference on the Economics of the Private Equity Market, July 2008, faculty.chicagobooth.edu/steven.kaplan/research/kks.pdf.

9 Good to Great Jim Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap … and Others Don’t (New York: HarperCollins, 2001).

10 Murray Barrick, Michael Mount, and Timothy Judge Murray R. Barrick, Michael K. Mount, and Timothy A. Judge, “Personality and Performance at the Beginning of the New Millennium: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go Next?” International Journal of Selection and Assessment 9, nos. 1–2 (March/June 2001): 9–30, http://www.uni-graz.at/psy5www/lehre/kaernbach/doko/artikel/ bergner_Barrick_Mount_Judge _2001.pdf.

11 Ulrike Malmendier and Geoffrey Tate Ulrike Malmendier and Geoffrey Tate, “Superstar CEOs,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124, no. 4 (November 2009): 1593–1638, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ viewdoc/download?doi= 10.1.1.146.1059&rep= rep1&type=pdf.

12 When people around the world Tyler Cowen, “In which countries do kids respect their parents themost?” Marginal Revolution, December 5, 2007, http://www.marginalrevolution.com/ marginalrevolution/2007/12/in-which-countr.html.

13 “A man has as many social” Judith Rich Harris, The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do (New York: Touchstone, 1998), 56.

14 By the third generation David Brooks, “The Americano Dream,” New York Times, February 24, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/24/opinion/the-americano-dream.html?ref=davidbrooks.

15 The core lesson Richard Nisbett, The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently … and Why (New York: Free Press, 2003), 90.

16 “Thus, to the Asian” Nisbett, 100.

17 Korean parents emphasize Alison Gopnik, Andrew N. Meltzoff, and Patricia Kuhl, The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind (New York: Perennial, 2001), 89.

18 Asked to describe video Nisbett, 95.

19 Chinese students are more Nisbett, 140.

20 American six-year-olds make Nisbett, 87–88.

21 Chinese subjects were more Bruce E. Wexler, Brain and Culture: Neurobiology, Ideology, and Social Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006), 149.

22 Americans tend to exaggerate Timothy D. Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002), 38.

23 choose between three computers Nisbett, 185.

24 The Chinese eyes perform John Roach, “Chinese, Americans, Truly See Differently, Study Says,” National Geographic News, August 22, 2005, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/ news/2005/08/0822_050822_chinese.html.

25 East Asians have a tougher time Rachel E. Jack et al., “Cultural Confusions Show that Facial Expressions Are Not Universal,” Current Biology 19, no. 18 (August 13, 2009), 1543–48, http://www.cell.com/ current-biology/retrieve/pii/S0960982209014778.

26 “The country of my childhood” Wexler, 175.

27 As Michael Tomasello Roy F. Baumeister, The Cultural Animal: Human Nature, Meaing, and Social Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 31.

28 You can teach a chimpanzee Baumeister, 131.

29 “What sets him off most graphically” Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 46.

30 “We build ‘designer environments’” Andy Clark, Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), 191.

31 Human brains, Clark believes Clark, 180.

32 If the culture adds Baumeister, 53.

33 Children born without sight Wexler, 33.

34 Donald E. Brown lists traits Donald E. Brown, Human Universals (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991).

35 Plays written and produced Wexler, 187–88.

36 Half of all people in India David P. Schmitt, “Evolutionary and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Love: The Influence of Gender, Personality, and Local Ecology on Emotional Investment in Romantic Relationships,” in The New Psychology of Love, eds. Robert J. Sternberg and Karin Sternberg (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 252.

37 Nearly a quarter of Americans Helen Fisher, Why We Love: The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2004), 5.

38 Craig MacAndrew and Robert B. Edgerton Craig MacAndrew and Robert B. Edgerton, Drunken Comportment: A Social Explanation (Clinton Corners, NY: Percheron Press, 2003).

39 couples having coffee Dacher Keltner, Born to Be Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 2009), 195.

40 But if you bump Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (New York: Penguin Books, 2002), 328.

41 Cities in the South Marc D. Hauser, Moral Minds: The Nature of Right and Wrong (New York: Harper Perennial, 2006), 134.

42 A cultural construct Guy Deutscher, “You Are What You Speak,” The New York Times Magazine, August 26, 2010, 44.

43 Her head was filled Douglas Hofstadter, I Am a Strange Loop (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 177.

44 They seem to be growing David Halpern, The Hidden Wealth of Nations (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010), 76.

45 “Cultures do not exist” Thomas Sowell, Migrations and Cultures: A World View (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 378.

46 Haitians and Dominicans share Lawrence E. Harrison, The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself (Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 2006), 26.

47 In Ceylon in 1969 Thomas Sowell, Race and Culture: A World View (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 67.

48 In Chile, three-quarters Sowell, Race and Culture, 25.

49 By the time they enter kindergarten Margaret Bridges, Bruce Fuller, Russell Rumberger, and Loan Tran, “Preschool for California’s Children: Unequal Access, Promising Benefits,” PACE Child Development Projects, University of California Linguistic Minority Research Institute (September 2004): 7, http://gse.berkeley.edu/research/ pace/reports/PB.04-3.pdf.

50 Roughly 54 percent of Asian Americans Abigail Thernstrom and Stephan Thernstrom, No Excuses: Closing the Racial Gap in Learning (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 85.

51 The average Asian American in New Jersey David Brooks, “The Limits of Policy,” New York Times, May 3, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2010/05/04/opinion/04brooks.html.

52 “Cultures of Corruption” Fisman, Raymond, and Edward Miguel, “Corruption, Norms and Legal Enforcement: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets,” Journal of Political Economy 115, no. 6 (2007): 1020–48, http://www2.gsb.columbia.edu/ faculty/rfisman/parking_20july06_RF.pdf.

53 People in progress-prone Harrison, 53.

54 People in trusting cultures Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1996), 338.

55 Germany and Japan have high Edward Banfield, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society (New York: Free Press, 1967).

56 The merging of these two idea spaces Richard Ogle, Smart World: Breakthrough Creativity and the New Science of Ideas (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2007), 8–10.

57 Ronald Burt Ronald Burt, Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).

CHAPTER 10: INTELLIGENCE

1 “The Dunsinane Reforestation” Christopher Hitchens, Hitch 22 (New York: Twelve, 2010), 266. This exchange is based on a conversation the author witnessed between Hitchens and Salman Rushdie, two masters of these kinds of games.

2 Male babies make less Matt Ridley, The Agile Gene: How Nature Turns on Nurture (New York: Perennial, 2004), 59.

3 a person’s emotional state Daniel Goleman, Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relationships (New York: Bantam Dell, 2006) 139.

4 verbal memory and verbal fluency John Medina, Brain Rules: 12 Principles for Surviving and Thriving at Work, Home, and School (Seattle, WA: Pear Press, 2008), 262.

5 They don’t necessarily talk more Michael S. Gazzaniga, Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Human (New York: Harper Perennial, 2008), 96.

6 Varieties of Capitalism Peter A. Hall and David W. Soskice, “An Introduction to the Varieties of Capitalism,” in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, eds. Peter A. Hall and David W. Soskice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 1–70.

7 People who are really good Arthur Robert Jensen, The G Factor: The Science of Mental Ability (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998), 34–35.

8 The single strongest predictor Robin Karr-Morse and Meredith S. Wiley, Ghosts from the Nursery: Tracing the Roots of Violence (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1997), 28.

9 Dean Hamer and Peter Copeland Dean H. Hamer and Peter Copeland, Living with Our Genes: Why They Matter More Than You Think (New York: Anchor Books, 1999), 217.

10 black children in Prince Edward County Richard W. Nisbett, Intelligence and How to Get It: Why Schools and Cultures Count (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 2009), 41.

11 They have to divide their Bruce E. Wexler, Brain and Culture: Neurobiology, Ideology, and Social Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006), 68.

12 Between 1947 and 2002 Nisbett, 44.

13 “Today’s children” James R. Flynn, What Is Intelligence?: Beyond the Flynn Effect (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 19.

14 They are not better David G. Myers, Intuition: Its Powers and Perils (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), 35.

15 “IQ predicts only about 4 percent” Richard K. Wagner, “Practical Intelligence,” in Handbook of Intelligence, ed. Robert J. Sternberg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 382.

16 There is great uncertainty John D. Mayer, Peter Salovey and David Caruso, “Models of Emotional Intelligence,” in Handbook of Intelligence, ed. Robert J. Sternberg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 403.

17 “What nature hath joined together” Nisbett, 18.

18 They were the ones who Daniel Goleman, “75 Years Later, Study Still Tracking Geniuses,” New York Times, March 7, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/ 1995/03/07/science/ 75-years-later-study-still-tracking-geniuses.html? pagewanted=all and Richard C. Paddock, “The Secret IQ Diaries,” Los Angeles Times, July 30, 1995, http://articles.latimes.com/ 1995-07-30/magazine/tm-29325 _1_lewis-terman.

19 As Malcolm Gladwell demonstrated Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 2008) 81–83.

20 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth John Tierney, “Smart Doesn’t Equal Rich,” New York Times, April 25, 2007, http://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/ 2007/04/25/ smart-doesnt-equal-rich/.

21 “The tendency to collect information” Keith E. Stanovich, What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 31–32.

22 distinctions between clocks and clouds Jonah Lehrer, “Breaking Things Down to Particles Blinds Scientists to Big Picture,” Wired, April 19, 2010, http://www.wired.com/ magazine/2010/04/st_essay_particles/.

23 “Many different studies involving” Stanovich, 34–35.

24 Firsthand Technology Value mutual fund Stanovich, 60.

25 GED recipients are much James J. Heckman and Yona Rubinstein, “The Importance of Noncognitive Skills: Lessons from the GED Testing Program,” American Economic Review 91, no. 2 (May 2001): 145–49, http://www.econ-pol.unisi.it/bowles/Institutions %20of%20capitalism/heckman%20on%20ged.pdf.

26 “The words of the language” Robert Scott Root-Bernstein and Michèle Root-Bernstein, Sparks of Genius: The Thirteen Thinking Tools of the World’s Most Creative People (New York: First Mariner Books, 2001), 3.

27 Others proceed acoustically Root-Bernstein and Root-Bernstein, 53–54.

28 Others do so emotionally Root-Bernstein and Root-Bernstein, 196.

CHAPTER 11: CHOICE ARCHITECTURE

1 Grocers know that shoppers “6 Ways Supermarkets Trick You to Spend More Money,” Shine, March 1, 2010, http://shine.yahoo.com/event/financiallyfit/6-ways-supermarkets -trick-you-to-spend-more-money-974209/?pg=2.

2 the smell of baked goods Martin Lindstrom and Paco Underhill, Buyology: Truth and Lies About Why We Buy (New York: Doubleday, 2008), 148–49.

3 Researchers in Britain found Joseph T. Hallinan, Why We Make Mistakes: How We Look Without Seeing, Forget Things in Seconds, and Are All Pretty Sure We Are Way Above Average (New York: Broadway Books, 2009), 92–93.

4 In department stores Paco Underhill, Call of the Mall: The Geography of Shopping by the Author of Why We Buy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 49–50.

5 pairs of panty hose Timothy D. Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002), 103.

6 At restaurants, people eat more Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (Ann Arbor, MI: Caravan Books, 2008), 64.

7 Marketing people also realize Hallinan, 99.

8 Capital Pacific Homes David Brooks, “Castle in a Box,” The New Yorker, March 26, 2001, http://www.newyorker.com/ archive/2001/03/26/010326fa_fact_brooks.

9 For all of human history Steven E. Landsburg, “The Theory of the Leisure Class,” Slate, March 9, 2007, http://www.slate.com/id/2161309.

10 the owls John Medina, Brain Rules: 12 Principles for Surviving and Thriving at Work, Home, and School (Seattle, WA: Pear Press, 2008), 163.

11 As Angela Duckworth Jonah Lehrer, “The Truth about Grit,” Boston Globe, August 2, 2009, http://www.boston.com/ bostonglobe/ideas/articles /2009/08/02/the_truth_about _grit/.

12 M. Mitchell Waldrop Richard Bronk, The Romantic Economist: Imagination in Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 17.

13 “If I were to distill one” Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions (New York: HarperCollins, 2008) 243.

14 Health officials in New York Anemona Hartocollis, “Calorie Postings Don’t Change Habits, Study Finds,” New York Times, October 6, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2009/10/06/nyregion/ 06calories.html.

15 a series of words Ariely, 170–71.

16 If you merely use the words John A. Bargh, “Bypassing the Will: Toward Demystifying the Nonconcious Control of Social Behavior,” in The New Unconscious, eds. Ran R. Hassin, James S. Uleman, and John A. Bargh (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 40.

17 If you remind African American students Claude M. Steele, “Thin Ice: Stereotype Threat and Black College Students,” The Atlantic, August 1999, http://www.theatlantic.com/ magazine/archive/1999/08/ thin-ice-stereotype-threat-and-black-college- students/4663/1/.

18 Asian American women Margaret Shih, Todd L. Pittinsky, and Nalini Ambady, “Stereotype Susceptibility: Identity Salience and Shifts in Quantitative Performance,” Psychological Science 10, no. 1 (January 1999): 80–83.

19 Genghis Khan’s death Hallinan, 102. 181 The manager of a Brunswick pool-table Robert E. Ornstein, Multimind: A New Way of Looking at Human Behavior (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), 86.

20 high Social Security numbers Dan Ariely, “The Fallacy of Supply and Demand,” Huffington Post, March 20, 2008, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dan-ariely/the-fallacy-of -supply-and_b_92590.html.

21 People who are given Hallinan, 50.

22 “Their predictions became” Jonah Lehrer, How We Decide (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2009), 146.

23 They just stick with Thaler and Sunstein, 34.

24 The picture of the smiling Hallinan, 101.

25 In the aroused state Ariely, 96 and 106.

26 Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky Jonah Lehrer, “Loss Aversion,” The Frontal Cortex, February 10, 2010, http://scienceblogs.com/ cortex/2010/02/loss_ aversion.php.

CHAPTER 12: FREEDOM AND COMMITMENT

1 In Guess culture Oliver Burkerman, “This Column Will Change Your Life,” The Guardian, May 8, 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/ lifeandstyle/2010/may/08/ change-life-asker-guesser.

2 Thirty-eight percent of young Americans “Pew Report on Community Satisfaction,” Pew Research Center (January 29, 2009): 10, http://pewsocialtrends.org/assets/pdf/Community-Satisfaction.pdf.

3 In Western Europe William A. Galston, “The Odyssey Years: The Changing 20s,” Brookings Institution, November 7, 2007, http://www.brookings.edu/ interviews/2007/1107_ childrenandfamilies_galston.aspx.

4 postponing marriage William Galston, “The Changing 20s,” Brookings Institution, October 4, 2007, http://www.brookings.edu/ speeches/2007/1004useconomics_galston.aspx.

5 finish their education Galston, “The Changing 20s.”

6 In 1970 only 26 percent Robert Wuthnow, After the Baby Boomers: How Twenty-and Thirty-Somethings Are Shaping the Future of American Religion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 29.

7 “I am certain that someday” Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens through the Twenties (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 16.

8 In 1950 a personality test Jean Twenge, Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before (New York: Free Press, 2006), 69.

9 young people today Wuthnow, 62.

10 subsidies from Mom and Dad Wuthnow, 32.

11 Michael Barone argues Michael Barone, “A Tale of Two Nations,” US News & World Report, May 4, 2003, http://www.usnews.com/ usnews/opinion/articles/030512/12pol.htm.

12 This inequality doesn’t seem Elizabeth Kolbert, “Everybody Have Fun,” The New Yorker, March 22, 2010, http://www.newyorker.com/ arts/critics/books/2010/03/22/100322crbo_ books_kolbert.

13 Winning the lottery produces Elizabeth Kolbert, “Everybody Have Fun.”

14 “fulfill all their dreams” Derek Bok, The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 13.

15 People in long-term marriages Bok, 17–18.

16 being married produces David Blanchflower and Andrew Oswald, “Well-Being Over Time in Britain and the USA,” Journal of Public Economics 88 (July 2004): 1359–86, http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/ fac/soc/economics/staff/faculty/ oswald/wellbeingnew.pdf.

17 joining a group Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 333.

18 People who have one recurrent David Halpern, The Hidden Wealth of Nations (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010), 26.

19 People who have more friends Tara Parker-Pope, “What Are Friends For? A Longer Life,” New York Times, April 21, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2009/04/21/health/21well.html.

20 the daily activities Bok, 28.

21 professions that correlate Halpern, 28–29.

22 “Whether someone has” Roy F. Baumeister, The Cultural Animal: Human Nature, Meaning, and Social Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 109.

CHAPTER 13: LIMERENCE

1 Adrian Furnham of University College, London Joan Raymond, “He’s Not as Smart as He Thinks,” Newsweek, January 23, 2008, http://www.newsweek.com/ 2008/01/22/he-s-not-as-smart-as-he-thinks.html.

2 Women underestimate their IQ Joan Raymond, “He’s Not as Smart as He Thinks.”

3 “Below the surface-stream” Lionel Trilling, Sincerity and Authenticity (Cambridge, MA: University of Harvard Press, 1972), 5.

4 “Fires run through my body” Helen Fisher, Why We Love: The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2004), 1.

5 Faby Gagné and John Lydon Kaja Perina, “Love’s Loopy Logic,” Psychology Today, January 1, 2007, http://www.psychologytoday.com/ articles/200612/loves-loopy-logic.

6 “What I have called crystalization” Stendhal, Love, trans. Gilbert Sale and Suzanne Sale (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 45.

7 Norepinephrine Fisher, 53.

8 Phenylethylamine Ayala Malakh Pines, Falling in Love: Why We Choose the Lovers We-Choose (New York: Routledge, 2005), 154.

9 “The caudate is also” Fisher, 69.

10 Arthur Aron Sadie F. Dingfelder, “More Than a Feeling,” Monitor on Psychology 38, no. 2 (February 2007): 40, http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb07/morethan.aspx.

11 Neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp Daniel Goleman, Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relationships (New York: Bantam Dell, 2006) 192.

12 A person in love Helen Fisher, “The Drive to Love: The Neural Mechanism for Mate Selection,” in The New Psychology of Love, eds. Robert J. Sternberg and Karin Weis (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 92–93.

13 A crucial answer came P. Read Montague, Peter Dayan, and Terrence J. Sejnowski, “A Framework for Mesencephalic Domanine Systems Based on Predictive Hebbian Learning,” Journal of Neuroscience 16, no. 5 (March 1, 1996): 1936–47, http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/16/5/1936.pdf.

14 The main business Read Montague, Your Brain Is (Almost) Perfect: How We Make Decisions (New York: Plume, 2007), 117.

15 Dennis and Denise Brett W. Pelham, Matthew C. Mirenberg, and John T. Jones, “Why Susie Sells Seashells by the Seashore: Implicit Egotism and Major Life Decisions,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82, no. 4 (2002): 469–87, http://futurama.tistory.com/attachment/ck10.pdf.

16 As Bruce Wexler argues Bruce E. Wexler, Brain and Culture: Neurobiology, Ideology, and Social Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006), 143.

17 “The child will love a crusty” C. S. Lewis, The Four Loves (Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1988), 33.

18 Within two weeks James Q. Wilson, The Moral Sense (New York: Free Press, 1997), 124.

19 Austrian physician René Spitz Bruce D. Perry, Born For Love: Why Empathy Is Essential—and Endangered (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 51.

20 It takes the average college student Elaine Hatfield, Richard L. Rapson, and Yen-Chi L. Le, “Emotional Contagion and Empathy,” in The Social Neuroscience of Empathy, eds. Jean Decety and William John Ickes (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009), 21.

21 neuroscientist Marco Iacoboni notes Marco Iacoboni, Mirroring People: The New Science of How We Connect with Others (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008), 4.

22 “When your friend has become” Lewis, 34.

23 “free from all duties” Lewis, 77.

24 Solomon Asch conducted Andrew Newburg and Mark Robert Waldman, Why We Believe What We Believe: Uncovering Our Biological Need for Meaning, Spirituality, and Truth (New York: Free Press, 2006), 143–44.

25 Dean Ornish surveyed Thomas Lewis, Fari Amini, and Richard Lannon, A General Theory of Love (New York: Vintage, 2001), 80.

26 “Words are inadequate” Jonathan Haidt, The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 237.

27 “Animals have sex” Allan Bloom, Love and Friendship (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 19.

28 “Love you? I am you.” Lewis, 95.

29 “We are one” John Milton, Paradise Lost, book 9, lines 958–59.

CHAPTER 14: THE GRAND NARRATIVE

1 “There is no craving” David Hume, “Of Interest,” in Selected Essays, eds. Stephen Copley and Andrew Edgar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 182.

2 Long-term unemployment Don Peck, “How a New Jobless Era Will Transform America,” The Atlantic, March 2010, http://www.theatlantic.com/ magazine/archive/2010/03/ how-a-new-jobless-era-will- transform-america/7919/.

3 Ninety percent of drivers Robert H. Frank, The Economic Naturalist: In Search of Explanations for Everyday Enigmas (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 129.

4 Ninety-four percent of college professors Andrew Newburg and Mark Robert Waldman, Why We Believe What We Believe: Uncovering Our Biological Need for Meaning, Spirituality, and Truth (New York: Free Press, 2006), 73.

5 Ninety percent of entrepreneurs Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (Ann Arbor, MI: Caravan Books, 2008), 32.

6 Ninety-eight percent of students Keith E. Stanovich, What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 109.

7 College students vastly overestimate Daniel Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness (New York: Vintage, 2007), 18.

8 Golfers on the PGA tour Joseph T. Hallinan, Why We Make Mistakes: How We Look Without Seeing, Forget Things in Seconds, and Are All Pretty Sure We Are Way Above Average (New York: Broadway Books, 2009), 170.

9 Half of all students David G. Myers, Intuition: Its Powers and Perils (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 83.

10 Russo and Schoemaker Hallinan, 167.

11 Brad Barber and Terrance Odean Myers, 159.

12 Andrew Lo of MIT Stephen J. Dubner, “This Is Your Brain on Prosperity,” New York Times, January 9, 2009, http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/ 2009/01/09/this-is-your-brain-on-prosperity-andrew- lo-on-fear-greed-and-crisis-management/.

13 Daniel Gilbert of Harvard Gilbert, 180.

14 incompetent people exaggerate Erica Goode, “Among the Inept, Researchers Discover, Ignorance Is Bliss,” New York Times, January 18, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2000/01/18/health/among-the-inept-researchers-discover- ignorance-is-bliss.html.

15 the more sectors they entered Jerry Z. Muller, “Our Epistemological Depression,” The American, February 29, 2009, http://www.american.com/ archive/2009/february-2009/ our-epistemological-depression.

16 BPR “escalates the efforts” “Business Processing Reengineering,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Business_process_reengineering.

17 John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keyes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (New York: Classic Books America, 2009), 331.

18 “If the better elements” Plato, Phaedrus, trans. Alexander Nehamas and Paul Woodruff (New York: Hackett, 1995), 44.

19 In this scientific age Francis Bacon, “Preface to the Novum Organum,” in Prefaces and Prologues, vol. 34, ed. Charles William Eliot (New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909–14; Bartleby.com, 2001), http://www.bartleby.com/39/22.html.

20 “Reason is to the philosopher” Cesar Chesneau Dumarsais, “Philosophe,” in Ency-clopédie, vol. 22, ed. Denis Diderot.

21 This mode, as Guy Claxton Guy Claxton, The Wayward Mind: An Intimate History of the Unconscious (New York: Little, Brown Book Group, 2006).

22 Lionel Trilling diagnosed Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society (New York: New York Review of Books, 2008), ix–xx.

23 “deals with introspection” Robert Skidelsky, Keynes: The Return of the Master (New York: PublicAffairs, 2009), 81.

24 Paul Samuelson applied Clive Cookson, Gillian Tett, and Chris Cook, “Organic Mechanics,” Financial Times, November 26, 2009, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d0e6abde-dacb-11de-933d-00144feabdc0.html.

25 George A. Akerlof and Robert Shiller George A. Akerlof and Robert J. Shiller, Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 1.

26 Jim Collins argues Jim Collins, “How the Mighty Fall: A Primer on the Warning Signs,” Businessweek, May 14, 2009, http://www.businessweek.com/ magazine/content/09_21/b4132026786379.htm.

CHAPTER 15: MÉTIS

1 historian Johan Huizinga John Lukacs, Confessions of an Original Sinner (South Bend, IN: St. Augustine’s Press, 2000), 39.

2 “Reason is and ought only” David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, bk. 2, sect. 3 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009), 286.

3 “We are generally” Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 87.

4 “senses and imagination captivate” Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments (New York: Vintage, 2005), 76.

5 Level 2 is like Mr. Spock Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (Ann Arbor, MI: Caravan Books, 2008), 22.

6 The recall process James Le Fanu, Why Us?: How Science Rediscovered the Mystery of Ourselves (New York: Vintage, 2010), 213.

7 Half had significant errors Robert A. Burton, On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You’re Not (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008), 10.

8 201 prisoners in the United States Joseph T. Hallinan, Why We Make Mistakes: How We Look Without Seeing, Forget Things in Seconds, and Are All Pretty Sure We Are Way Above Average (New York: Broadway Books, 2009), 41

9 Research by Taylor Schmitz Taylor W. Schmitz, Eve De Rosa, and Adam K. Anderson, “Opposing Influences of Affective State Valence on Visual Cortical Encoding,” Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 22 (June 3, 2009): 7199–7207, http://www.jneurosci.org/ cgi/content/short/29/22/7199.

10 doctors who got the candy Hallinan, 219.

11 sunny days Norbert Schwarz and Gerald L. Clore, “Mood, Misattribution, and Judgments of Well-Being: Informative and Directive Functions of Affective States,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45, no. 3 (1983): 513–23, http://sitemaker.umich.edu/ norbert.schwarz/files/83 _jpsp_schwarz___clore_mood.pdf.

12 The bridge guys Timothy D. Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002), 101–102.

13 “We hear and apprehend” Henry David Thoreau, I To Myself: An Annotated Selection from the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau, ed. Jeffrey S. Kramer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 420.

14 A shooter who has made John Huizinga and Sandy Weil, “Hot Hand or Hot Head: The Truth About Heat Checks in the NBA,” MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference, March 7, 2009, http://web.me.com/ sandy1729/sportsmetricians_consulting/ Hot_Hand _files/HotHandMITConf03.pdf.

15 When told he was a dancer Robert E. Christiaansen, James D. Sweeney, and Kathy Ochalek, “Influencing Eyewitness Descriptions,” Law and Human Behavior 7, no. 1 (March 1983), 59–65, http://www.springerlink.com/content/xm1lm15u08w1q10h/.

16 This project’s work “Roots of Unconscious Prejudice Affect 90 to 95 percent of People,” ScienceDaily, September 30, 1998, http://www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/1998/09/980930082237.htm.

17 The prejudices against the elderly Carey Goldberg, “Even Elders Reflect Broad Bias Against the Old, Study Finds,” Boston Globe, October 28, 2002, http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/ boston/access/225621771.html? FMT=ABS&date= Oct%2028,%202002.

18 They fear chain saws David G. Myers, Intuition: Its Powers and Perils (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 205.

19 Measured at its highest Ap Dijksterhuis, Henk Aarts, and Pamela K. Smith, “The Power of the Subliminal: On Subliminal Persuasion and Other Potential Applications,” in The New Unconscious, eds. Ran R. Hassim, James S. Uleman, and John A. Bargh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 82.

20 Ian Waterman Wilson, 19.

21 “choking on thought” Jonah Lehrer, How We Decide (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2009), 136.

22 Beatrice de Gelder Benedict Carey, “Blind, Yet Seeing: The Brain’s Subconscious Visual Sense,” New York Times, December 23, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2008/12/23/health/23blin.html.

23 When scientists flash cards Jonah Lehrer, Proust Was a Neuroscientist (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007), 184.

24 professional chicken sexers Myers, 55.

25 movement of the X Wilson, 26–27.

26 “My body suddenly got cooler” Benedict Carey, “In Battle, Hunches Prove to Be Valuable,” New York Times, July 28, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2009/07/28/health/research/28brain.html.

27 Antonio and Hanna Damasio Antoine Bechara, Hanna Damasio, Daniel Tranel, and Antonio R. Damasio, “Deciding Advantageously Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy,” Science 28, no. 5304 (February 1997): 1293–95, http://www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/short/ 275/5304/1293.

28 Swiss doctor Édouard Claparède Wilson, 25.

29 That one implicit rule Gerd Gigerenzer, Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious (New York: Penguin Books, 2007), 9–11.

30 fuzzy-trace theory Paul A. Klaczynski, “Cognitive and Social Cognitive Development: Dual-Process Research and Theory,” in In Two Minds: Dual Processes and Beyond, eds. Jonathan Evans and Keith Frankish (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 270.

31 The immediate choosers Ap Dijksterhuis and Loran F. Nordgren, “A Theory of Unconscious Thought,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 1, no. 2 (June 2006): 95–109, http://www.unconsciouslab.nl/ publications/Dijksterhuis%20Nordgren%20-%20A %20Theory%20of%20Unconscious%20Thought.pdf.

32 five different art posters Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, 100.

33 a study set in IKEA Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, 104.

34 “dark and dusty nooks” Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, 102.

35 “It is worth noting” John A. Bargh, “Bypassing the Will: Toward Demystifying the Nonconscious Control of Social Behavior,” in The New Unconscious, eds. Ran R. Hassim, James S. Uleman, and John A. Bargh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 53.

36 You would have no chance George Eliot, Felix Holt, the Radical (New York: Penguin Books, 1995), 279.

37 Folk wisdom in North America James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 311.

38 gobiid fish Guy Claxton, Hare Brain, Tortoise Mind: How Intelligence Increases When You Think Less (New York: Harper Perennial, 2000), 18.

39 Research by Colin Camerer Colin Camerer et al., “Neural Systems Responding to Degrees of Uncertainty in Human Decision-Making,” Science 310, no. 5754 (December 9, 2005): 1680–83, http://www.sciencemag.org/ cgi/content/abstract/310/5754/1680.

40 During his discussion of Tolstoy Isaiah Berlin, “The Hedgehog and the Fox,” in Russian Thinkers, eds. Henry Hardy and Aileen Kelly (New York: Penguin Books, 1978), 71–72.

CHAPTER 16: THE INSURGENCY

1 Raymond led the group David Rock, Your Brain at Work: Strategies for Overcoming Distraction, Regaining Focus, and Working Smarter All Day Long (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 49.

2 Michael Falkenstein Gerald Traufetter, “Have Scientists Discovered Intuition?” Der Spiegel, September 21, 2007, http://www.spiegel.de/international/ world/0,1518,507176,00.html.

3 Patrick Rabbitt Patrick Rabbitt, “Detection of Errors by Skilled Typists,” Ergonomics 21, no. 11 (November 1978): 945–58, http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db =all~content=a777698565.

4 change doubtful answers Joseph T. Hallinan, Why We Make Mistakes: How We Look Without Seeing, Forget Things in Seconds, and Are All Pretty Sure We Are Way Above Average (New York: Broadway Books, 2009), 53.

5 “Peter Drucker said” Peter F. Drucker, The Essential Drucker: In One Volume the Best of Sixty Years of Peter Drucker’s Essential Writings on Management (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 127.

6 “Koch was not one” Drucker, 218.

7 Wason selection task David Moshman and Molly Geil, “Collaborative Reasoning, Evidence for Collective Rationality,” Thinking and Reasoning 4, no. 3 (July 1998): 231–48, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=edpsychpapers.

CHAPTER 17: GETTING OLDER

1 UN data drawn Helen Fisher, “The Drive to Love: The Neural Mechanism for Mate Selection,” in The New Psychology of Love, eds. Robert J. Sternberg and Karin Sternberg (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 105.

2 Louann Brizendine Louann Brizendine, The Female Brain (New York: Broadway Books, 2006), 136–37.

3 “the art of being wise” William James, The Principles of Psychology, vol. 2, Chap. 22.

4 Marriage expert John Gottman John Gottman, Why Marriages Succeed or Fail: And How You Can Make Yours Last (New York: Fireside, 1995), 57.

5 loneliness loop John Cacioppo and William Patrick, Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2008), 170.

6 more than 65 percent Brizendine, 147.

7 Alcoholics Anonymous doesn’t work Brendan L. Koerner, “Secret of AA: After 75 Years, We Don’t Know How It Works,” Wired, June 23, 2010, http://www.wired.com /magazine/2010/06/ ff_alcoholics_anonymous/.

CHAPTER 18: MORALITY

1 Jonathan Haidt Jonathan Haidt, “What Makes People Vote Republican,” Edge, September 9, 2008, http://www.edge.org/ 3rd_culture/haidt08/haidt08_index.html.

2 As Haidt has shown Jonathan Haidt, The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 20–21.

3 “It has been hard to find” Michael S. Gazzaniga, Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique (New York: Harper Perennial, 2008), 148.

4 Psychopaths do not seem Jonah Lehrer, How We Decide (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2009), 15.

5 Research on wife batterers Lehrer, 170.

6 Behavior does not exhibit Kwame Anthony Appiah, Experiments in Ethics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 40–41.

7 “I finished him off” Jean Hatzfield, Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak, trans. Linda Coverdale (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2003), 24.

8 rats were trained to press Paul Bloom, Descartes’ Baby: How the Science of Child Development Explains What Makes Us Human (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 114.

9 Chimps console each other Bloom, 122.

10 People yawn when they see Liz Seward, “Contagious Yawn ‘Sign of Empathy,’” BBC, September 10, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6988155.stm.

11 “When we see a stroke” Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (New York: Cosimo, 2007), 2.

12 “Nature, when she formed” Smith, 118.

13 rudimentary sense of justice J. Kiley Hamlin, Karen Wynn, and Paul Bloom, “Social Evaluation by Preverbal Infants,” Nature 450 (November 22, 2007): 557–59, http://www.nature.com/ nature/journal/v450/n7169/abs/nature06288.html.

14 James Q. Wilson argued James Q. Wilson, The Moral Sense (New York: Free Press, 1997), 142.

15 Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics J. J. A. Van Berkum et al., “Right or Wrong? The Brain’s Fast Response to Morally Objectional Statements,” Psychological Science 20 (2009): 1092–99, http://coreservice.mpdl.mpg.de/ ir/item/escidoc:57437/components/component/ escidoc:95157/content.

16 “He who made us” Marc D. Hauser, Moral Minds: The Nature of Right and Wrong (New York: Harper Perennial, 2006), 60–61.

17 Just as different cultures Jonathan Haidt and Craig Joseph, “The Moral Mind: How 5 Sets of Innate Moral Intuitions Guide the Development of Many Culture-Specific Virtues, and Perhaps Even Modules,” in The Innate Mind, eds. P. Carruthers, S. Laurence, and S. Stich (New York: Oxford, 2007), 367–91, and Jonathan Haidt and Jesse Graham, “When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions That Liberals May Not Recognize,” Social Science Research 20, no. 1 (March 2007): 98–116.

18 Human societies have their Jesse Graham, Jonathan Haidt, and Brian Nosek, “Liberals and Conservatives Use Different Sets of Moral Foundations,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96, no. 5 (May 2009): 1029–46, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19379034.

19 Hitler’s sweater Hauser, 199.

20 People can distinguish between Kyle G. Ratner and David M. Amodio, “N170 Responses to Faces Predict Implicit In-Group Favoritism: Evidence from a Minimal Group Study,” Social & Affective Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, October 10, 2009, http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~scanlab/ SANS/docs/SANS_program_2009.pdf.

21 The anterior cingulated cortices Xiaojing Xu, Xiangyu Zuo, Xiaoying Wang, and Shi-hui Han, “Do You Feel My Pain? Racial Group Membership Modulates Empathic Neural Responses,” Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 26 (July 1, 2009): 8525–29, http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/short/29/26/8525.

22 “In taking delivery” Hugh Helco, On Thinking Institutionally (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2008), 98.

23 “I was in awe every time” Ryne Sandberg, Induction Speech, National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, July 31, 2005, http://baseballhall.org/node/11299.

24 But in crucial moments Joshua D. Greene, “Does Moral Action Depend on Reasoning?” Big Questions Essay Series, John Templeton Foundation, April 2010, http://www.templeton.org/reason/Essays/greene.pdf.

25 “She’s not a dog” Appiah, 160.

26 “I am grateful that fate” Viktor Emil Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1992), 78.

27 philosopher Jean Bethke Elshtain Jean B. Elshtain, “Neither Victims Nor Heroes: Reflections from a Polio Person,” in Philosophical Reflections on Disability, eds. Christopher D. Ralston and Justin Ho (New York: Springer, 2009), 241–50.

CHAPTER 19: THE LEADER

1 Few people switch parties Donald Green, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler, Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identity of Voters (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), 12.

2 People have stereotypes Green, Palmquist, and Schickler, 4.

3 Party affiliation often shapes Paul Goren, Christopher M. Federico, and Miki Caul Kittilson, “Source Cues, Partisan Identities, and Political Value Expression,” American Journal of Political Science 53, no. 4 (2009): 805–820, http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/122602945/abstract?CRETRY= 1&SRETRY=0.

4 A partisan filters out Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, The American Voter (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980).

5 Bartels concludes that Larry M. Bartels, “Beyond the Running Tally: Partisan Bias in Political Perceptions,” Political Behavior 24, no. 2 (June 2002): 117–150, http://www.uvm.edu/ ~dguber/POLS234/articles/bartels.pdf.

6 Charles Taber and Milton Lodge Joseph T. Hallinan, Why We Make Mistakes: How We Look Without Seeing, Forget Things in Seconds, and Are All Pretty Sure We Are Way Above Average (New York: Broadway Books, 2009), 44–45.

7 The candidate who was perceived Joe Keohane, “How Facts Backfire,” Boston Globe, July 11, 2010, http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/07/11/how_facts _backfire/.

8 ten-second silent video clips Daniel Benjamin and Jesse Shapiro, “Thin-Slice Forecasts of Gubernatorial Elections, Review of Economics and Statistics 91, no. 3 (2009): 523–26, http://www.arts.cornell.edu/ econ/dbenjamin/thinslice022908.pdf.

9 location of a voting booth Jonah Berger, Marc Meredith, and S. Christian Wheeler, “Contextual Priming: Where People Vote Affects How They Vote,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 26 (July 1, 2008): 8846–49, http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~marcmere/ workingpapers/ContextualPriming.pdf.

10 The event was stupid Ran R. Hassin, Melissa J. Ferguson, Daniella Shidlovski, and Tamar Gross, “Subliminal Exposure to National Flags Affects Political Thought and Behavior,” Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences 104, no. 50 (December 2007): 19757–61, http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19757.abstract.

CHAPTER 20: THE SOFT SIDE

1 The individualism of the left Mark Lilla, “A Tale of Two Reactions,” New York Review of Books, May 1998, http://www.nybooks.com/ articles/archives/1998/may/14/a-tale-of -two-reactions/.

2 8 percent of students William G. Bowen, Martin Kurzweil, and Eugene Tobin, Equity and Excellence in American Higher Education (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2005), 91.

3 In Britain you wound up “Britain is ‘surveillance society,’” BBC, November 2, 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6108496.stm.

4 “Look at the society” Phillip Blond, “Rise of the Red Tories,” Prospect, February 28, 2009, http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/ 2009/02/riseoftheredtories/.

5 “At root, in almost every” James Q. Wilson, “The Rediscovery of Character: Private Virtue and Public Policy,” The Public Interest 81 (Fall 1985): 3–16, http://www.nationalaffairs.com/public_interest/detail/the-rediscovery-of-character-private-virtue-and-public-policy.

6 “The spiritual nature of man” Clinton Rossiter, Conservatism in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 43.

7 “The central conservative truth” Lawrence E. Harrison, The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself (Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 2006), xvi.

8 75 percent of the anti-Western Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 73–75.

9 Olivier Roy argues Olivier Roy, Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).

10 Harold pointed out David Brooks, “The Wisdom We Need to Fight AIDS,” New York Times, June 12, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2005/06/12/opinion/12brooks.html.

11 a hospital in Namibia David Brooks, “In Africa, Life After AIDS,” New York Times, June 9, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2005/06/09/opinion/09brooks.html.

12 So the market had partially David Brooks, “This Old House,” New York Times, December 9, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2008/12/09/opinion/09brooks.html.

13 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Daniel Drezner, “The BLS Weighs in on Outsourcing,” DanielDrezner.com, June 10, 2004, http://www.danieldrezner.com /archives/001365.html and “Extended Mass Layoffs Associated with Domestic and Overseas Relocations, First Quarter 2004 Summary,” Bureau of Labor Statistics Press Release, June 10, 2004, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/reloc.nr0.htm.

14 Pankaj Ghemawat Pankaj Ghemawat, “Why the World Isn’t Flat,” Foreign Policy, February 14, 2007, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/ articles/2007/02/14/why_the_world_isnt _flat?page=full.

15 The median person Ron Haskins and Isabel Sawhill, Creating an Opportunity Society (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2009), 127.

16 A child born into Ross Douthat, “Does Meritocracy Work?” The Atlantic, November 2005, http://www.theatlantic.com/ magazine/archive/2005/11/does-meritocracy-work/4305/.

17 Anthony Carnevale and Stephen Rose Douthat, “Does Meritocracy Work?”

18 Public-education spending Eric Hanushek, “Milton Friedman’s Unfinished Business,” Hoover Digest, Winter 2007, http://edpro.stanford.edu/ hanushek/admin/pages/files/uploads/ friedmanhoover_digest.pdf.

19 A mother with two kids Haskins and Sawhill, 46.

20 If you read part Margaret Bridges, Bruce Fuller, Russell Rumberger, and Loan Tran, “Preschool for California’s Children: Unequal Access, Promising Benefits,” PACE Child Development Projects, University of California Linguistic Minority Research Institute (September 2004): 9, http://gse.berkeley.edu/research/pace/reports/PB.04-3.pdf.

21 About half the students Haskins and Sawhill, 223.

22 Isabel Sawhill has calculated Haskins and Sawhill, 42.

23 If you get married before Haskins and Sawhill, 70.

24 Wilkinson and Pickett point Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger (London: Bloomsbury Press, 2009), 75

25 “Low-income families” Haskins and Sawhill, 101.

26 As James Heckman argues James Heckman and Dimitriy V. Masterov, “The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children,” Invest in Kids Working Group, Committee for Economic Development, Working Paper 5 (October 4, 2004): 3, http://jenni.uchicago.edu/ Invest/FILES/dugger_2004-12-02_dvm.pdf.

27 But social and emotional skills Heckman and Masterov, 28–35.

28 Small classes may be better Malcolm Gladwell, “Most Likely to Succeed,” The New Yorker, December 15, 2008, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/12/15/081215 fa_fact_gladwell.

29 The City University of New York Marc Santora, “CUNY Plans New Approach to Community College,” New York Times, January 26, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com /2009/01/26/education/26college.html?fta=y.

30 “Every new scene” Alexander Hamilton, “Report on Manufactures,” December 5, 1791, University of Chicago Press, The Founders’ Constitution, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch4s31.html.

31 He believed in using government Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York: Penguin Press, 2004).

32 “I hold the value of life” Abraham Lincoln, Speech to Germans in Cincinnati, Ohio, February 12, 1861, Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 4 (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 203.

33 “The true function of the state” Theodore Roosevelt, “Social Evolution,” in American Ideals, and Other Essays, Social and Political, vol. 2 (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907), 154.

34 “In political activity” Michael Oakeshott, “Political Education,” in Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays (London: Methuen, 1977), 127.

35 Milton wrote Paradise Lost Thomas Sowell, Marxism: Philosophy and Economics (London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1985), 14.

CHAPTER 21: THE OTHER EDUCATION

1 the muscles around the jaw Atul Gawande, “The Way We Age Now,” The New Yorker, April 30, 2007, http://www.newyorker.com/ reporting/2007/04/30/070430fa_fact _gawande.

2 40 percent end up Gawande, “The Way We Age Now.”

3 While many neurons die Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz and Cindy Lustig, “Brain Aging: Reorganizing Discoveries About the Aging Mind,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 15 (2005): 245–51, http://www.bus.umich.edu/ neuroacrp/Yoon/ReuterLorenzLustig2005.pdf.

4 air traffic controllers Louis Cozolino, The Healthy Aging Brain: Sustaining Attachment, Attaining Wisdom (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2008), 172.

5 Laura Carstensen Stephen S. Hall, “The Older-and-Wiser Hypothesis,” New York Times, May 6, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2007/05/06/magazine/ 06Wisdom-t.html.

6 John Gabrieli of MIT Hall, “The Older-and-Wiser Hypothesis.”

7 Norma Haan of Berkeley Norma Haan, Elizabeth Hartka, and Roger Millsap, “As Time Goes By: Change and Stability in Personality Over Fifty Years,” Psychology and Aging 1, no. 3 (1986): 220–32, http://www.psych.illinois.edu/~broberts/Haan%20et %20al,%201986.pdf.

8 People achieve a level George Vaillant, Aging Well: Surprising Guideposts to a Happier Life from the Landmark Harvard Study of Adult Development (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 2002), 254.

9 “By the time we reach” Andrew Newberg and Mark Robert Waldman, Why We Believe What We Believe: Uncovering Our Biological Need for Meaning, Spirituality, and Truth (New York: Free Press, 2006), 211–212.

10 The Grant Longitudinal Study Vaillant, 99–100.

11 “One of my teachers compares” Daniel J. Siegel, The Mindful Brain: Reflection and Attunement in the Cultivation of Well-Being (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 2007), 62.

12 “But gradually your eyes” Siegel, 159.

13 Tibetan monks or Catholic nuns Andrew Newberg and Mark Robert Waldman, Born to Believe: God, Science, and the Origin of Ordinary and Extraordinary Beliefs (New York: Free Press, 2006), 175.

14 “In the Pentecostal tradition” Newberg and Waldman, Why We Believe What We Believe, 203–205.

15 philosopher Roger Scruton Roger Scruton, Culture Counts: Faith and Feeling in a Besieged World (New York: Encounter Books, 2007), 41.

16 “Mine is no callous shell” Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass (New York: Penguin Books, 1986), 53.

17 “While human nature largely” Jonah Lehrer, Proust Was a Neuroscientist (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007), 140.

18 Some scientists believe that Michael S. Gazzaniga, Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique (New York: Harper Perennial, 2008), 210.

19 As Daniel Levitin observes Daniel J. Levitin, This Is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession (New York: Dutton, 2006), 116.

20 Leonard Meyer showed Leonard Meyer, Emotion and Meaning in Music (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1961).

21 Depending on lighting Semir Zeki, Splendors and Miseries of the Brain: Love, Creativity, and the Quest for Human Happiness (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 29.

22 “Our perception of the world” Chris Frith, Making Up the Mind: How the Brain Creates Our Mental World (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), 111.

23 They like lush open grasses Denis Dutton, The Art Instinct: Beauty, Pleasure, and Human Evolution (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2009), 17–19.

24 people like fractals Gazzaniga, 229.

25 Humans generally prefer patterns Gazzaniga, 230.

26 “a book club that meets” Gene D. Cohen, The Mature Mind: The Positive Power of the Aging Brain (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 148.

27 He wanted to change Lehrer, 87.

28 “I went on with the conversation” Nancy C. Andreasen, The Creative Brain: The Science of Genius (New York: Plume, 2006), 44.

29 “An idea will come” Guy Claxton, Hare Brain, Tortoise Mind: How Intelligence Increases When You Think Less (New York: Harper Perennial, 2000), 60.

30 People with college degrees Cozolino, 28.

31 People with larger vocabularies Cozolino, 29–30.

32 seniors who participate in arts Cohen, 178.

33 Malcolm Gladwell wrote Malcolm Gladwell, “Late Bloomers,” The New Yorker, October 20, 2008, http://www.newyorker.com/ reporting/2008/10/20/081020fa_fact _gladwell.

34 “A sense of isolation” Kenneth Clark, “The Artist Grows Old,” Daedalus 135, no. 1 (Winter 2006): 87, http://mitpress.mit.edu/journals/pdf/Clark_77_90.pdf.

35 “We pass on culture” Scruton, 44.

36 “Man may rise” Kenneth S. Clark, Civilization: A Personal View (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 60.

37 The cathedrals were not Michael Ward, “C. S. Lewis and the Star of Bethlehem,” Books & Culture, January–February 2008, http://www.booksandculture.com/ articles/2008/janfeb/15.30.html.

CHAPTER 22: MEANING

1 “He would have to say” Lydia Davis, “Happiest Moment,” in Samuel Johnson Is Indignant (New York: Picador, 2002), 50.

2 sunlight and natural scenes Esther M. Sternberg, Healing Spaces: The Science of Place and Well-Being (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009), 49.

3 a study done in Milan Sternberg, 50.

4 “Nature draws us because” Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 2006), 297.

5 psychologist Ellen Langer Jennifer Ruark, “The Art of Living Mindfully,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 3, 2010, http://chronicle.com/ article/The-Art-of-Living-Mindfully/63292/.

6 “reminiscence bump” Daniel L. Schacter, Searching For Memory: The Brain, The Mind, and the Past (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 298.

7 He simply could not remember George E. Vaillant, Aging Well: Surprising Guideposts to a Happier Life from the Landmark Harvard Study of Adult Development (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 2002), 31.

8 But at age seventy Vaillant, 10–11.

9 “How pleasant is the day” Louis Cozolino, The Healthy Aging Brain: Sustaining Attachment, Attaining Wisdom (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2008), 188.

10 “Man’s search for meaning” Viktor Emil Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1992), 105.

11 “He who has a why” Frankl, 84.

12 “We had to learn ourselves” Frankl, 85.

13 Erving Goffman argues Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Anchor Books, 1962).

14 there are no simple progressions Roy F. Baumeister, The Cultural Animal: Human Nature, Meaning, and Social Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 167.

15 “We can never” Immanuel Kant, “Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals,” Basic Writings of Kant, ed. Allan Wood (New York: Random House, 2001), 165.

16 Numerous studies have shown Timothy D. Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002), 84.

17 Dan McAdams writes Dan P. McAdams, The Redemptive Self: Stories Americans Live By (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

18 rumination made depressed people Wilson, 175–76.

19 “How pathetically scanty” Steven Johnson, Mind Wide Open: Your Brain and the Neuroscience of Everyday Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 1.