A Frequency Dictionary of French (2009)

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A Frequency Dictionary of French

A Frequency Dictionary of French is an invaluable tool for all learners of French, providing a list of the 5000 most frequently used words in the language.

Based on a 23-million-word corpus of French which includes written and spoken material both from France and overseas, this dictionary provides the user with detailed information for each of the 5000 entries, including English equivalents, a sample sentence, its English translation, usage statistics, and an indication of register variation.

Users can access the top 5000 words either through the main frequency listing or through an alphabetical index. Throughout the frequency listing there are thematically organized lists of the top words from a variety of key topics such as sports, weather, clothing, and family terms.

An engaging and highly useful resource, the Frequency Dictionary of French will enable students of all levels to get the most out of their study of French vocabulary.

Deryle Lonsdale is Associate Professor in the Linguistics and English Language Department at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah). Yvon Le Bras is Associate Professor of French and Department Chair of the French and Italian Department at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah).

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Routledge Frequency Dictionaries

General Editors:

Paul Rayson, Lancaster University, UK

Mark Davies, Brigham Young University, USA

Editorial Board:

Michael Barlow, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Geoffrey Leech, Lancaster University, UK

Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, University of Lodz, Poland

Josef Schmied, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany

Andrew Wilson, Lancaster University, UK

Adam Kilgarriff, Lexicography MasterClass Ltd and University of Sussex, UK

Hongying Tao, University of California at Los Angeles

Chris Tribble, King’s College London, UK

Other books in the series:

A Frequency Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese

A Frequency Dictionary of German

A Frequency Dictionary of Portuguese

A Frequency Dictionary of Spanish

A Frequency Dictionary of Arabic (forthcoming)

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A Frequency Dictionary of French

Core vocabulary for learners

Deryle Lonsdale and Yvon Le Bras

LONDON AND NEW YORK

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First published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY

10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

© 2009 Deryle Lonsdale and Yvon Le Bras

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataLonsdale, Deryle. A frequency dictionary of French : core vocabulary for learners / Deryle Lonsdale, Yvon Le Bras. p. cm. Includes index. 1.

French language—Word frequency—Dictionaries. I. Lonsdale, Deryle. II. Title. PC2691.L66 2009

443′.21—dc19 2008042400

ISBN 0-203-88304-7 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN10:0-415-77531-0 (pbk)

ISBN10:0-415-77530-2 (hbk)

ISBN10:0-203-88304-7 (ebk)

ISBN13:978-0-415-77531-1 (pbk)

ISBN13:978-0-415-77530-4 (hbk)

ISBN13:978-0-203-88304-4 (ebk)

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Contents

Thematic vocabulary list vi

Series preface vii

Acknowledgments ix

Abbreviations x

Introduction 1

References 8

Frequency index 9

Alphabetical index 204

Part of speech index 258

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Thematic vocabulary lists

1

Animals

9

2

Body

16

3

Food

23

4

Clothing

30

5

Transportation

37

6

Family

44

7

Materials

51

8

Time

58

9

Sports

65

10

Natural features and plants

72

11

Weather

79

12

Professions

86

13

Creating nouns – 1

93

14

Relationships

100

15

Nouns – differences across registers

107

16

Colors

114

17

Opposites

121

18

Nationalities

128

19

Creating nouns – 2

135

20

Emotions

142

21

Adjectives – differences across registers

149

22

Verbs of movement

156

23

Verbs of communication

163

24

Use of the pronoun “se”

170

25

Verbs – differences across registers

178

26

Adverbs – differences across registers

186

27

Word length

195

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Series preface

There is a growing consensus that frequency information has a role to play in language learning.

Data derived from corpora allows the frequency of individual words and phrases in a language to be determined. That information may then be incorporated into language learning. In this series, the frequency of words in large corpora is presented to learners to allow them to use frequency as a guide in their learning. In providing such a resource, we are both bringing students closer to real language (as opposed to textbook language, which often distorts the frequencies of features in a language, see Ljung 1990) and providing the possibility for students to use frequency as a guide for vocabulary learning. In addition we are providing information on differences between frequencies in spoken and written language as well as, from time to time, frequencies specific to certain genres.

Why should one do this? Nation (1990) has shown that the 4,000–5,000 most frequent words account for up to 95 per cent of a written text and the 1,000 most frequent words account for 85 per cent of speech. While Nation’s results were for English, they do at least present the possibility that, by allowing frequency to be a general guide to vocabulary learning, one task facing learners – to acquire a lexicon which will serve them well on most occasions most of the time – could be achieved quite easily. While frequency alone may never act as the sole guide for a learner, it is nonetheless a very good guide, and one which may produce rapid results. In short, it seems rational to prioritize learning the words one is likely to hear and use most often. That is the philosophy behind this series of dictionaries.

The information in these dictionaries is presented in a number of formats to allow users to access the data in different ways. So, for example, if you would prefer not to simply drill down through the word frequency list, but would rather focus on verbs, the part of speech index will allow you to focus on just the most frequent verbs. Given that verbs typically account for 20 per cent of all words in a language, this may be a good strategy. Also, a focus on function words may be equally rewarding – 60 per cent of speech in English is composed of a mere 50 function words.

We also hope that the series provides information of use to the language teacher. The idea that frequency information may have a role to play in syllabus design is not new (see, for example, Sinclair and Renouf 1988). However, to date it has been difficult for those teaching languages other than English to use frequency information in syllabus design because of a lack of data. While English has long been well provided with such data, there has been a relative paucity of such material for other languages. This series aims to provide such information so that the benefits of the use of frequency information in syllabus design can be explored for languages other than English.

We are not claiming, of course, that frequency information should be used slavishly. It would be a pity if teachers and students failed to notice important generalizations across the lexis presented in these dictionaries. So, for example, where one pronoun is more frequent than another, it would be problematic if a student felt they had learned all pronouns when

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they had learned only the most frequent pronoun. Our response to such issues in this series is to provide indexes to the data from a number of perspectives. So, for example, a student working down the frequency list who encounters a pronoun can switch to the part of speech list to see what other pronouns there are in the dictionary and what their frequencies are. In short, by using the lists in combination a student or teacher should be able to focus on specific words and groups of words.

Such a use of the data presented here is to be encouraged.

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Tony McEnery and Paul Rayson Lancaster, 2005

References

Ljung, M. (1990)A Study of TEFL Vocabulary. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.

Nation, I.S.P. (1990)Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. Boston: Heinle and Heinle.

Sinclair, J.M. and Renouf, A. (1988) “A Lexical Syllabus for Language Learning”. In R. Carter and M. McCarthy (eds) Vocabulary and Language Teaching London: Longman, pp. 140–158.

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Acknowledgments

We are first and foremost grateful to Mark Davies for proposing that we undertake this work, and for his occasional guidance and suggestions throughout its duration. This work also would not have been possible without the help of our able and hard-working student research assistants at Brigham Young University: Fritz Abélard, Amy Berglund, Katharine Chamberlin, and Ben Sparks.

The first author would like to thank his French instructors throughout his formative years, particularly France Levasseur-Ouimet and Gérard Guénette. He also acknowledges the inspiring influence of past colleagues in translation and lexicography including Greg Garner, Benoît Thouin, Brian Harris, Robert Good, Alain Danik, and Claude Bédard. He dedicates this book to his parents, to his wonderfully supportive wife Daniela, and to Walter H. Speidel whose own pioneering work in corpus-based computerized lexicography stands as an example for all of us who work in this field.

The second author wishes to thank Philippe Hamon, Bernard Quemada, and Réal Ouellet, his professors at the University of Rennes, the University of Paris III, and Laval University, who instilled in him the desire to study and teach the French language and literature. He dedicates this book to his parents and especially to his wife Hoa for her continued support and encouragement in his professional endeavors.

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Abbreviations Categories Example

adj

adjective

1026 lourd adj heavy

adv

adverb

1071 certainement adv certainly

conj

conjunction

528 puisque conj since

det

determiner

214 votre det your

intj

interjection

889 euh intj er, um, uh

n

noun

802 absence nf absence

nadj

noun/adjective 4614 insensén adj insane

prep

preposition

389 parmi prep among

pro

pronoun

522 lui-même pro himself

v

verb

1014 confirmer v to confirm

Features on categories

Example

f

feminine

1011 armée nf army

i

invariable

1324 après-midi nmi afternoon

m

masculine

707 signe nm sign

pl

plural

3654 dépens nmpl expense

(f)

no distinct feminine

3770 apte adj(f) capable

(pl)

no distinct plural

3901 croix nf(pl) cross

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Introduction

The value of a frequency dictionary for French

Today French is the second most taught and widespread second language globally, behind English.

Yet, surprisingly, there is no current corpus-based frequency dictionary of the French language. The present dictionary is meant to address this shortcoming, and is part of a series that includes other highly useful dictionaries for Spanish (Davies, 2006) and Portuguese (Davies & Preto-Bay, 2008).

As such it is similar in intent, approach, structure, and content to its predecessors. As noted below, some modifications have also been made to make it more usable for English speakers, who do constitute the largest group of speakers on the planet.

The purpose for this book is to prepare students of French for the words that they are most likely to encounter in the “real world”. It is meant to help alleviate the phenomenon encountered all too often in dictionaries and language primers where word lists are introduced based on intuitive or unverifiable notions of which words might conceivably be most useful for students to acquire, and in which order. The dictionary is designed primarily as a reference work which could be used in concert with standard classroom curricular materials or used on an individual study basis. Ideas on how to carry out this integration have been noted in the previous dictionaries noted above.

Contents of the dictionary

This is first and foremost a frequency dictionary. The principal information concerns the 5,000 most frequent words in French as determined in the process described below. This information is arranged in three different formats: (i) a main frequency listing, which begins with the most frequent word (with associated information) followed by the next most frequent word, and so forth; (ii) an alphabetical index of these words, and (iii) a frequency listing of the words organized by part of speech, and (iv) thematic lists grouping some of the words into related semantic classes. Each of the entries in the main frequency listing contains the word itself, its part(s) of speech (e.g. noun, verb, adjective, etc.), a context reflecting its actual usage previously in French, an English translation of that context, and summary statistical information about the usage of that word. Some or all of this information is likely to be highly useful for language learners in different settings.

The vocabulary itself was derived from a corpus, or body, of French texts. The corpus we collected was assembled specifically for this work and totals millions of words, half of them reflecting transcriptions of spoken French and the other half written French texts. Since the dictionary is focused primarily on frequency and usage, the words do not have associated with them any pronunciation guides, etymological history, or domain-specific usage information. The dictionary is also focused on single words, which is a crucial but not exclusive consideration in language learning; to extensively address fixed word expressions such as collocations and idioms would be beyond the scope of this dictionary.

The dictionary, then, is designed as an instrument for helping students acquire a core vocabulary of French words in various ways, including based on their observed frequency in recent French language usage. The versatility in its organization should presumably allow its use in a wide range of language learning scenarios.

Previous frequency dictionaries for French

French dictionaries are plentiful and widely varied in content, so one might wonder whether another ow

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dictionary is necessary. A short survey of existing dictionaries should suffice to illustrate why this one was developed.

Two landmark frequency dictionaries have been produced for French. One (Henmon 1924) was based on 400,000 words of text, and the other (Juilland et al. 1970) derives from a study of 500,000

words.

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Information on the words contained in those lists, though, was minimal, and the ability to handle more sizable corpora has since – of course – been vastly improved with computer technology.

Other word reference lists have been developed largely for scholarly purposes and hence not very accessible to the average learner. Brunet (1981) focuses on development of French vocabulary over time based on the superb Trésor de la Langue Française (Imbs 1971-1994). Beauchemin et al.

(1992) focus only on the French spoken in Quebec. All of these resources require some effort to use effectively.

Some lexical resources are at the disposal of French language learners through the Internet, such as the ARTFL FRANTEXT and TLFi resources. The subscription costs and on-line access methods are sometimes less practical than having a reasonably sized dictionary like this one at one’s fingertips.

Finally, some helpful recent beginner dictionaries exist, though each has its own limitations. Recent ones by Oxford University Press (2006), Living Language (Lazare 1992), and Dover Publications (Buxbaum 2001) list from 1001 to 20,000 “most useful” words but give no rationale for how they were selected. Another venerable work by Gougenheim (1958) lists 3500 basic French words with related information including definitions, but which are entirely in French and hence challenging for the beginner.

Our dictionary seeks to combine the best from this tradition of French lexical research while at the same time avoiding these shortcomings. Its presentation design and the rationale and methodology for selecting the contents reflect what we believe to be the state of the art in corpus research, text processing, and lexicography.

The corpus and its annotation

Our dictionary is derived from a corpus of some 23,000,000 French words that have been assembled from a wide variety of sources. As mentioned above, half of this total reflects a collection of transcriptions from oral or spoken French, while the other half reflects French in its textual or written form. Reflecting a desire to make our dictionary a modern representation of the French language, we have included no materials that date before the year 1950.

We did not try to proportion our data based on geographical region or demographics, but we did try to achieve some balance across genres; however, this balance is not perfect. It is also important to note that some of our content from particular sources was exhaustive whereas in other cases it was selectively or randomly sampled; in other words, only parts of the material were used because there was too much content and hence the risk of skewing coverage of particular areas.

The spoken text portion of the corpus was made up of approximately 11.5 million words. These words were pulled from such various forms such as transcripts of governmental debates/hearings, telephone calls, and face-to-face dialogues. There were also transcripts of interviews with writers, entertainment figures, business leaders, athletes, academicians and other media personnel. And fT

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finally we made use of movie scripts/subtitles and theatrical plays.

The written text portion of the corpus was also made up of roughly 11.5 million words. This part of the corpus was assembled from newswire stories, daily and weekly newspapers, newsletters, bulletins, business correspondence, and technical manuals. Magazines such as popular science and other technical publications were used. We also targeted different genres of literature such as fiction/nonfiction essays, memoirs, novels and more.

Table 1 gives a more detailed listing of the composition of the corpus.

Corpus standardization and annotation

Collection of the corpus involved much work in what has been called corpus standardization or text preprocessing. Given the wide range of sources for the corpus, they involved many different file types, character encodings, and formatting conventions. For example, the documents used a wide range of character representations and formats such as EBCDIC, MACROMAN, ISO, UTF-8, and HTML. In many cases unneeded material such as images, advertisements, or templatic information had to be stripped out, a process called document scrubbing.

Each type of transcription or text document was then processed so that the paragraphs, sentences, words, and characters were identified and encoded in a standard way to enable further processing, a process called tokenization. The scrubbing and tokenization processes involve linguistic issues that had to be addressed, such as deciding on how to break up

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Table 1 Composition of 23 million word French corpus

Spoken

Approx. # of

Sources

words

175

Conversations (3)

3,750,000

Canadian Hansard (4)

3,020,000

Misc. interviews/transcripts (5)

1,000,000

European Union parliamentary debates (6)

855

Telephone conversations (7)

470

Theatre dialogue/monologue (8)

2,230,000

Film subtitles (9)

TOTAL

11,500,000

Written

3,000,000

Newswire stories (10)

2,015,000

Newspaper stories (11)

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4,734,000

Literature (fiction, non-fiction) (12)

434

Popular science magazine articles (13)

1,317,000

Newsletters, tech reports, user manuals

(14)

TOTAL

11,500,000

GRAND TOTAL

23,000,000

3 The French portion of the C-ORAL-ROM corpus (Cresti & Moneglia 2005).

4 Aligned Hansards of the 36th Parliament of Canada; for more information consult

http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/download/hansard/.

5 Miscellaneous transcripts of interviews with various business, political, artistic, and academic personalities mined from hundreds of Internet sites. Many were from media sites such as French television studios (e.g. www.tf1.fr and www.france2.fr), publishing houses (www.lonergan.fr), popular culture websites (e.g. www.evene.fr), and business information portals (e.g.

http://www.journaldunet.com).

6 A small random sampling from the French portion of the Multilingual Corpora for Cooperation (MLCC) corpus. See resource W0023 at www.elda.fr.

7 Aligned transcribed training data from the ESTER Phase 2 evaluation campaign; downloaded from http://www.irisa.fr/metiss/guig/ester/.

8 A small random sampling of extracts from theatrical works posted at various sites including www.leproscenium.fr.

9 Selected portions of several film subtitles from Jörg Tiedemann’s OPUS corpus; downloaded from http://urd.let.rug.nl/tiedeman/OPUS/OpenSubtitles.php.

10 A tiny random sampling of stories from the French GigaWord corpus; for more information see http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/Catalog/CatalogEntry.jsp?catalogId=LDC2006T17.

11 A sampling from newspaper articles on the Internet from journalism sites throughout the French-speaking world (e.g. www.lemonde.fr, www.ledevoir.com).

12 Samples and complete short works of fiction and non-fiction works from various publishing houses (e.g. www.edition-grasset.fr, www.lonergan.fr) and Web virtual libraries (e.g.

www.gutenberg.org).

13 A variety of articles from popular science magazine sites on the Internet (e.g.

www.pourlascience.com, www.larecherche.com, etc.).

14 A variety of technical report and newsletter articles including weather bulletins, user manuals, business newsletters, and banking correspondence. Some of these materials are sampled from the hP

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French portions of the European Corpus Initiative (see

http://wwww.ldc.upenn.edu/Catalog/CatalogEntry.jsp?catalogId=LDC2006T17).

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words separated by hyphens (dis-moi vs. week-end) and apostrophes (l’homme vs. aujourd’hui).

Some documents had accented upper letters whereas others did not, so the process of case folding –

or reducing capitalized words to their lower-case form – was also nontrivial. Many special symbols including degree signs, ellipsis punctuation, currency symbols, bullets, and dots also required standardization. To perform all of this work we used several file conversion programs as well as our own Perl scripts, Unix tools (e.g. make, awk, grep, sort, uniq, join, comm), and

SGML/HTML/XML parsers.

Once the corpus was standardized, it was then necessary for us to assign to each word its part of speech; in other words, whether it functions as a noun, a verb, an adjective, and so forth. Currently there are about a dozen different part of speech taggers for the French language, each with its own theoretical framework, implementation approach, and set of tag encodings to flag the relevant parts of speech for each word. In this work we installed and tested several of these taggers. In our case we found that each tagger had its own strengths and weaknesses and that by combining several of them and merging the results in a postprocessing stage we could create our own tagging procedure and tagset to produce the best results for our purpose. We also performed a certain amount of editing and correcting tagging results by hand for the most common tagging errors, though for the entire corpus a thorough examination of each word would have been prohibitively time-consuming and costly.

It was also necessary to perform a morphological analysis of each word in the corpus to find its base form, or lemma. For example, the second word in the sentence “Je suis heureux.” is a verb conjugation of the verb “être”, which is its base form or lemma. Similarly, pronouns with regular inflections (e.g. “il” to “ils”), adjectives, and determiners with variant forms were combined together. The lemmatization process was necessary for our frequency computations, to be described below. Various lemmatization programs exist for French, and in fact some of them perform both part of speech tagging and lemmatization at the same time. In this stage, too, there were challenges that we had to overcome. For example, many words are morphologically ambiguous, having several possible lemmas, such as the verb form “suis” having both “être” and “suivre” as possible lemmas, depending on the particular instance. Another difficulty is deciding when non-finite forms (i.e. past and present participles and infinitives) function more as verbs or as other parts of speech (especially nouns, adjectives). Again we found that combining some of the most popular programs and postprocessing the results ended up being the most helpful for our purposes.

Target vocabulary identification and description

With the whole corpus standardized and annotated, it was possible to compute word frequencies and identify the most-used words. Counting words in a corpus can be done in several ways. We have chosen to collapse all of the variant forms of the same word and sum them up together. For example, the word “pour” is a conjunction or preposition and occurs in two other forms across the corpus: “Pour” and “POUR”. Summing up all occurrences of the variant forms of this word we arrive at a total count of 151,709. Similarly, plural forms of nouns are normally reduced to their singular form, verb conjugations are reduced to their infinitive form, and inflected adjectives are reduced to the masculine singular form, as is done in other French dictionaries. For example, throughout the corpus there are 25 different forms of the verb “déterminer” including inflections and variant forms such as “déterminerait”, “détermine”, “déterminons”, and “Déterminez”; all of these were combined with their counts into the infinitive form.

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Our target vocabulary list is thus formed from the top 5000 scoring lemmas in the corpus. In identifying these top 5000 lemmas, some items (such as proper nouns and punctuation) were rejected. However, one more refinement was necessary in identifying the top 5000 words.

Experience in corpus linguistics has shown that the raw frequency count for all variants of a word turns out not to be the best measure of its usefulness. Consideration must be made of how widely a word is spread across the different parts of a corpus.

Exactly quantifying how widely a word is spread across a document or corpus has been a thorny problem in corpus linguistics. If a given word occurs very frequently in one part of the corpus (e.g.

the spoken part) but not elsewhere, it might be desirable to discount that word’s raw frequency so that it becomes a little less “important” in comparison to

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other less-frequent words. Literally dozens of approaches have been taken over the last decades to come up with workable solutions. One of the most promising, and the one used in the compilation of this book, is called the “deviation of proportions”, or DP (Gries, 2008).

The DP measure looks at the proportion of a term’s occurrence across various “slices” of a corpus, taking into account the size of each slice. Each word’s final calculation involves three steps: (i) summing up all of the occurrences of that word’s for each slice and normalizing it against that word’s overall frequency in the whole corpus, called the “observed proportion”; (ii) normalizing each corpus slice with respect to the size of the whole corpus, called the “expected proportion”; (iii) computing the absolute difference between observed and expected proportions, summing them up, and dividing by 2. The result is a measure between 0 and 1, where 0 means the word is distributed evenly across the corpus slices and 1 means it is restricted to narrow parts of the corpus.

While helpful in describing word distribution across a corpus, the DP measure is only one metric, and for the purposes of this dictionary it was necessary to combine it with the raw frequency. Thus we computed, for each lemma, its frequency divided by its DP. The result determined the ranking of each lemma and hence its final appearance and relative order in the top 5000 words in the vocabulary. For example, all forms of the word “avoir” sum up to a frequency of 405,020 and its DP

score is 0.11533. Its ranking score is thus 405020/0.115363, or 3,510,831.029. This is the sixth highest score among all of the lemmas, so this word places sixth in the ranked list.

Finally, the DP values are somewhat unwieldy as long numbers behind a decimal point. To solve this problem we mapped these values to a much more intuitive set of integers ranging from about 27

to 100. These numbers are called dispersion codes. The mathematical calculation for obtaining a dispersion code from its corresponding DP measure involves an exponential function: 100*exp-DP.

Values approaching 100 indicate that the word is quite evenly distributed across the corpus; values below 50 indicate words that are limited to only certain narrow portions of the corpus.

Though these computations are somewhat technical, the general intuition is that the words in this dictionary are ranked by the summed frequency of all of their variant forms, tempered by how well they are spread across various portions of the corpus.

Once the terms were identified, additional information had to be collected to construct the associated entries.

Developing associated information

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Providing parts of speech was done through a combination of automatic and manual methods. The values were derived from (i) the part of speech tags provided from the lemmatization process described above; (ii) popular lexical databases for French lexical information (e.g. BDLEX1); and (iii) hand-editing of the merged and accumulated results.

Glossing the terms was a completely manual effort. An intuitive effort was made to give as much of the core meaning(s) as possible while at the same time avoiding the temptation to be exhaustive.

The next stage involved finding a suitable usage context for each word. In each case the usage context comes from the corpus itself, so that it represents an illustration of natural French, the way a French-speaking person would use the word. Equally important was the need to find contexts that were clear, short, self-contained, and indicative of the core meaning of the word. Ideally, the contexts should also contain as few words as possible that are not covered in the dictionary elsewhere. To find the contexts, a computer-generated list of possible contexts was prepared for each word, and then scored automatically according to these criteria. We then manually chose from among these lists the best context for each word.

Like glossing, generating English translations for the usage contexts was also a human effort. Each context was taken in isolation and, often using the English glosses that had been prepared, a translation was entered manually. Some texts already had English translations from previous work and hence could have been extracted manually using word-alignment techniques, but we purposely chose to not use these techniques so as to assure that the translations were “fresh” in each instance.

1 See http://www.irit.fr/PERSONNEL/SAMOVA/decalmes/ IHMPT/ress_ling.v1/rbdlex_en.php.

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Finally, we compiled the thematic lists. In each case the content of the list was done using a combination of automatic and manual techniques. For semantic subject areas (e.g. food and weather terms) hierarchical lexical databases (e.g. French WordNet2) were used to locate the terms’ position in a taxonomy of semantic field areas. A parallel effort of hand-selecting relevant terms was also carried out, and the results were merged together.

All of these results have been combined into a comprehensive database (we used both mySQL and Microsoft Access) that enables versatile retrieval of relevant information.

In conclusion, this dictionary is calibrated to the learners’ needs, and organized in such a way that is easy for the reader. Corpus linguistics is at the core of the effort, but a wide array of human skills and computational linguistic techniques were vital in the process.

The main frequency index

The frequency index is the main portion of this dictionary: it contains a ranked list of the top 5000

lemmas in French, starting with the highest-scoring one and progressing to the lowest-scoring word.

Each entry has the following information:

ranked score (1, 2, 3…), headword, part(s) of speech, English gloss, sample context, English translation of sample context, dispersion value, raw frequency total, indication of register variation For example, here is the entry for the word “aimer”:

242 aimer v to like, love

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* tu sais que je t’aime -- you know I love you

71 | 10085 −n

This entry shows that the word (and all of its related forms) ranks 242nd among all French words in terms of combined frequency and dispersion. The part-of-speech code shows that it’s a verb. Two possible English glosses are “to like” and “to love”. One context from the corpus is shown, which uses one of the related forms of this verb: “aime”. An English translation for the usage context then appears. Next, the number “71” flags the dispersion value for the word on a scale from 27 to 100; the word and its forms are reasonably evenly spread across the corpus. The number “10085”

indicates the raw frequency, or how many times the word and its related forms occur in the corpus.

Finally, a register code –n indicates that this word is noticeably infrequent in nonfiction.

Here are some additional notes for the items appearing in the entries.

The part(s) of speech

Several categories have been combined to increase readability. For example, nadj signifies a word that can be either a noun or an adjective. Marking for major features is also provided, such as for gender (nm for masculine, nf for feminine), number (pl for non-distinct plurals), and invariable words that don’t inflect (e.g. adji). Some nouns have both genders. In this dictionary participles that have drifted semantically from their core meaning, or that have acquired a status that makes them more like adjectives or nouns, have been listed separately. Examples of such words include “reçu (receipt)”, “fabricant (manufacturer)”, and “âgé (old)”.

The English gloss

The gloss is meant to be indicative only – it’s not a complete listing of all possibilities. This is not an exhaustive bilingual dictionary. Many of these words also participate in idioms, fixed expressions, collocations, or multi-word expressions. These meanings are not included in the glosses since the focus is on single words. The glosses are written in standard American English. In certain parts of the dictionary (e.g. in the thematic lists) only shortened forms of the glosses are used.

The French usage context

As noted above, all of the usage contexts come from the corpus itself. In selecting them the goal was to find contexts that illustrate clearly the core meaning of the word as concisely as possible.

Contexts will sometimes unavoidably include words that are not in the top 5000 words, as well as occasional idiomatic usages. The contexts are taken verbatim, with only very infrequent correction (e.g. spelling errors). Capitalization is (for the most part) neutralized to improve readability.

Sometimes the contexts are not always grammatically correct, especially when taken

2 See http://www.illc.uva.nl/EuroWordNet/.

Page 7

from a spoken language transcript where speech errors, non-standard usage, and non-prescribed forms are common (e.g. “j’sais pas” vs. “je ne sais pas”). Finally, the contexts reflect real-world usage, and hence may not always be factually or politically correct. No editorial endorsement or philosophical conclusions should be ascribed to the authors on the basis of the contexts used.

T

s−

tA

e

The English translation of the context

Translations are rendered into American English, with it attendant spelling and vocabulary choices.

An attempt was made to project the register, style, and structure. of the source context into its translation. However, translations were focused more on meaning than structure, so some translations are fairly loose and sometimes creative. On occasion a translation may involve a word whose part of speech is different than its related word appearing in the English gloss. Since the glosses are only meant to be indicative and not exhaustive, the translations may involve words not shown in the glosses, but usually the relationship is readily apparent. Sometimes idiomatic usages or collocations may be used in a translation to show how flexibly the word can be used. It is important to note that the contexts were translated in standalone fashion. Since the context was isolated from its surrounding material before translation, reference of pronouns, articles, etc. is not guaranteed to perfect match the meanings in the source documents. For example, a context “Je lui téléphone” might either be translated “I’m telephoning him” or “I’m telephoning her”. Clearly one translation would be most appropriate to the context when viewed in its original source file, but to supply such is not necessarily our intention here.

The statistical and register information

The last line of each entry has two numbers divided by a vertical bar. The first is the dispersion value discussed above. The second is the raw frequency count for all of the variants of the entry’s headword. Some words also have a register code that specifies the word’s distribution across registers. The three registers and their codes are spoken (±s), literature (±l), and non-fiction (±n). A positive value for some register means that the word occurs in the top 5% of the expected frequencies for the words in that register, when compared against the other two registers.

Conversely, a negative value means that the word occurs in the bottom 5% of the expected frequencies for the words in that register. For example the first-person pronoun “je” has a −n register code, indicating that it occurs comparatively very infrequently in the nonfiction register. On the other hand, a very imagery-laden descriptive adverb like “brusquement” has the codes +l and

−s, meaning that it is very infrequent in spoken language but very frequent in literature.

Thematic vocabulary (“call-out boxes”)

A number of thematically-grouped words are given in tables that are placed throughout the frequency index. These include lists of terms for such semantic classes as animals, body parts, foods, colors, nationalities, and professions. Other tables give data on grammatical questions (e.g.

use of the pronoun “se”), word length, and variation of word usage across the three registers (spoken, literature, and nonfiction). When glosses appear in these lists, they may only represent a portion of the glosses given in the main frequency list. In addition, sometimes words are ambiguous in their meaning; for example, the word “poisson (fish)” is both an animal and a food. In cases where the word’s usage exhibits a clear preference for one sense over another, it will only appear in the list associated with the preferred sense. In other cases, though, where no clear preference exists, the word may appear in both relevant thematic lists.

Alphabetical and part of speech indexes

The alphabetical index gives an alphabetical listing of all of the words listed in the previous section.

Each entry in this chapter includes: (1) the lemma (2) the part of speech (3) a basic English equivalent, and (4) the word’s score in this dictionary.

The part of speech index gives a listing of the words from the frequency index, this time arranged by “parts of speech”. Each category lists the lemmas by their score in decreasing frequency of oP

R

plB

L

D

C

W

IF

r•

occurrence. The alphabetical index can be used to link a given word with its score.

Page 8

References

Beauchemin, N., Margel, P., and Théoret, M.1992.Dictionnaire de fréquence des mots du français parlé au Québec: fréquence, dispersion, usage, écart réduit. New York: P. Lang.

Brunet, É. 1981.Le vocabulaire français de 1789 à nos jours d’après les données du Trésor de la langue française. Paris: Champion. (Travaux de linguistique quantitative, 46).

Buxbaum, M.O. 2001.1001 Most Useful French Words. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.

Davies, M. 2006.Frequency Dictionary of Spanish: Core Vocabulary for Learners. New York: Routledge.

Davies, M. and Preto-Bay, A.M.R. 2008.Frequency Dictionary of Portuguese: Core Vocabulary for Learners. New York: Routledge.

Galarneau, A. 2002. Les dictionnaires de langue française. Dictionnaires d’apprentissage.

Dictionnaires spécialisés de la langue. Dictionnaires de spécialité. International Journal of Lexicography (15)3:246–248.

Gougenheim, G. 1958.Dictionnaire fondamental de la langue française. Paris: Librairie Marcel Didier.

Gries, S.T.forthcoming. Dispersions and adjusted frequencies in corpora. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics.

Henmon, V.A.C. 1924.A French word book based on a count of 400,000 running words. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.

Imbs, P.1971-1994.Trésor de la langue française. Paris: CNRS, Gallimard.

Juilland, A., Brodin, D., and Davidovitch, C.1970.Frequency Dictionary of French Words. La Haye, Paris: Mouton.

Lazare, L 1992.French Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Living Language.

Page 9

Frequency index

rank frequency (501, 502…), headword,part of speech, English equivalent

• sample sentence

range count | raw frequency total, indication of major register variation

1 le det, pro the; him, her, it, them

* vive la politique, vive l'amour -- long live politics, long live love

89

89 | 2359662

2 de det, prep of, from, some, any

* il ne rêve que d'argent et de plaisirs -- he only dreams of money and pleasure

88 | 1665907

3 un adj, det, nm, pro a, an, one

* je me suis cassé un ongle -- I broke one of my fingernails

95 | 421500

4 à prep to, at, in

* ils restent à l'école le plus longtemps possible -- they remain at school as long as possible 93 | 557546

5 être nm,v to be; being

* tout le monde veut être beau -- everybody wants to be beautiful

91 | 514562

6 et conj and

* et les larmes se remirent à couler -- and the tears started flowing again

93 | 364443

7 en adv,prep,pro in, by

* je suis retournée en Espagne en septembre -- I returned to Spain in September

94 | 242952

8 avoir nm,v to have

* on était six donc tu peux pas avoir une conversation -- there were six of us so you can't have a conversation

89 | 405020

9 que adv,conj,pro that, which, who, whom

* c'est un soldat. mais que fait-il ici? -- it's a soldier. but what's he doing here?

88 | 348428

10 pour prep for, in order to

* elle jouait pour gagner -- she played to win

93 | 151709

11 dans prep in, into, from

* je reviendrai dans dix minutes -- I will return in 10 minutes

93 | 161033

12 ce det,pro this, that

* je ne déteste pas cet homme -- I do not detest this man

87 | 307421

13 il pro he, it

* allez voir s'il est blessé -- go see if he is injured

86 | 251585

14 qui pro who, whom

89A

* je ne sais pas à qui m'adresser -- I don't know who to talk to

89 | 160867

15 ne adv not

* nous ne faisons pas du très bon travail -- we are not doing very good work

86 | 195309

16 sur adj,prep on, upon

* t'avais une chance sur un million -- you had one chance in a million

92 | 97798

1 Animals

animal 1002 M animal

poisson 1616 M fish

chien 1744 M dog

cheval 2220 M horse

oiseau 2435 M bird

bête 2591 F beast

vache 2768 F cow

chat 3138 M cat

monstre 3353 M monster

virus 3382 M virus

bœuf 3914 M ox

loup 3927 M wolf

porc 4036 M pig

mouton 4175 M sheep

rat 4290 M rat

poule 4321 F hen

souris 4328 F mouse

singe 4739 M monkey

ours 4800 M bear

bétail 4842 M livestock

cochon 4947 M pig

canard 5295 M duck

lion 5413 M lion

serpent 5574 M snake

puce 5788 F flea

lapin 5833 M rabbit

papillon 5979 M butterfly

dragon 6054 M dragon

chèvre 6074 F nanny goat

saumon 6287 M salmon

moule 6520 F mussel

Page 10

17 se pro oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves

* avec ce traité, le Japon se rapproche des Etats-Unis -- with this treaty, Japan brings itself closer to the U.S.

88 | 144707

18 pas adv,nm(pl) not, n't; footstep

897

* non, ne touchez pas! -- no, don't touch it!

83 | 161746

19 plus adv more, no more

* il est considérablement plus jeune que moi -- he's considerably younger than I am

90 | 85987

20 pouvoir nm,v can, to be able to

* tu peux jouer de la guitare électrique -- you can play electric guitar

90 | 78074

21 par prep by

* il s'y trouvait par hasard -- he found himself there by accident

87 | 99628

22 je pro I

* je suis contente de vous revoir -- I am happy to see you again

73 | 227259-n

23 avec prep with

* vous voulez aller au ciné avec moi? -- do you want to go to a movie with me?

91 | 66056

24 tout adv,det,nadj,pro all, very

* comme vous voyez, tout est propre -- as you see, everything is clean

86 | 95071

25 faire nm,v to do, make

* qu'est-ce qu'il fait? -- what's he doing?

85 | 99587

26 son det,nm his, her, its; sound; bran

* un ami ingénieur du son m'aide pour les arrangements -- a sound engineer friend of mine helped me with the arrangements

81 | 116681

27 mettre v to put, place

* je peux me mettre à votre table? -- may I sit at your table?

96 | 19654

28 autre det,nadj(f),pro other

* il y a un autre problème -- there's another problem

91 | 40519

29 on pro one, we

* on tire et on pose les questions ensuite -- we shoot first and ask questions later 80 | 87982

30 mais adv,conj,intj but

* je ne suis pas riche, mais je connais la vérité -- I'm not rich, but I know the truth 83 | 69661

78 b 9

31 nous pro we, us

* nous devons nous défendre nous-mêmes -- we must defend ourselves

78 | 89100

32 comme adv,conj like, as

* Tony et moi, on est comme des frères -- Tony and I, we're like brothers

87 | 49608

33 ou conj or

* il en reste du café ou pas? -- is there some coffee left or not?

86 | 49714

34 si adv,conj,nmi if, whether

* aujourd'hui, notre économie va si mal -- today our economy is going so poorly

87 | 46439

35 leur det,adj(f),pro them, their, theirs

* l'énergie solaire assurait leur survie -- solar energy assured their survival

87 | 39904

36 y adv,nmi,pro there

* c'est certain qu'on va y aller -- it's for certain that we'll be going there

83 | 55889

37 dire nm,v to say

* je décrochais le téléphone sans rien dire à personne -- I picked up the telephone receiver without saying anything to anyone

77 | 66657-n

38 elle pro she, her

* j'étais fou amoureux. elle m'aimait bien -- I was head-over-heels in love. she loved me a lot 78 | 66136

39 devoir nm,v to have to, owe; duty

* je dois travailler sans la moindre entrave -- I must work without the least bit of hindrance 83 |

46491

40 avant adji,adv,nm,prep before

* tu vas te pencher en avant -- you're going to lean forward

94 | 14109

41 deux det,nmi two

* il prend le train deux fois par semaine pour affaires -- he takes the train on business twice per week

87 | 31727

42 même adj(f),adv,pro same, even, self

* ils ne s'excusent même pas -- they don't even excuse themselves

85 | 37784

43 prendre v to take

* elle lui prit la main -- she took him by the hand

9867

90 | 24323

44 aussi adv,conj too, also, as

* je rêvais aussi de beaucoup voyager -- I also dreamed of traveling a lot

88 | 26219

45 celui pro that, the one, he, him

* tu es celui que je respecte le plus -- you're the one I respect the most

87 | 28015

46 donner v to give

* j'aurais donné ma vie pour lui -- I would have given my life for him

90 | 19581

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47 bien adj i,adv,nm well

* tout va bien maintenant -- everything's going well now

81 | 39477

48 où adv,pro where

* on ne dit pas où il vit -- they aren't saying where he lives

87 | 27126

49 fois nf(pl) time, times

* lève la main une fois -- raise your hand one time

92 | 15724

50 vous pro you

* ici, vous avez une personnalité publique -- here, you are a public personality

65 | 77127-n +s

51 encore adv again, yet

* tu as encore menti à ta femme -- you lied once again to your wife

89 | 19772

52 nouveau adj,nm new

* il a construit une nouvelle vie ici -- he made a new life for himself here

88 | 22005

53 aller nm,v to go

* tu devrais aller te coucher, tu as l'air vanné -- you should go to bed, you look wiped out 73 | 50452

54 cela pro that, it

* cela demande de l'intégrité et du courage -- that requires integrity and courage

73 | 50891-n +s

55 entre prep between

* je marche entre les maisons -- I'm walking between the houses

86 | 23028

56 premier det,nadj first

* est-elle la première épouse, la deuxième? -- is she the first wife, the second one?

8796

84 | 27061

57 vouloir nm,v to want

* tu veux faire ton chemin. c'est bien -- you want to continue on your way. that's OK

79 | 36467

58 déjà adv already

* les rues étaient déjà pleines de monde -- the streets were already full of people

93 | 11298

59 grand adv,nadj great, big, tall

* tu es plus grand que je pensais -- you're taller than I thought

87 | 21583

60 mon det my

* t'aurais pu rencontrer mon copain -- you could've met my buddy

70 | 55084-n

61 me pro me, to me, myself

* reviens me voir dans cinq ou six ans -- come back to see me in five or six years

65 | 63357-n

62 moins adji(pl),adv,nm(pl),prep less

* il avait moins d'excuses encore que ses complices -- he had even less excuses than his accomplices did

90 | 14730

63 aucun det,adj,pro none, either, neither, not any

* trop d'argent et aucun goût -- too much money and no taste

93 | 9641

64 lui pro him, her

* mais j'ai confiance qu'en lui -- but I have confidence in him

75 | 38286

65 temps nm(pl) time

* sur le plan spirituel, le temps n'existe pas -- on the spiritual level, time does not exist 86 | 20420

66 très adv very

* j'ai été bonne? très, très bonne -- was I good? very, very good

82 | 26324

67 savoir nm,v to know

* je ne savais plus quoi dire -- I didn't know what to say any more

78 | 32739

68 falloir v to take, require, need

* il ne faut pas être raciste, point -- there's no need to be a racist, at all

84 | 22844

69 voir v to see

7896

* je tenais seulement à te voir pour te dire ... bonne chance -- I just wanted to see you to say ...

good luck

78 | 30907

70 quelque adv,adj,det some

* il restera pour quelques mois -- he will stay for a few months

86 | 18939

71 sans prep without

* je fais plus jeune sans maquillage -- I look younger without makeup

81 | 25099

72 raison nf reason

* elle a raison, tu sais -- she's right, you know

92 | 9506

73 notre det our

* notre ville a le sens de la communauté -- our city has a sense of community

78 | 29713

74 dont pro whose, of which

* on a tout ce dont tu rêvais en ville -- everything you dreamed about is available in town 86 | 17841

75 non adv,nmi no, not

* non, je ne peux pas parler maintenant -- no, I can't talk now

81 | 24848

76 an nm year

* j'avais un an à la mort de mon père -- I was one year old when my father died

82 | 22241

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77 monde nm world, people

* notre ultime but est de reconstruire le monde -- our ultimate goal is to remake the world 87 | 15475

78 jour nm day

* un jour, je retrouverais mes vrais parents -- one day, I would find my real parents 86 | 17641

79 monsieur nm mister, sir, gentleman

* comment allez-vous , monsieur? -- how are you, sir?

67 | 45411

80 demander v to ask for

* j'ai un service à vous demander -- I would like to ask you to do something for me

86 | 16076

81 alors adv then, so

* et alors? vous revenez quand? -- so? when are you coming back ?

89

84 | 18443

82 après adv,prep after

* il a succombé à ses blessures peu après -- he shortly thereafter succumbed to his wounds 83 | 17733

83 trouver v to find

* j'ai trouvé du sang. sur le siège avant -- I found some blood. on the front seat

85 | 16036

84 personne nf,pro person, people, anybody, anyone, nobody

* il ne parlait à personne en particulier -- he was speaking to nobody in particular 84 | 16218

85 rendre v to render, return, yield, give up

* je m'y rendis à 4 heures du matin -- I went there at 4 o'clock in the morning

90 | 10226

86 part nf share

* je voudrais vous faire part de quelques données -- I want to share some data with you 91 | 8971

87 dernier nadj last

* c'est le dernier endroit où vous auriez dû vous rencontrer -- that's the last place you should have met

83 | 17524

88 venir v to come

* venez rencontrer les autres -- come meet the others

81 | 19776

89 pendant adj,prep,nm during; pendant

* où t'étais pendant tout ce temps? -- where were you all of this time?

91 | 8413

90 passer v to pass

* nous sommes passées devant la maison de ma grand-mère -- we went past the front of my grandmother's place

83 | 17070

91 peu adv little

* un secret se dévoile peu à peu -- a secret unfolds little by little

81 | 18830

92 lequel pro who, whom, which

* il y a bien des points sur lesquels je voudrais faire des commentaires -- there are many points on which I would like to comment

87 | 12507

93 suite nf result, follow-up, rest

* deux, trois et ainsi de suite -- two, three, and so on

93 | 5964

8

94 bon adj,adv,intj,nm good

* ce n'est pas le bon moment -- it's not a good time

81 | 18375

95 comprendre v to understand

* je comprends que vous soyez fâché -- I understand that you're upset

87 | 12482

96 depuis adv,prep since, for

* je le connais depuis le lycée -- I have known him since high school

83 | 16243

97 point adv,nm point; at all

* je suis d'accord avec ce point de vue -- I'm in agreement with that point of view

85 | 13938

98 ainsi adv thus

* qu'est-ce qui le pousse à agir ainsi? -- what drives him to act that way?

86 | 12358

99 heure nf hour

* a quelle heure sont-ils partis? -- at what time did they leave?

85 | 13215

100 rester v to stay

* le temps qu'il te reste, trouve une solution -- in the remaining time, find a solution 86 | 11942

101 seul adj alone, only

* parler tout seul était signe d'aliénation -- talking to oneself was a sign of loneliness 84 | 13542

102 année nf year

* il devait se présenter l'année suivante -- he had to show up the next year

81 | 16316

103 toujours adv always

* tu es toujours en retard -- you're always late

81 | 15106

104 tenir v to hold

* c'est une porte de sécurité. tiens ça -- it's a security door. hold this

85 | 12229

105 porter nm,v to wear, carry

* il a porté le maillot jaune un jour -- he wore the yellow jersey one day

89 | 8044

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106 parler nm,v to speak

7985

* je sais de quoi je parle -- I know what I'm talking about

77 | 18598-n

107 fort adv,adj,nm strong

* c'est une femme forte -- she is a strong woman

90 | 6811

108 montrer v to show

* c'est une étrange façon de montrer votre reconnaissance -- that's a strange way to show your gratitude

92 | 5634

109 là adv,intj there, here

* je n'étais pas passé par là -- I hadn't passed by there

73 | 21735-n

110 certain adj,det,nm,pro certain, sure

* certains ont affirmé que le gouvernement était trop faible -- some contend that the government was too weak

79 | 16317

111 fin adj,adv,nf,nm end; gist; clever person

* la fin est importante en toutes choses -- the ending is important in everything

85 | 10595

112 tu pro you

* a ma place, tu ne le ferais pas -- in my position, you would not do it

54 | 42483-n +s

113 continuer v to continue

* tu continues de m'impressionner -- you continue to impress me

91 | 6377

114 pays nm(pl) country

* ils vivent dans ce beau pays -- they live in this beautiful country

74 | 19496

115 trois det,nmi three

* les trois chasseurs étaient en pleine lumière -- the three hunters were directly in the light 83 | 12562

116 penser nm,v to think

* je pense que vous le connaissez bien -- I think you know him very well

78 | 16338-n

117 lieu nm place

* je suis né dans un lieu public -- I was born in a public place

89 | 7344

118 partie nf part

* il garde la majeure partie de cet argent -- he's keeping most of that money

85 | 10177

119 quand adv,conj when

* tu aurais dû me tuer quand tu en as eu l'occasion -- you should have killed me when you had the chance

75 | 18704

120 suivre v to follow

* les autres, suivez-moi! -- everybody else, follow me!

89 | 7251

121 contre adv,nm,prep against

* je vois, tu es en colère contre moi -- I see you're angry with me

78 | 15564

122 sous prep under

* juste sous ton nez -- right under your nose

84 | 10840

123 côté nm side

* il s'arrête à côté du fauteuil -- he stops beside the armchair

89 | 7002

124 ensemble adv,nm together

* on n'a jamais été si bien ensemble -- we've never gotten along so well together

90 | 6055

125 chose adj(f),nf thing

* les choses pourraient bien changer à l'avenir -- things could change in the future 75 | 18086-n

126 enfant nm,nf,adj(f) child

* mes enfants sont en vie -- my children are alive

85 | 9836

127 cause nf cause

* ces hallucinations ont une cause -- these hallucinations have a cause

91 | 5353

128 politique nadj(f) politics; political

* elle se spécialise en sciences politiques -- her specialty is political science

77 | 15972

129 place nf room, space, square, place

* je n'aimerais pas être à votre place -- I wouldn't want to be in your stead

87 | 8092

130 seulement adv only

* on va seulement rester quelques jours, ma chérie -- we're only going to stay a few days, my dear

88 | 7546

131 moi nm,pro me

789

* tu sors avec moi ce soir? -- are you going out with me tonight?

63 | 27118-n

132 vie nf life

* je suis sûr qu'elle est en vie -- I'm sure she's alive

80 | 13285

133 connaître v to know

* je le connaissais depuis vingt ans -- I had known him for twenty years

83 | 10612

134 jusque adv,prep to, up to, until

* ils me poursuivirent jusque dans la rue -- they followed me right into the street

85 | 9482

135 croire v to believe

* je n'arrive pas à y croire -- I just can't believe it

77 | 15044-n

Page 14

136 homme nm man

* l'homme est plus important que l'État -- man is more important than country

76 | 15266

137 cas nm(pl) case

* en tout cas, moi, je ne l'ai pas -- in any case, I don't have it

80 | 12096

138 petit nadj small, little

* ce petit drogué n'a pas tort -- this little drug addict isn't wrong

76 | 15029

139 commencer v to begin, start

* il est important que ces entretiens commencent immédiatement -- it's important that these meetings start immediately

88 | 6996

140 compter v to count

* je peux compter sur toi -- I can count on you

89 | 6072

141 fait adj,nm done, fact

* dans les faits, il a raison -- factually, he is correct

80 | 12241

142 tel adj,det,pro such

* je vais m'abstenir d'employer un tel langage -- I'm going to refrain from using such language 84 | 9491

143 droit adj,adv,nm right

* elle a le droit de tout savoir -- she has the right to know everything

687

78 | 13566

144 question nf question

* je suis gêné de répondre à cette question -- I'm embarrassed to answer this question 68 | 20584+s

145 donc conj so, then, therefore, thus

* nous avons donc dû faire les calculs nous-mêmes -- we had to do the calculations ourselves 74 | 15588

146 quel det,adj,pro which, what

* quel livre cherchiez-vous? -- which book are you looking for?

80 | 11958

147 général nadj general

* voici quelques conseils généraux -- here are a few general pieces of advice

82 | 10245

148 moment nm moment

* arrête de parler pour un moment -- stop talking for a moment

82 | 10053

149 entendre v to hear

* j'ai entendu la nouvelle -- I heard the news

81 | 10290

150 beaucoup adv much, a lot of, many

* il est en mesure de révéler beaucoup de choses -- he's in a position to reveal many things 78 | 12421

151 chaque det,adj each

* chaque entreprise doit avoir sa propre organisation -- every company must have its own organization

86 | 7202

152 jeune nadj(f) young

* le gouvernement cherche à exploiter les jeunes -- the government is trying to exploit young people

83 | 9357

153 travail nm work

* je ne prenais pas mon travail au sérieux -- I wasn't taking my work seriously

78 | 11952

154 femme nf woman, wife

* je vous déclare maintenant mari et femme -- I now declare you husband and wife

78 | 12016

155 attendre v to wait

* ma mère m'attend dans la grande salle -- my mother awaits me in the large room

82 | 9327

768

9875

156 remettre v to deliver, replace, set, put

* on s'est remis à marcher -- we resumed walking

93 | 3181

157 appeler v to call

* comment s'appelle-t-il? -- what's his name?

83 | 8899

158 permettre v to allow

* vous permettez que j'utilise votre téléphone? -- would you allow me to use your telephone?

78 | 11760

159 occuper v to occupy

* sa main droite était occupée à tenir la petite valise -- his right hand was busy holding the small suitcase

92 | 3921

160 gouvernement nm government

* le gouvernement a augmenté les impôts -- the government increased taxes

58 | 25743+s

161 eux pro them

* c'est eux qui comptent -- they are the ones who matter

87 | 6631

162 devenir nm,v to become

* je suis très heureux que vous deveniez ma voisine -- I'm very happy you've become my neighbor

82 | 8933

163 partir v to leave

* il est parti à présent -- he is gone for the moment

83 | 8299

164 plan adj,nm plan

* achetez donc un plan de la ville -- so buy a map of the city

87 | 5978

165 décider v to decide

* j'ai décidé d'écrire un roman -- I decided to write a novel

88 | 5533

Page 15

166 soit adv,conj either...or

* il a pas le choix: soit il est une star soit il est rien -- he doesn't have a choice: either he's a star or he's nothing

84 | 7623

167 ici adv here

* moi je reste ici -- I'm going to stay here

77 | 11898

168 rien adv,nm,pro nothing

* moi, je n'en sais rien -- I don't know anything about it

69 | 16549

169 cours nfpl,nm(pl) course

* ils organisaient des petits cours et des séminaires -- they organized short courses and seminars 82 | 8559

170 affaire nf business, matter

* occupe-toi de tes affaires -- mind your own business

80 | 9899

171 nom nm name

* quel est son nom? -- what is his name?

85 | 6836

172 famille nf family

* il provient sûrement d'une excellente famille -- he surely comes from an excellent family 87 | 5986

173 effet nm effect

* il s'agit, en effet, d'une question cruciale -- it is, indeed, a crucial question

83 | 8142

174 arriver v to arrive, happen

* cela ne m'était pas arrivé depuis -- that hasn't happened to me since

79 | 10070

175 possible adj(f) possible

* nous avons donc deux scénarios possibles -- so we have two possible scenarios

86 | 6178

176 car conj,nm because; bus

* c'est dommage, car tu vas perdre un gros client -- it's too bad, because you're going to lose a major customer

81 | 8864

177 servir v to serve

* il m'a servi une coupe de champagne -- he served me a glass of champagne

89 | 4942

178 mois nm(pl) month

* il a écrit ce livre en deux mois -- he wrote this book in two months

82 | 8318

179 jamais adv never

* je jure de ne plus jamais te contacter -- I swear I will never contact you again

73 | 12997

180 sembler v to seem

* le processus semble irréversible -- the process seems irreversible

687

83 | 7471

181 tant adv so much, so many

* mais vous avez tant à enseigner -- but you have so much to teach

84 | 7284

182 vers nm(pl),prep toward; verse

* un tram se dirige vers toi. monte dedans -- a tram is approaching you. get on it

77 | 10203

183 besoin nm need

* nous avons vraiment besoin d'aide -- we really need some help

82 | 7899

184 revenir v to come back

* je sais qu'elle ne reviendra jamais -- I know she will never return

85 | 6514

185 dès prep from, as soon

* on me fera signe dès que vous descendrez -- they'll wave to me as soon as you get down there 89 | 4537

186 moyen adj,nm means, way; medium

* il songeait aux moyens de profiter de sa victoire -- he was dreaming of a way to profit from his victory

81 | 8104

187 groupe nm group

* on va commencer avec le premier groupe -- we'll start with the first group

76 | 10535

188 problème nm problem

* nous avons osé soulever le problème -- we dared raise the problem

76 | 10795+s

189 rapport nm relationship, report

* je propose que le rapport du comité soit adopté -- I move that the committee's report be adopted

75 | 11146

190 peut-être adv perhaps, maybe

* j'ai peut-être une idée -- I might have an idea

79 | 9067

191 vue nf view

* la vue est belle, de cette fenêtre -- the view from this window is pretty

87 | 5172

192 maintenant adv now

* je ne peux pas partir maintenant -- I can't leave now

78 | 9309+s

87

193 pourquoi adv,conj,nmi why

* pourquoi tu ne m'invites pas? -- why don't you invite me?

74 | 11128-n +s

194 meilleur nadj better, best

* j'apprends à être un meilleur mari -- I'm learning to be a better husband

87 | 5030

195 trop adv too much, too many

* la vie est trop courte. essayez d'être heureuse -- life is too short. try to be happy 78 | 9356

Page 16

2 Body

tête 343 F head

voix 414 F voice

main 418 F hand

œil 474 M eye

esprit 538 M mind

sein 563 M bosom

cœur 568 M heart

pied 626 M foot

langue 712 F tongue

sang 1126 M blood

bras 1253 M arm

visage 1292 M face

côte 1385 F rib (also coast)

dos 1672 M back

front 1729 M forehead

figure 1825 F face (also figure)

bouche 1838 F mouth

oreille 1884 F ear

doigt 1938 M finger

cerveau 1990 M brain

peau 2122 F skin

cheveu 2296 M hair

sac 2343 M sac

organe 2417 M organ

jambe 2472 F leg

épaule 2494 F shoulder

nez 2661 M nose

tissu 2696 M tissue

dent 2784 F tooth

cadavre 2892 M corpse

lèvre 2927 F lip

cul 2949 M ass

genou 2967 M knee

gueule 3015 F mouth

ventre 3150 M belly

chair 3260 F flesh

78

pouce 3298 M thumb

cou 3820 M neck

poing 3889 M fist

joue 3932 F cheek

os 4092 M bone

poitrine 4168 F breast

gorge 4194 F throat

crâne 4314 M skull

coude 4404 M elbow

poumon 4679 M lung

poil 4723 M hair

foie 4817 M liver

talon 5049 M heel

barbe 5053 F beard

veine 5263 F vein

cuisse 5292 F thigh

rein 5493 M kidney

muscle 5860 M muscle

fesse 6087 F buttock

estomac 6209 F stomach

ongle 6275 F fingernail

cheville 6313 F ankle

sourcil 6344 M eyebrow

moustache 6360 F moustache

hormone 6434 F hormone

tumeur 6450 F tumor

196 laisser v to leave

* il va nous laisser tranquilles -- he'll leave us alone

77 | 9854

197 ordre nm order

* ce sont des scientifiques de premier ordre -- they are first-rate scientists

86 | 5610

198 devant adv,nm,prep in front, ahead

* une fumée montait devant nous sur l'horizon -- smoke billowed ahead of us on the horizon 81 | 7783

199 recevoir v to receive

* il n'a plus reçu de lettres de moi -- he didn't receive any more letters from me

82 | 7201

200 répondre v to answer

* j'aimerais y répondre par une autre question -- I would like to respond to it with another question

83 | 6672

201 vivre nm,v to live

* aucune Marocaine ne vit seule dans le quartier -- no Moroccan woman lives alone in the neighborhood

80 | 8023

78

202 long adv,nadj long, lengthy

* l'éducation sur le long terme paiera, j'en suis convaincu -- long-term education pays off, I'm convinced of that

82 | 6947

203 service nm service

* je faisais mon service militaire -- I was doing my military service

75 | 10131

204 ministre nm,nf minister

* les ministres se sont réunis dans la nuit -- the ministers met during the night

57 | 20107-l

205 face nf front, side, face

* on s'est trouvés face à face -- we found ourselves face to face

85 | 5438

206 chez prep at, with

* elle ira peut être vivre définitivement chez lui -- she might go live with him permanently 78 | 8646

207 te pro you, to you, from you

* je vais t'emmener chez un médecin -- I'm going to take you to a doctor

51 | 23312-n +s

208 rappeler v to recall, call back

* je ne me rappelle pas avoir été aussi heureux -- I don't remember having been that happy 86 | 4966

Page 17

209 présenter v to present

* papa je te présente Claire -- daddy, this is Claire

79 | 8243

210 accepter v to accept

* j'accepte avec plaisir votre aimable invitation -- I accept with pleasure your kind invitation 87 | 4705

211 agir v to act

* c'est le moment d'agir -- now is the time to act

78 | 8418

212 simple nadj(f) simple

* on préférerait une réponse simple -- we would prefer a simple answer

90 | 3579

213 plusieurs det,adj,pro several

* il y a plusieurs formes d'humour -- there are several types of humor

80 | 7714

214 votre det your

8759

* permettez-moi de vous parler dans votre langue -- allow me to speak to you in your language 64 | 15483-n +s

215 important nadj important

* c'est une question extrêmement importante -- it's an extremely important question

75 | 9564

216 présent nadj present

* il est trop tard pour dîner à présent -- it's too late to have supper now

86 | 5151

217 mieux adji(pl),adv,nm better

* je ne vous ai jamais mieux aimée -- I have never loved you more

82 | 6736

218 poser v to put, pose, ask

* je ne me posais plus de questions -- I didn't ask myself any more questions

84 | 5949

219 jouer v to play

* les enfants jouent dehors -- the children are playing outside

83 | 6092

220 mot nm word

* je ne crois pas un mot sorti de ta petite bouche -- I don't believe a single word from your little mouth

81 | 7191

221 reconnaître v to recognize

* Joseph reconnut le chant de la grive -- Joseph recognized the thrush's song

85 | 5513

222 force nf force

* parle-moi de ces forces surnaturelles -- talk to me of these supernatural forces

80 | 7546

223 situation nf situation

* dans des situations aussi difficiles, il faut trancher -- in such difficult situations, drastic measures must be taken

79 | 7616

224 offrir v to offer

* alors, je vous offre la vie éternelle -- so I offer you eternal life

87 | 4365

225 près adv,prep near, nearby, close by

* il y a un siège vide près de vous -- there's an empty seat near you

81 | 6660

226 choisir v to choose

* c'est maintenant le moment de choisir -- now is the moment to choose

89 | 3731

678

227 national nadj national

* il y avait l'intérêt national français -- the national interests of the French were involved 74 | 9570

228 projet nm project

* le gouvernement ne financerait aucun projet touchant cette pratique -- the government would not fund any project involving this practice

60 | 16661+s

229 ni conj nor

* je ne mange pas de viandes, ni de produits laitiers -- I don't eat meat or dairy products 77 | 8528

230 puis adv then, so

* elle a tenté de me tuer, puis elle m'a chassée -- she tried to kill me, then she chased me 72 | 10366

231 toucher nm,v to touch

* il lui touche l'épaule -- he touches her shoulder

88 | 4032

232 train nm train

* je pris le train pour un aller-retour vers la mer -- I took the train on a round-trip outing to the sea

90 | 3198

233 aujourd'hui adv today

* je peux, aujourd'hui encore, en réciter -- even today I can still recite some of them 73 | 9905

234 comment adv,conj,intj,nmi how

* voyons un peu comment les choses se sont passées -- let's take a look at how things unfolded 72 | 10133+s

235 surtout adv,nm especially, above all

* j'ai surtout besoin d'argent -- what I need above all is money

83 | 5548

236 gens nmpl people

* des gens sont venus me voir -- people came to see me

70 | 11090-n +s

237 propre nadj(f) clean, proper

* la pétasse était propre, mec -- the woman was clean, man

85 | 5012

238 grâce nf thanks, grace, favour

* je ne vous demande aucune grâce -- I'm not asking you for any favors

90 | 3271

7689

Page 18

239 idée nf idea

* que pensez-vous de cette idée? -- what do you think of this idea?

81 | 6128

240 selon prep according to

* tout est prêt selon vos désirs -- everything's ready according to your wishes

68 | 11561

241 région nf region

* la région a connu une cinquantaine de massacres -- the region has experienced some fifty massacres

78 | 7352

242 aimer v to like, love

* tu sais que je t'aime -- you know I love you

71 | 10085-n

243 sens nm(pl) sense, meaning

* il manquait un sens à donner à ma vie -- there was a lack of meaning in my life

82 | 5836

244 retrouver v to find, recall

* je te retrouve dehors -- I'll find you outside

84 | 5166

245 semaine nf week

* ma pièce se jouait cette semaine -- my play was showing that week

79 | 6831

246 également adv also, too, as well, equally

* reculer est également hors de question -- backing down is also not an option

74 | 9011

247 ci adv,pro this one, here

* et celui-ci? oui, il est vraiment super -- and this one here? yes, he's really great 83 | 5303

248 façon nf way, manner

* c'est une façon de voir, je suppose -- it's a way of looking at it, I guess

75 | 8326

249 nombre nm number

* il existe un nombre infini de réponses possibles -- there are an infinite number of possible answers

78 | 7158

250 perdre v to lose

* vous avez perdu votre mère, mademoiselle? -- did you lose your mother, miss?

82 | 5728

251 français nadj(pl) French

867

* il faut leur parler en français -- you need to speak to them in French

71 | 9969

252 expliquer v to explain

* je vous en prie, expliquez-moi tout -- I beg you, explain everything to me

82 | 5749

253 quatre det,nmi four

* nous sommes quatre étudiants dans la maison -- we're four students sharing a house 80 | 6272

254 compte nm account, count

* cette ville a eu son compte de désastres -- this city has had its fair share of disasters 81 | 5923

255 considérer v to consider

* la présidence considère cela comme une priorité majeure -- the presidency considers that a major priority

85 | 4591

256 lorsque conj when

* que se passe-t-il lorsque nous manquons de sucre? -- what happens when we lack sugar?

74 | 8682

257 ouvrir v to open

* s'il vous plaît, ouvrez les yeux -- please open your eyes

83 | 5254

258 gagner v to win, earn

* que le meilleur gagne -- may the best man win

88 | 3492

259 exemple nm example

* ces exemples sont encore bien pauvres -- these examples are still very weak

73 | 8876

260 ville nf city

* nous étions de la même ville -- we were from the same city

81 | 5914

261 économique nadj(f) economic, economical

* le rétablissement économique de l'Asie est plus rapide que prévu -- Asian economic recovery is faster than projected

77 | 7421

262 mesure nf measure

* écrire me libère dans une certaine mesure -- writing liberates me to a certain extent 70 | 9966

263 histoire nf history, story

* on a raconté d'amusantes histoires -- we told funny stories

80 | 6193

78

264 haut adv,nadj top, high

* voilà qui vous lancera dans la haute société -- that's who will launch you into high society 84 | 4897

265 ensuite adv next

* ensuite il va au restaurant -- then he's going to the restaurant

88 | 3533

266 guerre nf war

* c'est nul, la guerre! -- war is nothing!

77 | 6897

267 loi nf law

* je vais voter contre le projet de loi -- I'm going to vote against the bill

53 | 17361+s

268 président nm president

* j'ai rencontré le président des Etats-Unis -- I met the president of the U.S.

63 | 12235

Page 19

269 exister v to exist

* le risque n'existe plus -- there is no more risk

83 | 5074

270 sûr adj sure

* tu m'attends? bien sûr, poupée -- will you wait for me? of course, doll

78 | 6629

271 refuser v to refuse

* attendez...vous refusez d'obéir? -- wait... you refuse to obey?

87 | 3714

272 plutôt adv rather

* ce jet vole plutôt bas -- this jet is flying rather low

83 | 4794

273 bureau nm office, desk

* il veut vous voir dans son bureau immédiatement -- he wants to see you in his office immediately

91 | 2518

274 mauvais adv,nadj(pl) bad, wrong

* il constitue un pas dans la mauvaise direction -- it constitutes a step in the wrong direction 88 | 3425

275 quant adv as for

* les vents tempêtueux ont modifié la situation quant aux avalanches -- the stormy winds changed the avalanche situation

89 | 2911

87569

276 mort adj,nf dead; death

* la mort ne m'effraye pas -- death doesn't frighten me

71 | 8855

277 mal adji,adv,nm bad

* autrement dit, la journée a plutôt mal commencé -- in other words, the day started out rather badly

77 | 6809

278 lire nf,v to read; lira

* je ne voulais pas lire mes poèmes -- I didn't want to read my poems

80 | 5707

279 réussir v to succeed

* il ne réussit pas à vendre un seul dessin -- he can't manage to sell even one drawing 89 | 2822

280 marché nm market

* le marché des maisons est resté stable -- the housing market has remained stable

74 | 7783

281 condition nf condition

* l'unité de la condition humaine -- the unity of the human condition

80 | 5589

282 international nadj international

* elle jouit également d'une excellente réputation internationale -- she also has an excellent international reputation

70 | 9001

283 changer v to change

* ensemble, ils ont changé beaucoup de choses -- together, they changed many things

82 | 5082

284 oui adv,nmi yes

* oui, oui, je sais! -- yes, yes, I know

62 | 12295n+s

285 public nadj public, audience

* je dois beaucoup au public -- I owe a lot to the public

78 | 6074

286 humain nadj human

* vous savez, on est humains, nous aussi -- you know, we are also human

81 | 5151

287 souvent adv often

* mais alors souvent en fin de soirée c'est la fête -- well, often the night ends with a party 79 | 5945

288 cinq det,nm(pl) five

876

768-

* j'ai cinq minutes, je dois rencontrer quelqu'un à midi -- I have five minutes--I have to meet someone at noon

77 | 6263

289 système nm system

* j'ai décrit le système idéal -- I described the ideal system

65 | 10450

290 travailler v to work

* nous devons travailler ensemble -- we have to work together

76 | 6761

291 jeu nm game

* nous n'entrons pas dans le jeu de la politique -- we don't enter into the political fray 85 | 3874

292 vrai adv,nadj true

* ah, oui, c'est vrai -- oh, yes, that's right

73 | 7846

293 représenter v to represent

* il représente bien le sport français -- he represents French sports very well

80 | 5385

294 madame nf madam, lady

* et je suis au service de madame -- I'm at your service, ma'am

71 | 8195

295 société nf society

* on vit dans une société où tout s'accélère -- we live in a society where everything is accelerating

73 | 7615

296 difficile nadj(f) difficult

* c'est difficile, monsieur, très difficile d'être un homme -- sir, it's difficult--very difficult--to be a man

84 | 4116

297 quoi pro what

* je ne sais pas de quoi vous parlez -- I don't know what you're talking about

63 | 10985-n +s

Page 20

298 entreprise nf enterprise, business

* j'ai moi-même l'esprit d'entreprise

-- I myself have an entrepreneurial spirit

72 | 7912

299 coup nm coup, blow, knock, stroke

* je lui donne juste un coup de main. je le lui dois -- I'm just giving him a helping hand. I owe it to him

77 | 6123

300 or conj,nm gold; hence, thus

* je ne suis pas chercheuse d'or -- I'm not a gold-digger

87 | 3245

301 social nadj social

* elle a une dimension sociale autant que biologique -- it has a social dimension as much as a biological one

71 | 8096

302 assurer v to assure, insure

* le contrat assure une pension à l'époux survivant -- the contract guarantees a pension to the surviving spouse

77 | 6044

303 essayer v to try

* je vais essayer de vous convaincre -- I'll try to convince you

79 | 5341

304 juste adv,nadj(f) just, only; fair

* vous êtes juste et impartial, comme toujours -- you're fair and impartial, as always 79 | 5294

305 étranger nadj foreigner; foreign

* la situation est bien différente à l'étranger -- the situation is very different abroad 76 | 6272

306 empêcher v to prevent

* cela n'aurait évidemment rien empêché -- apparently that wouldn't have prevented anything 89 | 2705

307 million nm million

* un quart de million d'articles ont été distribués -- a quarter million articles were distributed 69 | 8380

308 manière nf manner, way

* de cette manière, nous serons ensemble -- this way, we will be together

80 | 5094

309 sortir v to go out, leave

* sortez ou j'appelle la police -- get out of here or I'll call the police

73 | 7005

310 prix nm(pl) price; prize

* il y a un prix pour les gagnants -- there is a prize for the winners

78 | 5543

311 terme nm term, deadline

* l'éducation sur le long terme paiera -- education will pay off in the long term

77 | 5905

786

312 longtemps adv a long time, a long while

* pendant longtemps il ne bougea pas de son lit -- for a long while he didn't move from his bed 84 | 3743

313 reprendre v to resume, recover, start again, take back

* on peut les arrêter, leur reprendre cette ville -- we can arrest them, take back this city from them

84 | 3867

314 courant adj,nm current

* je suis au courant, il a téléphoné -- I'm aware of it, he telephoned

89 | 2490

315 intérêt nm interest

* l'avenir ne présente guère d'intérêt -- the future is hardly interesting

77 | 5773

316 mener v to lead

* la police mène une enquête pour arrêter les assaillants -- the police are leading an investigation to arrest the attackers

85 | 3622

317 information nf information

* ces dirigeants ont décidé de taire ces informations -- these leaders decided to suppress this information

73 | 6966

318 détail nm detail

* vous devriez tout me raconter en détails -- you should tell me everything in minute detail 92 | 1765

319 appartenir v to belong

* cet argent n'appartient pas au gouvernement -- this money does not belong to the government 91 | 1920

320 liberté nf liberty, freedom

* on se bat pour la liberté d'expression -- we're fighting for freedom of expression 86 | 3350

321 assez adv enough

* les journées ne sont plus assez longues -- the days are no longer long enough

77 | 5630

322 risquer v to risk

* un avocat ne viendra pas risquer sa vie -- a lawyer won't come here to risk his life 88 | 2752

323 chacun pro each

* ils ont chacun leurs intérêts, leurs passions -- they each have their own interests, passions 84 | 3785

324 concerner v to concern

879

785

* en ce qui me concerne, je voudrais te féliciter -- for my part, I would like to congratulate you 70 | 7875

325 maison nf house

* elle est revenue habiter à la maison -- she came back to live at home

76 | 5803

Page 21

326 d'abord adv first of all

* je voudrais d'abord savoir quel métier tu exerces -- I would first of all like to know what you do for a living

83 | 3844

327 apprendre v to learn

* où as-tu appris le métier? -- where did you learn your trade?

83 | 4035

328 niveau nm level

* ce niveau de collaboration ne sera pas maintenu -- this level of cooperation will not be maintained

71 | 7236

329 rencontrer v to meet

* il rencontrera le pape au Vatican vendredi -- he will meet the Pope at the Vatican on Friday 82 | 4103

330 ton det,nm your; tone

* le ton était donné -- the tone was sounded

57 | 12083-n +s

331 œuvre nf work, task

* peu d'auteurs font référence à son œuvre -- few authors cite his work

84 | 3754

332 créer v to create

* des malentendus nous créent des problèmes terribles -- misunderstandings create horrible problems for us

77 | 5446

333 état nm state

* la police était en état d'alerte maximum -- the police were in a full state of emergency 74 | 6400

334 obtenir v to get, obtain

* j'essaierai d'obtenir la réponse pour demain -- I will try to get the answer for tomorrow 79 | 5088

335 clair adv,nadj clear

* la nuit était froide et claire, sous la lune -- the night was cold and clear, under the moon 86 | 3080

336 chercher v to look for

* je ne cherche pas la richesse -- I am not seeking riches

76 | 5694

337 entrer v to enter, go in, come in

* faut trouver le moyen d' entrer dans le soussol -- gotta find the way to enter into the basement 83 | 3800

338 proposer v to propose

* le jeune Français propose une promenade au parc -- the young Frenchman proposed a stroll through the park

73 | 6484

339 apporter v to bring

* je vous ai apportée des fleurs de mon jardin -- I brought you flowers from my garden 84 | 3624

340 programme nm program

* utilisons ce programme comme il se

doit -- let's use this program the way it should be

69 | 7525

341 loin adv,nm far

* tu es venu de si loin -- you came from so far away

80 | 4677

342 ligne nf line

* il ne compte qu'une seule ligne de texte -- it only has a single line of text

80 | 4557

343 tête nf head

* ma tête me gratte -- my head is itchy

71 | 6952

344 libre adj(f) free

* demain je suis libre toute la journée -- tomorrow I'm free all day

87 | 2703

345 utiliser v to use

* il utilisait une sorte de rasoir -- he was using some type of razor

68 | 7709

346 atteindre v to reach

* leur fortune atteindrait des milliards -- their fortune would reach billions

82 | 3980

347 tenter v to tempt, try

* il tente de sortir de l'Italie -- he tried to leave Italy

85 | 3186

348 tard adv late

* retournez au lit, il est tard -- go back to bed, it's late

78d6

82 | 3996

349 enfin adv at last, finally

* elle avait enfin la réponse -- she finally got the answer

74 | 5989

350 différent adj different

* c'est un bruit complètement différent -- it's a completely different noise

75 | 5696

351 sorte nf sort, kind

* la boisson est une sorte de drogue -- liquor is a kind of drug

79 | 4741

352 cependant adv,conj however

* cette sécurité se trouve cependant menacée -- this security is, however, threatened 81 | 4220

353 sujet nm subject, topic

* je cherchais un sujet de mémoire -- I was looking for a thesis topic

73 | 6227

354 importer v to import; to be important

* il importait de ne pas répéter l'erreur -- it's important to not repeat the mistake 86 | 3055

Page 22

355 action nf action

* le président devrait éviter des actions irréfléchies -- the president should avoid rash actions 78 | 4997

356 relation nf relationship

* il y a là une relation intéressante à explorer -- now there is an interesting relationship to explore

81 | 4222

357 recherche nf research, search

* la recherche en santé peut se révéler extrêmement bénéfique -- health research can be extremely beneficial

77 | 5132

358 livre nm,nf book

* je me mis à feuilleter les livres -- I began paging through the books

70 | 7124

359 ajouter v to add

* il ajouta à sa lettre une note -- he added a note to his letter

74 | 5987

360 ailleurs adv elsewhere, somewhere else

* les négociations décisives se tiennent ailleurs -- the decisive negotiations are taking place 87

elsewhere

84 | 3382

361 vraiment adv truly, really, very

* très mauvais, c'est pas vraiment sexy -- very bad, it's not really sexy

70 | 7077?n +s

362 doute nm doubt

* il n'y a sans doute rien à voir -- without a doubt, there's nothing to see

80 | 4304

363 reste nm rest

* c'est tout. le reste, je m'en fous -- that's all. for the rest, I couldn't give a sh*t 87 | 2607

364 début nm beginning

* je l'ai expliqué au début de mon discours -- I explained it at the beginning of my talk 77 | 5096

365 présence nf presence

* j'ai besoin de sa présence; elle est mon ange -- I need to be in her presence; she is my angel 88 | 2475

366 nombreux adj(pl) numerous

* j'ai participé à de nombreux débats de ce genre -- I have participated in numerous debates of this kind

78 | 4678

367 produire v to product

* nous devons produire quelque chose sur les terres en jachère -- we must produce something with the fallow lands

81 | 4014

368 préparer v to prepare

* je vous prépare à manger? -- should I prepare you some food?

89 | 2223

369 forme nf form

* les électrons ne sont plus sous forme de gaz -- the electrons are no longer in the form of gas 79 | 4533

370 décision nf decision

* parfois, vos décisions nous déçoivent -- sometimes your decisions disappoint us

73 | 5924

371 rôle nm role

* il joue un rôle actif sur la scène internationale -- he plays an active role in the international scene

79 | 4354

372 dix det,nmi ten

* je patiente depuis dix minutes -- I have been patiently waiting for ten minutes

87

876

81 | 3871

373 produit nm product

* de nouveaux marchés s'ouvrent ainsi aux produits français -- new markets are thus opening to French products

79 | 4492

374 américain nadj American

* c'est la voie que les Américains ont choisie --it's the path that the Americans have chosen 60 | 9762

375 minute nf minute

* vous ne pouvez pas attendre deux minutes -- you can't wait two minutes

81 | 4025

376 relever v to raise

* elle relevait la tête pour croiser mon regard -- she lifted up her head to catch me looking at her 89 | 2219

377 autant adv as much, as many

* il a une bonne raison pour tarder autant -- he has a good reason for being so late 84 | 3276

378 peuple nm people

* ma vengeance va s'abattre sur votre peuple! -- my vengeance will smite your people!

84 | 3206

379 second adj,det,nm second

* j'ai écrit la seconde partie du roman avant la première -- I wrote the second part of the novel before the first

84 | 3301

380 prochain nadj next

* je vous offre 50% sur votre billet prochain -- I'll offer you 50% off your next ticket 76 | 5091

381 particulier nadj particular, peculiar; person

* j'ai un regard un peu particulier -- I have a somewhat peculiar look

78 | 4643

382 écrire v to write

* c'est pour cela que j'écris -- that's why I'm writing

70 | 6496

Page 23

3 Food

This list includes foods, drinks, and other ingestible substances (e.g. tobacco) as well as other words related to serving and obtaining food.

eau 475 F water

fruit 896 M fruit

poisson 1616 M fish

café 1886 M coffee

plat 2167 M dish

nourriture 2285 F food

vin 2309 M wine

restaurant 2336 M restaurant

huile 2340 F oil

dîner 2365 M dinner

tabac 2393 M tobacco

alcool 2465 M alcohol

lait 2507 M milk

glace 2580 F ice

cuisine 2618 F cooking

viande 2625 F meat

œuf 2685 M egg

tranche 2692 F slice

déjeuner 2724 M lunch

pain 2802 M bread

aliment 2845 M food

pomme 2847 F apple

cigarette 2855 F cigarette

repas 2948 M meal

bouteille 2979 F bottle

bar 3012 M bar

légume 3117 F vegetable

bière 3152 F beer

sucre 3258 M sugar

blé 3265 M wheat

spécialité 3356 F specialty

menu 3470 M menu

thé3517 M tea

liquide 3520 F liquid

herbe 3562 F herb

pâte 3641 F pasta

baie 3719 F berry

orange 3912 F orange

bœuf 3914 M beef

porc 4036 M pork

beurre 4112 M butter

mouton 4175 M sheep

poulet 4222 M chicken

sel 4276 M salt

poule 4321 F hen

fromage 4475 M cheese

chocolat 4556 M chocolate

soupe 4563 F soup

crème 4748 F cream

gâteau 4845 M cake

céréale 4983 F cereal

cocktail 4992 M cocktail

riz 5012 M rice

383 position nf position

786

* ils ne changent pas de position à ce sujet -- they aren't changing positions on this subject 78 | 4628

384 développement nm development

* nous allons poursuivre le développement de nos activités -- we will pursue the development of our activities

74 | 5540

385 défendre v to defend, forbid

* je pensais que je pouvais me défendre -- I thought I could defend myself

87 | 2412

386 chef nm head, leader, chief

* vous surestimez le pouvoir des chefs d'Etat -- you overestimate the power of the heads of state 71 | 6263

387 économie nf economy

* les exportations sont le moteur de notre économie -- exports are what drive our economy 76 | 4973

388 effort nm effort

* ils doivent faire un effort pour nous comprendre -- they have to make an effort to understand us

83 | 3239

389 parmi prep among

* il y en a un parmi vous qui est un démon -- one among you is a demon

84 | 3165

390 membre nm member

* j'espère que tous les membres seront présents -- I hope that all the members will be present 67 | 7128

391 tirer v to pull, fire

* à mon ordre, tirez sur ce câble -- when I give the word, pull on this cable

79 | 4267

392 ancien adj,nm ancient; former

* je dis merci à tous les anciens combattants -- I thank all the combat veterans

73 | 5545

393 beau adj,nm handsome, fine, right

* ce sont là de belles paroles, mais des paroles creuses -- those are pretty words, but empty ones 71 | 6210

394 plein adv,nadj,prep full

* l'église est pleine -- the church is full

81 | 3694

395 juger v to judge

* ce n'est pas à moi de juger ça -- it's not my place to judge that

84 | 3077

Page 24

396 éviter v to avoid

* on ne peut évidemment pas l'éviter -- we obviously can't avoid that

86 | 2608

397 soir nm evening

* il est environ neuf heures du soir -- it's about nine o'clock in the evening

70 | 6293

398 personnel nadj personnel, personal

* vous semblez vous inspirer de votre vie personnelle pour écrire -- you seem to draw inspiration from your own personal life in writing

81 | 3741

399 titre nm title

* ils nous accuseront à juste titre -- they are rightly accusing us

79 | 4197

400 parti nadj party

* il n'y a qu'un parti à blâmer -- there's only one party to blame

66 | 7249

401 objet nm objective; object

* Mathias remit l'objet dans sa poche -- Mathias returned the object into his pocket 81 | 3622

402 unique adj(f) unique

* j'ai longtemps cru que tu étais unique -- I have long believed that you were unique 89 | 1936

403 souhaiter v to wish

* l'équipage vous souhaite un bon voyage -- the crew wishes you a pleasant voyage

81 | 3680

404 afin in order to, so that

* fixer des cordes afin de descendre en rappel -- set some ropes so that you can rappel down 76 | 4800

405 peine nf effort, trouble

* mes jambes ne me soutenaient qu'à peine -- my legs barely kept me standing

78 | 4273

406 malgré prep despite, in spite of

* nous serons bons amis malgré tout -- we will be good friends in spite of it all

85 | 2886

407 période nm,nf period

* j'étais amoureuse pendant une brève période de ma vie -- I was in love for a brief period of my life

79 | 4114

876

408 engager v to hire, involve

* nous sommes engagés dans un travail de réflexion -- we're involved in some reflective thinking

83 | 3182

409 réaliser v to realize, achieve

* je réaliserai ton rêve -- I will achieve your dream

82 | 3399

410 parfois adv sometimes

* il est parfois sage d'être un peu fou -- sometimes it's wise to be a little bit crazy 83 | 3241

411 lors adv at the time of

* je vous ai vu lors de votre dernière visite -- I saw you at the time of our last visit 69 | 6429

412 sérieux nadj(pl) serious

* mon thème est sérieux, mais mon texte est rigolo -- my topic is serious, but my text is comical 89 | 2052

413 aider v to help, assist

* bonjour, je peux vous aider? -- hello, can I help you?

76 | 4636+s

414 voix nf(pl) voice

* viens, me dit-elle d'une voix brève -- come, she said in a curt voice

66 | 7218

415 terminer v to finish, end,

* va terminer ton petit déjeuner -- go finish your breakfast

85 | 2717

416 base nf base

* les matériaux de base sont toujours les mêmes -- the basic materials are always the same 78 | 4223

417 espérer v to hope

* j'espère obtenir une réponse claire -- I hope to obtain a clear response

80 | 3893

418 main nf hand

* nous avons marché main dans la main -- we walked hand-in-hand

67 | 6915+l

419 gros adv, nadj(pl) big

* ce n'était pas un gros chien -- it wasn't a large dog

80 | 3786

420 arrêter v to stop, arrest

* les deux dirigeants ont été arrêtés par la police -- the two leaders were arrested by the police 867

73 | 5457

421 retour nm return

* votre retour pose énormément de problèmes -- your return causes huge problems

81 | 3592

422 prêt adj,nm ready

* le dîner est prêt! -- supper is ready!

80 | 3721

423 occasion nf chance, opportunity

* quand l'occasion se présentera, elle reviendra souvent -- when the opportunity arises, she'll return often

81 | 3484

424 député nm deputy, parliamentary delegate

* j'ai écouté plusieurs interventions des députés -- I heard several deputies' speeches 48 | 12395-l -n +s

Page 25

425 regarder v to look, watch

* je regarde les reportages depuis ce matin -- I've been watching news reports since this morning

62 | 7977-n

426 plupart most, the majority

* la plupart des jeux vidéo violents sont japonais -- most violent video games are Japanese 85 | 2633

427 deuxième det,nm,nf second

* tout le monde a besoin d'une deuxième opinion -- everybody needs a second opinion

78 | 4024

428 résultat nm result, follow-up

* nous avons pu constater les résultats hier -- we were able to notice the results yesterday 72 | 5458

429 écouter v to listen to

* je pouvais l'écouter pendant des heures -- I could listen to him for hours

78 | 4164

430 terre nf earth, world, soil, land

* que la paix soit sur terre, dès maintenant -- may peace reign on the earth henceforth 78 | 4037

431 valoir v to be worth

* c'est fini. ça vaut pas la peine -- it's over. it's not worth it

85 | 2640

432 dollar nm dollar

* tu veux combien? 10 dollars -- you want how much? 10 dollars

7846

63 | 7528-l

433 intérieur nadj interior, inside

* je sentais mon cœur battre à l'intérieur -- I felt my heart beating within me

80 | 3574

434 page nm,nf page

* j'écrivis les premières pages d'un roman -- I was writing the first pages of a novel 79 | 3726

435 confiance nf confidence, trust

* je ne peux pas lui faire confiance -- I can't trust him

86 | 2373

436 choix nm(pl) choice

* elle n'a pas d'autres choix que de rester -- she has no other choice but to stay

84 | 2819

437 prévoir v to foresee, anticipate

* son mandat présidentiel est prévu pour s'achever en 2007 -- his presidential mandate is due to expire in 2007

71 | 5428

438 chance nf luck; chance

* c'est notre dernière chance -- it's our last chance

82 | 3195

439 notamment adv notably

* on ignore notamment si des gendarmes figurent parmi les victimes -- at the moment it's unsure whether policemen are among the victims

71 | 5570

440 type nm type; guy

* ce type de pêche est en cours d'abandon -- this type of fishing is disappearing

72 | 5213

441 but nm goal, aim, objective, purpose

* notre premier but est toujours de respecter l'intégrité de la famille -- our primary objective is to always respect the integrity of the family

84 | 2734

442 matin nm morning

* ce matin, je me suis réveillée tôt -- this morning I woke up early

74 | 4793

443 grave adv,nadj(f),nm serious, grave

* ce n'est peut-être pas si grave que ça -- maybe it's not quite that serious

85 | 2606

444 prise nf grip, hold, seizure, catch

* il y a souvent des prises de becs entre les deux -- there were frequent squabbles between the two of them

687

85 | 2561

445 européen nadj European

* vous avez fait une tournée européenne -- you toured around Europe

57 | 9055-l

446 étude nf study

* il existe une vie après les études -- there is life after school

72 | 5119

447 principe nm principle

* tel est le premier principe de l'existentialisme -- that is the main principle of existentialism 77 | 4156

448 remplacer v to replace

* tu dois être prêt à nous remplacer, le cas échéant -- you must be ready to replace us, if need be 91 | 1429

449 avancer v to advance, move forward

* c'est moi qui ai avancé les fonds -- I'm the one who advanced the funds

88 | 1999

450 six det,nmi six

* elle était enceinte de six mois -- she was six months pregnant

78 | 3894

451 nécessaire nadj(f) necessary, required

* je ne pense pas qu'il soit nécessaire de la distribuer -- I don't think it will be necessary to distribute it

73 | 4920

Page 26

452 activité nf activity

* certains sont impliqués dans des activités terroristes -- some of them are implicated in terrorist activities

78 | 3850

453 valeur nf value, worth

* on a payé dix fois sa valeur -- we paid ten times what it was worth

72 | 5031

454 marquer v to mark

* cet épisode tragique marque la fin d'une aventure -- this tragic episode marks the end of an adventure

86 | 2281

455 entier nadj whole, full

* le monde entier est contre nous -- the whole world is against us

86 | 2212

456 réponse nf answer, response

8579

* il donne une réponse claire à cette question -- he gives a clear answer to that question 72 | 5034

457 aide nm,nf help, assistance

* j'ai besoin d'un peu d'aide -- I need a little help

75 | 4309

458 principal nadj principal

* trouver le rôle principal s'est révélé assez problématique -- finding the lead role turned out to be a problem

74 | 4477

459 élever v to grow, lift, raise

* des murmures s'élevèrent autour de lui -- murmuring arose all around him

78 | 3830

460 pourtant adv yet, nonetheless, nevertheless

* pourtant cette perspective aussi m'effrayait -- yet this outlook also frightened me 77 | 4017

461 commission nf commission

* on a mis cette commission enplace pour revoir cette question importante -- we have set up this commission to review this important question

56 | 8906| +s

462 cesser v to cease, stop

* on ne doit pas cesser de poser des questions -- we should never stop asking questions 83 | 2712

463 poursuivre v to pursue

* je poursuis cette criminelle -- I'm pursuing this criminal

78 | 3625

464 maintenir v to maintain

* ce principe sera maintenu -- this principle will be maintained

85 | 2339

465 époque nf era, period

* ils ont vécu à la même époque -- they lived in the same time period

81 | 3128

466 exprimer v to express

* encore une fois, j'exprime ma frustration -- once again, I express my frustration

81 | 3066

467 ami nadj friend

* je te présente mon ami -- this is my friend

71 | 5135

468 bas adv,nadj(pl),nm(pl) low; stockings

* elle ajouta presque à voix basse, comme quelqu'un qui parle dans l'obscurité -- she spoke in a low voice, like someone speaking from obscurity

758

81 | 3141

469 imposer v to impose

* on leur impose des changements très rapides -- rapid change is being imposed upon them 78 | 3668

470 moitié nf half

* pendant la moitié de la nuit, je pleurai -- during half the night, I cried

89 | 1682

471 avenir nm future

* je me sens très optimiste pour l'avenir -- I feel very optimistic about the future 80 | 3167

472 argent nm money; silver

* bon, c'est son argent que je veux -- well, it's his money that I want

72 | 4779

473 mise nf putting, placing

* il annonce en effet la mise en place d' une police fédérale européenne -- he is indeed announcing putting in place a European federal police

79 | 3412

474 œil nm eye

* ferme les yeux, et respire -- close your eyes and breathe

62 | 7013+l

475 eau nf water

* faites chauffer une casserole d'eau -- heat up a pan of water

79 | 3367

476 sauf adj,prep except; safe

* tout le monde rit sauf elle -- everyone's laughing except her

89 | 1706

477 école nf school

* je n'aimais pas aller à l'école -- I didn't like to go to school

83 | 2671

478 sécurité nf security, safety

* ils se sentaient plus en sécurité dans la rue qu'à la maison -- he felt safer in the streets than at home

67 | 5670

479 milieu nm middle

* elle hésita au milieu de la route -- she paused in the middle of the road

78 | 3571

Page 27

480 lettre nf letter

* il écrivit une lettre de neuf pages -- he wrote a nine-page letter

876

80 | 3244

481 presque adv almost

* il y a presque 10 millions de lignes téléphoniques -- there are almost 10 million telephone lines

77 | 3680

482 attention nf attention

* il se lève pour attirer notre attention -- he stood up to attract our attention

82 | 2741

483 cadre nm frame, executive

* cette enquête s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une autre -- this inquiry takes place in the framework of another

74 | 4274

484 futur nadj future

* un futur sans guerre, c'est cool, hein? -- a future without wars--cool, eh?

88 | 1823

485 mouvement nm movement

* il me serra la main d'un mouvement presque inconscient -- he shook my hand with an almost unconscious movement

74 | 4226

486 former v to form

* ils ne parviennent pas à former un groupe -- they didn't manage to form a group

85 | 2331

487 conduire v to lead, drive

* conduisons-la à l'hôpital -- let's drive her to the hospital

84 | 2505

488 règle nf rule

* ce jeu fonctionne avec une règle très simple -- this game follows one very simple rule 80 | 3012

489 poste nm,nf post, position; post office

* le chef de poste haussa les épaules -- the station chief shrugged his shoulders

83 | 2627

490 demande nf request, demand

* la demande des consommateurs a créé un marché -- consumer demand has created a market 77 | 3633

491 centre nm center

* l'amour et ses conséquences sont au centre de ce roman -- love and its consequences are the focus of this novel

69 | 5072

492 acte nm act

* c'était un acte de guerre -- it was an act of war

876

85 | 2158

493 disparaître v to disappear, vanish

* l'avion a subitement disparu des écrans -- the airplane suddenly disappeared from the screens 84 | 2444

494 priver v to deprive

* je ne me serais pas privée de sommeil à cause de vous -- I wouldn't lose any sleep over you 83 | 2563

495 constituer v to constitute

* le djihad et le sacrifice constituent donc un devoir -- jihad and sacrifice are thus a duty 76 | 3789

496 accord nm agreement

* le gouvernement fédéral a signé un accord -- the federal government signed an agreement 66 | 5739

497 milliard nm billion, thousand million

* le déficit budgétaire a atteint 226,3 milliards de francs -- the budget deficit reached 226.3

billion francs

61 | 6724-l

498 lier v to link, join

* c'est le premier décès lié à l'épidémie -- it's the first death linked to the epidemic 82 | 2624

499 obliger v to require, force, oblige

* tu ne peux pas m'obliger à rester! -- you can't force me to stay!

88 | 1707

500 craindre v to fear, be afraid of

* il ne craignait rien -- he was afraid of nothing

88 | 1679

501 passé nadj,prep past

* j'étais prisonnier de mon passé -- I was a prisoner of my past

87 | 1843

502 âge nm age

* il a simplement demandé mon âge -- he simply asked my age

84 | 2274

503 déclarer v to declare

* il déclare que cette méthode était utile à l'époque -- he declared that this method was useful at that time

63 | 6208

504 oublier v to forget

* je ne t'oublierai jamais -- I will never forget you

75 | 3841

876

505 propos nm(pl) remark

* ces propos ne sont pas les miens -- these are not my own words

77 | 3535

506 troisième det,nm,nf third

* la troisième et dernière tentative fut la bonne -- the third and final attempt succeeded 81 | 2775

507 quitter v to leave

* vous êtes priés de quitter l'hôpital sans précipitation -- please leave the hospital immediately 76 | 3644

Page 28

This page intentionally left blank.

508 bout nm bit, tip, end

* ils marchèrent en silence jusqu'au bout de la rue -- they walked in silence to the end of the street

79 | 3216

509 population nf population

* une partie de la population s'enfonce dans la précarité -- part of the population is sliding into precariousness

73 | 4303

510 toi nm,pro you, yourself

* on est là, toi et moi, deux types ordinaires -- here we are, you and me, two ordinary guys 52 | 8956-n +s

511 responsable nadj(f) responsible

* je ne suis pas le seul responsable -- I'm not the only one responsible

69 | 4952

512 route nf road

* le reste de la route était en construction -- the rest of the road was under construction 79 | 3214

513 tôt adji,adv early

* plus tôt on partira, mieux ce sera -- the sooner we leave, the better it will be

85 | 2124

514 lancer nm,v to throw, launch

* je lance des mots au hasard -- I toss out words at random

76 | 3557

515 limite nf limit

* elle atteint les limites de ses possibilités -- she's reaching the limit of her possibilities 86 | 1994

516 fonction nf function

* vous êtes relevé de vos fonctions -- you are relieved of your functions

70 | 4808

7856

517 emploi nm employment, work, use

* leur emploi exige qu'ils fournissent leurs propres outils -- their work requires use of their own tools

66 | 5590

518 objectif adj,nm objective, aim, goal; lens

* je ne me suis jamais fixé d'objectifs précis -- I never set definite goals for myself 74 | 3962

519 paraître v to appear

* il paraît qu'il est à la bibliothèque maintenant -- it appears that he's at the library now 75 | 3805

520 journal nm newspaper, paper

* je vais acheter le journal pour ma mère -- I'm going to buy the newspaper for my mother 78 | 3296

521 annoncer v to announce

* l'année 1993 s'annonce donc difficile -- 1993 is hence showing to be a difficult year 63 | 6147

522 lui-même pro himself

* il ne s'est pas sauvé lui-même -- he didn't save himself

76 | 3563

523 tour nm,nf tower; turn; tour

* je passais ma vie à faire le tour du monde -- I spent my life touring the world

75 | 3738

524 voilà prep right, there, here

* tiens, c'est pour toi. voilà -- here, this is for you. take it

68 | 5135-n

525 volonté nf will

* par ta seule volonté, tu peux le faire -- with your willpower alone, you can do it 84 | 2345

526 envoyer v to send

* les deux femmes envoyèrent la lettre -- the two women sent the letter

74 | 3946

527 partager v to share

* je ne peux pas te partager -- I can't share you

83 | 2458

528 puisque conj since

* je ne lui répondais pas puisque j'étais muet --I didn't answer him since I was a mute 82 | 2615

529 établir v to establish

* avant d'attaquer, établissons les règles -- before we attack, let's establish the ground rules 678

74 | 3929

530 changement nm change

* nous savons qu'il faut effectuer des changements -- we know that changes must be made 79 | 3154

531 garder v to keep

* je la gardais dans mes bras -- I held her in my arms

78 | 3200

532 réalité nf reality

* c'est un rêve devenu réalité pour plusieurs -- for several it's a dream come true

79 | 3021

533 interdire v to forbid, prohibit, ban

* je m'interdis d'écrire et de prononcer votre nom -- I forbid myself to write or speak your name 87 | 1798

534 finir v to finish

* je dois finir de nettoyer les droïdes -- I have to finish cleaning the droids

71 | 4563

535 placer nm,v to place

* la famille a été placée en détention -- the family was placed in detention

84 | 2297

536 sentir v to feel, smell

* tu ne sens pas son parfum? -- you don't smell her perfume?

66 | 5339-n

Page 29

537 payer v to pay

* c'est moi qui paie votre salaire -- I'm the one who pays your salary

74 | 3957

538 esprit nm mind, spirit

* t'as l'esprit vif, toi -- you've got a quick mind

76 | 3547

539 domaine nm domain, field

* là, nous sommes dans le domaine de l'expérience mystique -- there we enter the realm of mystical experiences

73 | 4152

540 diriger v to lead, direct

* nous ne sommes dirigés que par nos désirs -- we are only led by our desires

85 | 2084

541 noter v to note, notice

* tu as tout noté? -- did you note everything?

85 | 2109

786

542 nature nf nature

* vous venez de découvrir votre vraie nature -- you have just discovered your true nature 82 | 2571

543 régime nm regime

* Pravda, la voix de l'ancien régime communiste, ferme ses portes -- Pravda, the voice of the former communist regime, is shutting down

66 | 5302

544 charger v to load, charge

* le juge chargé du dossier refuse de convoquer le maire -- the judge assigned to the case refuses to summon the mayor

81 | 2662

545 court adj,adv,nm short

* j'inscris mes objectifs long terme, court terme -- I wrote my short-term and long-term goals 83 | 2356

546 parent nadj parent

* il faudrait que je te présente mes parents -- I will have to introduce you to my parents 82 | 2454

547 tomber v to fall

* il s'arrêta, tomba à genoux pour remercier Dieu -- he stopped, fell to his knees to thank God 73 | 3963

548 départ nm departure

* on avait les heures de départ et les heures d'arrivée -- we had the departure and arrival times 77 | 3382

549 mondial adj world, global

* nous vivons dans une économie mondiale qui évolue très rapidement -- we live in a rapidly evolving global economy

72 | 4138

550 entraîner v to carry along, train

* tu es trop jeune pour t'entraîner -- you're too young to receive training

85 | 2097

551 disposer v to arrange, set

* la France dispose d'unités navales basées à Djibouti -- France has naval units based in Djibouti 80 | 2817

552 parole nf word

* je regrette mes paroles, moi aussi -- I regret my words too

75 | 3677

553 fond nm bottom

* le fond des cœurs ne change pas -- the deepest part of the heart doesn't change

78 | 3073

867

554 publique adj,nf public

* la morale publique ne peut être sacrifiée au progrès -- public morals can't be sacrificed for progress

74 | 3815

555 faux adv,adj(pl),nm(pl),nf(pl) false; scythe

* ce ne sont pas là de fausses accusations -- these aren't false accusations

86 | 1845

556 genre nm type, kind, sort

* je dénonce ce genre de choses -- I denounce this type of thing

76 | 3469

557 retenir v to retain, hold back, remember

* depuis ma blessure, je ne retiens rien -- since my injury I can't remember anything 86 | 1781

558 communauté nf community

* la communauté internationale l'a en grande partie rejeté -- the international community largely rejected it

68 | 4811

559 intéresser v to interest, involve

* leur avis ne m'intéresse pas -- their advice doesn't interest me

81 | 2515

560 c'est-à-dire adv in other words

* il s'agit de vivre, c'est-à-dire d'avancer -- it's about living, or in other words about progressing 78 | 3100

561 corps nm(pl) body

* tout mon corps en était secoué -- my whole body was shaken

76 | 3472

562 matière nf matter, subject, material

* la matière est parfaite pour les peaux sensibles -- the material is perfect for sensitive skin 73 | 3945

563 sein nm breast, bosom

* le cancer du sein est rare chez l'homme -- breast cancer is rare in men

80 | 2759

564 difficulté nf difficulty

* j'avais quelque difficulté à lui parler -- it was somewhat difficult for me to talk to him 81 | 2576

Page 30

4 Clothing

bas 468 M stockings (also low)

complet 965 M suit (also complete)

786

poche 1940 F pocket

vêtement 2383 M garment

robe 2864 F dress

chapeau 2908 M hat

manche 3437 F sleeve

chaussure 3638 F shoe

manteau 3746 M coat

chemise 3892 F shirt

bouton 4462 M button

ceinture 4538 F belt

pantalon 4670 M trousers

botte 5353 F boot

gant 5587 M glove

maillot 5609 M jersey

veste 5721 F jacket

jupe 5871 F skirt

mouchoir 6732 M handkerchief

cravate 6806 F necktie

foulard 7078 M scarf

habillement 7408 M clothing

vestiaire 8094 M cloakroom

bonnet 8169 M bonnet

blouse 8869 F blouse

lingerie 9086 F lingerie

tablier 9153 M apron

bague 9410 F ring

sabot 9607 M clog

bretelles 9631 F suspenders

veston 9685 M jacket

tee-shirt 9795 M T-shirt

t-shirt 9813 M T-shirt

slip 9839 M underpants

badge 9984 M badge

565 parvenir v to reach, achieve

* je suis content d'être parvenu au bout -- I am happy to have reached the end

84 | 2133

566 secteur nm sector

* la police a décrété le secteur «zone interdite» -- the police declared the area off-limits 67 | 4928

567 appel nm call

* il a reçu des appels téléphoniques menaçants -- he received menacing telephone calls 65 | 5345+n

568 cœur nm heart

* j'aimerais vous féliciter du fond du cœur -- I would like to congratulate you from the depths of my heart

72 | 4042

569 père nm father

* je suis père célibataire -- I'm an unwed father

867

65 | 5263

570 organisation nf organisation

* plus grande devient l'organisation, plus il y a de règles -- the bigger the organization grows, the more rules there are

72 | 4077

571 unité nf unity; unit

* vous partez inspecter nos unités de désinfection -- you are leaving to inspect our disinfection units

81 | 2536

572 noir nadj black

* seule la police roule en noir et blanc? -- only the police drive black-and-white vehicles?

74 | 3652

573 événement nm event

* je me souviens de ces événements avec précision -- I remember those events in great detail 83 | 2300

574 double nadj(f) double

* on parle beaucoup de la double peine pour les délinquants étrangers -- there's much talk about doubling sentences for foreign delinquents

90 | 1303

575 convaincre v to convince

* c'est bon, tu m'as convaincue -- OK, you convinced me

86 | 1742

576 nation nf nation

* elle bouscule sérieusement les droits des nations -- it is seriously undermining the rights of nations

76 | 3343

577 conseil nm advice, counsel, council

* les militaires ont formé un Conseil de salut national -- the military formed a National Salvation Council

76 | 3399

578 soutenir v to sustain, support

* nous avons été nombreux à soutenir son innocence -- many of us supported his innocence 80 | 2732

579 paix nf(pl) peace

* laissez ma famille en paix -- leave my family in peace

73 | 3783

580 nuit nf night

* je n'ai pas dormi cette nuit -- I didn't sleep last night

67 | 4874

6789

Page 31

581 partout adv everywhere

* je t'ai cherché partout -- I looked everywhere for you

83 | 2191

582 direction nf direction, management

* je n'osais aller dans cette direction -- I didn't dare go in this direction

79 | 2847

583 manquer v to miss

* la Chine manque d'argent, et manque de savants -- China lacks money and scholars

79 | 2767

584 actuel adj current, present

* les gens ont peur du gouvernement actuel -- people fear the current government

72 | 3949

585 opposer v to oppose

* comment peut-il maintenant s'y opposer? -- how could he oppose it now?

80 | 2654

586 signifier v to mean

* cela ne signifiait rien pour moi -- that didn't mean anything to me

87 | 1615

587 journée nf day

* j'ai attendu toute la journée pour te voir -- I waited all day to see you

72 | 3849

588 d'ailleurs adv moreover, besides, for that matter

* je n'entends d'ailleurs pas le tenir secret -- besides, I don't intend to keep it a secret 77 | 3086

589 traiter v to treat, handle, deal with

* deux chapitres, enfin, traitent de la question -- two chapters, at last, address the issue 78 | 2860

590 indiquer v to indicate, signal

* le contrôleur indique qu'il est prêt -- the controller signals readiness

61 | 5804+n

591 tuer v to kill

* les fusils, ça tue -- rifles kill

64 | 5298

592 technique nadj(f) technique, technics, technical

* parlons un peu de votre technique -- let's talk a little about your technique

78 | 2856

593 rapidement adv quickly, rapidly

* ils ont passé rapidement dans l'histoire -- they disappeared quickly into history

85 | 1894

876

594 autour adv,nm around

* je t'emmènerai autour du monde -- I'll take you around the world

77 | 3008

595 réduire v to reduce

* tu réduis les aliments graisseux et le chocolat -- you reduce your intake of fatty foods and chocolate

73 | 3705

596 d'après according to

* qui a bâti les pyramides d'après vous? -- according to you, who built the pyramids?

90 | 1183

597 préférer v to prefer

* préférez-vous que j'appelle la police? -- would you prefer that I call the police?

83 | 2174

598 rue nf street

* je me promenais dans les rues, seule -- I strolled alone down the streets

76 | 3185

599 riche nadj(f) rich

* elle est jolie, riche, mince ... et amoureuse de mon mari -- she is cute, rich, thin ... and in love with my husband

87 | 1522

600 bref adj,adv,nm brief

* le rapport était bref et précis -- the report was brief and precise

87 | 1603

601 nommer v to call, name, appoint

* ses membres sont nommés par le premier ministre -- its members are appointed by the prime minister

86 | 1644

602 violence nf violence

* la violence a fait six nouveaux morts -- the violence killed six people

81 | 2461

603 siècle nm century

* le XXe siècle a fait plus de martyrs chrétiens -- the 20th century created more Christian martyrs

76 | 3105

604 article nm article

* vous m'avez convaincue de finir l'article -- you convinced me to finish the article 65 | 4867+s

605 durer v to last

* voilà quinze jours que ça dure -- this has lasted two weeks

86 | 1693

7986

606 qualité nf quality

* Renaud est quelqu'un d'une grande qualité humaine -- Renaud is someone with great human qualities

76 | 3052

607 gauche nadj(f) left

* elle écrit de gauche à droite -- she writes from left to right

79 | 2604

608 solution nf solution

* il n'existe pas de solution miracle -- there's no miracle solution

76 | 3043

609 voie nf road, lane, route, track, way

* il a toujours suivi sa voie, ton père -- your father has always followed his own way 69 | 4187

Page 32

610 capable adj(f) able, capable

* je ne suis pas capable de répondre à votre question -- I'm not capable of responding to your question

85 | 1869

611 canadien nadj Canadian

* 75 p. 100 des Canadiens et des Canadiennes sont en bonne santé mentale -- 75% of male and female Canadians are in good mental health

47 | 8624-l -n +s

612 erreur nf mistake, error

* certaines erreurs ont été commises -- certain mistakes were made

79 | 2704

613 livrer v to deliver

* je pensais te faire livrer un plat chaud -- I thought I would have a hot plate delivered to you 89 | 1257

614 auprès adv nearby, close to

* il avait beaucoup de succès auprès des femmes -- he had much success with women

83 | 2114

615 simplement adv simply

* c'est tout simplement inacceptable -- it's just simply unacceptable

76 | 3132

616 souvenir nm,v memory; to remember

* je ne veux me souvenir de rien -- I don't remember anything

73 | 3468

617 conséquence nf consequence

* il y a donc des conséquences extrêmement sérieuses -- hence there are extremely serious 7684

consequences

79 | 2598

618 large adj(f),adv,nm wide, width

* tes yeux sont devenus plus larges -- your eyes got wider

83 | 2025

619 contraire nadj(f) opposite, contrary

* mais le contraire est vrai aussi -- but the opposite is also true

80 | 2529

620 succès nm(pl) success

* le succès prouve que mes livres avaient du mérite -- the success proves that my books were worthwhile

82 | 2210

621 élément nm element

* trois éléments d'information présentent un intérêt particulier -- three items of information are particularly interesting

75 | 3181

622 local nadj local

* nous respectons l'autonomie de chaque groupe local -- we respect the autonomy of each local group

67 | 4422

623 été nm summer

* l'été constitue le pic de la consommation d'essence -- summer is the peak season for gas consumption

89 | 1233

624 inviter v to invite

* un soir, ils m'invitent à dîner -- one night, they invite me to supper

84 | 1951

625 extérieur nadj exterior

* la porte extérieure s'ouvre -- the outer door opens

81 | 2269

626 pied nm foot

* tu n'iras pas assez vite à pied -- you won't get there as fast on foot

74 | 3304

627 mission nf mission

* si quelqu'un apprend notre mission, on échoue -- if anyone learns about our mission, we'll fail 81 | 2259

628 débat nm debate

* il voulait simplement contribuer au débat -- he simply wanted to contribute to the debate 61 | 5373+s

629 fille nf girl, daughter

786

* c'est une jeune fille de seize ans -- she's a young girl of sixteen years

65 | 4669

630 répéter v to repeat

* ce rêve se répète sans cesse -- this dream keeps repeating

81 | 2225

631 texte nm text

* je donne un texte et l'artiste intervient comme il veut -- I give a text and the artist adapts it as necessary

70 | 3929

632 profiter v to take advantage, profit

* je profitais de ces derniers jours de vraies vacances -- I took advantage of these last days of real vacation

84 | 1822

633 chambre nf bedroom, chamber

* avant d'entrer dans la chambre de mon fils j'entrai dans la mienne -- before going into my son's bedroom I went into my own

73 | 3447

634 création nf creation

* nous nous battons depuis la création de notre parti -- we have been fighting since the creation of our party

78 | 2716

635 prouver v to prove

* je n'ai rien besoin de prouver à qui que ce soit -- I have no need to prove anything to anybody at all

89 | 1279

636 acheter v to buy

* achetez vos billets à un revendeur agréé -- buy your tickets from an approved reseller 83 | 2047

Page 33

637 justice nf justice

* vous rendrez la justice de manière impartiale -- you will render justice in an impartial way 70 | 3840

638 production nf production

* ce serait une maison de production plutôt qu'une société -- it would be a factory rather than a company

70 | 3841

639 ignorer v to ignore

* j'ignorais pourquoi il jurait comme ça -- I didn't know why he was swearing like that 85 | 1706

640 directeur nadj director

687

* j'ai recu un mot du directeur -- I received a note from the director

75 | 3074

641 santé nf health

* il est en bonne santé -- he's in good health

62 | 5116+s

642 souffrir v to suffer

* elle n'a pas souffert, elle s'est endormie -- she didn't suffer, she fell asleep

83 | 1934

643 précis nadj(pl) precise

* c'est à cet instant précis que je suis devenu adulte -- at that precise moment I became an adult 85 | 1684

644 fixer v to fix, arrange, set

* nous avons fixé une date limite -- we set a deadline

82 | 2105

645 mère adj,nf mother

* peut-être que tous les enfants déçoivent leur mère -- perhaps all children disappoint their mother

65 | 4595

646 croissance nf growth

* les taux de croissance ont été importants -- the growth rates were substantial

78 | 2657

647 risque nm risk

* vous prenez de sacrés risques -- you're taking huge risks

81 | 2236

648 arme nf weapon

* je suis un trafiquant d'armes -- I'm an arms dealer

73 | 3294

649 estimer v to estimate; to consider, deem

* j'estime que cela est inadmissible -- I consider this to be inexcusable

65 | 4560

650 endroit nm place, spot

* on aime vraiment cet endroit -- we really like this place

79 | 2442

651 comité nm committee

* les délibérations des comités peuvent être enregistrées -- committee deliberations may be recorded

56 | 6128+s

652 impossible nadj(f) impossible

* je peux te rendre la vie impossible -- I can make life impossible for you

84 | 1823

7685

653 preuve nf proof

* vous nous donnez les preuves, et nous vous protégeons à vie -- you give us the proof, and we'll protect you for the rest of your life

79 | 2495

654 véritable adj(f) real, true

* les véritables coupables restaient en liberté -- the true guilty parties remained free 81 | 2210

655 amener v to bring

* on pourrait les amener à changer leurs habitudes -- we could bring them to change their habits 83 | 1943

656 viser v to aim

* quel but visez-vous en thérapie bioénergétique? -- what's your goal with biofeedback therapy?

70 | 3695

657 retirer v to remove, withdraw

* j'aimerais qu'il retire ce qu'il a dit -- I want him to take back what he said

84 | 1815

658 total nadj total

* Ming, c'est l'anarchiste total -- Ming is the absolute anarchist

76 | 2793

659 image nf picture, image

* certains films contiennent des images fameuses -- some films contain famous images 74 | 3088

660 date nf date

* c'est la vraie date de ton anniversaire -- that's the real date of your birthday

82 | 1979

661 travers nm(pl) breadth, across; fault, amiss

* le héros se promenait à travers le monde -- the hero walked across the world

78 | 2617

662 contrôle nm control

* la situation est complètement sous contrôle -- the situation is completely under control 71 | 3598

663 énorme adj(f) enormous

* je pense que c'est un énorme effort -- I think it's an enormous effort

87 | 1415

664 conserver v to keep, preserve

* cette petite note, je la conserve comme un trésor -- this little note I keep like a treasure 88 | 1252

665 réel nadj real

* nous avons toutefois un problème réel -- we still have a real problem

78

78 | 2535

Page 34

666 campagne nf countryside

* les gens allaient dormir à la campagne -- people were going into the countryside to sleep 80 | 2229

667 naître v to be born

* il était né lui-même dans une famille de onze enfants -- he himself was born into a family of eleven children

80 | 2310

668 accorder v to grant

* les banques ont cessé d'accorder des prêts -- the banks stopped granting loans

74 | 3069

669 tourner v to turn

* je trouvai un commutateur et le tournai -- I found a switch and turned it

74 | 3100

670 participer v to participate

* elle a participé à la création du Mouvement -- she participated in creation of the Movement 73 | 3262

671 vieux adj(pl),nm(pl) old

* ça fait trop longtemps, mon vieil ami -- it has been too long, my old friend

66 | 4194

672 rapide nadj(f) fast, quick

* elle parle d'une voix rapide et menue -- she talks in a rapid and small voice

86 | 1458

673 respecter v to respect

* j'avais le pouvoir. j'étais respecté -- I had power. I was respected

76 | 2726

674 passage nm passage, way

* je lirai seulement un petit passage -- I will only read a short passage

82 | 1976

675 essentiel nadj essential

* ils sont tous désignés comme employés essentiels -- they are all designated essential employees

80 | 2225

676 adopter v to adopt

* j'hésite pour ma part à adopter l'idée -- I for one hesitate to adopt the idea

58 | 5500+s

677 subir v to undergo, be subjected to, suffer

* certaines autres ont subi de terribles ravages -- certain others suffered terrible ravages 7865

86 | 1533

678 environ adv,prep,nm about, thereabouts, or so

* mon père et ma mère sont mariés depuis environ 60 ans -- my father and mother have been married for about 60 years

71 | 3450

679 expérience nf experience

* ça va te donner de l'expérience -- this will give you experience

76 | 2734

680 admettre v to admit

* je dois admettre que je suis toujours célibataire -- I must admit that I'm still single 85 | 1565

681 découvrir v to discover

* la sœur a découvert la fenêtre cassée -- the sister discovered the broken window

78 | 2535

682 couvrir v to cover

* il était couvert de taches de sang -- he was covered by blood stains

86 | 1477

683 assister v to attend; to assist, help

* il assista à la dernière répétition -- he attended the last rehearsal

87 | 1402

684 sénateur nm senator

* les honorables sénateurs ont été si généreux -- the honorable senators were very generous 44 | 8224-l -n +s

685 dépasser v to pass, go beyond

* personne ne dépasse son potentiel -- no one exceeds his potential

82 | 1991

686 affirmer v to affirm, maintain, declare, allege

* ce témoin a affirmé avoir vu trois hommes -- this witness alleged to have seen three men 65 | 4373

687 soumettre v to submit

* de retour chez eux, elle l'a soumis à un ultime test -- back at their place, she put him to the final test

83 | 1905

688 financier nadj financial, financier

* j'ai aussi travaillé dans le monde financier -- I also worked in the financial sector 67 | 3986

689 processus nm(pl) process

* j'ai été renseigné à chaque étape du processus -- I was kept informed at each stage of the process

72 | 3316

8746

690 militaire nadj(f) military

* la justice militaire me donne le droit à un avocat -- the military code of justice grants me the right to an attorney

65 | 4334

691 frais adj(pl),nm(pl) cool, fresh; fee, expense

* on me paie mes frais de déplacement -- my travel expenses are being covered

85 | 1563

692 industrie nf industry

* le tourisme est une industrie saisonnière -- tourism is a seasonal industry

68 | 3801

693 apparaître v to appear

* son nom apparaissait dans une autre liste -- her name appeared on another list

79 | 2342

694 responsabilité nf responsibility

* il porte la seule responsabilité -- he alone is responsible

74 | 2969

Page 35

695 réserver v to reserve, keep

* je veux ce que l'avenir me réserve -- I want what the future is keeping from me

88 | 1222

696 porte nf door

* veuillez fermer la porte derrière vous -- please close the door after you

68 | 3897

697 victime nf victim

* nos prières vont aux victimes -- our prayers go out to the victims

70 | 3561

698 territoire nm territory

* c'est eux autres qui occupent le territoire -- they are the ones who are occupying the territory 78 | 2415

699 pauvre nadj(f) poor

* vous êtes idiote, ma pauvre femme, comme toujours -- you're an idiot, my poor woman, as always

78 | 2485

700 taux nm(pl) rate

* les taux d'intérêt ont notablement haussé -- interest rates have risen appreciably 62 | 4761

701 organiser v to organize

* on pensait t'organiser une fête d'anniversaire -- we were thinking of organizing a birthday party for you

687

77 | 2578

702 posséder v to possess, own, have

* je possède les coupures de presse vous concernant -- I have the press clippings about you 85 | 1587

703 matériel nadj material, equipment

* nous avons déjà du nouveau matériel en chantier -- we already have new equipment on the construction site

88 | 1241

704 cent det,nm one hundred, cent

* aucun des cinq cents voyageurs n'a été blessé -- none of the five hundred travelers was injured 64 | 4457

705 constater v to note, notice; to establish, certify

* je constate de ce fait -- I notice that fact

78 | 2435

706 prononcer v to pronounce

* je ne devrais même pas prononcer ces mots -- I should not even pronounce those words 82 | 1978

707 signe nm sign

* cependant, il y a des signes encourageants -- yet there are encouraging signs

84 | 1723

708 blanc adj,nm white

* tu es donc noir à rayures blanches. dilemme résolu -- so you are black with white stripes.

dilemma resolved

73 | 3024

709 origine nf origin, source

* la guérilla n'est pas à l'origine de la violence -- the insurgency isn't the source of the violence 76 | 2621

710 vendre v to sell

* non, vous ne pouvez pas vendre votre bétail -- no, you may not sell your livestock 80 | 2125

711 vite adv fast, quickly

* déployez les sentinelles ... vite! -- dispatch the guards ... quick!

73 | 3088

712 langue nf language, tongue

* tu maîtrises bien la langue -- you're mastering the language well

75 | 2804

713 dangereux adj(pl) dangerous

* ce type est dangereux -- this guy is dangerous

85 | 1488

786

714 déplacer v to move, displace

* nous nous déplaçons librement entre les deux pays -- we travel freely between the two countries

91 | 887

715 importance nf importance

* cela n'a pas d'importance -- that isn't important

78 | 2423

716 suffire v to be sufficient, suffice

* bon, ça suffit -- OK, that's enough

78 | 2401

717 espoir nm hope

* hélas, ce n'était qu'un espoir -- alas, it was only a hope

82 | 1897

718 davantage adv more

* nous sentons tous que nous devons travailler davantage -- we sense that we must work more 78 | 2311

719 saisir v to take hold of, grab

* le reflet du miroir saisit son regard -- the mirror's reflection captured her face 80 | 2177

720 énergie nf energy

* l'énergie est le pivot de notre économie -- energy is the lynchpin of our society

81 | 2029

721 réseau nm network

* ce réseau peut me servir à établir des contacts -- this network might help me establish contacts 59 | 4984+n

722 mourir v to die

* ma foi, je meurs de faim -- goodness, I'm dying of hunger

68 | 3726

723 faible nadj(f) weak

* je devenais de plus en plus faible -- I became progressively weaker

75 | 2665

Page 36

724 employer v to use, employ

* vous en employez beaucoup, de ces intellos gonflants -- you sure employ a lot of these stuffy eggheads

84 | 1611

725 possibilité nf possibility

* il va avoir la possibilité d'influencer son passé -- he will be able to influence his past 74 | 2804

97856

726 spécial adj special

* je fais rien de spécial -- I'm not doing anything special

79 | 2201

727 accompagner v to accompany

* que Dieu vous accompagne -- may God be with you

85 | 1563

728 actuellement adv at present, at the moment

* je suis très seul actuellement -- I'm very alone at the moment

74 | 2776

729 union nf union

* cette définition devrait comprendre les unions homosexuelles et lesbiennes -- this definition should include homosexual and lesbian unions

67 | 3788

730 supposer v to suppose, assume

* je suppose qu'ils ont peur -- I imagine they are afraid

82 | 1878

731 fournir v to provide, supply

* elle ne souhaitait fournir aucun effort -- she didn't want to provide any efforts

74 | 2815

732 ceci pro this

* tout ceci est votre création -- this is all your creation

81 | 1915

733 exiger v to require, demand

* une vie publique exige de nombreux sacrifices -- public life requires many sacrifices 81 | 1958

734 intervenir v to intervene

* il doit intervenir sur le marché -- he must intervene in the market

75 | 2734

735 fils nm(pl) son

* votre fils est en entraînement pour devenir soldat -- your son is in training to become a soldier 71 | 3142

736 d'accord intj okay, alright

* je m'en occupe, d'accord? -- I'll take care of it, OK?

62 | 4443+s

737 discuter v to discuss, debate; to question

* personne ne discute ses ordres -- nobody questions his orders

80 | 2088

738 différence nf difference

* il y a une différence entre les pommes et les hommes -- there's a difference between men and apples

786

79 | 2132

739 protéger v to protect

* je suis ici pour te protéger, pas les cookies -- I'm here to protect you, not the cookies 75 | 2595

740 abandonner v to give up, abandon

* la propriété semblait abandonnée -- the property seemed abandoned

83 | 1726

741 avis nm(pl) opinion, mind

* j'ai changé d'avis -- I changed my mind

66 | 3768+s

742 battre v to beat, hit

* ne nous battons pas l'un contre l'autre -- let's not fight against each other

66 | 3724

743 pire nadj(f) worse, worst

* c'est le pire jour de ma vie! -- it's the worst day of my life!

85 | 1495

744 adresser v to address

* ces bourses s'adressent à des étudiants -- these scholarships are intended for students 78 | 2195

745 préciser v to state, specify, clarify

* je préciserai seulement deux choses -- I will only specify two things

67 | 3620+n

746 intervention nf intervention; talk

* je suis favorable aux interventions extérieures -- I'm in favor of outside intervention 76 | 2432

747 attirer v to attract

* les attentats récents ont attiré trop d'attention -- the recent attacks have attracted too much attention

85 | 1389

748 demeurer v to remain, live

* les crimes économiques demeurent largement impunis -- white-collar crimes remain largely unpunished

80 | 1961

749 chiffre nm figure, number

* j'ignore si ce chiffre est exact -- I don't know if this figure is exact

70 | 3246

750 consacrer v to devote, consecrate

* j'ai consacré beaucoup de temps à la recherche -- I consecrated much time to research 79 | 2104

786

751 remplir v to fill, fulfill

* une voisine passerait, le panier rempli de poires -- a neighbor would walk by, her basket full of pears

85 | 1481

Page 37

5 Transportation

train 232 M train

rue 598 F street

voie 609 F road

voiture 881 F car

transport 935 M transportation

bateau 1287 M boat

port 1304 M harbor

avion 1409 M plane

navire 1416 M ship

vol 1531 M flight

véhicule 1959 M vehicule

aéroport 2113 M airport

automobile 2407 F automobile

camion 2542 M truck

gare 2581 F train station

hélicoptère 2978 M helicopter

routier 3101 M truck driver

missile 3452 M missile

ballon 3692 M ball

sous-marin 3777 M submarine

autoroute 3794 F freeway

transit 3848 M transit

bus 4027 M bus

vapeur 4111 M steamship

autobus 4216 M bus

taxi 4235 M taxi

jet 4454 M jet

auto 4494 F car

vélo 4594 M bicycle

rail 4697 M rail

navette 4814 F shuttle

boulevard 4821 M boulevard

garage 4881 M garage

wagon 5008 M wagon

fusée 5894 F rocket

ascenseur 5961 M elevator

752 divers adj(pl),det diverse, various

* des formes très diverses surgissent sous vos yeux -- widely varying patterns dance before your eyes

78 | 2176

753 appliquer v to apply

* il faut que la loi soit appliquée -- the law must be applied

8 7

68 | 3463

754 frapper v to hit, strike, knock

* je n'ai pas frappé vraiment fort -- I didn't knock very loudly

80 | 2033

755 peur nf fear

* maman, j'ai peur! -- mommy, I'm afraid!

70 | 3193

756 parlement nm parliament

* il faut élargir le rôle du Parlement européen -- we need to enlarge the role of the European Parliament

55 | 5296-l +s

757 fermer v to close, shut

* je vais fermer les yeux maintenant -- I'm going to close my eyes now

79 | 2035

758 forcer v to force

* on peut me forcer à venir, pas à parler -- I can be forced to come, not to speak

86 | 1310

759 lutte nf struggle, fight, conflict

* tu as mené une lutte acharnée -- you fought an unrelenting battle

80 | 1962

760 naturel nadj natural

* c'est un sentiment tout à fait naturel -- it's a perfectly natural feeling

81 | 1894

761 air nm air, appearance

* tu as l'air fatigué -- you seem tired

61 | 4450+l

762 auteur nm,nf author

* chez cet auteur schizophrène cohabitent deux personnages -- two personalities live together in this schizophrenic author

73 | 2737

763 opération nf operation

* les opérations militaires continuent du côté serbe -- Serbian military operations continue 67 | 3612

764 heureux nadj(pl) happy, lucky, fortunate

* je n'étais pas heureuse non plus -- I wasn't happy either

73 | 2834-n

765 crise nf crisis

* plus la crise est grande, plus elle est grave -- the bigger the crisis, the worse it is 70 | 3131

6875

766 numéro nm number

* donnez votre numéro à mon assistant -- give your number to my assistant

70 | 3208

767 résoudre v to solve, resolve

* ça va résoudre tous nos problèmes -- that will resolve all of our problems

85 | 1367

768 publier v to publish

* j'ai publié un livre -- I published a book

71 | 2987

769 instant adj,nm instant, moment

* je suis à vous dans un instant -- I'll be with you in a moment

69 | 3227

Page 38

770 toutefois adv,conj however

* toutefois, l'industrie connaît des problèmes réels -- however, the industry is experiencing real problems

71 | 3054

771 pousser v to push

* je ne t'ai jamais poussée à te marier -- I never pushed you to marry me

79 | 2060

772 quelqu'un pro somebody, someone

* il vaudrait mieux le demander au quelqu'un -- it would be better to ask someone about it 71 | 3014-n +s

773 discours nm(pl) speech, talk, discourse

* j'ai écouté ce discours avec intérêt -- I listened intently to this talk

71 | 2956

774 banque nf bank

* j'ai obtenu auprès d'une banque un prêt personnel habitat de 90 000 euros -- I got a housing loan from a bank for 90,000 euros

68 | 3437

775 compagnie nf company

* des compagnies pétrolières russes ont signé plusieurs accords -- Russian oil companies signed several agreements

75 | 2473

776 reposer v to rest

* on peut se reposer, maintenant -- we can rest, now

87 | 1222

777 opinion nf opinion

* notre opinion et notre politique doivent être crédibles -- our opinion and our politics must be believable

786

81 | 1838

778 classe nf class

* nous étions dans la même classe d'anglais -- we were in the same English class

78 | 2115

779 particulièrement adv particularly

* ce sont là des problèmes particulièrement délicats -- those are particularly delicate questions 76 | 2401

780 commun nadj common

* il a quelque chose de commun avec d'autres problèmes que nous vivons -- it has something in common with the other problems we're experiencing

81 | 1795

781 satisfaire v to satisfy

* ils ne satisfont pas aux conditions requises -- they won't satisfy the required conditions 86 | 1265

782 intention nf intention

* je l'ai fait avec les meilleures intentions -- I did it with the best intentions

78 | 2120

783 autorité nf authority

* elle prit mon bras avec autorité -- she took my arm with authority

65 | 3730

784 anglais nadj(pl) English

* où as-tu appris l'anglais? -- where did you learn English?

82 | 1669

785 échange nm exchange

* on discute, on échange des idées -- we discuss, we exchange ideas

82 | 1741

786 feu adj(f),nm fire

* réchauffez-vous près du feu -- warm yourself by the fire

74 | 2612

787 neuf det,adj,nmi nine; new

* on devait avoir des vêtements neufs! -- we should have new clothes!

75 | 2513

788 observer v to observe, watch

* observez votre propre famille, vous serez édifié -- watch your family and you'll be uplifted 82 | 1701

789 capacité nf capacity, ability

* il ne faut pas sous-estimer la capacité de lecture des jeunes -- one must not underestimate the reading abilities of young people

75 | 2509

876

790 désigner v to designate

* ce mot désigne plusieurs réalités bien distinctes -- this word designates several very distinct realities

85 | 1413

791 dépendre v to depend

* les femmes ne dépendent plus autant des hommes -- women don't depend on men as much any more

81 | 1772

792 message nm message

* il me semble que le message est clair -- it seems to me that the message is clear

50 | 5890+n -s

793 construire v to build, construct

* nous avons dû construire une digue -- we had to construct a dike

81 | 1773

794 scène nf scene

* la scène ressemble à un énorme feu de forêt -- the scene resembled an enormous forest fire 76 | 2355

795 durant prep during, for

* j'ai travaillé sur ce problème durant toute ma carrière -- I have worked on this problem for my entire career

79 | 2002

796 secret nadj secret

* j'en connais tous les secrets -- I know all the relevant secrets

80 | 1867

797 plaisir nm pleasure

* quel plaisir d'avoir des parents cultivés -- what a pleasure to have cultured relatives 74 | 2544-n

Page 39

798 dossier nm file, record; case

* le gouvernement s'occupe activement du dossier des hélicoptères -- the government is actively pursuing the helicopter affair

74 | 2532

799 proposition nf proposition, proposal

* sa proposition soulève certaines questions -- his proposal raises certain issues

63 | 3905+s

800 combien adv,conj how much, how many

* tu pèses combien maintenant? -- how much do you weigh now?

77 | 2211-n +s

801 nul adj,det,pro nil, null

* les préservatifs c'est nul. ils marchent pas -- condoms are crap. they don't work

8576

82 | 1649

802 absence nf absence

* l'absence de punition les pousse au crime -- the absence of punishment pushed them to crime 83 | 1524

803 cher adj,adv expensive

* j'ai payé cher pour le savoir -- I paid dearly to find out about that

77 | 2163

804 plaire v to please

* réponds, s'il te plaît -- answer me, please

72 | 2758-n

805 derrière adv,nm,prep last; behind

* Mathieu s'abrita derrière le pilier -- Mathieu took shelter behind the pillar

72 | 2684

806 connaissance nf knowledge

* nous serons heureux d'en prendre connaissance -- we will be happy to learn about it 79 | 1969

807 immédiatement adv immediately

* les enfants, partez immédiatement -- children, leave immediately

85 | 1309

808 entrée nf entrance

* à l'entrée de son couloir, je me suis arrêté -- at the entrance to the hallway, I stopped 74 | 2515

809 signer v to sign

* tu voulais que je signe les papiers -- you wanted me to sign papers

76 | 2246

810 révéler v to reveal

* je veux que tu révèles tout ça au monde -- I want you to reveal everything to the world 83 | 1492

811 couper v to cut

* je me suis coupé. comment? sur mon couteau -- I cut myself. how? on my knife

80 | 1839

812 salle nf room

* dans la salle, rien de plus qu'un murmure -- in the room there was nothing more than a murmur

79 | 1970

813 pièce nf piece, part, component; room

* ces gens vont vous mettre en pièces -- these people are going to tear you to pieces 77 | 2159

814 équipe nf team

87

678

* depuis mercredi nos équipes travaillent 24 h sur 24 h -- since Wednesday our teams have been working around the clock

67 | 3258

815 situer v to situate, locate

* je me situe quelque part entre les deux -- I find myself somewhere between the two 76 | 2260

816 souligner v to underline, stress

* j'ai deux points à souligner -- I have two points to stress

65 | 3574

817 source nf source, spring

* un bon journaliste ne révèle jamais ses sources -- a good journalist never reveals his sources 70 | 2917

818 respect nm respect

* il salua avec beaucoup de respect -- he saluted with deep respect

80 | 1802

819 crime nm crime

* un crime motivé par la haine -- a hate crime

78 | 1978

820 précédent nadj precedent; previous

* le manège précédent a été construit en 1950 -- the previous merry-go-round was built in 1950

75 | 2383

821 installer v to install

* t'as bien installé son micro? -- did you set up his microphone correctly?

81 | 1705

822 facile adj(f) easy

* il n'y avait rien de plus facile -- nothing was easier

79 | 1853

823 augmenter v to increase, raise

* les dépenses à la consommation augmentent -- consumer spending is rising

71 | 2761

824 réunir v to gather, reunite, raise

* je sais comment réunir l'argent -- I know how to raise money

78 | 1998

825 impression nf impression

* oui, c'est l'impression que j'ai eue -- yes, that's the impression I had

82 | 1549

826 octobre nm October

* il sortira en français au mois d'octobre -- it will hit the shelves in French in October.

75 | 2283

827 médecin nm physician, doctor

* j'ai besoin d'un médecin -- I need a doctor

82 | 1614

Page 40

828 fédéral nadj federal

* le gouvernement fédéral a contribué au problème -- the federal government contributed to the problem

54 | 5018-l +s

829 police nf police

* la police poursuit une bande de criminels très dangereux -- the police are pursuing a very dangerous gang of criminals

65 | 3532

830 coût nm cost

* les coûts de production seront réduits -- production costs will be reduced

73 | 2501

831 formation nf training

* je suis toujours dans ma période de formation -- I'm still in my training stage

72 | 2632

832 contrat nm contract

* j'ai rompu le contrat. je l'ai trompé -- I broke the contract. I didn't honor it

81 | 1701

833 normal adj normal

* j'ai une vie plutôt normale, avec un mari, des enfants -- I have a rather normal life, with a husband, children

77 | 2091

834 attitude nf attitude

* il est difficile de changer les attitudes -- it's difficult to change attitudes

84 | 1356

835 faute nf mistake, error, fault

* vous comprendrez combien vos fautes sont graves -- you will understand how serious your errors are

81 | 1715

836 série nf series

* on a interrompu la série pendant 15 ans -- we interrupted the series for 15 years

73 | 2501

837 lever v to lift, raise

* je t'en prie, lève-toi -- please, get up

68 | 3095+l

838 proche adv,nadj(f),prep nearby, close

* nous n'avions pas de famille proche -- we didn't have any close relatives

8567

75 | 2300

839 direct nadj direct

* on parle toujours des émissions en direct -- they always talk about live broadcasts 79 | 1885

840 imaginer v to imagine

* j'imagine qu'elle a des documents -- I imagine she has the documents

77 | 2042

841 figurer v to represent, appear

* parmi les signataires, figurent 42 maires -- among the signatories appeared 42 mayors 72 | 2602

842 pratique nadj(f) practice, practical

* les résultats pratiques obtenus sont-ils très probants? -- are the practical results very convincing?

76 | 2127

843 finalement adv finally, eventually

* finalement, la porte s'ouvrit -- finally, the door opened

79 | 1874

844 allemand nadj German

* un type fume une cigarette allemande, l'air pensif -- a guy smokes a German cigarette, with a pensive air

71 | 2755-s

845 pression nf pressure

* cette pression fait partie de la négociation -- this pressure is part of the negotiation 78 | 1929

846 accès nm(pl) access

* voici les codes d'accès -- there are the access codes

70 | 2791

847 champ nm field, realm

* dans le champ administratif, il peut y avoir des incertitudes -- in the administrative realm, uncertainties can exist

80 | 1785

848 film nm film

* j'ai vu tous les films d'action -- I saw all the action films

64 | 3542

849 charge nf to charge, load

* l'arbre plie sous la charge -- the tree collapsed under the weight

77 | 2039

850 envisager v to view, contemplate

* je ne pouvais pas envisager que son état fût grave -- I couldn't imagine that her condition was serious

786

80 | 1721

851 commune nf locality; common, joint

* il s'agit là d'une responsabilité commune -- now that's a joint responsibility

68 | 3093

852 ressource nf resource

* le nœud intermédiaire dispose des ressources nécessaires -- the intermediate node has the necessary resources

66 | 3228

853 monter v to go up, rise, assemble

* j'ai monté et descendu cinq étages -- I went up and down five floors

71 | 2707

854 promettre v to promise

* s'il promet quelque chose, il tient parole -- if he promises something, he keeps his word 81 | 1653

855 motion nf motion

* la motion définitive était validée par Nicolas Sarkozy -- the final motion was ratified by Nicolas Sarkozy

44 | 6425-l -n +s

856 concentrer v to concentrate

* je me concentre plus sur ma condition physique -- I'm concentrating on my physical condition 89 | 867

Page 41

857 exactement adv exactly

* la pièce ne paraissait pas exactement sombre -- the room didn't appear exactly dark 80 | 1732

858 composer v to compose, dial

* il avait juste besoin de composer mon numéro -- all he needed to do was dial my number 83 | 1482

859 chemin nm path, way

* le chemin pour rentrer me semblait interminable -- the road home seemed never-ending 78 | 1973

860 zone nf zone, area

* vous pouvez venir, j'ai sécurisé la zone -- you can come here -- I've secured the area 70 | 2805

861 province nf province

* l'armée française abandonne une de nos provinces -- the French army is abandoning one of our provinces

55 | 4597+s

862 élection nf election

86745

687

* l'élection présidentielle en Russie est prévue l'été prochain -- the Russian presidential elections are slated for next summer

66 | 3255

863 usage nm use, usage

* il avait perdu l'usage de la mémoire immédiate -- he had lost the use of shortterm memory 85 | 1230

864 conflit nm conflict

* ils se préparent à un éventuel conflit -- they're preparing for a possible conflict 75 | 2205

865 hors adv,prep except, outside

* ils s'installèrent hors de la ville -- they moved in outside the city

80 | 1716

866 enquête nf inquiry, enquiry, investigation

* cela coûte cher de faire enquête sur les activités criminelles -- criminal investigations are costly

71 | 2658

867 terrain nm ground, terrain

* vous combattez sur un terrain qui s'enfonce -- you're fighting on shaky ground

79 | 1820

868 mars nm(pl) March; Mars

* la date est fixée au 1er mars 2004 -- the date is set for March 1, 2004

63 | 3557+n

869 tellement adv so much

* vous êtes tellement différente des autres femelles -- you are so different from other females 77 | 2006-n

870 espace nm,nf space

* je m'invente un espace magique pour moi tout seul -- I'm inventing a magic space just for myself

78 | 1864

871 demain adv,nm tomorrow

* je te verrai demain matin -- I'll see you tomorrow morning

71 | 2586

872 hier adv yesterday

* tu nous as manqué, hier soir -- we missed you last night

65 | 3313-n +s

873 confier v to entrust

* je te confie ce garçon. rends-moi un homme -- I entrust you with this boy. return a man to me 86 | 1162

874 remarquer v to remark; to notice, point out

* ils ont fait remarquer que ces jeunes avaient été pris -- they pointed out that these youths were 768

taken

79 | 1758

875 égard nm consideration, respect, regard

* rien n'est prévu à cet égard -- nothing has been planned in this regard

68 | 2926

876 supérieur nadj superior

* je suis votre supérieur ecclésiastique -- I'm your religious superior

74 | 2307

877 huit det,nmi eight

* il a presque huit ans -- he's almost eight years old

73 | 2434

878 condamner v to condemn

* le mousquetaire est seul. et condamné à la solitude -- the musketeer is alone. and condemned to loneliness

76 | 2091

879 capital nadj major, chief, principal; capital, assets

* ils ont pris une décision capitale en renonçant à leur statut -- they took a major decision in renouncing their status

72 | 2479

880 lien nm link, bond

* sachez que nos liens ne sont pas rompus -- understand that our bonds are not broken 80 | 1705

881 voiture nf car

* mettez votre voiture dans le parking -- put your car in the parking lot

72 | 2509

882 discussion nf discussion

* j'ai eu une discussion avec elle -- I had a discussion with her

75 | 2161

883 limiter v to limit

* les freins limitent les transactions informatisées -- the blocking mechanism limits computerized transactions

75 | 2198

Page 42

884 justifier v to justify

* ça ne justifie pas la mesure extrême -- that doesn't justify the extreme measures taken 83 | 1418

885 agent nm,nf agent

* notre partenaire est un agent immobilier -- our partner is a real estate agent

79 | 1806

886 sentiment nm feeling

* elle connaît tes sentiments pour elle? -- does she know your feelings for her?

76 | 2117

887 tâche nf task

* nous déciderons à qui reviendra cette tâche agréable -- we will decide who will get this pleasant task

85 | 1250

888 directement adv directly

* son action s'exerce directement ou par intermédiaire -- his actions are taken personally or by an intermediary

81 | 1606

889 euh intj er, um, uh

* il faut euh avoir euh une intention particulière -- you um have to have um a particular intention

39 | 7099-l -n +s

890 raconter v to tell

* je ne raconte plus de blagues -- I don't tell jokes any more

71 | 2555

891 décembre nm December

* c'était un samedi après-midi de décembre -- it was a Saturday afternoon in December 70 | 2658

892 développer v to develop

* l'embryon vit, grandit et se développe -- the embryo lives, grows, and develops

70 | 2601

893 honorable adj(f) honorable

* c'est un but honorable -- it's an honorable goal

46 | 5863-l -n +s

894 contact nm contact

* je ne veux plus perdre contact avec toi -- I don't want to lose contact with you any more 81 | 1573

895 conclure v to conclude

* il vous reste une minute pour conclure -- you have one minute to conclude

75 | 2085

896 fruit nm fruit

* allez manger des fruits -- go eat fruit

89 | 844

897 ouvert adj open

* je suis très ouvert à cette suggestion -- I'm very open to this suggestion

84 | 1287

898 investissement nm investment

7834

* ce sont là des investissements importants -- those are important investments

69 | 2755

899 insister v to insist

* elle insistait pour m'accompagner, je refusai -- she insisted on accompanying me, I refused 85 | 1205

900 avantage nm advantage

* je désirais cet avantage pour mon fils -- I wanted this advantage for my son

79 | 1697

901 garde nm,nf guard

* on a fait venir le garde du corps -- they had the bodyguard come

76 | 1991

902 historique nadj(f) historical

* c'est également devenu un lieu historique -- it has also become a historical site

80 | 1643

903 probablement adv probably

* il est probablement mort à ce moment-là -- that's probably when he died

81 | 1491

904 voyage nm trip, journey

* le ferry fera plusieurs voyages -- the ferry will make many trips

79 | 1681

905 sept det,nmi seven

* il était sept heures, exactement -- it was exactly seven o'clock

66 | 3077

906 marche nf walk, step, march

* mais enfin il arrêta brusquement leur marche -- finally he abruptly stopped their march 77 | 1916

907 vérité nf truth

* provoqué à la vérité, je répondrai au défi -- pushed to the truth, I will answer the challenge 71 | 2480

908 commercial nadj commercial

* la Chine est un partenaire commercial important -- China is an important commercial partner 72 | 2332

909 critique nadj(f) criticism, critic, critical

* cette critique est légitime -- this criticism is legitimate

75 | 2028

910 ministère nm ministry